british chemical physiological abstracts a hi—physiology

BRITISH CHEMICAL
AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS
O C T O B E R ,
1 9 4 4
\ $ /
A HI—PHYSIOLOGY.
BIOCHEMISTRY. ANATOMY
CONTENTS
I, G eneral A n ato m y an d M orphology .
I I , D escriptive a n d E x p erim e n ta l E m b ry o
in .
iv .
v,
vi,
v ii .
v i ii ,
ix ,
x,
x i,
xu,
x iii,
x iv ,
xv,
logy. H ered ity
P h ysical A nthropology .
Cytology, H istology, a n d T issue C ultu re
Blood an d L y m p h
V ascular S ystem .
.
.
.
R e sp iratio n an d B lood Gases .
M uscle
.
.
.
.
.
N ervous S ystem .
.
.
.
Sense O rgans
.
.
.
D uctless G lands, excluding G onads .
R e p ro d u ctio n
.
.
.
.
D igestive S ystem .
.
.
.
L iver a n d Bile
.
.
.
.
K id n ey a n d U rine
625
X V I, O th er O rgans, Tissues, a n d B ody-F luids.
626
628
629
630
X V II,
X V III,
X IX ,
XX,
X X I,
636
64 1
642
642
648
652
X X II,
X X III,
X X IV ,
XXV,
654
656
658
658
X X V I,
X X V II,
X X V III,
C o m p arativ e P hysiology (not in ­
clu d ed elsewhere)
660
T u m o u rs .
.
.
.
.
.
660
A nim al N u tritio n
.
.
.
.
669
M etabolism , G eneral a n d Special
676
P h arm aco lo g y a n d T oxicology
678
P h ysiology of W o rk a n d In d u stria l
H y g i e n e ................................................... 685
R a d ia tio n s
.
.
.
.
.
686
P h y sical a n d Colloidal C h em istry .
. 68 7
E nzy m es
.
.
.
.
.
687
F ungi. M icro-organism s. Im m unology.
A llergy
.
.
.
.
.
691
P la n t P hysiology
7 °4
P la n t C o n stitu en ts
.
.
.
.
707
N ew Books
.
.
.
.
.
Published by the
BUREAU
OF
CHEMICAL AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS
(Supported by the Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Physiological Society, the Biochemical Society,
the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, and the Society for Experimental Biology.)
Offices of the Bureau.: 56 V ic to r ia S t r e e t, L o n d o n , S .W .l
Telephone : V ic to r ia 5215
C H E M IC A L
M E M O R IA L
V O L U M E I I , 1 9 0 1 -1 9 1 3
(R e p ro d u c e d b y a p h o to lith o g ra p h ic process)
OF
COBALT
P r ic e
A C ID
C o lo r im e tr ic e s tim a tio n o f tr a c e s w ith
N I T R O S O -R -S A L T
Tha s ep a ra tio n a n d determ ination
COBALT
and
m any
othBr
m etals fo rm s the su b ject o f
“ ORGANIC
175 p p .
REAGENTS
FO R
4 th E d itio n , 1943
METALS”
4 /- p o s t f r e e
The Book and the Reagents produced
and distributed by
H O P K 1 N
&
W I L L I A M S
L T D .
16-17 S T . C R O S S S T R E E T , L O N D O N , E .C .I
BUREAU
0 d .,
p o sta g e
7d .
T H E R A M M E L S B E R G M E M O R IA L L E C T U R E . By Sir H e n r y
A. M i k r s , F.R .S.
Delivered December i j , 1 9 0 0
T H E R A O U L T M E M O R IA L L E C T U R E .
By J . H . V an ’t H off,
F .R .S.
Delivered March 16 , 1903
T H E W IS L IC E N U S M E M O R IA L L E C T U R E . By W . H . Pirkin,
J u n ., F.R .S.
Delivered January 3 }, 1905
T H E C L E V E M E M O R IA L L E C T U R E . By Sir T h o m a s E d w a r d
T h o r p e , C.B., F.R .S.
Delivered June 3 1 , 1906
T H E W O L C O T T G IB B S M E M O R IA L L E C T U R E .
By F.
W ig g l e s w o r t h C l a r k e .
Delivered June 3, 1909
T H E M E N D E L iE F F M E M O R IA L L E C T U R E . By Sir W i l l i a m
A. T i l d e n , F.R .S.
Delivered October 3 1 , 1909
T H E T H O M S E N M E M O R IA L L E C T U R E . B y Sir T h o m a s
E d w a r d T h o r p e , C.B., F.R .S.
Delivered February 17 , 1910
T H E B E R T H E L O T M E M O R IA L L E C T U R E . By H . B. D i x o n ,
F.R .S.
Delivered November as, 19 n
T H E M O IS S A N M E M O R IA L L E C T U R E . By Sir W i l l i a m
R a m s a y , K.C.B., F.R .S.
Delivered February 3 9 , 1 9 1 3
T H E C A N N IZ Z A R O M E M O R IA L L E C T U R E . By Sir W i l l i a m
A. T i l d k n , F.R .S.
Delivered June 3 6 , 1 9 1 3
T H E B E C Q U E R E L M E M O R IA L L E C T U R E . By Sir O l i v e r
L o d g e , F.R .S.
Delivercd October 17 , igta
T H E V A N ’T H O F F M E M O R IA L L E C T U R E .
By J a m e s
W a l k e r , F.R .S.
Delivered May 3 3 , 1 9 1 3
T H E L A D E N B U R G M E M O R IA L L E C T U R E . By F , S. KirPlNG,
F.R .S.
Delivered October 33, 1913
c c - N IT R O S O -p - N A P H T H O L
P H E N Y L T H IO H Y D A N T O IC
8 s.
CONTENTS
G r a v im e tr ic a ssay w ith
of
SO C IE T Y
LECTURES
Publishers : T h e C h e m i c a l S o c ie ty , B u r l i n g t o n H o u s e ,
P i c c a d i ll y , L o n d o n , W . l
O F C H E M IC A L A N D
C h a ir m a n : L . H . L A M P IT T , D .S c ., F .R .I.C .
P H Y SIO L O G IC A L A B S T R A C T S
V ic e -C h a irm a n ; B . A . M cS W IN E Y , B .A ., M .B ., S c .D ., F .R .S .
H o n . T r e a s u r e r : F . P . D U N N , B .S c ., F .R .I.C .
E d ito r a n d S e c re ta ry : T . F . B U R T O N , B .S c .
In d e x e r : M A R G A R E T L E P L A , B .S c.
JU L IA N L . B A K E R , F .R .I.C .
G . M . B E N N E T T , i M .A ., D .S c ., F .R .I.C .
H . W . C R E M E R , M .S c ., F .R .I.C .,
M .I.C h e m .E .
H . J . T . E L L IN G H A M , B .S c ., P h .D ., F .R .I.C .
E.
B . H U G H E S , D .S c ., F .R .I.C .
L . A . J O R D A N , D .S c ., F .R .I.C .
G.
A . R . K O N , M .A ., D .S c ., F .R .S .
J . H . B IR K IN S H A W , D .S c ., F .R .I.C .*
H . B U R T O N , M .S c ., D .S c ., F .R .I.C .
F . G . C R O S S E , F .R .I.C .
A . A . E L D R ID G E , B .S c ., F .R .I.C .
E.
B . H U G H E S , D .S c ., F .R .I.C .
W . JE V O N S , D .S c ., P h .D .f
S A M S O N W R IG H T , M .D ., F .R .C .P .*
H.
M cC O M B IE , D .S .O ., M .C ., P h .D ., D .S c.,
F .R .I.C .
S A M S O N W R IG H T , M .D ., F .R .C .P .
F . G . Y O U N G , D .S c ., P h .D .
A s s is ta n t E d ito rs :
E . E . T U R N E R , M .A ., D .S c ., F .R .I.C ., F .R .S .
F . L . U S H E R , D .S c.
H . W R E N , M .A ., D .S c ., P h .D .
• A s s is te d b y J . D . B O Y D (A n a to m y ), A . H A D D O W ( T u m o u r s ) , F . O . H O W IT T ( B io c h e m is tr y ), A . G . P O L L A R D ( P la n t P h y s io lo g y a n d
A g ric u ltu r e ) , K . T A N S L E Y (S e n s e O r g a n s ) , L . G . G . W A R N E ( P la n t P h y s io lo g y ), G . P . W E L L S (C o m p a ra tiv e P h y s io lo g y ), V . J .
W O O L L E Y (P h a rm a c o lo g y ), a n d F . G . Y O U N G (D u c tle ss G la n d s ) ,
t A s s is te d b y A . J* E* W E L C H (P h y s ic a l C h e m is tr y ).
PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU
ABSTRACTS SECTIONS
A
I —G E N E R A L , P H Y S IC A L , A N D IN O R G A N IC C H E M IS T R Y .
A H —O R G A N IC C H E M IS T R Y ,
A i n — P H Y S IO L O G Y . B IO C H E M IS T R Y . A N A T O M Y .
B
I —C H E M IC A L E N G IN E E R IN G A N D IN D U S T R IA L IN O R G A N IC
C H E M IS T R Y .
B I I —IN D U S T R IA L O R G A N IC C H E M IS T R Y .
B I I I —A G R IC U L T U R E , F O O D S , S A N IT A T IO N , E T C .
C —A N A L Y S IS A N D A P P A R A T U S .
COLLECTIVE INDEXES
D E C E N N IA L IN D E X 1923—1932.
Q U IN Q U E N N IA L IN D E X 1933—1 9 3 7 .
IN D EX OF AUTHORS' NAMES, A III.
O C T O B E R , 1944.
Abels, J. C., GGO, G67.
Abramowitz, E. W., G81.
Acevedo, D., G-ll.
Adair, F. L., 678.
Adams, E., 03-i.
Adams, M. A., 632.
Adams, W. L., G5G.
Adler, H., 6-17.
Agner, K., 089.
Ahlstroni, L., 687.
Abelaitis^A. J., 615.
Akcson, A., 689.
Alexander, B., 672.
Allen, J. W., G85.
Allen, VV. F., 617.
Aimansi, It. J., 615.
Alston, J. M„ 079.
Aitschulc, M. D., 012.
Alture-Wcrber, E., C97.
Alves, A., 616.
Ambrosis, It. J., 707.
Amos, B., 033.
Anandahvar, N., G3D.
Anderson J., 651, G5G.
Anderson, P. H. R., G95.
Anderson, K. G., 026.
Anderson, W. F., 685.
Andcrvont, H. B., 003.
André, E., 708.
Andrewartha, H. G-, G28.
Arismendi, H. H., 672.
Armstrong, J. G., 698.
Arnhcim, E. E., 639.
Arnold, H., 601.
Aron, K., 052, 674.
Aron, J., 652, 071.
Arthur, B., G78.
Ash, R„ 037.
Atkinson, A. K., 642.
Atkinson, M., 651.
Auerbach, E., GGO.
Aurén, T. E., 705.
A verv, G . S ., j u n .,
70 S .
Ayoub, J. E. M., 619.
Azua, J. M., 692.
Bach, S. J., G70.
Bacharach, A. L., G7G.
Bachrach, E., G37.
Baer, S., 037.
Bailey, E. E., 618.
BaiUy, J., 702.
Bain, J. A., 689.
Baker, D. W., 081.
Baker, it. D., 085.
Baldes, E. J., G40.
Ballard, S. I., 610.
Bamann, E., 690.
Barber, M., 699.
Barg, T., 706.
Barker, H. A., G9G, G97.
Barker, VV. H., G58.
Barnard, R, D., 011.
Barnett, H. L., G9 3 .
Barrenschcen, H. K., 705.
Barrett, A. M„ G30.
Barron, J. N., G78.
Bartlett, VV. M., 638.
Barton-VVright, E. C., G73.
Bates, M., 702.
Baudoin, J., 691.
Bauer, F. K., 672.
Baumann, C. A., 662.
Bawden, F. C., 707.
Baylor, M. R. B., 700.
Bcachell, H. M., 705.
Bcamer, P. R., 093.
Beams, A. J., 631.
Beard, J. VV., GG5.
B eck , G . I t .,
650 .
Beeson, O. B„ 035.
Behney, C. A., 009.
Belin, C., 693.
Belkin, It. B., 632.
Beraud, P., 092.
Berger, F. M., G99, 703.
Berger, J., 708.
Borgmann, M„ 689.
Berryman, G. H., 634.
Beveridge, VV. I. B., 702.
Btatnagar, S. S., 700.
Bickel, A., 670.
Kicking, M. M„ 644.
Bidder, T. G., 636.
Bier, O., G97, G98.
Bierman, VV., G99.
Biesele, J. J., co3.
M l , VV. G., 610.
Binder, M. L„ G31.
Bfrd, H . R . , 075 .
Birdsong, M., 698.
Blrkinshatv, J. H., 092.
B i s c h o f t , F., 654,
Bissonnette, T. H., 026, CIS.
Bittner, J. J., GG3.
Black, D. A. K., G59, G78.
Blackburn, G., GGO.
Blackman, S. S., G59.
Blair, D. B., G56.
Bland, J. O. W., 619.
Blank, L. M., 692.
Bless, A. A., G8 G.
Blewett, M., G72.
Block, N., 683.
Blood Transfusion Research Com­
mittee, Report of Sub-Com­
mittee, G31.
Bloom, D., 680.
Blue, J. A., G33.
Blum, L. L., G32.
Bluzmanas, P., G91.
Bollman, J. L., 634.
Bond, D. D., 037.
Bone, R., 703.
Bon6t-i\Iaury, P., 701.
Bonin, G. v., G26.
Bonser, W. H., 648.
Bordwell, F. G., 694.
Bortnick, A. R., GGS.
Bose, S. R., 705.
Boucher, R. V., G75.
Bourgain, M., GUI.
Bovet, D., 689.
Bovet, F., 6 SD.
Boxer, G. E., G72, G7G.
Boyd, E. M., GGO.
Boyden, E. A., G25.
Bozler, E., 636.
Bracken, A., G92.
Bradley, K. C., G31,
Brauner, L., 704.
Brauner, M., 704.
Bray, H. G., G96.
Briggs, G. M., jun., G73.
Britton, J. W., G81.
Brockmann, H., 708.
Brown, E., 671.
Brown, F. A., jun., G52.
Brown, R. C., 637.
Brown, W. E., 655.
Browne, D. C., G39.
Brozck, J., G71.
Bruch, H., G52.
Brunschwig, A., GG7.
Bruzzone, S., GG2.
Bryan, W. R., G65.
Bryce, L. M., 632.
Buchanan, J. A., G95.
Buchcrer, H., G96.
Buckman, A. G., 676.
Buell, M. V., G59.
Burgess, F., 685.
Burky, E. L., 649.
Burnside, C. E., 697.
Burrili, D. Y., 683.
Burström, H., 7ÜG.
Burt, H., 700.
Butler, C. L., 681.
Butler, D. B., 657.
Byrom, F. B., 641.
M., 636 .
Cameron, G. R., 685.
Campbell, A., 678.
Campbell, J. A., 663.
Cantoni, G. L., 643.
Carleen, M. H., 635.
Carr, J. G., 665.
Carrasco-Formiguera, R., 652.
Cashell, G. T. W., G49.
Caspe, S., 660.
Castellano, S. A., 661.
Chang, Y.-T., 628.
Chiesman, W. E., 685.
Chitre, R. G., 66 G.
Chont, L. K., 65(1.
Chornock, F. W., 658.
Christian, W., 690.
Christie, R. V., 678, 679.
Civin, H., 610.
Clagett, A. H., jun., 637.
Clark, B. B., 656.
Clark, G. L., 700.
Clark, H. E., 707.
Clark, W. M., 697.
Clatworthy, H. W., jun., 626.
Cleland, J. B., 660.
Clinton, M., jun., 630.
Coates, M. E., 676.
Cobb, W. M., 026.
Coburn, A. F., 635.
Cogan, D. G., 650.
Coghill, R. D., 096.
Cohen, A., 314.
Cohen, H. G., 693.
Cohen, J., 610.
Cohn, L. M., 700.
Cohn, S., 669.
C a la b r e s i,
Cole, W. C. C., 683.
Comroe, J. H., 041. „
Comstock, R. E., 626.
Cone, VV. H., 690.
Conrad, C. M., 706.
Consolazio, F. C., 670.
Constans, G. M., 648.
Cookson, J. S., 701.
Cooper, Z. K., 663.
Copping, A. M., 673.
Corpcr, H. J., 700.
Costin, M., 678.
Coumoulos, H., 670.
Cowdry, E. V., 629.
Cowing, R. F., 678.
Cox, C. D., 698.
Craig, A. A., 674.
Crampton, C. W., 671.
Craver, L. F., 666 , 667.
Crawford, C., 679.
Crewther, VV. G., 687.
Crichlow, T. V., 657.
Crismon, C. S., 636.
Crismon, J. M., G36, 653.
Cross, H., 639.
Crowe, M. P., 614.
Crozier, VV. J., 651.
Cruickshank, R., 695.
Culbertson, J. T., 703.
Cummings, J. N., 626.
Curl, H., G25.
J., 691.
Dallis, N. P., 645.
Dalton, A. J., 653.
Daineron, J. T., 634.
D’Amour, F. E., 661.
Danks, A. G., 683.
Dann, F. P., 671.
Darlington, C. D., 628.
Darron, D. C., 636.
Daughaday, W., 637.
Davenport, M. T., 676.
Davey, H. W., 634.
David, N. A., 681.
Davidson, C. S., 632.
Davidson, J. N., 676.
Davidson, L. S. P., 704.
Davies, F., 627.
Davis, B. D., 659.
Davis, D. B., 638.
Davis, E., 698.
Davis, H. A., 672.
Davis, R. P., 678.
Dawson, C. R., 683.
De, N. N., 653.
Dearborn, E. H., 680.
De Bruyn, P. P. H., 630.
de Fischer, R. D., 703.
de Haen, P., 658.
Delory, G. E., G67.
Del Pozo, E. C., 615.
Delsal, J. L., 636.
Dcmarest, C. R., 703.
Denhoff, E., 693.
Denker, P. G., 646.
Dcnslow, J. S., 642.
de Oliveira, M. X., 693.
Deonier, C. C., 685.
Derbes, V. J., 652, 682.
Desnuelle, P., 702.
Deuel, H. J., jun., 671.
Dey, B. B., 652.
Diaz-Rivera, R. S., 693.
Dicken, D. M., 644.
Dieckmann, VV. J., 678.
Dingley, A. R., 651.
Di Palma, J. R., 638,
Dobzhansky, T., 628.
Dodds, E. C., 683.
Doherty, D. G., 635.
Doljanski, L., 660, 667.
Donald, C., 660.
Donnelly, J. F., 682.
Dorrance, S. S., 630.
Dougherty, T. F., 662.
Douglas, C. G., 632.
Dowric, J. O., 698.
Drager, G. A., 629.
Dufau-Casanabe, J., G94.
Dunkel, F., 678.
Dunlap, C. E., 661.
Duran-Keynals, F., GGS.
Durand, J., 691.
Durie, D., 632.
Dutton, H. J., 706.
D a g ys,
J. C., 651.
Ecker, E. E., 633.
Eckstein, F. M. P., 627.
Edmonds, H. W., 630.
Edward, D. G. ff., 699.
Edwards, J. L., 668 .
Edwards, C. W., 686 .
E ccles,
Ellingcr, F., 669.
Elliott, f., 656.
Iilman, R., 631.
Elvehjem, C. A., 65-1, 673.
Eingc, L. A., 669.
Emmart, E. W., 662.
Endcrs, C., 696.
Engelhardt, H. T., 652, 682.
Epstein, H. C., 704.
Epstein, J., 620.
Essex, H. E., 639, 640.
Euler, H., von, 687.
Evans, D. S., 687.
Ewins, A. J., 680.
F a b r i c a n t , N. D., 641.
Fankhauser, G., 629.
Färber, S., 630, 657, 701.
Farr, J., 685.
Fasqucllc, R., 702.
Faulkner, R. E., 669.
Faurc, M., 697.
Fazekas, J. F., 642.
Feil, H., 638.
Felscnfcld, O., 699.
Fennel, E. A., 630.
Fernandes, B., 616.
Ferrari, R. C., 651.
Ferrebce, J. W., 635.
Fieandt, O. von, 650.
Field, J., 2nd, 653.
Fife, J. M., 695.
Findlay, VV. P. K., 692.
Fink, H.. 670, 692.
Fink, R. M., 657.
Finley, K. H., 641.
Fischer, E., 703.
Fischer, L., 707.
Flory, C. M., 663.
Floyd, N. F., 676.
Flynn, A. J., 651.
Fogelson, S. J., 656.
Foliey, S. J., 651, 655.
Forbes, E. B., 676.
Forbes, R. P., 657.
Forster, F. M., 641, 657.
Foster, J. W., 693, 695.
Foster, R. H. K., 685,
Fox, R. P., 691.
Fraenkcl, G., 672.
Franke, VV'., 695.
Frankel, H., 637.
Fraser, D. B., 678.
Free, A. H., 634.
Friedberg, C. K., 639.
Friedman, M. H. F., 652.
Frilley, M., 686 .
Frohring, VV. O., 644.
Frommel, E., 635, 652, 674, 683.
Frost, D. V., 671.
Frühauf-Heilraanh, E., 687.
Fuenzaüda, F., 662.
Fuhrman, F. A., 653,
Fuhrman, G. J., 653.
R., 681.
Gaben, B., 682.
Gallut, J., 700.
Galvao, P. E., 643.
Gardner, G. H., 669.
Gardner, VV. ü., 662.
Garrod, L. P., 678.
Gastincl, 7ü2.
Gates, G. E., 628.
Geiger, VV. B., 692. .
Gelarie, A. J., 698.
Gellhorn, E., 616, 647, 648.
Georgariou, P., 051.
George, VV. C., 627.
Gesell, R., 642, 647.
Gibbs, E. L., 611, 645.
Gibbs, F. A., 614, 645.
Gibson, E. B., 633.
Gibson, M. O. J., 693.
Gigante, D., 7u5.
Gilchrist, M., 633.
Giles, N. H., jun., 630.
Gillespie, C. F., 683.
Gilligan, D. R., 680.
Gilinour, J. R., 033.
Giriraj, M., 652.
Gisvold, O., 7u7.
Giuntini, J., 636, 701, 702.
Glass, S. J., 6 86 .
Gluccksohn-Schocnheimer, S., 628.
Goetzl, F. R., 683.
Gogek, C. J., C61.
Goldblatt, H., 658.
Goldberger, E., 637.
Goldhaber, G., 667.
Goldin, A., 600.
Goldstone, B. W., 659.
Gonce, J. E., jun., 05-1.
Goodland, R. L., G88 .
G a ja r d o -T o b a r ,
Gordon, J., 668 .
Gorham, L. VV., 652.
Gorter, E., 631.
Goss, C. M., 629.
Gould, B. S., 674.
Gould, R. G., 697.
Govemale, S. L., 639.
Gowar, F. J. S., 668 .
Grabar, P., 696, 700, 701, 70
704.
Gradlc, H. S., 648.
Graf, L., 635.
Grant, L. G., 655.
Gray, F. C., 680.
Graydon, J. J., 632.
Greathouse, G. A., 708.
Greaves, A. V., G4S.
Green, D. E., 688 .
Greenberg, D. M., 690.
Greenberg, R., 618.
Greene, C. H., 658.
Greenstein, J. P., 666 .
Gregg, D. E., 636.
Griflin, D. R., 617.
Grismali, J., 662.
Grdnwall, A., 700.
Gross, E. G., 684.
Gross, L., 665.
Grossman, L. A., 612.
Grove, D. C., 678.
Gruenwald, P., 627.
Guelin, A., 696, 700.
Guest, J. S., 631.
Guggenheim, K., 697.
Gunn, VV., 695.
Gunness, M., 693.
Gyorgy, P., 058.
H a a r m a n n , VV., 687.
Haas, V., 696.
Haddow, A., 667.
Hagerty, E. D., 680.
Hahn, P. F., 631.
Haig, F. M., 673.
Haik, G. M., 648.
Haist, R. E., 677.
Halberstacdtcr, L., 667.
Halblct, J. B., 669.
Hale, D. E., 631.
Hallcnbcck, G. A., 656.
Hallman, L. F., 071.
Halpert, B., 668 .
Hamblcton, A., 693.
Hamilton, J. I., 677.
Hammond, J., jun., 651.
Hands, A. P., 657.
Hansen, A. E., 630.
Hansen, E. T., 617.
Hansen, R. G., 682.
Hanson, J. F., 637.
Harding, H. E„ 627.
Hardwicke, S. H., 035.
Hardy, A. V., 680.
Hamed, B. K., 679.
Harrell, G. T., 703.
Harrison, T. R., 638.
Hart, E. B., 673.
Hartmann, A. F., 671.
Hartmann, F. VV., 680.
Harwood, F. C., 686 .
Haschad, M. N., 708.
Hassett, C. C., 642.
Hatoff, A., 643.
Havens, W. P., 702.
Hawking, F., 680.
Hawkins, J. VV., 667.
Hawkins, W. B., 631.
Hawkins, W. VV., 634.
Haydak, M. H., 670, 673.
Hazleton, L. VV., 681.
Heath, C. W., 630.
Hegglin, R., 630.
Heinle, R. VV., 634.
Heldt, T. J., 015.
Heller, H., 659.
Helm, J. D., jun., 657.
Hembcrg, T., 706.
Hemingway, A., 658.
Henle, G., 701,
Henle, W., 701.
Henschel, A., 671.
Henshaw, P. S., 629, 662, 6 86 .
Herly, L., 6 68 .
Hermans, J. J., 631.
Herraiz-Ballestero, L., 704.
Herrick, J. F., 640.
Herrmann, J., 667.
Herschberg, A. D., 635.
Hcrtig, A. T., 627.
Heyden, R., 651.
Highman, B., 668 .
Hill, J. M., 611. '
Hiller, G. I., 639.
Himmelsbach, C. K., 683.
IN D E X
Himwicli, H. E., 642.
Hinchey, J. J., 626.
Hirsch, E. O., 650.
Hirschberg, C., 64G.
Hitchings, G. H., 688 .
Hitzig, W., 639.
Hoagland, C. L., 635, 642.
Hobbs, J. E., 668 .
Hodges, J. H., 701.
Hodges, R. G., 644.
Hocfer, P. F. A., 645.
Hoffman, C. F , 656.
Hoick, H. G. O., 682.
Hollaender, A., 687.
Holmes, J. M., 609.
Holt, L. E., jun., 669.
Horne, S. F., 703.
Hougct, J., 705.
Householder, A. S., 643.
Howard, J. W., 664.
Huang, C. H., 701.
Huber, C. P., 683.
Huebner, C. F., 635.
Huepcr, W. C., 6C4, 684.
Humber, J. B., 698.
Humphrey, H. J., 698.
Humphrey, R. R., 630.
Hungate, R. E., 665.
Hunter, A. C., 678.
Hunter, J., 680.
Hurst, D. D., 645.
Husain, A., 642.
Hyndman, O. R., 643.
I c h n i o w s k i , C. T., 664, 684.
Ikawa, M., 635.
Impastato, D. J., 645.
Ingelfinger, F. J., 657 .
Ingle, I). J., 653.
Irving, F. R., 683.
Irving, J. T., 675.
Ivy, A. C., 657, 683.
B., 640.
Jackson, S., 6G0.
Jacoby, N. M., 695.
Jaeger, B. V., 642.
Jaffö, W. G., 690.
Jakobowicz, R., 632.
Janzen, L. T., 664.
Jeffrey, J. S., 679.
Jenkins, L., 685.
Jenrcttc, W. V., 666 .
Jirgensons, B., 687.
Johnson, F. H., 696.
Johnson, J. M., 666 .
Johnson, M. S., 698.
Johnson, R. E., 670.
Johnson, R. M., 639, 648.
Johnston, F., 672.
Jones, B. F., 653.
Jones, F. L., 666 .
Jones, M. F., 687.
Jones, R. N., 661, 662.
Jones, S., 627.
Jopc, E. M., 633.
Jope, H. M., 633.
Joyet-Lavergne, P., 674.
J ablo n s,
Kabat, H.,' 644.
Kaczka, E. A., 708.
Kajdi, C. N., 6G9.
Kamath, K. V., 653.
Kane, L. W., 697.
Kaplan, H.'S., 661.
Kaplan, 1.1., 700.
Karstens, A. I., 636.
Katsampcs, C. P., 671.
Katzenstein, R., 681.
Kay, G. A., 653.
Keeping, F. E., 699.
Kelly, P. L., 655.
Kelsey, F. E., 680.
Kemp, W, N., 682.
Kempton, J. H., 705.
Kendall, P. E., 638.
Kennaway, E. L., 658, 665.
Kennaway, N. M., 658, 665.
Kenny, M., 699.
Kensler, C. J., 058, 667.
Kent, B. S., 642.
Kerns, K. R., 707.
Kessler, M,, 646.
Keys, A., 671.
Kban, H., 612.
Khanolkar, V. R., 666 , 668 .
Kimball, D. M., 683.
King, E. J., 633, 667.
King, R. H., 670.
Kinsey, V. E., 650.
Kirby, A. H. M., 661.
Kirk, J., 625.
Kirschbaum, A., 659, 661.
Klcczkowski, A., 690.
Kleigcr, S., 672.
Klein, A., 631.
Klein, W., 655.
Kline, B. E., 662, 666 .
Klingman, W. O., 644.
Klotz, I. M., 694.
Knapp, M. E., 644.
Kniazuk, M., 685.
Knoefel, P. K., 6S2.
Kocbakian, C. D., 691.
Kocher, R. A., 665.
Kogane-Charlcs, M., 708.
Kolkwitz, R., 693.
IColmer, J. A., 703.
Koontz, A. R., 685.
Kopp, C., 706.
Kosupkin, J. M., 647.
Kramer, S., 678.
Krietc, F. M., 704.
Krishnan, P. S., 652.
Kuever, R. A., OS'!.
Kuikcn, V. A., 670.
Kupel, C. W., 667.
Kushner, J. I., 669.
Kutscher, W., 691.
Kyaw, M. H., 656.
Lahiry, N. L., 653.
Laidlaw, H. H.f jun., 628.
Laipply, T. C., 633.
Lambert, C., 683.
Lamm, S. S., G98.
Landahl, H. D„ 643.
Landsman, H., 6G9.
Landsteiner, E., jun., 704.
Lansing, W., 629.
Lanyon, E. C. C., 640.
Lapira, E., 675.
Laporte, R., 697.
Lardy, H. A., 682.
Lashley, K. S., 617.
Lassek, A. M., 643.
Latarjet, R., 687.
Lavin, G. I., 6-12.
Law, L. W., CG4.
Lawler, H. J., 671.
Lawson, W., 683.
Lcao, A. A. P., 615.
Leathern, J . H., 635.
Lccoq, R., 675.
Lee, F. C., 641.
Lee, H. I., 630.
Leeds, S. E., 639.
Lehmann, G., 682.
Lemish, S., 632.
Lenncy, J. F., 671.
Lennox, \V. G., 645.
Leonards, J . R., 634.
Leonian, L. H., 705.
Lepine, P., 630, 701, 702.
L’Episcopo, J. B., GS0.
Lepper, M. H., 647.
Lcvaditi, J. C., 701, 702.
Levin, L., 635.
Levine, M., 678.
Levinson, J. P., G39.
Lewin, W., 699.
Lewis, E. W., 680.
Lewis, F. J. W., 674.
Lichstein, H. C., 694.
Lillie, W. I.f 644.
Lilly, V. G., 705.
Lindgrcn, A. J., 636.
Linhart, W. 0., 649.
Link, K. P., 635.
Unton, R. W., 704.
Lippincott, C. A., 683.
Lipschiitz, A., 6G2.
Upscomb, F. E., 693.
Lisa, J. R., 639.
Uschcr, C. E., 634.
Uttle, J. M., 631.
Lockwood, L. B., 696.
Loewc, L., 635.
Loewi, O., 643.
Logue, R. B., 637.
Lorang, E., 678.
Lothrop, G. N., 644.
Loutfi, M., 674, 683.
Love, S. V., 702.
Lowenstein, O., 650.
Lozner, E. L., 632.
Luckey, T. D., 673.
Ludwick, T. M., 655.
Luetscher, J. A., jun., 632.
Lull, C. B., 683.
Lund, A. P., 708.
Luzzatti, L., 636.
McCance, R. A., 678, 659.
McCoord, A. B., G71,
McCormick, C. O., 683.
McCoy, R. H., 670.
McCullagh, E. P., 62G.
McCulloch, W. S., 643.
McCullough, A. W., 627.
McCune, D. J ., 652.
McDermott, W,, 680,
MacDonald, H., 632.
Macfarlane, E. W. E., 633.
Macfarlane, M. G., 685.
Macfarlane, R. G., 633.
McGuinness, A. C., 698.
McHardy, G., 639.
Macheboeuf, M., CSC, 700.
McKinney, H. H., 703.
MacLacldan, M., 660.
MacLennan, J . D-, 685.
McLeod, J. W., 694.
McLeod, K. W., 658.
McMahon, V. B., 693.
Macovski, E., 660, 687,
MacPartland, J. J-, 695.
Macrae, T. F., 673.
McSorley, J, G., 704.
Madonick, M. J., 647.
O F
A U T H O R S ’
N A M E S,
Maier, C., 630.
Maier, K., 708.
Makin, M., 660.
Mallette, M. F., 688 .
Malpress, F. H., 651.
Mann, F. C., 640.
Manning, W. M., 706.
Mansfield, O. T., 678.
Martzloff, K. H., 669.
Masserman, J. H., 646.
Master, A. M., 637.
Mathcr, K., 628.
Matheson, A., 633.
Mathcwson, W. R., 648.
Mathicson, D. R., 682.
Mattice, M. R., 679.
Mavcr, M. E., 666 .
May, C. D., 662.
Mayr-Harting, A., 694.
Medawar, P. B., 625.
Medes, G., 67C.
Meeker, C. S., 671.
Melchers, G., 703.
Mellanby, K., 685.
Mellanby, M., 670.
Menon, M. K., 627.
Merritt, H. H., 644.
Metcalf, W., 632.
Meyer, F. C., 683.
Meyer, H., 693.
Meyer, H. L., 629.
Meyer, M. C., 662.
Michel, H., 678.
Mickclsen, O., 671.
Mider, G. B., Gßl, 666 .
Miles, N. E., 648.
Miller, E. S., 635.
Miller, H. G., 6 IG.
Miller, J. A., 662, 683.
Miller, J. F., 643.
Miller, J. J., jun., 698.
Miller, N. F., 669.
Miller, R. E., 679.
Miller, T. G., 658.
Miller, W. H., 688 .
Millington, E., 686 .
Millott, N., 647.
Mills, C. A., 663.
Mitchell, E. R., 653.
Mitchell, W. R., 644.
Mitchiner, P. H., 660.
Moir, C., 686 .
Mole, R. H., 633.
Molitor, H., 685.
Mollison, P. L., 630.
Moncrieff, A., G57.
Monticclli, J. V., 704.
Moon, V. H., 641.
Moore, D. H., 635.
Moore, L. V., 635.
Moran, T., G70.
Morgan, H. V., 679.
Morison, R. S., 644.
Morton, G. L., 679.
Moschowitz, E., 641.
Mottram, J. C., G61, 663.
Movitt, E., 671.
Mowlem, R., 679.
Mudd, S., 695.
Mueller, J. H., 697.
Muirhead, E. E., 641.
Mulinos, M. G., 677.
Mullen, J. P., 630.
Multiple Antigens, Study Com­
mittee on, 703.
Munro, D., 643.
Murray, C. K., 631.
Mushin, W. W., 682.
Naide, M., 610,
Nash, T. P., jun., 656.
Nässet, E. S., 657.
Neefe, J. R., G5S.
Neelv, J. W., 706.
Newell, G. W., 654.
Newhouser, E. L., 632.
Newman, B., 655.
Ncwns, C. R., GGS.
Nickerson, W. J., 692.
Nicolle, P., 701.
Niven, C. F., jun., 695, 698.
NoWcourt, P., 707.
Noehren, A. H., 652.
Nomland, R., 684.
Norman, H. B., 679.
Nuzie, S., 637.
O'Brien, J. R. P., 633.
Ogden, G. E., 668 .
Ogilvie, R. F., 651.
Oldham, F. K., 680.
Oldham, H., 672.
Olmsted, J. M. D., 647.
Opper, L., 652,
Ordman, D., 680.
Ortiz, E., 654.
Orton, R. H„ 651.
Oster, K. A., 677.
Oudin, J., 704.
Overman, R. S., 635.
G. T., 667.
Page, I. H., 641.
Palmer, B., 660,
Palmer, L. S., 673.
P ack,
A
III.
Pangbom, M. C., 639.
Pany, J., 705.
Parker, G. M., 630.
Parker, R. C., jun., 637.
Paul, J. R., 702.
Pavan, C., 628.
Peacock, P. R., 661.
Pemberton, F. A., 669.
Penfield, W., 614.
Penfold, J. B., 698.
Periera, J., 643.
Perrault, A., 666 .
Peters, V. B., 653.
Petersen, W. E., 655.
Peterson, E. W., 642.
Peterson, W. J., 673.
Petterson, I., 687.
Pettijohn, O. G., 696.
Phatak, N. M., 681.
Phillips, P. H., 682.
Phillips, W. A., 671.
Pick, E. P., 680.
Pinck, B. D., G79.
Pinson, K. B., 682.
Piper, B. C., 693.
Piric, N. W., 707.
Pirot, R., 694.
Pitts, G. C., 670.
Pitts, W., 643, 646.
Planet do Amaral, J., 697.
Plantefol, L., 704.
Plummer, N., 680.
Pocock, R. I., 625.
Pohl, F., 708.
Pollack, F., 617.
Pool, J. L., 645.
Pope, A., 704.
Popper, H., 658.
Porter, H., 630.
Postoloff, A. V., 6G8 .
Potter, E. L., 633.
Poulin, J., 670.
Powney, J., 686 .
Prescott, F., 682.
Prevot, A. R., 697.
Price, A. H., 701.
Price, D., 651.
Pritchard, W. H.r 636.
Prudhomine, R. O., 674.
Q uelch ,
P., 633.
R. R., 631.
Randall, L. O., 688 .
Randolph, T. G., 633.
Rao, G. S. R., 639.
Rapoport, M., 637.
Rasberry, E. A., 693.
Raynaud, A., 68 G.
Raynaud, M., 697, 700.
Razoyk, A., 670.
Reich, C., 630.
Reilly, H. C., 692.
Reimann, H. A., 701.
Reinberg, A., 636.
Rcller, H. C., 063.
Remlinger, P., 702.
Rhoads, C. P., 658, 666 , 667.
Richman, E. E., 635.
Riggs, M. E., 047.
Rigler, N. E., 708.
Riley, H. A., 617.
Rink, H. G., 639.
Rinzler, S. H., 640.
Ripley, H. R., 642.
Risteen, W. A., G45.
Roberts, J. A. F., 654.
Robertson, G. W., 650.
Robertson, I. M., 679.
Robertson, J. D., 676.
Robertson, J. S. M., 644.
Robinson, J. J., 699.
Rocha e Silva, M., 681.
Roche, J-, 691.
Rock, J., 627, 654.
Romano, J. J., 656.
Rpnne, H., 651.
Rose, H. M., 703.
Roseman, S., 635.
Rosenberg, S. I., 699.
Rosenblatt, P., 035.
Rosenblueth, A., 637.
Rosenfeld, S. S., 655.
Rosenfeld, V. W., 655. Rosenthal, C., 077.
Rosin, S., 638.
Ross, P., 684.
Roth, L. J., 688 .
Roxburgh, A. C., 678.
Roxburgh, I. A., 678, 679.
Rubin, M. I., G37.
Rudick, D. W., 635.
Rudloff, H., 695.
Riiedi, L., 651.
Rusch, H. P., 662, 666 , 689.
Russell, A., 708.
Russell, D. S., 669.
Russo, P. E., 668 .
R ace,
M. F., 631.
Salisbury, G- W., 656.
Salmon, G. W., 635.
Salter, W. T., 664.
Saltzman, A., 625.
Sampayo, R. R. L., 684.
S a if i,
Sanders, M., 701.
Sandground, J. H., 681.
Sandiford, B. R., 700.
Sandstrom, C. J-, 625.
Sandstrom, W. M., 708.
Sapirstein, M. R., 643,
Savitsky, N., 647.
Sayen, A., 640.
Scarff, R. W., 668.
Schaeffer, E. W., 628.
Schimke, O., 690.
Schlüchtcrcr, E., 696.
Schmidt, G. F., 678.
Schmitt, W ., 707.
Schneider, R. W., 626.
Schoenberg, M. J., 650.
Schöpfer, J. E., 676.
Schraffenberger, E., 673.
Sehrek, R., 667, 6G8.
Schultze, M. O., 670.
Schutze, H., 699.
Schwartzman, G., 666, 699.
Schwarz, H. W., 696.
Schweitzer, A., 658.
Scott, J. G., 649.
Scalock, R. R., 688.
Selyc, H., 653, 655.
Scverens, J. M., 700.
Shaar, C. M., 631.
Shalucha, B., 708.
Shank, R. E., 635, 612.
Shaw, A. O., 673.
Shaw, R. J., 671.
Shear, M. J., 666.
Sheldon, W., 675.
Sherman, J. M., 695.
Shigalov, V. P., 690.
Shimkin, M. B., 661, 663.
Shipley, R. E., 636.
Shoch, D. E., 656.
Shull, F. W., 634.
Shulman, B. H., 698.
Shulman, R. H., 698.
Shwachman, H., 674.
Silber, R. H., 673.
Silverman, M., 680.
Simer, P. H., 625.
Simmons, R. T., 632.
Siflgh, I., G&l.
Singher, H. O., 658, 667.
Skelton, F. M., 694.
Slobody, L. B., 675.
Smith, D., 630.
Smith, E. B., 693.
Smith, E. L., 689.
Smith, L. D., 704.
Smith, L. W., 681.
Smorödincev, I. A., 690.
Snyder, R., G32.
Sodeman, W. A., 638.
Soine, T. O., 707.
Solomon, E. M., 702.
Soltys, M. A., 699.
Sonn, E. B., 632.
Soule, M. H., 694.
Spahr, J. F., 683.
Spero, L., 635.
Spcrry, R. W., 647.
Spicer, H. E., 630.
Spiegelman, S., 060.
Spitzer, W., 682.
Sprince, H., 673.
Stacey, M., 696.
Stachelek, J., 670.
Stahmann, M. A., 635.
Stglfclt, M. G., 706.
Stan, G., 660.
Stannus, H. S., 673.
Starry, L. J., 656.
Staub, A. M., 69G.
Stein, A., 643.
Steiner, P. E., 668.
Stenström, S., 648.
Stephens, S. S., 628.
Stern, C., 628.
Stern, S. C., 628.
Stetten, D., jun., 672, 676.
Stevens, M., 660.
Stevenson, D. S., 669.
Srb, E., 705.
Stoesscr, A. V., 679.
Stokes, J. L., 693.
Stone, H., 655.
Strong, L. C., 660.
Stuck, W. G., 626.
Stumpf, P. K., 688.
Subhapradha, C. K., 626.
Subrahmanyan V., 653.
Süllmann, H., 687.
Sugiura, K., 664.
Sulimirsky, T., 628.
Sullivan, W. R-, 635.
Sure, B., 672.
Sussman, M. L., 657.
Sutherland, P. L., G99, 703.
Svensson, H., 704.
Swirsky, M., 630.
Swirsky, M. Y., 610.
Sweet, L. K., 647.
Swift, R. W., 676.
Swyer, G. 1. M., 625.
Symmers, D., 668.
H. J-, 632.
Talbert, K. D., 681. _
[continued on page m of cover.
T ag no n,
BRITISH CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS
A III—Physiology.
Biochemistry.
Anatomy.
' OCTOBER, 1944.
I.— G E N E R A L
ANATOM Y AND
H ypertrophy of c h o le d o ch u s-sp h in cte r.
1941, 10, 567— 671).— A case is re p o rte d .
M O RPH O LO G Y .
E . A. B o y d e n (Surgery,
G. P .
H istology of c h oledocho-duodenal ju n c tio n a n d p a p illa duodeni,
with p a rtic u la r referen ce to a m p u lla of V a te r a n d sp h in c te r of Oddi.
J. K irk (J . Anal., Lond., 1944, 78, 118— 120).— T h e h isto lo g y of th e
extra-hepatic b ilia ry t r a c t w as stu d ie d in e m b ry o n ic, fcetal, a n d
adult h u m a n m a te ria l. In se v e n a d u lts no V a te ria n a m p u lla w as
found; in one of tw o fu ll-tim e foetuses a w e ll-m ark e d a m p u lla w as
present. T h e sp h in c te r of O ddi w as re p re se n te d b y c irc u la r m u sc u la r
fibres su rro u n d in g th e su b m u c o sa l p o rtio n of th e d u c t p ro x im a l to
the p a p illa a n d c o n tin u o u s w ith th e th ic k e n e d c irc u la r c o a t of th e
duodenum.
W. J. H.
Ing u in al c a n a l in fœ tu s a n d n e w -b o rn . H . C url a n d R . G. T ro m ly
(/. Anat., Lond., 1944, 78, 148— 149).— A s tu d y w as m a d e on 17
male a n d 8 fem ale fœ ta l a n d in fa n t c a d a v e rs . T h e re is a n in g u in a l
canal in th e m ale fœ tu s before th e te s tis p a sse s th ro u g h th e a b d o m in a l
wall. In foetuses o f 180 m m . c r o w n - ru m p le n g th th e in g u in a l
canal is p a ra lle l to th e re c tu s a b d o m in is m u scle r a th e r t h a n to th e
inguinal lig a m e n t. T h e in g u in a l c a n a l in th e fem ale is a s definite
as in th e m ale. A ta b le of m e a su re m e n ts is g iv en .
W. J. H.
Shape of h u m a n being as fu n c tio n of tim e. P . B. M e d a w ar (Proc.
Roy. Soc., 1944, B, 132, 133— 141).— M a th e m a tic a l a n a ly sis of d a ta
derived fro m p la n e figures show s t h a t , fro m th e 5 th fœ ta l m o n th
to m a tu rity , th e r a te of c h a n g e of gross o u tw a rd sh a p e of th e
human m ale d ecre ases p ro g re s siv e ly ; i t m a y be re p re se n te d a s a
single process of c o n tin u o u s d e fo rm a tio n in tim e .
W . M cC.
E xternal c h a ra c te rs of a d u lt fe m a le of th e ra re C uban H u tia
(■Capromys nana). R . I. P o co ck {Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1943,113, B,
1 98-200).
H . L . H . G.
E xternal c h a ra c te rs of a B ongo (Boocercus euryceros).
R . I.
Pocock (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1043, 113, B, 201— 205).
H . L . H . G.
C om parative stu d y of c la v icu lar lig a m e n ts of r a t, ra b b it, c a t,
and dog. C. J . S a n d stro m a n d A . S a ltz m a n (Anal. Pec., 1944, 89,
23—32).— In th e r a t, tr a c tio n of th e fo relim b s calls fo r forcible
m ovem ents a g a in s t th e th o r a x a n d in co n se q u en c e th e lig a m e n ts a re
well developed a n d re sem b le th o se of m a n . T h e o m o ste rn u m in
tile r a t is a d a p te d to in c re a s e th e v e rs a tility o f th e sh o u ld e r a n d
permits a re d u c tio n in sh o u ld e r w id th . R e d u c tio n of th e clavicle
in th e c a t a n d r a b b it is c o rre la te d w ith lo n g er a n d m o re sle n d er
ligam ents o n ly slig h tly in v o lv e d in m o v e m e n ts of th e p e c to ra l
girdle. M a rk ed d e g e n e ra tio n of th e lig a m e n ts o ccu rs in th e dog,
where th e fu n c tio n of th e sh o u ld e r g ird le is m a in ly c o n c e rn e d w ith
progressional m o v e m e n t of q u a d rip e d a l loco m o tio n . T h e coracoclavicular lig a m e n t h a s d isa p p e a re d a n d o n ly a n e lo n g a te d acrom iosternal in w hich th e re d u c e d clavicle is su sp e n d e d re m a in s.
W . F. H.
D rainage of p a rtic u la te m a tte r fro m p e rito n ea l c av ity b y ly m ­
phatics. P . H . S im er (Anat. Pec., 1944, 88, 175— 192).— I n d ia in k
or indigo-carm ine w as in je c te d in to th e p e rito n e a l c a v ity of c ats.
L-ymph vessels in th e d ia p h ra g m , p a ra s te r n a l ly m p h tru n k s , a n d
sternal ly m p h n o d e s c o n ta in e d free in k a few n iin . a fte r in je c tio n ,
th e in k c o n te n t o f larg e p h a g o c y te s in c re a s e d in a m o u n t a f te r th e
first day. . A t th e e n d of a w eek all ly m p h vessels w ere c le ar, b u t
their location w as sh o w n b y a n -a c c u m u la tio n of ink-filled p h a g o c y te s
iu the su rro u n d in g c o n n e c tiv e tissu e . C o n n e ctiv e tissu e p h a g o cy tes,
sternal a n d m e d ia stin a l ly m p h n o d e s re ta in e d s to re d p ig m e n t
during th e 18-m o n th p e rio d of o b se rv a tio n . T h e o m e n tu m w as th e
fflost p ro m in e n t site of in k a d h esio n in th e a b d o m e n a n d i t re ta in e d
P'gment d u rin g th e p e rio d of o b se rv a tio n . F e w ink-filled p h a g o c y te s
?r free p a rtic le s w ere o b se rv ed in th e ric h p le x u s of ly m p h vessels
■a the o m en tu m .
W . F. H.
P ost-natal g ro w th c h an g e s in h u m a n p ro sta te .
G. I. M. S w y er
U- Anal., Lond., 1944, 78. 130— 145).— T h e p r e p u b e rta l p r o s ta te
consists of ra d ia tin g d u c ts w hich e n d b lin d ly n e a r th e p e rip h e ra l
PMt of th e g lan d . A t b ir th th e r e a re h y p e rp la s ia a n d sq u a m o u s
mptaplasia in th e c o lle ctin g d u c ts, u te ru s m ascu lin u s, a n d th e
TV ta u re th ra lis d u e to stim u la tio n b y th e m a te rn a l œ stro g e n s.
g ? oestrogenic s tim u la tio n d isa p p e a rs 6— 7 w eek s a fte r b ir th a n d
th e r e is little in c re a se in size of th e g la n d u n til a b o u t th e 9 th y e a r .
A t p u b e rty th e p r o s ta te b eg in s to g ro w u n d e r th e in flu e n ce of th e
m ale h o rm o n e u n til w ith in 6 m o n th s to 1 y e a r i t becom es t r a n s ­
fo rm ed in to th e a d u lt ty p e of o rg a n . T h e a rra n g e m e n t o f th e
g la n d u la r tis su e of th e p r o s ta te is discussed. A fte r 45 y e a r s th o se
p ro s ta te s w hich d o n o t u n d e rg o b e n ig n e n la rg e m e n t de cre ase
p ro g ressiv ely in size.
W . J. H.
A pical p e ric ard ia l a d h esio n resem b lin g re p tilia n g u b e m a c u lu m
cordis. W . M . C obb (Anat. Pec., 1944, 89, 87— 91).— T h e re se m ­
b lan c e of a sero u s-co v ered fib ro u s b a n d u n itin g t h e a p e x o f t h e h e a r t
to th e p e ric a rd iu m in a m ale 71 y e a rs old is in d ic a te d . I t is c o n ­
sid e red t h a t th e b a n d w as fo rm ed a s th e r e s u lt of a n old p e ric a rd ia l
a d h esio n cau sed b y e x te n sio n of a tu b e rc u lo u s lesion in th e a d ja c e n t
lung.
W. F. H.
P a rtia l in v ersio n o î d u o d e n u m . G. v o n B o n in (Anat. Rec., 1944,
89, 71— 73).— T h e seco n d p a r t of t h e d u o d e n u m in a m a le c a d a v e r
c o u rsed d o w n w a rd s fo r a b o u t 8 cm . a n d th e n b e n t s h a r p ly u p w a rd s
to th e r ig h t. B elow th e level of th e p y lo ru s i t a ssu m e d a h o riz o n ta l
c o u rse a lo n g th e u p p e r b o rd e r of th e p a n c re a s b e tw e e n a o r ta a n d
s u p e rio r m e se n te ric a r te r y . T h e c u r v a tu r e of th e d u o d e n u m w a s
th u s o p p o site to t h a t fo u n d in th e n o rm a l su b je c t. P e rito n e a l a n d
b ile d u c t re la tio n s a re d e sc rib e d . A p a r t fro m a b n o rm a l ra d io g ra p h ic a p p e a ra n c e s w hich w o u ld o b ta in in su c h a case, i t is n o t
c o n sid ere d c lin ica lly im p o r ta n t.
W . F. H.
E x p erim en tally in cre ased blood supply to h e a d a n d n e c k o£ fe m u r.
W . G. S tu c k a n d J . J . H in c h e y (Surg. Gynec. Obstel., 1944, 78, 160—
163).— T h e b lo o d su p p ly of th e h e a d a n d n e c k of th e fe m u r in 28
dogs w as in c re a se d b y tr a n s p la n tin g a m u scle flap in to th e h e a d of
t h e bone.
P . C. W .
N aegele pelvis a sso ciated w ith ru d im e n ta ry fe m u r. P . B . W a h rsin g er (Amer. J . Obslet. Gynec., 1944, 47, 427—-429).— A c ase is
d e sc rib e d .
P . C. W .
In fa n tilis m , c o n g en ital w ebbed neck , a n d c u b itu s v alg u s (T u rn e r’s
syndrom e) [tre a tm e n t w ith œ stro g e n s]. R . W . S c h n e id e r a n d E . P .
M cC ullagh (Cleveland Clin. Quart., 1943, 10, 112— 125).— 7 cases of
T u r n e r 's sy n d ro m e a re re p o rte d . T h e re w as excessive u r in a r y
g o n a d o tro p h in a n d d im in ish e d 1 7 -k e to ste ro id e x c re tio n . T h e re
w as m a rk e d se x u a l d e v e lo p m e n t follow ing p ro lo n g e d oestrogenic
th e ra p y .
A . S.
P e rsiste n ce of d u c tu s c a ro tic u s a n d u n u s u a l o rig in of rig h t co m m o n
c aro tid in p igeon. C. K . S u b h a p ra d h a (Current Sci., 1944, 13, 105—
106).
J . D . B.
A fou r-leg g ed rin g -n e c k p h e a s a n t c h ic k .
T . H . B is s o n e tte ( / .
Heredity, 1943, 34, 345— 348).— T h e a n a to m ic a l d e ta ils of a fo u r­
legged p h e a s a n t ch ick a re d e sc rib e d .
L . G. G. W .
E ffect of sex on developm ent of pig. H I . D ifferences in g ro w th
ra te betw een g ilts a n d b arro w s by lin e s of breed in g . R . E . C om ­
sto c k , L . M. W in te rs, a n d J . N . C u m m in g s (J. Anim al Sci., 1944, 3,
120— 128).— T h e sex d ifferen ce in th e r a te of g ro w th fro m w e a n in g
to 200 lb. w as 0-039— 0-089 lb. p e r d a y , b e g in n in g a t a b o u t 16 w eeks
of a g e a n d in c re a s in g w ith ag e.
H . G. R .
D evelopm ent of body fo rm in sw ine.
R . E . C o m sto ck a n d L . M.
W in te rs (J. Anim al Sci., 1944, 3, 188— 193).— T h e c h an g e in fo rm
d u rin g g ro w th of sw in e is s u b je c t to g e n e tic a s w ell a s e n v iro n m e n ta l
v a ria tio n a n d follow s d iffe re n t p a th s of d e v e lo p m e n t in b o a rs a n d
b a rro w s.
H . G. R .
V isu a lisatio n of blood vessels of nerves a n d o th e r tissu e s. J .
E p s te in (Anat. Rec., 1944, 89, 65— 69).— A n in je c tio n a p p a r a tu s
a n d th e m e th o d of p re p , of se v e ra l ra d io -o p a g u e m e d ia s u ita b le for
larg e a n d sm a ll blo o d vessels a re d e sc rib e d .
W . F. H.
I I . — D E S C R IP T IV E
A N D E X P E R IM E N T A L
EM BRYOLOGY.
H E R E D IT Y .
D evelopm ent a n d g ro w th of h u m a n em bryo a n d fœ tu s. H . W .
C la tw o rth y , ju n ., a n d R . G . A n d e rso n (Amer. J . Dis. Child., 1944,
67, 167— 175).— T h e g ro w th s of v a rio u s o rg a n s a re g ra p h ic a lly
re p re se n te d b a se d on re c o rd e d d a t a in t h e lite ra tu r e .
C. J . C. B.
626
A I I I — h i , PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY.
627
D evelopm ent of e arly h u m a n ovum .
A. T. H e rtig a n d J . R o c k
[Amer. J . Obstet. Gyncc., 1944, 47, 1149— 1184).— 7 n o rm al a n d 5
a b n o rm a l o v a w e re discovered b y e x a m in a tio n of su rg ic ally re m o v e d
u te ri. T h e n o rm a l o v a w ere
— 164 d a y s old, 5 in th e p re v illo u s
a n d 2 in th e v illo u s sta g e. T h e age o f th e a b n o rm a l o v a w as w ith in
th e sa m e ra n g e . T h e b la s to c y s t im p la n ts o n th e 6 th — 7 tli d a y in
a n e n d o m e triu m w h ich m a y show c h a ra c te ris tic s of th e 18 th — 2 3rd
d a y of th e cycle. O n th e 8 th d a y th e solid sy n c y tio tro p h o b la s t
d ev elo p s lacu n a: w h ich coalesce a n d s t a r t to re ce iv e m a te rn a l blood
o n th e 1 1th d a y . O n th e 1 2th d a y p e rip h e ra lly g ro w in g m asses of
c y to tro p h o b la s t a ris e from th e c h o rio n ic m e m b ra n e a n d form
c h o rio n ic villi. W h en th e villi com e in c o n ta c t w ith th e d e cid u a
th e p e rip h e ra l s y n c y tio b la s t d e s q u a m a te s a n d gives rise to p la c e n ta l
site g ia n t cells.
P . C. W .
H u m a n ovum n in e to ten days old.
F . D a v ies a n d H . E . H a rd in g
(J. Obstet. Gynaec., 1944, 5 1 ,2 2 5 — 230).— T h e sp ecim en in d ic a te s t h a t
p rim itiv e m e so b la st fo rm a tio n is m o re p recocious in th e h u m a n
th a n in o th e r p rim a te s . E c to d e rm a l a n d e n d o d c rm a l la y e rs of th e
g e rm d isc a re d e riv e d from th e fo rm a tiv e cell m ass w hile a m n io n
a n d exocœ lom ic m e m b ra n e a re of m eso b la stic orig in .
P . C. W .
U n u su ally long p reg n an c y in a m ac aq u e .
F . M. P . E c k s te in { /.
Anat., Lond., 1944, 78, 147).-— An in sta n c e of g e sta tio n in th e rh e su s
m o n k e y la s tin g for 191 d a y s is re co rd e d .
W .J . H .
Im p la n ta tio n in th e h a t, M yotis lucifugus. W . A. W im s a tt
[Amer. J. Anat., 1944, 74, 355— 411).— A p ro g e s ta tio n a l re a c tio n
o c cu rs in th e u te ru s w hile th e o v u m is in tr a n s p o r t a n d d u rin g
im p la n ta tio n . T h e re is a p e rio d of n o t less th a n 10 d a y s b e tw ee n
o v u la tio n a n d im p la n ta tio n . D e v e lo p m e n t u p to th e sta g e of th e
fu lly fo rm ed b la s to c y s t a n d m o d ific atio n s of th e e n d o m e triu m
d u rin g n id a tio n a n d in te rre la tio n s h ip s b e tw ee n fœ ta l a n d m a te rn a l
tissu e s d u rin g im p la n ta tio n a re d e sc rib e d . W h ile th e r e is no
d e fin ite e v id e n ce t h a t th b tro p h o b la s t se c re te s a n en zy m e c ap a b le of
e ro d in g th e m a te rn a l e p ith e liu m , th e d e stru c tio n of m a te rn a l tissu e s
d u rin g th e fo rm a tio n of th e p la c e n ta m a y in d ic a te t h a t c y to ly sin s
a re e la b o ra te d d u rin g la te r sta g es.
W .F . H .
P ig em bryo w ith bifid n o to ch o rd , b ia x ia te b ra in , a n d p a ire d h y p o ­
physes. W . C. G eorge (Anat. Rec., 1944, 89, 107— 123).— C ra n ia l to
t h e 1 0 th sp in a l n e rv e s in a 7-ram . e m b ry o th e n o to c h o rd w as double,
e x h ib itin g d iv e rg in g p ro n g s. D o rsa l to th e la t t e r p a ire d floor
p la te s w e re p re s e n t in th e u p p e r cord a n d b ra in . B e tw ee n th e
floor p la te s a rid g e of n e rv o u s tissu e re p re s e n te d th e m ed ia l w alls of
tw o in c o m p le te ly s e p a ra te d b ra in s a n d c erv ica l sp in a l cords. P a ire d
R a th k e 's p o u ch es a n d in fu n d ib u la w e re a lso p re se n t. C om parison
w ith o th e r d ice p h alo u s sp e c im en s is m a d e a n d th e ir g enesis discussed
in re la tio n to th e o rg a n isin g c a p a c ity o f n o to c h o rd a l tissu e.
W. F. H.
D evelopm ental p athology. H . S poradic u n ila te ra l m ic ro p h th a l­
m ia a n d asso c iated m a lfo rm a tio n s in c h ic k em bryos. P . G ru en w ald
(Amer. J . Anat., 1944, 74, 217— 257).— S p o ra d ic u n ila te ra l m ic ro p h ­
th a lm ia is a n a ty p ic a l m a lfo rm a tio n , th e an o m a lie s in v a rio u s
e m b ry o s d ifferin g b y degrees a n d also in q u a lity . T h e re m a y be
a sso c iated d e fec ts of th e o th e r eye, o r of th e b ra in in th e h o m o la te ra l
h e m isp h e re. O b s e rv a tio n s re la tin g to th e d e v e lo p m e n ta l m ech an ics
o f th e m a lfo rm a tio n a re re co rd e d a n d a c rit. rev iew of a g e n ts c au sin g
o r s u p p o r tin g a b n o rm a l d e v e lo p m e n t is given. T h e m ec h a n ism of
a c tio n o f th e s e a g e n ts is b elie v ed to b e a n in te rfe re n c e w ith th e
d e te rm in a tio n of th e affected p a r ts r a th e r t h a n a d e stru c tio n of
cells.
W . F. H.
D efect of en d o ca rd ia l c u sh io n d evelopm ent as a so u rc e of card iac
an o m a ly . A. W . M cC ullough a n d E . L. W ilb u r [Amer. J. Path.,
1944, 20, 321— 328).— 4 cases of c o n g e n ita l c a rd ia c a n o m a ly a re
d e sc rib e d , ra n g in g fro m a c o m p le te ly s e p ta te h e a r t, w ith a com ­
m u n ic a tio n fro m th e le ft v e n tric le to th e r ig h t a triu m , to a p rim itiv e
tw o -c h a m b e re d h e a r t w ith u n d iv id e d a tr iu m a n d v e n tric le a n d a
co m m o n p u lm o n o a o rtic b u lb . F a ilu re of n o rm a l e n d o c a rd ia l
cu sh io n d e v e lo p m e n t lead s to p a te n c y of th e a n te r io r p o rtio n of th e
in te rv e n tr ic u la r se p tu m , w h ic h d e fe c t m a y b e a sso c ia te d w ith
a n o m a lie s of th e g r e a t v essels o r o th e r s tru c tu re s . T h e v e n tr a l
e n d o c a rd ia l c u sh io n p la y s som e rô le in th e n o rm a l u n io n of th e in te r ­
v e n tric u la r a n d b u lb a r se p ta . P a te n c ie s o f th e in te rv e n tric u la r
s e p tu m a re of tw o o rig in s : fa ilu re of th e s e p tu m to close in th e
re g io n of th e fu tu re se p tu m m em b ran a c eu m , a n d fa ilu re of fusion
o f th e b u lb a r a n d in te r v e n tr ic u la r s e p ta d u e to fa ilu re o f c o n tri­
b u tio n b y th e v e n tr a l e n d o c a rd ia l c u sh io n .
C. J . C. B.
R e c a p itu la tio n in decapod la rv æ . M, K . M enon (Current Sci.,
1944, 12, 331— 332).— T h e nos. a n d a rra n g e m e n t of t h e gills in
la rv a l sta g e s o f Albunea lead to th e c o n clu sio n t h a t th e r e is c le a r
e v id e n ce o f re c a p itu la tio n b y th e free-sw im m in g la rv æ of a n
a n c e s tra l c h a ra c te r.
J . D . B.
D ia p au se in eggs of In d ia n cyp rin o d o n ts. S. J o n e s (Current Set.,
1944, 13, 107— 108).— P ro lo n g a tio n of h a tc h in g tim e is re co rd e d fo r
sp e c im en s of Oryzias melastigma. I t is su g g e ste d t h a t th e d ia p a u se
is a n a tu r a l p ro v isio n t o tid e o y e r u n fa v o u ra b le c o n d itio n s a n d
e n su re a c o pious s u p p ly o f fry a t th e o n se t of th e ra in s .
J . D . B.
628
In flu en c e of te m p e ra tu re o n e lim in a tio n of d iap a u se fro m eggs of
th e ra ce of Austroicetes cruciata, Sauss. (A crididse), occurring in
W este rn A u stra lia . H . G. A n d re w a rth a (Austral. J . Exp. Biol.,
1944, 22, 17— 20).-—A n e x p o su re to 13-3° w as m o re effective in
e lim in a tin g d ia p a u se in th e eggs of A. cruciata from W . A ustralia
th a n e ith e r 10° o r 6-5°, w h e rea s w ith th o se fro m N ew S o u th W ales
(Bull, entom. Res., 1943, 34, 1) 10° w as m o re effective th a n 13-3° or
6-5°. T h e re s u lts co n firm th e p re v io u s c o n clu sio n t h a t diapause is
re la te d to th e n u tr itio n of th e e m b ry o a n d t h a t th e e lim ination of
d ia p a u se is b ro u g h t a b o u t b y ch an g e s in th e y o lk d u rin g low temp,
w h ich c o n v e rt t h e y o lk in to a su ita b le food a n d a lte r its physical
c o n d itio n so t h a t i t n o lo n g er o b s tr u c ts k a ta tre p s is .
F . S.
R e g en e rativ e c a p a c ity in Perionyx sansibaricus. G. E . Gates
(Current Sci., 1944, 13, 16).— A p re lim in a ry a c c o u n t of experim ents
o n a n e a rth w o rm
c a p a c ity .
species w ith a n u n u s u a lly h ig h regenerative
J . D. B.
A rtificial in se m in a tio n of queen bee (Apis mellifera, L.) : morpho­
logical b asis a n d re su lts. H . H . L aid law , ju n . (J. Morph., 1944, 74,
429— 465).— A n a c c o u n t of th e re p ro d u c tiv e o rg a n s of th e queen
a n d th e d ro n e is g iv en . D e ta ils of n a tu r a l m a tin g h a v e n o t been
o b se rv ed , b u t d e d u c tio n s a re m ad e fro m e x a m in a tio n of queens on
r e tu r n from th e ir m a tin g flight. A m e th o d of a rtific ia l insem ination
is d e sc rib e d w h e re b y th e d ifficulties of th e valv efo ld a re overcome,
b u t th e m e th o d is n o t y e t e n tire ly sa tis fa c to ry .
H . L. H . G.
D evelopm ent of n o rm a l a n d hom ozygous Brachy m ouse embryos
in ex tra em b ry o n ic coelom of c h ick . S. G luecksohn-Schoenheim er
(Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1944, 30, 134— 140).— E m b ry o s from crosses
of Brachy s h o rt-ta ile d m ice ( F / + ) inter se w ore tra n s p la n te d , seven
■ d a y s a fte r c o p u la tio n , to th e e x tra e m b ry o n ic coelom of chick
em b ry o s. T h e y re m a in e d in th e h o sts for p e rio d s of 18— 47 hr. and
w ere th e n re m o v e d for s tu d y . T h e y co u ld be classified as (1)
n o rn ja l e m b ry o s ; (2) a b n o rm a l e m b ry o s w ith d iffe re n t degrees of
a b n o rm a litie s, w ith re d u ce d d e v e lo p m e n ta l p o ten cies, possibly
re p re se n tin g T f+ e m b ry o s ; (3) a b n o rm a l e m b ry o s w ith typical
a b n o rm a litie s re p re s e n tin g T /T e m b ry o s. T h e la s t, therefore,
develop t r u e to th e ir g e n o ty p e e v e n if e x p la n te d b efo re th e time a t
w h ich m o rp h o lo g ic al differences a p p e a r.
J . D. B.
W ild-type iso -alleles in Drosophila. S. C. S te rn a n d E. \V.
S chaeffer (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1943, 29, 361— 367).
J . D. B.
C hrom osom e com p lem en ts of som e S o u th B ra z ilia n species of
T . D o b z h a n s k y a n d C. P a v a n (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.,
1943, 29, 368— 375).
J . D. B.
Drosophila.
P rim a ry a ttrib u te s of alleles in Drosophila. C. S te rn a n d E. W.
Schaeffer (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1943, 29, 351-— 361).-—A study of
th e a c tio n o f th e m u ta n t g ene cubitus interruptus (ci) of D. melanogaster a n d o f th e effects w h en tw o o r th r e e alleles a re present or
w h e n ci is c o m b in e d w ith c e rta in n o rm a l alleles o f th e ci locus.
F ro m th e s tu d y of th e s e effects i t is c o n clu d ed t h a t th e action of ci
in te r m s of a single p r im a r y re a c tio n of th is allele is ru le d o u t by the
findings a n d t h a t e ith e r m u ltip le , d iffere n t, p r im a ry reactio n s of ci
a re in v o lv e d or t h a t a single re a c tio n is re p e a te d a t d ifferen t places
o r tim e s in d e v e lo p m e n t c au s in g d iffe re n t effects (repetitive-action).
C hrom osom e balance a n d in te ra c tio n in Hyacinthus. C. D.
D a rlin g to n a n d K . M a th e r (J. Genet., 1944, 46, 52— 61).— T here is an
e x c e p tio n a lly low q u a l. d iffe re n tia tio n of th e chrom osom es. The
c h an c e of loss of L, M , a n d S chrom osom es a t m eiosis in th e triploid
is in v e rs e ly p ro p o rtio n a te to th e ir size. P o llen g ra in s w ith different
to ta l nos. of ch ro m o so m es sh o w n o d istin g u ish a b le difference in the
r a t e of e n tr y in to th e m ito tic sta g e. I t is co n clu d ed th a t the
s ta tis tic a l a n a ly sis of ch ro m o so m e c o m b in a tio n s in th e pollen of
trip lo id s m a y b e used to e x p lo re th e ir p h y sio lo g ical a n d evolutionary
re la tio n sh ip s.
W . F. H.
G enetic o rg a n isa tio n of lea f-sh a p e developm ent in Gossypium.
S. G. S te p h e n s (J. Genet., 1944, 46, 28— 51).— L eaf-sh ap e is con­
tro lle d b y se ries o f m u ltip le alleles. “ D e v e lo p m e n ta l tracks
c h a ra c te ris tic for e a c h allele m a y b e c o n s tru c te d b y p lo ttin g logarith­
m ic a lly th e d im e n sio n s of fully e x p a n d e d lea v es a t successive nodes
on th e m a in ste m . T h re e p h a se s th ro u g h w h ic h “ developm ental
tr a c k s ” c a n b e in d u c e d to p a ss a re d e sc rib e d . T h e re is a m athe­
m a tic a l re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n lea f g ro w th a n d le a f develo p m en t and
th e la t t e r is a re c a p itu la tio n of th e fo rm e r. R e ca p itu latio n is
c o m p le te in th e case o f e n tire -le a v e d ty p e s a n d m odified in lobedle a v e d ty p e s . T h e g ro w th a n d d e v e lo p m e n ta l m echanism are
c o n tro lle d b y th e alleles, w hich v a r y th e r a te a n d e x te n t of change in
le a f p a tte rn .
W . F . H.
I I I . — P H Y S IC A L A N T H R O P O L O G Y .
O rigin of th e Slavs. T . S u lim irsk y (Man, 1944, 44, 98).— 1J1®
lo c a tio n o f th e o ld e st S la v o n ic se ttle m e n ts is in th e te rrito ry which
is to - d a y P o la n d a n d E a s te r n G e rm a n y . I t is ded u ced th a t the
b e a re rs of L u s a tia n c u ltu re w ere th e S lavs.
TV. F . H.
A n th ro p o lo g ic al fe a tu re s of th e S h an s a n d th e ir geographical
e n v iro n m e n t in so u th w est Y u n n a n . Y in -T a n g C h an g (Man, 1J44,
629
A I I I —iv, CYTOLOGY, HISTOLOGY, AND TISSU E CULTURE,
44, 61— 68).— T h e S h a n s a re m a in ly a m eso- t o b ra ch y o -c ep h a lic
people. O n ly 2 do lich o cep h als w ere fo u n d o u t of 105 ex am in ed .
The s ta tu r e is s h o r t a n d m ed iu m h e ig h t is ra re ev en a m o n g m ales.
Most fem ales b elo n g to th e p y g m y c a te g o ry . T h e h a ir is s tr a ig h t
and b la c k a n d le io tric h in ty p e . T h e irises a re c h e stn u t-c o lo u re d .
The m a jo rity a re p la ty rr h in e a n d th e in te ro rb ita l sp a c e is g en era lly
wide. P ro m in e n t o c c ip u ts a re com m on. L ik e o th e r M ongols th e
Shans a re x a n th o d e rm ic , b u t th e p ig m e n ta tio n is lig h te r th a n in
the In do-C hinese. G e o g rap h ic al a n d c lim ato lo g ic al c o n d itio n s a re
discussed a n d i t is su g g e ste d t h a t th e l a t t e r in flu en ce th e sk in a n d
iris p ig m e n ta tio n .
W . F. H.
Charles Benedict Davenport (1866—1944). Theman
and his
contributions to physical anthropology. M. S te g g e rd a (Amer. J.
phys. Anthrop., 1944, [ii], 2, 167— 185).
W . F . I-I.
I V .— C Y T O L O G Y ,
H IS T O L O G Y , A N D
T IS S U E
CULTURE.
Attachment of skeletal muscle fibres. C. M. Goss (Amer. J. Abat.,
1944, 74, 259— 289).— B ielschow sky A g m e th o d p re p s, re v ea le d a
layer of re tic u la r (arg y ro p h il) c o n n e c tiv e tis su e fibrilla: (arg en to fibrillaj) b e tw ee n th e e n d of th e m uscle fibre a n d th e te n d o n . In
the m o n k ey th e m o rp h o lo g y of th e end of th e m uscle fibre a n d th e
associated a rg y ro p h il n e tw o rk v a rie s w ith in a d e fin ite p a tt e r n in
specim ens of re p re s e n ta tiv e m uscles. A rg en to fib rilla: a re c o n ­
tinuous w ith th o se fo rm in g a d e lic a te sh e a th o v e r th e e n tire fibre.
The effect o f th e a rg y ro p h il n e tw o rk o n th e v isib ility of s tr u c tu r a l
detail a t th e e n d in g of a m uscle fibre is discussed a n d a n e x p la n a tio n
is offered for th e e rro n e o u s view t h a t m uscle a n d te n d o n fibrilla: a re
continuous.
W . F . FI.
Nerve fibres within cranio-pharyngeal canal. G. A. D ra g e r (Anal.
Pec., 1944, 88, 235— 243).— T h e c ra n io -p h a ry n g e a l c a n a l in th e c a t
contains 30— 40 n e rv e fibres d e riv e d fro m th e in te r n a l c a ro tid
plexus.
T h e n e rv e b u n d le s a re closely a sso c iated w ith blood
vascular c h a n n e ls a n d th e ir fibres o ften a c c o m p a n y sm a ll a rte ria l
branches in to th e su b s ta n c e of th e sp h en o id . A t th e p h a ry n g e a l
opening of th e c a n a l th e n e rv e fibres also ra m ify in th e p h a ry n g e a l
tissue. T h e o rig in of la rg e r n e rv e fibres in th e sp h en o id , n o t con­
tinuous w ith th e c ra n io -p h a ry n g e a l b u n d le, w as n o t d e te rm in e d ,
but th e ir size a n d re se m b la n c e to m y e lin a te d fibres in d ic a te t h a t th e y
are n o t o f a u to n o m ic orig in . I t is su g g ested t h a t th e y a re se n so ry
to th e e n d o ste u m .
W . F. H.
Structural changes associated with advancing age in thyroid gland
of female rat with particular reference to alterations in the connective
tissue. W . L a n s in g a n d J . M. W olfe (Anat. Rec., 1944, 88, 311—
325).— S tru c tu ra l ch an g es c o rre la te d w ith age w ere o b se rv ed in
connective tissu e , th y ro id e p ith e liu m , a n d fo llicu lar colloid. In
10-day r a ts th e c ap su le a n d s e p ta of th e th y ro id c o n ta in th in
collagenous fibres, o r fibres tr a n s itio n a l b e tw e e n re tic u lu m a n d
colloid. A s age a d v a n c e s a tra n s fo rm a tio n of th e tr a n s itio n a l ty p e
into collagen, a n d a th ic k e n in g a n d in cre ase in no. of collagenous
fibres, occur. P e ric a p illa ry re tic u la r fibres becom e c o a rse r a n d m ore
num erous. In te rfo llic u la r c o n n e c tiv e tissu e becom es collagenous
and increases m a rk e d ly w ith age. A n in cre ase in th e size of th e
follicles also occu rs, a n d th e r e is a d e cre ase in th e h e ig h t of th e
thyroid e p ith e liu m a n d a s h ift in th e sta in in g re a c tio n of th e colloid
from g re y to a ro se colour.
W . F. H.
M easurem ent of ep ith e lial g ro w th of su rg ic al w ounds of ra b b it’s
ear. P. S. H e n sh a w a n d H . L. M eyer ( / . Nat. Cancer Inst., 1944, 4,
951— 358).— T h e re p a ir p ro cess follow ing re m o v a l of sk in from a
ra b b it’s e a r c a n b e d iv id e d in to th re e p h a se s : (a) a lag p e rio d of
3—5 d a y s d u rin g w h ich th e w o u n d re m a in s th e sam e size, (b)' a
phase of ra p id g ro w th v a ry in g in tim e a cc o rd in g to th e size of th e
wound, a n d (c) a p e rio d of slow g ro w th a s h e a lin g is c o m p leted .
The to ta l h e a lin g tim e d e p e n d s on th e b re a d th of th e w o u n d or o n
the d ia m e te r of th e la rg e s t possible in sc rib e d circle in th e case of
'rounds of irre g u la r sh ap e.
E . B.
v, BLOOD AND LYM PH.
630
som e no. O b s e rv a tio n s a re re co rd e d o n e p ith e lia l cells of h e te ro p lo id
a x o lo tl larv a : c o v e rin g th e w hole ra n g e from h a p lo id y to p e n ta p loidy.
T h e m ax . no. of n u cleoli v isible in th e nuclei of a n y
in d iv id u a l c o rre sp o n d e d to th e no. of h a p lo id ch ro m o so m e se ts. I t
is c o n clu d ed t h a t th e no. o f n ucleoli m a y be used a s a c rite rio n in
th e d iagnosis of c o m p le te ly p o ly p lo id in d iv id u a ls o r o f p o ly p lo id
cells o r tissu e s in a n im a ls a s w ell a s in p la n ts .
J . D . B.
Pericentric inversion resulting in apparent iso-chromosomes at
meiosis. N . H . Giles, ju n . (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1944, 30, 1— 5).—
T h e p la n t Gasteria gives rise to larg e nos. o f tw o ty p e s of in e ta c e n tric
c hrom osom es (in a d d itio n to th e n o rm a l ty p e ) a s a re s u lt o f th e
a b e r r a n t b e h a v io u r of a single o n e of th e sev en t e tr a d chrom osom es
a t m eiosis. C yto lo g ical s tu d y of th e m eio tic p ro p h a s e co n fig u r­
a tio n s a n d of th e ty p e s a n d freq u e n c ie s of th e v a rio u s q u a r te ts a t
a n a p h a se I I in d ic a te s t h a t th e n ew ty p e s of ch ro m o so m es a ris e
from cro ssin g -o v er in a h e te ro z y g o u s p e ric e n tric in v e rs io n r a th e r
t h a n from a b e r r a n t c e n tro m e re b e h av io u r.
J . D . B.
Locomotion of blood cells in tissue cultures. P . P . H . D e B ru y n
(Anal. Rec., 1944, 89, 43— 63).— M o v em en t of t h e b lo o d cells from
ra b b it-ly m p h nodes a n d b o n e m a rro w w as s tu d ie d b y m e a n s of
tim e -la p se m o tio n p ic tu re s . O n a flat su rfa c e th e m o v in g ly m p h o ­
c y te a n d lu e m o c y to b la st p re s e n te d a n a c tiv e a n te r io r p se u d o p o d a l
a n d a p a ssiv e p o s te rio r p a r t. B o th ty p e s a re p o la rise d cells. L oss
of p o la risa tio n o ccu rs d u rin g d e v e lo p m e n t fro m h a sm o cy to b fast in to
m a tu re g ra n u lo c y te a n d th e ty p e of m o tio n becom es less m a rk e d in
m a tu re leucocytes. M o v e m en t in sid e th e p la s m a c lo t is *' w o rm ­
lik e .”
W . F . H.
Method for staining glycogen in paraffin sections with Best’s
carmine stain. J . P . M ullen (Amer. J. clin. Path. Tech. Sect., 1944,
8, 9— 10).
C. J . C. B.
Removal of formaldehyde-produced precipitate from sections.
A. M. B a r r e tt (J. Path. Bad., 1944, 56, 135— 136).— A fte r
re m o v a l of th e w ax, th e se c tio n s a re p laced in a co v ere d s ta in in g j a r
c o n ta in in g a s a tu r a te d a lcoholic so lu tio n of p icric a cid for 2 hr.
a n d th e n rin se d in w a te r. F re q u e n tly a ll th e p p t. is re m o v e d in
1 h r. or, less ra re ly , a tra c e of p p t. m a y p e rs is t a f te r 2 h r. T h is c an
be re m o v e d if n e ce ssa ry b y p ro lo n g in g th e t r e a tm e n t. C. J . C. B.
Comparison of procedures for staining tubercle bacilli in fluorescence
microscopy. H . I. L ee (J. Lab. din. Med., 1944, 29, 218— 221).—
T h e a p p lic a tio n of stro n g e r d eco lo risin g a g e n ts t h a n th o se c o m m o n ly
em p lo y ed is a d v a n ta g e o u s. T h e a d d itio n a l s ta in in g o f th e slides
w ith K M nO j so lu tio n im p ro v e s th e v isib ility of th e o rg a n ism s.
C o u n te rs ta in in g w ith m e th y le n e -b lu e so lu tio n is u n n e c e ssa ry a n d
m a y re d u c e th e no. of o rg a n ism s v isib le in th e field.
C. J . C. B.
V .— B L O O D
AND
LYM PH.
Sternal bone marrow in aged. C. R eich, M. S w irsky, a n d D .
S m ith (J. Lab. din. Med., 1944, 29, 508— 509).— T h e b o n e m a rro w
re m a in s re la tiv e ly n o rm a l in th e aged.
C. J . C. B.
Method for computing red cell count in photoelectric colorimeter.
G. M. P a rk e r, H . E . S picer, a n d H . P o r te r (Amer. J . d in . Path. Tech.
Sect., 1944, 8, 37— 38).— T h e m e th o d gives to o h ig h re a d in g s in
m a c ro c y tic anaem ia a n d to o low in m ic ro c y tic anaem ias.
T he
in s tr u m e n t is c a lib ra te d on n o rm a l b lo o d s of k n o w n c o u n ts.
C. J . C. B.
Effect of cobalt on work performance under conditions of anoxia.
[Cobalt stimulates erythropoiesis.] S. S. D o rra n ce , G. W . T h o rn ,
M. C lin to n , ju n ., H . W . E d m o n d s, a n d S. F a r b e r (Amer. J . Physiol.,
1943, 139, 399— 405).— S m a ll doses of Co (given as CoCl2) in d u c e d
e ry th ro p o ie sis in th e sp le en a n d liv e r a n d in c re a se d re d -c e ll fo rm a tio n
in th e b o n e m a rro w of n o rm a l r a t s ; th e haem oglobin c o n te n t of
th e b lo o d in c r e a s e d ; th e s e a n im a ls h a d a b e tte r w o rk p e rfo rm a n c e
u n d e r c o n d itio n s of a n o x ia th a n c o n tro ls.
T h e re w e re sig n s of
v a sc u la r c o n g estio n a n d e n la rg e m e n t o f th e sp le en . G ro w th w as n o t
re ta rd e d .
A . S.
Erythrocyte fragility. E . A . F e n n e l (Amer. J . clin. Path. Tech.
Sect., 1944, 8, 21— 26).— A sim p le screen t e s t u sin g one tu b e of
0-38% N aC l is reco m m e n d e d .
C.J . C. B.
Localisation of maximum cell division in epidermis. E . V.
Cowdry a n d H . C. T h o m p so n , ju n . (Anal. Rec., 1944, 88, 403— 409).
In th e e p id e rm is of th e h in d fo o t p a d of th e 10-day-old m o u se th e
ratio of m ito ses to n o n -d iv id in g nuclei w as 1 : 39-7 in th e b a sa l
layer, a n d 1 : 371-1 in a ll s u p ra b a s a l la y e rs ta k e n to g e th e r. 8 h r.
after in je c tio n of 0-25 c.c. of 1 : 10,000 aq. colchicine su b c u ta n e o u sly ,
the ra tio in litte r m a te s in cre ased to a m ax . of 1 : 22-1 a n d 1 : 18-6.
In the u n tr e a te d a n im a l th e site of m ax . m ito tic fre q u e n c y w as in
the spinous cells of th e p ro x im a l th ird of th e su p ra b a s a l epiderm is,
while in all tr e a te d a n im a ls i t w as in th o se o f th e m id d le th ird . T h e
conclusion is d ra w n t h a t th e level of m ax . m itoses is n o t fixed b u t
subject to c h an g e in d iffe re n t p hysiological a n d p a th o lo g ic a l conditions.
W. F. H.
R e d cell re sista n c e to la k in g o n a d d itio n of w a te r is in c re a s e d b y
p h y sic a l e x e rc is e ; th is re sista n c e c h a n g e is re la te d to th e in c re a se
in b lo o d -la ctic a cid level.
A . S.
Relation between number of nucleoli and number of chromosome
sets in animal cells. G. F a n k h a u s e r a n d R . R . H u m p h re y (Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci., 1943, 29, 344-—-350).— T h e no. of n u cleoli of h a p lo id a n d
Survival of transfused erythrocytes in haemolytic disease of new­
born. P . L . M ollison (Arch. Dis. Childhi, 1943, 118, 161— 171).— I n
polyploid a n im a l cells show s th e sa m e re la tio n s h ip as in p la n ts,
1-e-, the n u c le o lar no. in cre ases in d ire c t p ro p o rtio n to th e c h ro m o ­
Relation of physical exertion to resistance of red blood cells to
laking. C. W . H e a th (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943, 139, 569— 573).—
" Heat-resistance ” of erythrocytes ; specific test for Marchiafava’s aneemia. R . H e g g lin a n d C. M a ier (Amer. J . tned. Sci., 1944,
207, 624— 626).— H a:m o ly sis of c lo tte d b lood in vitro e v id e n t t o t h e
n a k e d eye a f te r 6 h r. a t 37° is p a th o g n o m o n ic of M a rc h ia fa v a ’s
ana:m ia.
C.J . C. B .
8 o u t of 9 cases of ic te ru s g ra v is n e o n a to ru m tra n s fu s e d d u rin g th e
firs t 14 d a y s of life, d o n a te d ///¡-p o sitiv e e ry th ro c y te s w ere d e stro y e d
w ith in 10 d a y s. I n 4 cases in w h ic h If/»-positive e ry th ro c y te s w ere
631
tra n s fu s e d a f te r t h e 1 4th d a y o f life, d e s tru c tio n w a s less r a p id a n d
in 2 in s ta n c e s w a s a s slow a s t h a t of R A -negative e ry th ro c y te s ,
if/¡-n e g a tiv e e ry th ro c y te s tra n s fu s e d t o 21 in fa n ts w ith haem olytic
d ise ase su rv iv e d for a t le a s t 80 d a y s in a ll b u t 1 case. I n one n o rm a l
in f a n t tra n s fu s e d w ith in a few h r . o f b irth , in 1 in f a n t aged 11 m o n th s
a n d in o n e a g ed 15 m o n th s (and in a d u lts), tra n s fu s e d R A -positive
e ry th ro c y te s su rv iv e d fo r u p to 100 d a y s.
C. J . C. B.
Heemolysing action of lysocithin. E . G o rte r a n d J . J . H e rm a n s
(Rec. trav. chini., 1944, 62, 681—-686).— I n m an , ra b b its , a n d sheep,
th e a m o u n t of ly so c ith in n eed e d to hacm olyse a r e d cell w as sufficient
to c o v er th e cell w ith a u n im o l. la y e r. B e y o n d th is a m o u n t, th e
n o. o f re d cells hm m olysed w as in d e p e n d e n t of th e co n cn . of th e
ly so c ith in u se d a n d haem olysis w as c o m p le te in 15 m in.
C . J . C . B.
Hsemolytic disease of newborn. G. L . T a y lo r a n d R . R . R a c e
(B rit. M ed. J ., 1944, I, 288 — 289). — A sc ru m (“ S t ” ) w h ich a g g lu tin ­
a te s th e blood of a ll hom o zy g o u s R A -negative p e rso n s (rh rh) a n d of
a ll h e te ro z y g o u s R h rh p e rso n s, b u t n o t th e b lo o d of a b o u t h a lf th e
h o m o zy g o u s R h Rh p e rso n s, w as used to d e te rm in e th e g e n o ty p e of
th e fa th e r s of 46 fam ilies in w h ic h th e dise ase o c cu rre d . T h e re is in
th e s e fam ilies a m a rk e d p re p o n d e ra n c e o f h o m o zy g o u s fa th e r s a n d
th e h o m o zy g o te a p p e a rs to b e 4— 5 tim e s m o re d a n g e ro u s th a n th e
h e te ro z y g o te . T h ese fin d in g s h a v e b e e n confirm ed b y o th e r te s ts .
T h e p ro g n o sis is u n fa v o u ra b le u n less th e f a th e r is show n to be h e te ro ­
zygous, b y serological te s ts o r b y his h a v in g a R A -negative c h ild or
p a re n t,
I . C.
Anaemia associated with infection.
632
A I I I —v, BLOOD AND LYMPH.
M. F. Saifi a n d J. M. V a u g h a n
(J. P ath . B a d ., 1944, 56. 189— 197).— Anaem ia in cases of in fec tio n
w h en p re s e n t w as n o rm o c y tic o r m ic ro c y tic in ty p e , th e c o lo u r in d e x
n e v e r b e in g a b o v e u n ity . A ra is e d re tic u lo c y te c o u n t o c cu rre d
c o m m o n ly in th e c h ro n ic cases w ith se v e re ana;m ia. I n a c u te cases
t h e re tic u lo c y te c o u n t o fte n ro se w h e n fe v e r a b a te d . In c re a se d
a c tiv ity of th e m a rro w w as fo u n d in 12 of 15 cases e x a m in e d , leucopoiesis p re d o m in a tin g . T h e re w as n o a p la sia of e ry th ro p o ie tic
tissu e , p r im a r y e r y th r o b la s ts a n d n o rm o b la sts b e in g p re s e n t w ith
few m a tu re re d cells. T h e d e g ree a n d c h a ra c te r of th e re sp o n se a re
u n r e la te d to th e ty p e o f in fe c tio n , t h e s e v e rity of th e an ;cm ia, o r
th e a g e of th e p a tie n t. A s th e r e is n o ev id e n ce of in c re a se d haem o­
lysis, an m m ia a sso c ia te d w ith in fe c tio n s is a ttr ib u te d to im p a ire d
s y n th e sis o f haem oglobin.
C. J . C. B.
Biliary excretion of radioactive iron and total iron influenced by
red cell destruction. W . B. H a w k in s a n d P . F . H a h n ( /. E x p . M ed.,
1944, 80, 31— 38).— F e is e lim in a te d in th e b ile of n o rm a l dogs a t a
c o n st, r a te (0-2 m g. p e r d a y ). T h is r a te of e x c re tio n is n o t in cre ased
b y fe ed in g larg e a m o u n ts of F e o r in tr a v e n o u s in je c tio n of larg e doses
o f colloidal F e . H aem olysis, p ro d u c e d b y su b c u ta n e o u s in je c tio n s
o f a c e ty lp h e n y lh y d ra z in e , in c re a se s th e e lim in a tio n of b ilia ry F e
10-fold, p a ra lle l to th e in c re a se in bile p ig m e n t e x c re tio n ; th e
b ilia ry o u t p u t o f ra d io a c tiv e F e is in c re a se d w h e n re d cells w ere
p re v io u s ly labelled. T h e e x c re tio n of F e a n d bile p ig m e n ts is
in d e p e n d e n t of th e bile vol. W h e n re d cells a re d e stro y e d th e
p ig m e n t ra d ic a l is to ta lly e x c re te d a s b ile p ig m e n t b u t o n ly 3 %
of th e re le a se d F e is e x c re te d in th e b ile ; th e re m a in d e r is re ta in e d .
T h e liv e r a n d sp le e n s to re F e, e v e n w h e n i t is p re s e n t in m a rk e d
excess.
A . S.
Fainting in blood donors. R e p o rt b y S u b -c o m m itte e of B lood
T ra n s fu s io n R e se arc h C o m m itte e (B rit. M ed. J ., 1944, I,- 279—
283).— T h e in c id e n c e of f a in tin g w a s 5-4% a n d 5-7% in tw o d iffere n t
c e n tre s. W o m en , especially m a rrie d w om en, a re m o re lia b le to
fa in tin g a tta c k s . Age, le n g th of w a it a t c e n tre s b e fo re bleeding,
o r difficulties in b lee d in g h a d no effect o n in cid e n ce of fa in tin g .
F a in tin g w as less c o m m o n in th e f o rtn ig h t p re c e d in g m e n s tru a tio n
t h a n in th e w eek a f te r i ts c essatio n . W o m e n c le rk s p ro b a b ly fa in t
m o re o fte n t h a n o th e r w o rk e rs. M o st fa in te rs g a v e a h is to ry of
f a in tin g e ith e r a t a p re v io u s d o n a tio n o r a t so m e o th e r occasion.
1 4% of d o n o rs re p o rte d som e d isc o m fo rt a f te r b leeding. 1-2% of
th e m e n a n d 1-3% of w om en re p o rte d d e la y e d fa in ts .
I . C.
Bacteriological aspects oi transfusion work.— See A., 1944, I I I ,
616.
Direct blood transfusion. J . S. G u e st a n d K . C. B ra d le y (M ed. J .
A u stra l., 1944, I, 292— 295).— M assive tra n s fu sio n of u n m odified
blood b y th e r o ta r y p u m p te c h n iq u e , w ith a r e p o rt o f 3 cases, is
d e sc rib e d . I t is co n clu d ed fro m a s tu d y of d o sa g e a n d r a te of
tra n s fu s io n t h a t th e so-called “ sp e e d s h o c k " sy n d ro m e in cases
u n a sso c ia te d w ith c a rd io -re s p ira to ry does n o t o ccu r.
F . S.
Concentrated Ted cell transfusions. M. L. B in d e r a n d A . K le in
(Am er. J . vied. Set., 1944, 208, 95-— 105).— Cone, re d cell tra n s f u ­
sions a re a s efficacious a s w h o le b lo o d in ra is in g th e haem oglobin
co n cn . of anaem ic p a tie n ts in w hom o n ly th e c e llu la r e le m en ts of th e
blo o d a re d e fic ie n t. T h e re a c tio n r a te w as 5-S% .
C. J . C. B.
Bed blood cell suspensions in ansemia. C. K . M u rra y , D . E . H ale,
a n d C. M . S h a a r (J. A m er. M ed. A ssoc., 1943, 122, 1065— 1067).—
T h e re s u lts o f 116 in fu sio n s o f re d blood cell su sp en sio n s a re d e ­
sc rib ed . 300 c.c. o f su sp e n sio n ra is e d th e re c ip ie n t’s haem oglobin b y
a b o u t 1 g. p e r 100 c.c. O n ly 2 re a c tio n s o c c u rre d a n d c lin ica l re s u lts
w ere goo d .
C. A . K .
Preservation of normal hum an plasma in liquid state. I. Statis­
tical study of 1751 administrations. E . L . L o zn e r a n d L . R . Newh o u se r ( / . clin. In vest., 1944, 23, 343— 349).— T h e a v e ra g e len g th of
p re s e rv a tio n w a s 5-0 m o n th s a n d 545 a d m in is tra tio n s w ere of plasm a
o v e r 6 m o n th s old. T h e re a c tio n r a te p o ssib ly a ttr ib u ta b le to
p la s m a w as 1-1% .
C. J . C. B.
Comparative in vitro studies on the physiologic activity of labile
constituents of liquid and frozen plasma. F . H . L . T ay lo r, E . L.
L o zn er, C. S. D a v id so n , H . J . T ag n o n , L . R . N ew houser, II. Mac­
D o n a ld , a n d M . A. A d a m s (J. clin. In vest., 1944, 23, 351— 355).— The
p ro te in c o m p o n e n ts of b o th liq u id a n d fro ze n p la sm a a re well p re ­
se rv ed . T h e c o a g u la tio n fa c to rs of liq u id p la sm a a re lo st b u t b e tte r
p re se rv e d in frozen p la sm a . C o m p le m en t a n d p ro th ro m b in are
lo st fro m liq u id p la s m a b u t p re se rv e d in fro ze n p lasm a .
C. J . C. B.
Isohsemagglutinin
titres
of
stored
normal
human
plasma.
E . L . L o z n e r a n d L . R . N ew h o u ser (J. clin. In vest., 1944, 23, 361—
363).— P o o lin g th e p la s m a re d u c e d th e % w ith titr e s of " 1 : 16 "
a n d o v e r o f a n ti-/J iso a g g lu tin in fro m 7 2 % in th e c o n tro ls to 8%
in th e pools, a n d of a n ti-B iso a g g lu tin in from 7 8 % in th e controls
to 15% . P o o ls o v e r 4 m o n th s old h a v e a m u c h low er % of titre s over
“ 1 : 16 " th a n pools u n d e r 4 m o n th s old.
C. J . C. B.
Chemical and physico-chemical changes of normal human plasma
during the second year of storage. E . L . L o zn er, F . H . L . Taylor,
S. L em ish, R . S n y d e r, a n d L. R . N e w h o u ser (J. clin. In vest., 1944,
23, 357— 360).— D u rin g sto ra g e of 1— 2 y e a rs th e non-protein-N ,
th e a-am in o -N , th e “ re sid u a l ” n o n -p ro te in -N , a n d th e “ poly­
p e p tid e in d e x ” in c re a se d s lig h tly ; 0-5— 2 0 % o f th e o rig in a l protein
is h y d ro ly se d to a m in o -ac id s a n d p o ly p e p tid e s , a n d 98— 99-5%
re m a in s p re c ip ita b le . E le c tro p h o re tic a n d o sm o m e tric d a ta indicate
t h a t lim ite d p ro te in c le av a g e ta k e s place. T h e o sm o tic effectiveness
of th e p re se rv e d p la s m a is slig h tly in c re a s e d a b o v e t h a t of fresh
p la sm a . I t is c o n clu d ed t h a t w h e n p la sm a is p re p a re d b y a " closed ”
sy ste m , w ith sc ru p u lo u sly a se p tic te c h n iq u e a n d c a re fu l bacterio­
logical c o n tro l, i t m a y be p re se rv e d in t h e liq u id s ta te a t room temp,
in a m o d e ra te c lim a te fo r p e rio d s u p to a t le a s t 2 y e ars.
G. _J. C. 33.
Effect of single injection of concentrated human serum-albumin on
circulating proteins and proteinuria in nephrosis. J . A. Luetscher,
ju n . (J. clin. In vest., 1944, 23, 365-—371).— A single in je c tio n of 25 g.
of conc. s e ru m -a lb u m in w as follow ed in 3 n e p h ro tic p a tie n ts by a
ra p id in c re a se of p la s m a vol. b y 25— 3 0 % of th e o rig in a l vol.; a
rise in se ru m colloid o sm o tic p re ssu re b y 10 a n d 2 0 % ; small,
v a ria b le changes in t o ta l se ru m -p ro te in c o n cn ., a n in c re a se in circul­
a tin g a lb u m in (alw ays c o n sid e ra b ly less th a n th e a m o u n t injected);
a sm a ll in c re a se in c irc u la tin g g lo b u lin ; a n in cre ased p ro te in u ria due
to th e h ig h e r p ro p o rtio n of s e ru m -a lb u m in w ith little change in
a lb u m in a n d g lo b u lin c le a ra n c e ; a sm a ll in cre ase in u rin e vol. but
n o rise in CT e x c re tio n . W ith in 48 h r. a f te r th e in je c tio n , most of
th e effects h a d d is a p p e a re d .
C. J . C. B.
Fate and effects of transfused serum or plasma in normal dogs.
W . M e tca lf (J. clin. In vest., 1944, 23, 403— 414).— P ro te in given
in tra v e n o u s ly to n o rm a l dogs, e ith e r as n o rm a l o r conc. serum or
p lasm a , lea v es th e blood s tre a m ra p id ly . I t s r a te of disappearance
is c o n st, a n d n o t re la te d to th e ch an g es in vol. o r concn. caused by
th e tra n s fu s io n o r to th e s t a te o f p ro te in re serv e s. T h e correlation
b e tw e e n th e r a te of p ro te in d is a p p e a ra n c e a n d th e d y e disappearance
su g g e sts t h a t th e fo rm e r is lo g a rith m ic a n d th e re fo re re la te d to the
t o ta l a m o u n t of c irc u la tin g p ro te in . T h e d iu re sis in d u c e d is pro­
p o rtio n a l to th e in cre ase in p la s m a vol. a n d c h an g e in p ro te in concn.
T h e tra n s fu sio n causes a loss o f w a te r fro m th e re d cells resulting
in a d e cre ase in th e ir size. T h e l a t t e r m a y b e a n im p o r ta n t source of
e rro r in c a lc u la tio n s of vol. c h an g e b y th e h a sm ato crit.
C. J. C. B.
Isoagglntinin and agglutinogen contents of pooled plasma.
L. L.
B lu m (Am er. J . clin. P ath ., 1944, 14, 112— 117).— T h e isoagglutm in
tite r s of 40 u n se le c te d p la sm a pools in a m ed iu m -sized h o sp ita l were
low e n o u g h to b e d isre g a rd e d a s a so u rc e of tra n s fu s io n reactions.
T h e re is n o c o n tra in d ic a tio n fo r giving, if n eed ed , w hole blood or
re d -c e ll su sp en sio n s follow ing a d m in is tra tio n o f pooled plasma.
In je c te d “ in c o m p a tib le " iso a g g lu tin in s d isa p p e a r from th e circul­
a tio n a lm o st im m e d ia te ly .
C . J . C. B.
Rh factor.
review .
D . D u rie (M ed. J . A u stral., 1944, I, 333 — 3 39 ).—A
F . S.
Rh faotcr ; its incidence in Victorian Red Cross donors. R- L
S im m ons, J . J . G ra y d o n , R . Ja k o b o w ic z , a n d L . M . B ry c e (Med. JA u stral., 1943, I I . 496— 501).— O f 3641 blo o d sa m p le s te s te d 1F66%
w ere R A -negative w h e n te s te d w ith a h u m a n anti-R A serum . 18»
of th e R A -negative sa m p le s g a v e a p o sitiv e re a c tio n w ith one o r more
of 5 o th e r anti-R A se ra, w hich w ould re d u c e th e to ta l o f non-reactors
to 16-6% . T h e re w as a h ig h e r % of n o n -re a c to rs in group A
sa m p le s th a n in th e o th e r g ro u p s.
B. S.
Heredity of Rh blood types. A. S. W ien er, E . B. Sonn, a n d R- BB e lk in (J. E xp. M ed ., 1944, 79, 235— 253).— D a ta collected, and
s ta tis tic a lly a n a ly se d , o f th e R h blo o d ty p e s in 97 fem ales w ith - /o
A I I I —v, BLOOD AND LYMPH.
633
634
children a n d in 135 m o th e r-c h ild c o m b in a tio n s a re in co m p le te
a g ree m e n t w ith th e th e o r y of 3 allelic genes.
A . S.
to b o th allergic cases a n d m ononucleosis su g g e ste d a c o n n e x io n
b e tw e e n th e tw o c o n d itio n s.
C. J . C. B .
Anti-human hsemagglutinins and anti-R/i antibody in guinea-pig
and human sera. E . E . E c k e r, E . W . E . M acfarlane, a n d T . C.
L aipply (Amer. J . clin. Path., 1944, 14, 168— 174).— T h e seru m of
Morphological obliteration of chronic myeloid leukaemia by active
tuberculosis. R . W . Ile in le a n d D . R . W e ir (Amer. J . med. Sci.,
j of n o rm a l g u in ea -p ig s c o n ta in s a n ti-h u m a n hasm agglutin ins,
chiefly a n ti-y i. G u in e a-p ig a n ti -Rh a g g lu tin in differs from o th e r
artificial a g g lu tin in s a s i t re a c ts w ith a ll h u m a n cells unless d ilu te d
to a sp. s tre n g th . T h e Rh a n tig e n is p re s e n t in th e re d cells of all
individuals, b u t in so m e i t is m u ch less se n sitiv e . E v e n th e u n d ilu te d
anti-RA g u in ea -p ig se ru m d iffe re n tia te d b e tw e e n th e tw o classes of
red cells, o n e of w hich g av e a t it r c w ith a s tro n g se ru m tw o o r m ore
tim es a s h ig h a s d id th e o th e r class of less s e n sitiv e cells. T h e la tte r
are th e R A -negative cells. F o r g e n era l use th e g u in e a -p ig anti-R A
serum sh o u ld b e d ilu te d (1 : 10).
C. J . C. B.
Erythroblastosis fcetalis. J . R . G ilm o u r (Arch. Dis. Childh.,
1944, 1 9, 1— 25).— 52 fa ta l cases of e ry th ro b la s to s is foetalis w ere
exam ined. T h e y w ere g ro u p e d in to 3 ty p e s ro u g h ly c o rre sp o n d in g
to (i) h y d ro p s foetalis, (ii) ic te ru s g ra v is, a n d (iii) c o n g e n ita l anaem ia.
The 3 ty p e s a re m ere ly v a rie tie s of a single d is e a s e ; m o re th a n one
type fre q u e n tly o c cu rs in sib lin g s. T h e p a th o lo g ic a l ch an g e s -were
variable in in cid e n ce a n d degree. L ip o id in filtra tio n of th e a d re n a l
cortex w as co m m o n in (i) b u t does n o t occu r in (ii) a n d (iii). N u c le a r
jaundice a n d ja u n d ic e of th e re n a l m e d u lla ry p y ra m id s a n d foci of
necrosis of th e w h ite m a tte r o c cu rre d o n ly in (ii). T h e cause of
e ry th ro b lasto sis foetalis is discussed. (19 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J . C. B.
Double ova preganey in which Rh + twin developed erythroblastosis.
E. L. P o tte r ( / . Pcdiat., 1944, 24, 449— 453).— T w ins, one of w hom
died of e ry th ro b la s to s is w h ile th e o th e r re m a in e d n o rm al, a re
reported. T h e affected tw in a n d th e f a th e r w ere R A + ; th e n o rm a l
twin a n d th e m o th e r w ere R h —. I t is su g g e ste d t h a t th e fa th e r
was h e te ro zy g o u s fo r t h e Rh fa c to r a n d t h a t tw o o v a w e re fe rtilised ,
one b y a sp e rm c a rry in g a Rh-\- g en e a n d th e o th e r b y a sp e rm
c arry in g a R h — gene. T h e R h — m o th e r h a d been se n sitise d t o th e
Rh fa c to r e ith e r in th e p re v io u s p re g n a n c y , w h en a n Rh + fcetus
had b e en c a rrie d , o r p o ssib ly d u rin g th e co u rse of th is p re g n a n c y b y
the R A + tw in . T h e a n tib o d ie s p ro d u c e d in th e m o th e r p a sse d
through th e p la c e n ta s of b o th foetuses b u t affected o n ly th e o n e w hich
was Rh + , T h e cells of th e R A + foetus o n ly w e re d e stro y e d b y th e
RA a n tib o d ie s .
C. J . C. B.
Haldane hsemoglobinometer. I. Iron, oxygen, and the British
Standards Institution colour standard. R . G. M ac fa rlan e a n d J . R . P .
O’B rien [w ith C. G. D ouglas, E . M. Jo p e , H . M. Jo p e , R . H . Mole,
B. A m os, a n d P . Q uelch] (Brit. Med. J., 1944, I , 248— 250).— T h ere
was a lac k of p ro p o rtio n a lity in th e re su lts of haem oglobin e stim a tio n s
by th e I-Iald an c-G o w ers haem oglobinom eter, th e sp e c tro p h o to m e te r,
Oa c ap a city , a n d F e d e te rm in a tio n o n 49 sa m p le s of blood. T hese
variatio n s a re p a r tl y d u e to te c h n ic a l e rro rs , a n d p a r tly t o a sex
difference in th e re la tiv e p ro p o rtio n s of c o lour, F e c o n te n t, a n d 0 3
capacity of h e m o g lo b in . B lood sa m p le s of th e sa m e e x tin c tio n
coeff. as m e a su re d b y th e s p e c tro p h o to m e te r m a y show e s tim a te d
0 2 c ap a citie s d ifferin g b y 7 % a n d F e c o n te n ts d ifferin g b y n e a rly
10%, w h ilst if th e h aem oglobinom eter is u se d a s a m e a su re of
hem oglobin th e differen ces a re 15— 16% . T h e B .S .I. H a ld a n e
colour s ta n d a r d is e q u iv . to 1 9 -7 ± 0 -2 c.c. 0 2 c a p a c ity p e r 100 c.c.
of blood, a n d 4 9 ± 0 - 8 m g. of F e p e r 100 c.c. o f blood. T h e H a ld a n e Gowers m e th o d fo r e s tim a tin g h e m o g lo b in is in su fficien tly e x a c t for
purposes of s ta n d a rd is a tio n a n d in a tte m p ts t o define th e B .S .I.
S tan d ard sh o u ld b e re p la c e d b y th e N .P .L . c o m p a ra to r.
I. C.
Haemoglobin equivalent oi the B.S.I. Haldane standard. E . J .
King, M. G ilch rist, a n d A . M ath eso n (Brit. Med. J., 1944, I, 250—
252; cf. A ., 1944, I I I , 451).— T h e H a ld a n e c o lo rim e tric s ta n d a r d
recently defined b y th e B ritis h S ta n d a rd s I n s titu tio n is e q u a l to a
hem o g lo b in co n cn . of 14-8 g. p e r 100 c.c. of blood o r 19-8 c.c. of 0 2.
H e m o g lo b in re s u lts b y th e H a ld a n e a n d a lk a lin e m e th o d s a re in
agreem ent w h e n th e c o rre c tio n for th e H a ld a n e s ta n d a r d w a s ap p lie d .
I. C.
Methsemoglobinaemia after administration of p-aminoacetophenone and p-aminopropiophenone. — See A ., 1944, I I I , 609.
Formation of metheemoglobin. HI. Influence of total haemo­
globin on formation of metheemoglobin by acetanilide. IV. Limited
importance of methsemoglobinsemia in toxicity of aniline derivatives.
—See A., 1944, I I I , 609.
Allergic agranulocytosis with complications [due to sulphadiazine].
]. A. B lue (Amer. J . med. Sci., 1944, 207, 453— 461).— A case d u e t o
sulphadiazine (a fte r 2 co u rses of 27 g. a n d 4 g.) is d e sc rib e d w i t h
recovery.
C. J . C. B.
Presence in allergic disease of atypical lymphocytes and symptoms
suggesting recovery phase of infectious mononucleosis. T . G.
Randolph a n d E . B. G ibson (Amer. J. med. Sci., 1944, 207, 538—
646),—A lm o st a ll of 24 cases w ith d iffere n t ty p e s o f a lle rg y show ed
[be presence o f a ty p ic a l ly m p h o c y te s i n th e blo o d sim ila r to th o se in
infectious m ononucleosis. T h e P a u l- B u n n e ll te s ts w ere below
diagnostic level b u t th e sy m p to m s of w eak n e ss a n d la s situ d e com m on
L S (A., III.)
1944, 207, 450— 453).— A case d iag n o sed as m y elo id leu k æ m ia w as
follow ed for se v e ra l y e a rs a n d th e n a c tiv e tu b e rc u lo s is su p e rv e n e d .
A t a u to p s y n o le u k æ m ia in filtra tio n w as fo u n d .
C. J . C. B .
Effect of amino-acids on induction of leukæmia in mice.— See A.,
1944, I I I , 599.
Incidence of leukæmia in physicians.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 599.
Rôle of pyrogens in alleged leucocytic response to allantoin. E . G.
Y o u n g a n d W . W . H a w k in s ( / . Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1944, 81, 10—
16).— T h e o ra l a d m in is tr a tio n of 0-26— 7-35 g. o f a lla n to in in sin g le
o r re p e a te d d oses to m a n , d og, o r r a b b it p ro d u c e d n o leucocytosis.
M a rk ed leu co cy to sis w ith n e u tro p h ilia a n d p y re x ia w as o b se rv ed in
11 h u m a n su b je c ts 3— 5 h r. a fte r th e in tr a v e n o u s o r s u b c u ta n e o u s
in je c tio n of 50— 240 m g. of a lla n to in disso lv ed in R in g e r’s so lu tio n .
N o su c h effects w e re o b se rv ed a fte r th e in je c tio n o f r e c ry s t. a lla n to in
d isso lv ed in s te rile sa lin e m a d e u p w ith d o u b le-g lass-d istilled w a te r.
T h e alleged leu c o cy tic re sp o n se to a lla n to in is a tt r i b u te d t o p y ro g e n ic
im p u ritie s.
G. P .
Acute thrombocytopénie purpura in infectious mononucleosis.
P . C. L lo y d (Amer. J . med. Sci., 1944, 2 0 7 , 020— 624).— A case re p o rt.
C. J . C. B.
Postoperative thrombocytosis. E . A d am s (Arch, intern. Med.,
1944, 7 2, 329— 335).— T h e d eg ree a n d tim e of th e m ax . e le v a tio n a re
v a ria b le ; m o st p a tie n ts show th e m a x . rise b e tw e e n th e 1 0th a n d
th e 1 5th p o s to p e ra tiv e d a y .
C. J . C. B.
Experimental hypoproteinæmia and œdema. A . J . B eam s, A . H .
F ree, a n d J . R . L e o n a rd s (Arch, intern. Med., 1944, 7 3, 397— 4 0 2 ) —
H y p o p ro te in æ m ia. w ith oedem a w a s p ro d u c e d in 5 d ogs b y m e a n s
of p lasm a p h ere sis. T h e r a te of in te s tin a l a b s o rp tio n o r m eta b o lism
of g a la cto se a n d glycine, g a s tric e m p ty in g tim e , a n d in te s tin a l
m o tility w ere n o t a lte re d . T h e p la s m a vol. w as n o t a lte re d b u t th e
a v a ila b le (th io c y a n a te ) fluid v o l. w as in c re a se d .
C. J . C. B.
Plasma retention, urinary excretion, and effect on circulating total
red cell volume of intravenous gelatin in normal dogs. J . M. L ittle
a n d J . T . D a m e ro n (Amer. J. Physiol., 1943, 139, 438—-445).—
A p p ro x . 5 0 % of th e in je c te d g e la tin lea v es th e p la s m a w ith in 30
m in . follow ing a single in tra v e n o u s in je c tio n of a g e la tin -N a C l
m ix tu re ; th e p la s m a c o n ta in e d o n ly tra c e s of g e la tin a f te r 72 h r. ;
23— 3 5 % of th e g e la tin w as e x c re te d in th e u rin e . F o llo w in g
r e p e a te d in je c tio n s th e se ru m -g e la tin concn. a n d t o ta l se ru m g e la tin in c re a se d , th e t o ta l se ru m -p ro te in re m a in e d u n a ffe c te d , b u t
th e se ru m -p ro te in co n cn . d im in ish e d . A fte r a single in je c tio n of
6— 7 % g e la tin so lu tio n th e re is a n a lm o st im m e d ia te m a rk e d de cre ase
in th e c irc u la tin g to ta l re d cell vol., p e rs is tin g fo r a t le a st 3 d a y s ;
re p e a te d in je c tio n s of 4 % g e la tin so lu tio n s h a d less effects o n th e
re d cell vol.
A . S.
Amino-acid mixtures effective parenterally for long-continued
plasma-protein production. Casein digests compared. S. C. M adden,
R . R . W oods, F . W . S hull, a n d G. H . W h ip p le (J. Exp. Med., 1944,
79, 607— 624).— C o n tro l of N in ta k e in dogs a f te r p la s m a p h e re sis
p ro d u c e s a s te a d y s ta te of h y p o p ro te in æ m ia a n d a c o n st, level of
p la s m a -p ro te in p ro d u c tio n ; th e re sista n c e of th e se dogs to in fe c tio n
a n d in to x ic a tio n s is low ered. N b a la n c e is m a in ta in e d b y th e 10
e sse n tia l a m in o -a c id s o f R o se p lu s g ly c in e ; a s m u c h n ew p la sm a p ro te in is fo rm ed a s o n good d ie ta ry p ro te in . T h e re w as n o e v id en ce
of to x ic ity on o ra l o r p a re n te ra l a d m in is tra tio n o v e r se v e ra l m o n th s .
T h e m in . d a ily re q u ire m e n ts fo r a 10-kg. dog m a y b e g iv en i n t r a ­
v e n o u sly in 10 m in . w ith o u t r e a c tio n ; 10% so lu tio n s w ere g iv e n
su b c u ta n e o u sly ; th e m ix tu re c o n ta in e d (in g.) ¿ /-th re o n in e 0-7, dlv a lin e 1-5, / ( —)-leucine 1-5, ¿/-¿soleucine 1-4, ¿ /-ly sin e h y d ro c h lo rid e
1-5, / ( —) -tr y p to p h a n 0-4, ¿ /-p h e n y la la n in e 1-0, ¿ /-m e th io n in e 0-6,
/ ( + ) - h is tid in e h y d ro c h lo rid e 0-5, / ( + ) -a r g in in e h y d ro c h lo rid e 0-5,
g lycine 1-0, G lycine im p ro v e s to le ra n c e t o ra p id in tra v e n o u s
in je c tio n .
O ne c asein d ig est, p re p a re d b y e n zy m ic h y d ro ly sis,
p ro d u c e d good N r e te n tio n a n d p la s m a -p ro te in p ro d u c tio n , b u t w as
less w ell to le r a te d o n in tra v e n o u s in je c tio n ; th e o th e r d ig est,
p re p a re d b y a cid h y d ro ly sis a n d a d d itio n of tr y p to p h a n , g a v e b a re
N e q u ilib riu m a n d no p la s m a -p ro te in p ro d u c tio n . S k in lesions,
p ro b a b ly d u e to som e v ita m in -B 2 deficiency, w e re o b se rv ed a f te r
10— 20 w eek s o f s y n th e tic d ie t.
A . S.
Influence of alimentation on regeneration of plasma-proteins
following single severe non-fatal haemorrhage. C. E . L isch e r, R .
E lm a n , a n d H . W . D a v e y (Amer. J . Physiol., 1 9 4 3 , 1 3 9 , 638— 641).—
T h e p resen ce o r ab se n ce of p ro te in s o r c a rb o h y d ra te s in th e food
does n o t in flu e n ce th e r a p id ity of re g e n e ra tio n of p la s m a -p ro te in s
d u rin g th e firs t 72 h r . follow ing a single se v e re n o n -fa ta l h æ m o rrh ag e
in dogs.
A . S.
Effect of experimental hepatitis on plasma-proteins of (I) immature,
(H) pregnant, rats. G. H . B e rry m a n a n d J . L . B o llm a n (Amer. J.
Physiol., 1943, 139, 592— 595, 596— 599).— I . T h e p la s m a -p ro te in
level of im m a tu re r a ts ex p o sed to CC14 a n d su b s e q u e n t to x ic h e p a titis
63 5
A I I I —vi, VASCULAR SYSTEM.
is c o n sid e ra b ly low ered, a lm o st ex clu siv ely a t th e e x p en se of th e
p la sm a -a lb u m in .
II.
I n p r e g n a n t r a ts , th e m a te rn a l p la s m a -p ro te in concn. (m ain ly
th e a lb u m in ) is lo w e r e d ; th e g lo b u lin fra c tio n w as fre q u e n tly
in cre ased . T h e liv e rs show ed h y p e rtro p h ic chan g es.
A . S.
a-Globulin fraction of serum of normal and hypophysectomised
rats. D . H . M oore, L . L evin, a n d J . H . L e a th e rn ( / . Biol. Chem.,
1944, 153, 349— 3 5 3 ; cf. A., 1942, I I I , 8 8 9 ; 1944, I I I , 108).— S era
fro m h y p o p h y se c to m ise d a n d n o rm a l r a ts w ere e x a m in e d e lectro p h o re tic a lly a n d b y s a lt p p tn . T h e r a tio s of se ru m -a lb u m in to
-g lo b u lin d e te rm in e d b y th e tw o m e th o d s w e re v e ry sim ila r a n d
c o n firm th e p re v io u s fin d in g t h a t h y p o p iiy se c to m y c au ses a d e cre ased
r a tio of a lb u m in to g lo b u lin . N o rm a l r a t se ru m differs fro m t h a t of
o th e r species b y a b se n ce of th e e le c tro p h o re tic a-g lo b u lin c o m p o n e n t,
b u t i t is p re s e n t in s e ra of h y p o p h y se c to m ise d ra ts . I t is su g g ested
t h a t th y ro id insu fficien cy follow ing h y p o p h y se c to m y is resp o n sib le
f o r a p p e a ra n c e of a-g lo b u lin in th e se ru m .
J . N . A.
Relationship of lymphogranuloma venereum infection to incidence
of hyperglobudinsemia. O. B. B eeson a n d E . S. M iller (Amcr. J .
med. Sci., 1944, 207, 043— G46).— H y p e rglobulinffim ia w as fo u n d in
0-4% of w h ite m ales a n d in 0 -6 % of w h ite fem ales in G eorgia. In
N egroes th e re sp e c tiv e r a te s w e re 5-0% a n d 8-3% . T h e d ifference
in p re v a le n c e of ly m p h o g ra n u lo m a v e n e re u m in fe c tio n m a y a c c o u n t
fo r th is ra c ia l difference.
C. J . C. B.
Test for increased coagulability of blood. T . R . W a u g h a n d D . W .
R u d ic k (Canad. Med. Assoc. J., 1944, 50, 547— 549).— B lood is a d d e d
t o d e cre a sin g a m o u n ts of h e p a rin in tu b e s a n d th e c o a g u la tio n th u s
de ce le ra te d . T h e c o a g u la tio n tim e s of th e d iffe re n t tu b e s a re
g ra p h e d a n d a n o rm a l c u rv e is e sta b lish e d in 50 people.
C. J . C. B.
New practical method for subcutaneous administration of heparin.
L r L oew e a n d P . R o s e n b la tt (Amer. J. med. Sci., 1944, 208, 54—
63).— A sim ple, safe, a n d p ra c tic a l m e th o d fo r th e su b c u ta n e o u s
a d m in is tra tio n o f h e p a rin is discussed u sin g th e P itk in m e n s tru u m
a s a vehicle. I t w a s successfully used in 15 cases of th ro m b o ­
p h le b itis a n d p h le b o th ro m b o sis.
C. J . C. B.
Hsemorrhagic sweet clover disease. A lii. Anticoagulant activity
and structure in the 4-hydroxycoumarin group. R . S. O v e rm an ,
M. A. S ta h m a n n , C. F . H u e b n e r, W . R . S u lliv a n , L. Spero, D . G.
D o h e rty , M> Ik a w a , L . G raf, S. R o se m an , a n d K . P . L in k [J. Biol.
Chem., 1944, 153, 5— 23).-—O f 106 c o m p o u n d s of th e 4 -h y d ro x y ­
c o u m a rin class o r re la te d th e re to , 3 : 3 '-m c th y le n e b is- (4 -h y d ro x y ­
c o u m a rin ) w a s th e m o st a c tiv e a n tic o a g u la n t w h e n te s te d on ra b b its ,
b u t o th e r c o m p o u n d s show ed sm all d eg rees of a c tiv ity . T h e m in .
re q u ire m e n ts for a c tiv ity a re a n i n ta c t 4 -h y d ro x y c o u m a rin s tr u c tu re
w ith th e 3 -p o sitio n s u b s titu te d b y C o r H . F o r h ig h a c tiv ity , th e
3 -s u b s titu e n t g ro u p m u s t c o n ta in a k e to -g ro u p in th e 1 : 5 p o sitio n
re la tiv e ly to th e 4 -h y d ro x y -g ro u p .
E . C. W .
Minimal effective dose of a water-soluble vitamin-A substitute in
prevention of hypoprothrombinsemia in the newborn infant. S. H .
H a rd w ic k e [J. Pediat., 1944, 24, 259— 269).— T h e m in . effective
d a ily dose of N a 4 2 -m c th y l-l ; 4 -n a p h th a q u in o l d ip h o sp h o ric e s te r
giv en o ra lly to n e w b o rn b a b ie s is 0-005— 0-0005 m g. 1-25 m g. of
th e s u b s ta n c e is effective in lo w erin g a n excessively h ig h p ro th ro m b in
tim e to a n o rm a l ra n g e a n d m a in ta in in g i t th e re . A d m in is tra tio n
of seconal, n e m b u ta l, a n d N a a m y ta l to th e m o th e rs of th e b a b ie s
d id n o t p ro lo n g th e p ro th ro m b in tim e of th e bab ies.
C. J . C. B.
Level of v ita m in - ^ and carotene in plasma of rheumatic subjects.
R , E . S h a n k , A . F . C o b u rn , L. V. M oore, a n d C. L. H o a g la n d (J. din.
Invest., 1944, 23, 289— 295).— Irre s p e c tiv e of th e in itia l concn.
th e re is a fall in p lasm a -v ita m in -.-l w ith th e d e v e lo p m e n t of a c u te
rh e u m a tic fe v e r; p la s m a -c a ro te n e is n o t c h an g e d . T h e de cre ase of
p la s m a -^ v a rie s d ire c tly w ith th e in te n s ity of th e rh e u m a tic a tta c k .
In se v ere a tta c k s p lasm a-yl co n cn s. v a rie d b e tw e e n 0 a n d 70 i.u. p e r
100 c.c.
C. J . C. B .
Subclinical vitamin deficiency. IV. Plasm a-thiamin. M. H .
C arleen, N . W eissm a n , a n d J . W . F e rrc b c e (J. din. Invest., 1944, 23,
297— 301).— A s th e y e a s t-s tim u la tin g m a te ria ls in p la s m a (th ia m in
a n d o th ers) a r e free ly diffusible a t p H 5— 7 th e y a r e p ro b a b ly free
to m ove in a n d o u t of th e e x tra c e llu la r fluids. T h e y e a s t-s tim u la tin g
a c tiv ity of p la s m a v a rie s w ith th e level of th ia m in n u tritio n , th e
level o f th ia m in e x c re tio n , a n d th e “ tr u e ” p la s m a -th ia m in co n cn .
M e a su re m e n ts of th e y e a s t-s tim u la tin g a c tiv ity of p la s m a a re th u s
in d ices of th ia m in n u tritio n .
C. J . C. B.
Seram-diastase in newborn infant. E . E . R ic lim a n a n d G. W .
S alm o n ( / . Pediat., 1944, 24,310— 311).— T h e
blo o d d u rin g th e
n e o n a ta l p e rio d h a s little d ia s ta tic a c tiv ity (5— 35 u n its ). T h e
h ig h e s t v als. o b ta in e d d u rin g th e n e o n a ta l p e rio d w ere in th e first
3 d a y s of life. T h is m a y p o ssib ly re p re s e n t a p e rsiste n c e of e n zy m e
su p p lie d b y th e m o th e r.
C. J . C. B.
Seasonal variation in serum-choline-esterase in guinea-pigs.
Effect of experimental scurvy. A. D . H e rsc h b e rg a n d E . F ro m m el
(Arch. Sci. phys. not., 1944, [v], 26, Suppl., 33— 36).— I n general,
se ru m -ch o lin e -e stera se is h ig h e r (up to 50% ) in su m m e r th a n in
w in te r.
L ow tissu e -asco rb ic a cid vals. te n d to re d u c e se ru m -
636
c h o lin c -e ste rase, b u t in h ib itio n of th e e n zy m e b y eserin e does n o t
a ffe c t tissu e -a sc o rb ic a cid .
P . G. M.
Serum-lipins in cceliac syndrome. L . L u z z a tti a n d A. E . H ansen
(J- Pediat., 1944, 24, 417— 435).— A ll 4 coeliac c h ild ren show ed
c y stic fibrosis of th e p a n c re a s. S e v e ral o th e rs show ed clinical
fin d in g s su g g e stiv e of p a n c re a tic fibrosis. I n 8 p a tie n ts exam ined
th e v a ls. for th e v a rio u s fra c tio n s of th e se ru m -lip in s w ere norm al,
e x c e p t in 1 p a tie n t w ith a low to ta l c h o le stero l. T h e I vals. of the
f a tt y a cid s of all fra c tio n s of th e lip in in th e s e 8 p a tie n ts w ere low.
I n 5 cases n o in c re a se in se ru m -lip in o c c u rre d a fte r a f a tt y m eal;
in one p a tie n t th e re w as a slig h t in c r e a s e ; in tw o th e in cre ase was
n o rm a l. T h e low d eg ree o f u n s a tu ra tio n of s e ru m -fa tty acids in
th e p a tie n ts w ith coeliac s y n d ro m e is b e s t e x p la in e d o n th e basis of a
d e fic ie n t f a t a b so rp tio n .
C. J . C. B.
Blood-proteose and cancer. — See A., 1944, I I I , 599.
Homogeneity of phosphatide-sterol-protein complexes in blood
serum by ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis. M. M acheboeuf,
J . L . D elsal, P . L e p in e , a n d J . G iu n tin i (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69,
321— 333).— U ltra c e n trifu g a tio n a n d e le ctro p h o re sis failed to
s e p a ra te th e c o m p o n e n ts of th e a c id -p re c ip ita b le fra c tio n of horse
s e ru m w h ic h is a c o m p le x of a lb u m in , c h o le stero l e ste r, a n d phosp h o a m in o lip in s (A., 1929, 206, 5S7, 838). E le c tro p h o re sis, however,
show ed tw o hom o g en eo u s fra c tio n s of u n e q u a l m o b ility b u t w ith the
sam e re la tiv e p ro p o rtio n s of P a n d ste ro l, in d ic a tin g a difference in
th e p lio sp h o lip in , th e e ste rfy in g f a tty acid, o r th e p ro te in .
F . S.
V I .— V A S C U L A R
SY STEM .
Anterior cardiac veins. Functional importance in venous drainage
of right heart. D . E . G regg, R . E . S h ip ley , a n d T . G. B id d e r (Amer.
J. Physiol., 1943, 139, 732— 741).— 2— 5 m a jo r a n te rio r cardiac
v e in s w ere fo u n d in th e su b e p ic a rd ia l su rfa c e o f th e r ig h t ventricle
in d o g s ; th e y e m p ty s e p a ra te ly a n d d ire c tly in to th e r ig h t auricle
4— 8 m m . su p e rio r to th e b o rd e r of th e tric u s p id v a lv e ; th ere are
m a n y sm a lle r v e in s. T h e flow from th e s e v e in s ra n g e d from 8-5 to
26-5 c.c. p e r m in ., is d e riv e d a lm o s t e n tire ly fro m th e coronary
a rte rie s, a n d a p p ro a c h e s o r exceeds th e sim u lta n e o u s ly measured
r ig h t c o ro n a ry inflow-. 50— 9 2 % of th e r ig h t c o ro n a ry inflow drains
v ia th e a n te rio r c a rd ia c v e in s in to th e r ig h t a u ric le .
A. S.
Tonus changes in cardiac muscle and their significance for initi­
ation of impulses. E . B ozler (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943, 139, 477—
480).-—T h e a fte r-p o te n tia ls of t u r t l e ’s c a rd ia c m u scle a re accom­
p a n ie d b y ch an g e s in " to n u s ” ; in fresh m uscle th e ten sio n falls
below th e p re v io u s level c o rre sp o n d in g to th e p o sitiv e after-potential.
A fte r t r e a tm e n t w ith excess of C a " th e re sp o n se s a re followed by
o sc illa to ry c h an g e s in te n sio n .
A. S.
Effect of temperature on activity of cardiac muscle in Helix pomatia. A. R e in b e rg (Arch. Sci. phys. nat., 1944, [v], 26, Suppl,
47— 52).— R ise in te m p , p ro d u c e s a p o s itiv e c h ro n o tro p ic effect
a n d n e g a tiv e to n ic effect, a n d fall in te m p , p ro d u c e s th e opposite
effects, w ith in th e lim its 0— 45°. T h e a u to m a tic a c tiv ity is depend­
e n t on a n d is in th e o p p o site sen se to to n ic a c tiv ity .
P . G. M.
Electrolyte redistribution in cat heart and skeletal muscle in
potassium poisoning. J . M. C rism on, C. S. C rism on, M. Calabresi,
a n d D . C. D a rro w (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943, 139, 667 — 674).—K
p o iso n in g , in d ic a te d b y th e d isa p p e a ra n c e of th e P w av e of th e e.c.g.
in c a ts, o c c u rre d w h en th e se ru m -K level re a c h e d 11-0 m -equiv. peri,
follow ing in tra p e r ito n e a l in je c tio n s of KC1 so lu tio n , b u t occurred
a t lo w er se ru m -K levels if th e r a te of rise of K w as fa s te r th a n 0-33
m -eq u iv . p e r i, p e r m in . H e a r t- a n d sk e le ta l m u sc le -K in crease with
in c re a se d p la s m a -K c o n c n s .; th e re is n o q u a n t, re la tio n s h ip between
t h e a m o u n t of K fo u n d in th e h e a r t a n d th e a p p e a ra n c e of K poison­
in g . T h e u p ta k e of K b y th e h e a r t is a sso c ia te d w ith th e loss of
N a a n d th e a p p e a ra n c e of c o n sid era b le a m o u n ts of Cl in th e in tra ­
c e llu la r p h a se .
A. S.
Responses of heart to reflex activation of right and left vagus nerves
by pressor compounds, neosynephrin and pitressin. H . F . Haney,
A. J . L in d g re n , A. I. K a rste n s , a n d W . B. Y o u m a n s (Amcr. JPhysiol., 1943, 139, 675— 685).— In tra v e n o u s in je c tio n of pitressin,
n e o sy n e p h rin , o r a n g io to n in in to n o n -an aesth etised dogs produces
a reflex slow ing of h e a r t r a te . A fte r c u ttin g th e le ft vagus, the
re sp o n se u su a lly in c lu d e s a u ric u lo -v e n tric u la r blo ck a n d occasionally
n o d a l r h y th m . N o a u ric u lo -v e n tric u la r b lo ck w as o b serv ed follow­
in g c u ttin g th e r ig h t v a g u s w ith th e le ft n e rv e in ta c t. Ih e re
w as n o d ifferen ce in th e sin u s b ra d y c a rd ia o b se rv ed in th e two
g ro u p s of dogs. T h e re w a s no d e p re s s a n t a c tio n o n th e h e a r t follow­
in g c o m p le te d e n e rv a tio n of th e h e a rt. I n all o th e r experim ents
d e n e rv a tio n of th e h e a r t a n d d e stru c tio n o f th e a d re n a l medulla:
h a d b e en c a rrie d o u t be fo re th e e x p e rim e n ts.
A. S-
Augmentation of blood flow in coronary arteries with elevation of
right ventricular pressures. D . E . G regg, \V . H . P ritc h a rd , R. LShipley-, a n d J . T . W e a rn (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943, 139, 726— 731).
P ro g re ssiv e e le v a tio n o f th e r ig h t v e n tric u la r p re ssu re (to 80 mm.
H g systolic) b y p u lm o n a ry a r te r y c o n s tric tio n in anaesthetised open
c h e s t dogs is a c c o m p a n ie d b y a p ro g ressiv e a u g m e n ta tio n of right
637
A I I I —vi, VASCULAR SYSTEM.
(25— 200% ) a n d le ft (19— 2 9 % ) c o ro n a ry inflow w h e n a o rtic p e r­
fusion p re ssu re is c o n st. R ig h t c o ro n a ry inflow m a y in cre ase in
spite of a m o d e ra te u n c o m p e n sa te d r e d u c tio n in c o ro n a ry p e rfu sio n
pressure..
A . S.
Electrogram of ventricle of turtle’s heart. A. R o se n b lu e th , W .
D aughaday, a n d D . D. B o n d (Amer. J. Physiol., 1943, 139, 404—
476).— T h e p o te n tia ls re co rd e d from leads o n a n i n ta c t a n d a n
injured re g io n of th e t u r t l e ’s v e n tric le a re d u e to ch an g e s w hich
occur in th e in ta c t, n o t th e in ju re d , p a r t of th e m u scle (" m o n o to p ic
p o ten tial ’’). R e c o rd s w ith lead s from i n ta c t to i n ta c t tis su e a re
influenced b y th e p o sitio n of th e lea d s w ith re g a rd to th e s tim u la te d
region; th e s e re c o rd s r e p re s e n t th e a lg e b raic su m m a tio n of tw o
m onotopic re c o rd s {" d ito p ic p o te n tia l ” ). T h e e le c tric a l a n d th e
m echanical p h e n o m e n a of th e v e n tric le a re larg e ly in d e p e n d e n t.
A. S.
Electrocardiogram and “ two-step ” exercise. A. M. M aster,
S. N uzie, R . C. B row n, a n d R . C. P a rk e r, ju n . (Amer. J . mcd. Sci.,
1944, 207, 435— 449).— P o s itiv e ch an g e s in th e e.c.g. a f te r th e
“ tw o -step ” ex ercise in d ic a te an o x am iia of th e h e a r t m uscle o r
coronary insufficiency. B o th th is t e s t a n d th e 10% 0 2 a n o x e m ia
test jyere p e rfo rm e d on 87 p a tie n ts . T h e e.c.g. c h an g e s c o rre sp o n d e d
alm ost e x a c tly in b o th te s ts . T h e exercise m u s t b e sta n d ard ise d for age a n d w t. since ch an g e s occu r in n o rm a l p eo p le if th e e ffo rt is
excessive. I n n o rm a l p e rso n s th e blood p re ssu re a n d p u lse r e tu r n
to w ith in 10 p o in ts of re s tin g levels in 14 m in . T h e follow ing
changes in th e e.c.g. a fte r th e " tw o -ste p ” ex ercise a re considered
a b n o rm a l: d e p ressio n of th e R S T se g m e n t of m o re th a n 0-5 m m . in
any lead, a c h a n g e fro m a n u p rig h t T w a v e to a n iso electric or
inverted T w a v e o r T -w av e ch an g e s in th e o p p o site d ire c tio n . I n
pa tie n ts w ith c o ro n a ry h e a r t disease, th e t e s t is of p a r tic u la r val.
in d e te c tin g l a t e n t c o ro n a ry insufficiency. I n v a lv u la r h e a r t disease,
the te s t discloses th e s ta te of c a rd ia c fu n c tio n a n d w h e th e r th e
cardiac o u tp u t is a d e q u a te for th e c o ro n a ry a rte rie s. I n p a tie n ts
with h y p e rte n sio n th e c o n tro l e.c.g. o fte n show s e v id en ce of c o ro n a ry
insufficiency a n d th e re fo re m a y n o t c h an g e a f te r exercise. T h e re
is a lag in r e tu r n of th e blo o d p re ssu re a n d p u lse follow ing th e " tw ostep ” exercise in e ffo rt sy n d ro m e (n e u ro c irc u la to ry a sth e n ia ) a n d
the e.c.g. gives e v id e n ce of anoxaem ia of th e h e a r t m uscle follow ing
exercise. I n th is sy n d ro m e i t is believ ed t h a t th e r e is a c o n g e n ita lly
small, h y p o p la s tic h e a r t w hich is in a d e q u a te o n effort.
C. J . C. B.
Evolution of cardiogram as function of time. Effect of temperature,
alkaline cations, and alkaline earths on ventricle of Helix. E .
Bachrach (Arch. Sci. phys. nat., 1944, [v], 26, Suppl., 44— 47).—
Mg" e x e rts n e g a tiv e to n ic a n d c h ro n o tro p ic , a n d p o sitiv e iso tro p ic ,
effects o n v e n tric u la r c a rd ia c m uscle of Helix. K ' h a s th e o p p o site
effects, a b a la n c e of th e tw o le a d in g to m o re p ro lo n g ed a u to m a tic
activity. H ig h te m p , fa v o u rs th e M g” effect a n d low te m p , th e
reverse. M ean te m p . (15— 27°) a re m o st fa v o u ra b le fo r m a in te n ­
ance of a u to m a tic a c tiv ity in th e p resen ce o f M g", w ith o r w ith o u t
added K ‘. C a " e x e rts a m u ch less m a rk e d n e g a tiv e to n ic effect
than M g ",
P . G. M.
Electrocardiographic changes following artificial hyperpyrexia.
A. H . C lag e tt, ju n . (Amer. J . vied. Sci., 1944, 208, 81— 95).— W h ile
most of th e e.c.g. ch an g es follow ing fe v er th e r a p y a re in sig n ific an t
and p ro b a b ly d u e t o fever, th e cases sh o u ld be tre a te d in th e sam e
way as cases of m y o c a rd ia l in fa rc tio n d u e t o a n y o th e r cause.
C. J . C. B.
Diagnosis and location of acute myocardial infarct by electro­
cardiogram. S. B a e r a n d H . F ra n k e l (Arch, intern. Med., 1944, 73,
286— 289).— E .c .g . ta k e n in 321 cases re v e a le d th e p resen ce of
infarction in 9 4 % . On e.c.g. s tu d y alone, 5 2 % of th e in fa rc ts w ere
found to b e a n te rio r a n d 3 4 % p o ste rio r.
C. J . C. B .
Use and advantages of augmented unipolar extremity leads in
diagnosis of myocardial infarction. E . G o ld b erg er (N .Y . Sla. J.
Med., 1943, 43, 961— 968).— A n in d iffe re n t ele ctro d e w ith th re e
lead w ires is used, le a v in g one w ire u n c o n n e c te d , c o n n e c tin g th e o th e r
two to th e e le ctro d e s o n tw o e x tre m itie s, a n d its c e n tra l te rm in a l
to th e rig h t a rm lea d w ire of th e e le ctro c ard io g rap h . T h e L L lead
wire is le ft u n c o n n e c te d a n d th e L A lea d w ire c o n n ec te d w ith th e
third e x tre m ity e le ctro d e , th u s g iv in g th e a u g m e n te d VI, V r, a n d V f
leads if th is is th e le ft fo rea rm , r ig h t fo rea rm , a n d le ft leg, th e
electrocardiograph b e in g s e t fo r lea d I. T h e e.c.g. o b ta in e d in
m yocardial in fa rc tio n a n d c e rta in cases of p e ric a rd itis a re d escrib ed
■n detail a n d t h e r e c o r d in g of d e fin ite s ta n d a rd p a tt e r n s is claim ed.
(Cf. Amer. Heart J., 1942, 23, 483, for th e n o rm al.)
E . M. J.
Heart Mock. R . B . L ogue a n d J . F . H a n so n (Amer. J. mcd. Sci.,
1944, 207, 765— 769).— 100 cases of h e a r t b lo ck w ith p ro lo n g ed
P-R in te rv a ls a re re p o rte d .
C. J . C. B.
E lectrocardiographic v a ria tio n s in a cu te g lo m e ru lo n ep h ritis.
K- Ash, M. I. R u b in , a n d M. R a p o p o rt (Amer. J . Dis. Child., 1944, 67,
106— 116).— 7 2 % of 50 c h ild re n ill w ith a firs t a tt a c k of a c u te
glom erulonephritis h a d a b n o rm a l e.c.g. T h e m o st s tr ik in g changes
yere observed in th e 7‘ w ave, c o n sistin g chiefly of fla tte n in g a n d
(aversion in o n e o r m o re leads, n o t in fre q u e n tly p re ce d ed , especially
¡n leads I a n d I I , b y a slig h tly depressed, u p w a rd bow ed, S T seg m en t.
Transient in v e rsio n of th e T w a v e o c cu rre d as fre q u e n tly in lead I I I
638
a s in lea d I. T h e in cid e n ce of h e a r t failu re, h o w e v er, w as g re a te r
in a sso c iatio n w ith in v e rsio n of th is w a v e in lea d I I I .
C. J . C. B.
The systolic murmur. W . A . S o d e m an (Amer. J . mcd. Set., 1944,
208, 106— 118).— A re v ie w of th e lite ra tu r e .
C. J . C. B.
[Contrast cardiovascular study of] case of dextrocardia and com­
plete situs inversus with rheumatic m itral disease. A . G. S ilb e rste in
a n d I. S te in b e rg . (N .Y . S ta .J . Med., 1943, 43, 1755— 1757).— R e p o rt
of a case of 3 3 -y ear-o ld w o m a n .
E . M. J .
Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Los Angeles
children. D . B. D a v is a n d S. R o sin (J. Pediat., 1944, 24, 602—
513).— T h e re w ere 157 p a tie n ts w ith c h ild h o o d rh e u m a tic disease
o u t of 22,537 to ta l a d m issio n s to th e L o s A ngeles C o u n ty H o s p ita l
o v e r a 5 -y e ar p e rio d . T h e r e la tiv e ly low in c id e n c e of rh e u m a tic
diseases ag ree s w ith th e fin d in g s in o th e r c itie s w ith s u b tro p ic a l
c lim ates. C h o re a o c cu rre d m u c h less fre q u e n tly th a n in E a s te r n
a re a s. N o v a r ia tio n in se a so n al in cid e n ce w as n o te d . T h e re w as
n o c o rre la tio n b e tw e e n te m p ., ra in fa ll, a n d R .H . a n d th e in cid e n ce
of th e disease. F a m ilia l in cid e n ce w as negligible. T h e m o rta lity
w as 9-5% .
C. J . C. B.
Clinical aspects of pain in chest. I. Angina pectoris. T . R .
H a rris o n (Amer. J . vied. Sci., 1944, 207, 561— 587).— 77 p a tie n ts
w ith a n g in a p e c to ris a re a n a ly se d . T h e p a in w as fe lt su b s te rn a lly
in h a lf th e p a tie n ts . P a in e n tire ly lim ite d to th e p e ria p ic a l, a x illa ry ,
o r a b d o m in a l re g io n s d id n o t o c cu r in a n y case. T h e d u ra tio n of th e
p a in w a s u su a lly a few m in . o n ly , ra re ly lo n g er th a n £ h r. P a in of
g re a t in te n s ity w as e x c e p tio n a l, th e d isc o m fo rt b e in g m ild o r m in .
in m o re th a n h a lf th e p a tie n ts . T h e d isc o m fo rt w as c o n s tric tiv e or
h e a v y in c h a ra c te r in 5 0 % . F re q u e n tly , th e p a in w as o f a n a c h in g
q u a lity ; b u rn in g d isc o m fo rt w a s o c casio n ally fo u n d , w hile la n c in a t­
in g p a in w as e n c o u n te re d in o n ly o n e su b je c t. I n a d d itio n to th e
" trig g e r ” fa c to rs of e x e rtio n , e a tin g , e m o tio n , a n d cold, re c u m b e n t
p o s tu re a n d glucose deficiency w ere co m m o n p r e c ip ita tin g c au ses of
th e seizures. I n e x c e p tio n a l p a tie n ts , a n g in a l a tt a c k s w ith ty p ic a l
e.c.g. ch an g e s m a y b e in d u c e d b y sp o n ta n e o u s h y p o g ly c e m ia in
p a tie n ts w ho h a v e no seizures w ith se v ere e ffo rt a n d no ev id e n ce of
s tr u c tu r a l c a rd ia c disease. T h e a c t of e a tin g m a y p re c ip ita te a n g in a l
a tta c k s in c e rta in p a tie n ts a n d m a y p re v e n t th e a tta c k s in o th e r
su b je cts. P a in in d u c e d b y s ittin g o r s ta n d in g o r a g g ra v a te d b y
b re a th in g , coug h in g , o r sw allow ing c a n u su a lly b e sa fely a sc rib e d
t o d iso rd e rs o th e r th a n a n g in a p e c to ris . 10% of p a tie n ts m a y h a v e
a n g in a l a tta c k s w h ich h a v e n e v e r b een re la te d to effort. A m ong th e
c au ses of su c h a tta c k s a re s ta tu s a n g in o su s (” c o ro n a ry in su fficien cy ,”
” p re -in fa rc tio n a n g in a ” ), c cto p ic ta c h y c a rd ia , sp o n ta n e o u s h y p o ­
g ly c e m ia , a n d c o n d itio n s su c h a s i n te r m it t e n t c la u d ic a tio n , c o n ­
g e stiv e fa ilu re, a n d u n d u e a n x ie ty a b o u t th e c a rd ia c c o n d itio n ,
w h ich in d u c e th e p a tie n t to lea d a n u n u su a lly s e d e n ta ry life.
C. J. C. B.
Physiologically induced myocardial ischsemia as a, test for circul­
atory efficiency as applied to the selection of pilots. W . M. B a r tle tt
(J. Aviat. Med., 1943, 1 4 ,2 6 4 — 278).— A d e sc rip tio n is g iv en of th e
e le c tro c a rd io g ra p h ic a lly c o n tro lle d tilt- ta b le t e s t (w hich p ro d u c es
p o s tu ra l isc h e m ia ) a n d its v a l. in d istin g u ish in g p sy ch o g en ic,
physio g en ic, a n d o rg a n ic c o n d itio n s is d iscussed.
* F . S.
Infarction of lateral wall of left ventricle. H . W . T h o m so n a n d
H . F e il (Amer. J . med. Sci., 1944, 207, 588— 600).— 19 cases o f le ft
la te ra l in fa rc tio n w ere fo u n d in 106 cases of m y o c a rd ia l in fa rc ts
e x am in ed p a th o lo g ic a lly . In 9 re c e n t cases th e e.c.g. of 4 show ed
th e p a tt e r n d e sc rib e d b y W ood et al. (A., 1939, I I I , 17). A u ric u la r
fib rilla tio n o r f lu tte r w as fo u n d in 5 of th e r e c e n t cases. I n th e 5
re c e n t cases w ith o u t e.c.g. of la te ra l in fa rc tio n , th e c h an g e s w ere
d ia g n o stic of p o ste rio r a n d b a sa l in fa rc tio n in 3. T h e o th e r 2 cases
show ed a u ric u la r fib rilla tio n , a n d in 1 of th e s e th e e.c.g. show ed
slig h t dep ressio n of th e S - T s e g m e n t in lead 4 R . 2 cases a sso c ia te d
w ith in fa rc tio n of th e p o s te rio r a n d b a sa l re g io n o f th e le ft v e n tric le
p re se n te d e.c.g. d o m in a te d b y th e
p a tt e r n . 1 case a sso c ia te d
w ith a n te rio r a n d a p ic al in fa rc tio n h a d le ft b u n d le block. 7 cases of
re m o te in fa rc tio n show ed no c h a ra c te ris tic p a tte r n .
C. J . C. B.
Diffuse isolated myocarditis associated with dietary deficiency.
W . E . T o reso n (Arch, intern. Med., 1944, 73, 375— 383).— A 15-yearold g irl w ith a h is to ry of p ro lo n g ed m a ln u tr itio n d ied of diffuse
iso la te d m y o c a rd itis. H e a r t disease h a d e x is te d fo r a t le a s t 6
m o n th s be fo re d e a th , w ith sig n s o f r ig h t h e a r t fa ilu re, le ft b u n d le
b ra n c h lesion, h e a r t block, a n d v e n tric u la r fib rilla tio n . T h e h e a r t
show ed d ila ta tio n a n d h y p e rtro p h y , w ith a c u te , su b a c u te , a n d
c h ro n ic , n o n -in fe c tiv e in fla m m a to ry lesions diffu sely d is trib u te d
th ro u g h o u t th e m y o c a rd iu m . M u ra l th ro m b i w ere fo u n d in b o th
a u ric le s a n d in b o th v e n tric le s. T h ia m in deficiency w as su sp e c te d
b u t n o t p ro v e d . (4 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J . C. B .
Relationship between blood volume and blood specific gravity in
recovery from cardiac decompensation. J . R . D i P a lm a a n d P . E .
K e n d a ll (J. Lab. din. Med., 1944, 29, 390— 397).— D e co m p e n sa te d
c a rd ia c p a tie n ts c a n b e d iv id e d in to 2 g ro u p s. T h e firs t h a d a h ig h
in itia l blood vol. w hich fell w ith re c o v e ry . In th e firs t 2— 3 d a y s
follow ing th e o n s e t of re c o v e ry th e r e w a s a m a rk e d fall in p la sm a
sp. g r. a n d h e m a t o c r i t level. L a te r, w ith f u rth e r re c o v e ry , th e re
639
A I I I —vi, VASCULAR SYSTEM.
w as a g ra d u a l rise in p la s m a sp . g r. a n d h e m a t o c r i t levels, to c o n tro l
o r s lig h tly a b o v e th e c o n tro l levels. T h e c h an g e s in w hole blo o d
sp . gr. c o rro b o ra te d th e se findings. T h e 2 n d g ro u p d id n o t h a v e a
m a rk e d in itia l in cre ase in blood vol. a n d th e r e d u c tio n w ith re co v e ry
w as slig h t. I n th is in sta n c e , th e r e w as c ith e r little c h an g e in p la sm a
sp. g r. o r a rise d u rin g th e firs t p e rio d of re c o v e ry from d e co m p en s­
a tio n . I n a ll in s ta n c e s t h e lu c m a to c rit level p a ra lle le d th e ch an g e s
in p la s m a sp. gr.
C. J . C. B.
Role of coronary arteriosclerosis in cardiac hypertrophy. H .
Cross a n d J . R . L is a (N .Y . Sla. J . Med., 1943, 43, 1030— 1032).—
A ll o f 18 cases w ith a h e a r t w t. of m o re th a n 400 g. a n d gross c o ro n a ry
a rte rio sc le ro sis h a d re n a l a rte rio lo sc lero sis b u t no ev id e n ce o r
h is to ry of h y p e rte n sio n . N o re la tio n s h ip c o u ld b e d e m o n s tra te d
b e tw e e n th e s e v e rity of th e c o ro n a ry a r te r y disease a n d th e degree
o f c a rd ia c h y p e rtr o p h y a n d th e ir a sso c iatio n w a s c o n sid ere d to be
co in c id e n ta l.
E . M. J .
Life expectancy after an attack of myocardial infarction. G.
M c H a rd y a n d D . C. B ro w n e (Arch, intern. Med., 1944, 73, 290—
292).— R e p o r t o f a case o f s u rv iv a l fo r 19 y e a rs a fte r c o ro n a ry
th ro m b o sis.
C. J . C. B.
Spontaneous renal apoplexy with resuscitation after cardiac arrest.
S . L . G o v e rn ale a n d H . G. R in k (Brit. Mcd. J ., 1944, I I , 43).—
C ase r e p o rt. D u rin g th e o p e ra tio n th e h e a r t sto p p e d a n d re s ta r te d
a f te r c a rd ia c m assage, in tr a c a rd ia c in je c tio n of c o ra m in e a n d
m e tra z o l, a n d in tr a v e n tr ic u la r in fu sio n of blood a n d saline.
I. C.
Influence of hook-worm infection on heart muscle. G. S. R .
R a o a n d N . A n a n d a lw a r (Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1944, 19, B,
204— 210).— W h en se ru m of se v e re ly anm m ic p a tie n ts w ith a n k y lo ­
sto m ia sis w a s a d d e d to th e p e rfu sio n fluid of t h e iso la te d fro g h e a r t
in 1 : 10° o r 1 : 106 ccrncn. i t d e cre ased th e a m p litu d e of c a rd ia c c o n ­
tra c tio n s . T h is d e p ressin g effect of th e se ru m d isa p p e a re d in a few
cases a f te r F e a n d in m o st cases a f te r a n th e lm in tic t r e a tm e n t.
N o rm a l se ru m in 1 : 106 o r 1 : 105 co n cn . h a d n o o r o n ly slig h t d e p re ss­
in g effect. W h e n n o rm a l se ru m o r th e se ru m of p a tie n ts w ith
a n k y lo sto m ia sis w as a d d e d to th e p e rfu sio n fluid in co n cn . h ig h e r th a n
I : 104 i t in c re a se d th e a m p litu d e of c a rd ia c c o n tra c tio n s.
G. P .
Acid cardiolipin and improved method for preparation of cardiolipin from ox heart. M. C. P a n g b o rn ( / . Biol. Client., 1944, 153,
343— 3 48; cf. A., 1942, I I I , 495, 677).— A n im p ro v e d m e th o d for
p re p , of c a rd io lip in d e p e n d in g on p p tn . b y B aC lj fro m m e th y l
a lcoholic e x tr a c ts o f tis su e a n d p u rific a tio n su ccessiv ely b y w a y of th e
B a a n d Cd s a lts is d esc rib e d . T h e y ield is a p p ro x . 3 g. o f N a s a lt p e r
kg. of d rie d o x h e a rt.
A cid c a rd io lip in is a v isc o u s y ellow oil,
[«]?? + 5 -8 ° in alcohol, I v a l. 119, a n d a p p a r e n t m ol. w t. b y titr a ti o n
726. I t c o n ta in s 4-31% of P . W h e n s to re d in alcoholic so lu tio n in
th e d a rk , th e o p tic a l ro ta tio n a n d serological a c tiv ity decrease,
slowdy a t 3— 6°, m o re r a p id ly a t 25°, a n d th e c h an g e p ro d u c e d is
irre v e rsib le . T h e p u r e N a s a lt re ta in s its a c tiv ity for a t le a st
18 m o n th s .
J . N . A.
Case of classical type of constrictive pericarditis cured by pericardiectomy. C. K . F rie d b e rg ( / . M t. Sinai Hosp., 1944, 10, 717—
721).
E , M. J .
Case of atypical constrictive pericarditis cured by pericardiectomy.
W . H itz ig (J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944, 10, 722— 724).
E . M J J.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm. Rupture into jejunum preceded
by occult blood in the stool. G. I. H ille r a n d R . M . J o h n s o n (Amer.
J . med. Sci., 1944, 207, 600— 006).— A case re p o rt.
C. J . C. B.
Effects of occlusion of experimental chronic patent ductus arteriosus
on cardiac output, pulse, and blood pressure of dogs. S. E ^ L eed s
(Amer. J . Physiol., 1 9 4 3 , 139, 451— 459).— A sid e -to -sid e a n a sto m o sis
b e tw e e n th e a o r ta a n d th e le ft p u lm o n a ry a r te r y a n d a n e n d -to -sid e
a n a sto m o sis b e tw e e n th e le ft s u b c la v ia n a n d th e le ft p u lm o n a ry
a r te r y a fte r lig a tio n d is ta l to th e le ft s u b c la v ia n a r te r y w ere m ad e
in d ogs. N o n e of th e d ogs d e v elo p ed p e rip h e ra l oedem a o r sy m p to m s
o f c a rd ia c fa ilu re ; th e v e n o u s p re ssu re w as n o t e le v a te d a n d th e
m e a n a rte r ia l b lood p re s s u re w as n o rm a l. T h e o u t p u t of th e le ft
v e n tric le w as tw ic e t h a t of th e r ig h t, a n d in 5 e x p e rim e n ts th e a v e ra g e
b lo o d flow th r o u g h th e d u c tu s a s a % of le ft v e n tr ic u la r o u tp u t,
w a s 46. T h e im m e d ia te effects of occlusion of a c h ro n ic e x p e ri­
m e n ta l p a te n t d u c tu s a rte rio s u s a re a n in c re a s e in th e sy ste m ic
a r te r ia l b lood p re ssu re , a slow ing of th e p u lse , a n d a d e c re a s e .in th e
o u t p u t of b o th v e n tric le s.
A . S.
[Successful] ligation of patent ductus arteriosus. E . E . A rn h eim
(J. M t. Sinai Hosp., 1944, 10, 727— 728).— R e p o r t of a case in a n
1 1-year-old girl.
E . M. J .
Effect of adrenaline, ephedrine, ergotoxine, and pitressin on small
blood vessels in rabbit’s ear before and after denervation. J . P .
L e v in so n a n d H . E . E sse x (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943, 138, 423—
432).— V a sc u la r c h an g e s w e re d ire c tly o b se rv ed , u sin g th e t r a n s ­
p a r e n t c h a m b e r m e th o d . A d re n a lin e a n d e p h e d rin e p ro d u c e d
m a rk e d a rte rio la r a n d slig h t v e n u le c o n s tr ic tio n ; re fra c to rin e s s
d e v elo p ed follow ing r e p e a te d in je c tio n s of e p h e d rin e . P itre s s in
(0-1 p re sso r u n i t p e r kg. b o d y w t.) h a d t h e m o st m a rk e d v a so ­
c o n s tric to r a c tio n ; re fra c to rin e s s d e v elo p ed o n r e p e a te d in je c tio n s.
640
E rg o to x in e p re v e n te d th e v a s o c o n s tric to r effects o f a d ren a lin e .
S tim u la tio n of th e c erv ica l s y m p a th e tic c h a in h a d a m ore p ro ­
n o u n c ed v a so c o n stric to r effect t h a n s tim u la tio n o f th e d o rsal or
g r e a t a u ric u la r n e rv es. H y p e rs e n s itiv ity t o a d re n a lin e occurred
a f te r d e n e r v a tio n ; th e vessels re g a in e d th e ir to n e e v e n tu a lly . D e­
n e rv a tio n a lte rs th e a d re n a lin e -a n ta g o n istic effect of e rg o to x in e and
th e ta c h y p h y la x is .
A. S.
Circulation in hind limbs of a dog ten years following left lumbar
sympathetic ganglionectomy. H . E . E ssex , J . F . H e rric k , E. J.
B ald cs, a n d F . C. M a n n (Amer. J. Physiol., 1943, 139, 351— 355).—
S tr o m u h r blood flow m e a su re m e n ts in th e fe m o ra l a rte rie s of a dog
w ere m a d e b e fo re a n d 15 d a y s, 10 m o n th s , a n d 9 a n d 10 y e ars fol­
low ing u n ila te ra l lu m b a r s y m p a th e tic g a n g lio n e cto m y . T h e blood
flow in th e s y m p a th e c to m is c d lim b w as tw ic e t h a t of th e control
lim b u p to 10 m o n th s a fte r th e o p e r a tio n ; i t w as a lm o st th e sam e in
th e tw o lim b s 9 a n d 10 y e a rs la te r. S tro m u h r a n d pleth y sm o g rap h ic
stu d ie s show ed g r e a t h y p e rs e n s itiv ity to a d re n a lin e of th e vessels
of th e s y m p a th e c to m is c d leg. T h e re w as a r te r io la r h y p e rtro p h y of
th e m u sc u la ris in a to e of th e o p e ra te d side.
A. S.
Oscillometric index; aid in evaluating arterial status of' lower
extremities. S. H . R in zle r, J . T rav e ll, a n d H . C ivin (Arch, intern.
Med., 1944, 73, 241— 247).— T h e o sc illo m etric in d e x (ra tio of the
oscillo m etric re a d in g a t th e a n k le to t h a t a t th e w rist), th e cutaneous
te m p , follow ing p o s te rio r tib ia l n e rv e block, a n d th e presence or
a b se n ce of calcificatio n of th e leg v essels in th e ro e n tg e n o g ra m were
d e te rm in e d fo r 84 a m b u la to ry p a tie n ts w ith h e a r t disease. As the
o sc illo m etric in d e x decreases, th e in cid e n ce a n d e x te n t of calci­
fica tio n of th e vessels of th e low er e x tre m itie s a n d th e incidence of
a b n o rm a l c u ta n e o u s te m p , in cre ase. I n th e p re sen c e of a norm al
c irc u la tio n in th e a rm s, a n o sc illo m etric in d e x of 0-75 or more
g e n e ra lly in d ic a te s a d e q u a te a rte r ia l fu n c tio n in th e legs. Sim ilarly,
a n in d e x of less th a n 0-75 in d ic a te s sc lero tic c h an g e s in the leg
a rte rie s, p ro b a b ly w ith c a lc ific a tio n ; a n in d e x o f 0-3 o r less indicates
e x te n siv e calcificatio n a n d p ro b a b ly a d v a n c e d occlusive arterial
disease. A n o sc illo m etric re a d in g of m o re t h a n 4 a t th e ankle or
m o re th a n 2 a t th e fo o t n e a rly a lw a y s in d ic a te s n o rm a l a rte ria l flow
a n d a re a d in g of less th a n 1 a t th e a n k le o r 0 a t th e fo o t indicates
occlusive a rte r ia l disease.
C. J . C. B.
Clinical studies of circulation time with objective [photoelectric
cell and dye] method. B . J a b lo n s , J . C ohen, a n d M. Y . Swirsky
(N .Y . Sta. J . Med., 1944, 44, 398— 402).— A p e n cil flash lig h t bulb
p o w e red b y a sin g le o r d o u b le 3-v. d ry -ce ll b a tt e r y w as used as a
so u rce of lig h t p la c e d b e h in d th e p in n a a n d a p h o to e le c tric cell,
35 m m . in d ia m e te r a n d o f th e Se b a rrie r-la y e r ty p e , w as connected
t o a p o in te r ty p e g a lv a n o m e te r w ith a full scale deflexion a t 10 ga.
a d ju s te d so t h a t th e a c tiv e sid e w as in c o n ta c t w ith th e anterior
su rfa c e of th e p in n a . T h e w hole a p p a r a tu s is self-co n tain e d in a
p o rta b le w o o d en c a sin g a n d a d ju s te d o n th e p a tie n t b y m eans of a
h e a d b a n d . T h e s tr e n g th of th e lig h t so u rc e w as a d ju s te d to give a
deflexion of 70— 8 0 % .
T h e d y e u se d w as a 1% solution of
m e th y le n e -b lu e in d istille d w a te r ; 2— 5 c.c. w ere in je c te d in to the
a n te c u b ita l v e in i n 1— 2 sec. a fte r re le ase of a to u r n iq u e t. Vais, in
n o rm a ls w ere 7-0— 2 F 6 sec. (a v era g e 13 s e c .) ; n o rm a l v a ls. were also
seen in cases of b ro n c h ia l a s t h m a ; th e r e w a s p ro lo n g a tio n in de­
c o m p e n sa te d h e a r t disease a n d s h o rte n in g in h y p e rth y ro id ism . The
re s u lts of 200 cases a re re p o rte d .
E . M. J.
Test for vascular tone in man and its application to study of vas­
cular diseases with special reference to aetiology and prevention of
thrombophlebitis. M. N a id c a n d A . S a y e n (Amer. J . med. Sci.,
1944, 207, 606— 619).— A fte r e n te rin g t h e cold ro o m (20— 22°) the
su b je c t u n d re sse s c o m p le te ly a n d p u ts on a lig h t go w n a n d lies iu
th e su p in e p o sitio n , h is legs a n d a rm s b e in g u n c o v ere d . Therm o­
couples a re a tta c h e d t o th e firs t a n d th ir d to es of e a c h fo o t and the
th ir d fingers o f e a c h h a n d . T h e follow ing r o u tin e m ea su re m e n ts are
ta k e n 15 m in . a f te r t h e p a ti e n t lies d o w n a n d e v e ry 10 m i n . : the
te m p , a t e a c h th e r m o c o u p le ; m o u th t e m p . ; blo o d pressu re and
p u lse r a te . T h e to e a n d fin g er te m p , g r a d u a lly fall to 20— 22° in
30— 60 m in i 2 e le c tric h e a tin g p a d s a re th e n a p p lie d ’to th e trunk,
c o v erin g i t fro m p u b is to neck . R e a d in g s a re th e n ta k e n as during
th e cold p e rio d ; tim e of o n s e t a n d d e g ree of sw e a tin g a re also
re c o rd e d . T h e h e a tin g tim e is 60— 150 m i n .; in d iv id u a ls with
h ig h -g ra d e to n e re q u ire m o re tim e t o d ila te , if th e y c a n vasodilate
a t all reflexly. T h e te m p , o f th e to e s a n d fin g ers w h e n vasodilation
is c o m p le te is b e tw ee n 30° a n d 34°. W h e n th e to e a n d finger tem p,
re sp o n se s to co ld a n d h e a t h a v e b e en o b ta in e d , th e g ra d e of vascular
to n e c a n b e d e te rm in e d fro m a ta b le g iv en . T h is ta b le divides
p a tie n ts a r b itr a r ily in to 7 g ro u p s d e p e n d in g o n r a te of cooling or
w a rm in g o f th e e x tre m itie s. T h e im p o rta n c e of vasospasm in
in itia tin g th ro m b o p h le b itis o r p h le b o th ro m b o sis h a s b e en disclosed
b y th is te s t.
C. J . C. B.
Some uses for dry cold therapy and a proposed cooling cabinet.
W . G. B igelow a n d E . C. G. L a n y o n (Brit. Med. J., 1944, I, 21o—
217).— A d e sc rip tio n of a p o rta b le re frig e ra tin g a p p a ra tu s to
in v e s tig a te th e d r y co ld t r e a tm e n t of fro st-b ite , tr a u m a tic arterial
sp a sm , p e rip h e ra l em bolism , a n d c e r ta in w o u n d s of th e extrem ities.
641
A I I I — v ii , R E SP IR A T IO N AND BLOOD GASES
to ix ,
NERVOUS SYSTEM.
642
Effect of d ista l a p p lic atio n of sp h y g m o m an o m e te r cuff o n localised
venous p re ssu re a n d a s a id in v e n ip u n c tu re . R . D . B a rn a rd ( / . Lab.
din. Med,., 1944, 29, 539— 541).— A b lo o d -p ressu re cuff a ro u n d th e
w rist in fla te d a b o v e th e m e a n a rte r ia l p re ssu re tre b le s th e r a te of
venous blo o d flow from a v e n ip u n c tu re w ith th e u su a l p ro x im a l b a n d .
W here th e v e n ip u n c tu re h a d n o t a lre a d y b e en p e rfo rm e d , th e s u p e r­
ficial v ein s b ecom e v e r y p ro m in e n t, tu rg id , a n d e a s ily e n te re d b y
the needle. T h e blo o d collected b y th is p ro c e d u re show s som e
c lotting p e c u lia ritie s.
C. J . C. B,
q u e n tly d e p re sse d re s p ira tio n . 1-3% N a H C 0 3 in w a te r, w ith o u t
C 0 2 a n d a t p H 8-0 o r m o re, a n d h y p e rto n ic a n d h y p o to n ic N a H C 0 3
w ith v a r y in g C 0 3 p re ssu re o fte n s tim u la te d re s p ira tio n . 1-2% KC1
s tim u la te d in 12 of 57 in je c tio n s b u t fre q u e n tly led to d e p ressio n
e ith e r in itia lly o r follow ing tr a n s ie n t s tim u la tio n . 1% n ic o tin e
s tim u la te d w e ak ly in 4 o u t of 45 in je c tio n s ; 1 % s try c h n in e p ro d u c e d
2 d o u b tfu l re sp o n se s in 87 in je c tio n s ; 0'01— 1% a ce ty lc h o lin e , in
12S in je c tio n s, p ro d u c e d n o d e fin ite in s ta n c e of s tim u la tio n of
re sp ira tio n .
A . S.
V asom otor rh in itis . N . D . F a b ric a n t (Amer. J . med. Sci., 1944,
207, 535— 540).— A review .
C. J . C. B.
R e sp irato ry m o v em en ts in c arp fingerlings.
H . K h a n a n d A.
H u s a in (Current Sci., 1 9 4 4 ,1 3 , 16— 18).— A d e sc rip tio n of r e s p ira to ry
m o v e m e n ts a n d of th e ir r a te in fingerlings of Cirrhina a n d Labeo.
T h e effects of a n o x ia o n th e m o v e m e n ts a re also re co rd e d .
J . D . B.
A naerobic su rv iv a l of a d u lt a n im a ls. J . F . F a z c k a s a n d H . E .
H im w ic h (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943, 139, 366— 370).-—-The c e re b ra l
a rte rio -v e n o u s O a d ifference de cre ase in d o g s u n d e r p e n to b a rb ita l
a n a e s th e s ia b re a th in g a m ix tu re of 8 % O . + 9 2 % N 2; in tra v e n o u s
in je c tio n of io d o a c e ta te (32 m g. p e r kg. b o d y w t.) s h o rte n s th e
su rv iv a l tim e of th e s e a n im a ls. L a c tic a cid a c c u m u la te s in th e
c e n tra l n e rv o u s sy ste m of c a ts b re a th in g a n 0 2-p o o r m ix tu re .
A. S.
In te s tin a l gas v olum es a t a ltitu d e . E . W . P e te rs o n , B. S. K e n t,
a n d H . R . R ip le y (Canad. Med. Assoc. J., 1944, 50, 523— 526).—
T h e a b d o m e n sw ells a t h ig h a ltitu d e s ow ing to e x p a n s io n of in ­
te s tin a l gases. T h e sw elling is re lie v e d b y b e lc h in g a n d p a ssa g e of
flatu s.
C. J . C. B.
R ecent w o rk o n h y p e rte n sio n . F . B . B y ro m (Med. J. Austral.,
1944, I, 141— 145).— A review . (9 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
F . S.
Role of b ra in ste m in a rte ria l h y p e rte n sio n su b seq u en t to in tr a ­
cranial h y p e rte n sio n . F . M . F o rs te r (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943, 139,
347— 350).— T h e rise in a rte r ia l blood p re ssu re follow ing a n in cre ase
in in tra c ra n ia l p re ssu re in c a ts d e p en d s on th e in te g rity of th e
m edullary c en tres. D e c e re b ra tio n a t th e level of th e su p e rio r o r
inferior colliculi e n h a n c e s th e m e d u lla ry re sp o n se to in tra c ra n ia l
pressure in creases.
A . S.
Biology of h y p e rte n sio n [of g re a te r c irc u la tio n ].
E . M oschcow itz
(J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944, 10, 747— 754),— A review .
E . M. J .
A nalysis of shock.- V. II. M oon (Brit. Med. J., 1944, I, 773—
779).— A review .
I . C.
Shock re su ltin g fro m in tra p e rito n e a l im p la n ta tio n of re co n stitu te d
desiccated m uscle. E . E . M u irh e ad a n d J . M. H ill (J. Lab. clin.
Med., 1944, 29, 339— 346).— R e c o n s titu te d d esicc ate d m uscle
regularly p ro d u c e s f a ta l shock in dogs w h e n i t is im p la n te d in th e
p eritoneal c a v ity in a dose g re a te r t h a n 5 g. p e r kg. T h e changes
in th e v isc e ra a re id e n tic a l w ith th o se follow ing freezing shock.
A fter a tim e in th e su rv iv a l g ro u p th e m u scle s u b s ta n c e loses its
shock-producing q u a litie s. (5 p h o to m ic ro g rap h s.)
C. J . C. B.
O ccurrence of v a so c o n stric to r su b sta n c e in blood d u rin g shock
induced by tra u m a , haem orrhage, a n d b u rn s. I. H . P a g e (Amer. J.
Physiol., 1943, 139, 380— 39S).— V a so c o n stric to r su b sta n c e s, d e m o n ­
stra te d o n th e iso la te d p e rfu sed r a b b it ’s e ar, occur in th e blood of
dogs u n d e r sh o c k c o n d itio n s, p ro d u c e d b y to u rn iq u e ts p lac ed a ro u n d
the h in d legs, s trip p in g a n d ex p o su re of th e in te stin e s , haem orrhage,
or b u rn s. R e n a l d e n c rv a tio n , n e p h re c to m y , a d re n a le c to m y , a n d
low sp in a l tra n s -s e c tio n do n o t p r e v e n t th e a p p e a ra n c e of vaso,co n stricto r a g e n ts a fte r to u r n iq u e t shock, n o r docs n e p h re c to m y
and a d re n a le c to m y p re v e n t i t a f te r lia u n o rrh ag e . R e fra c to rin e ss
m ay b e p ro d u c e d b y re p e a te d p e rfu sio n w ith v a so c o n stric to r
plasm a o r s e r u m ; t h e vessels of th e r a b b it ’s e a r th e n still re sp o n d to
plasm a of d iffe re n t orig in . R e fra c to rin e ss to se ru m does n o t abolish
the v a so c o n stric to r a c tio n of p la s m a fro m b u rn e d , bled, o r shocked
dogs, o r th e re sp o n se to h is ta m in e ; re fra c to rin e s s t o p la s m a from
burned dogs do es n o t a b o lish th e effect of se ru m o r h ista m in e , b u t
abolishes th e re sp o n se to p la s m a from bled o r h y p e rte n siv e dogs.
R efracto rin ess to h y p e rte n s iv e p la s m a does n o t a b o lish th e v a so ­
c o n stric to r effect of p la s m a fro m b u rn e d o r bled dogs. R a b b its ’
isolated in te s tin a l rin g s c o n tr a c t p o w e rfu lly w h e n se ru m is a d d e d to
Ca-free R in g e r’s s o lu tio n ; n o rm a l c itr a te d p la sm a a n d p la s m a from
burned o r sh o ck ed dogs causes n o c o n tra c tio n in d ilu tio n s of 1 to 30.
A. S.
M otor c o n tro l of th o ra c ic duct. D . A cevedo (Amer. J. Physiol.,
1943, 139, 600— 603).— T h e th o ra c ic d u c t in c a ts w as p e rfu sed w ith
T yrode so lu tio n from th e c is te rn a c h y li a n d th e ven o u s e n d in g of th e
duct, T h e flow in th e d u c t d im in ish e d on a d d in g a ce ty lc h o lin e
to th e p e rfu sio n fluid o r in tra v e n o u s i n je c tio n ; p e rfu sio n w ith
adrenaline p ro d u c e d a d ila to r effect. S tim u la tio n of th e v a g u s
produced c o n stric tio n of th e d u c t.
A . S.
P erm eability of ly m p h vessels a n d ly m p h p ressu re.
F . C. L ee
(Arch. Surg. Chicago, 1944, 48, 355— 365).— I n c ats, lig a tio n of th e
thoracic d u c t in th e c h e s t p ro d u c e d a n e x tra v a s a tio n of c h y le w ith in
45 m in. in th e re g io n of th e c is te rn a chyli, w hence i t sp re a d s re tro peritoneally. I n th e s e c o n d itio n s t h e ly m p h o c y te s w ere conc. in th e
lym ph vessels d is ta l to t h e lig a tio n b u t n o t b e y o n d th e in te s tin a l
lym ph gland, w h ich a c te d a s a b a rrie r. L a rg e p a rtic le s of c e n tri­
fuged, d ialy se d I n d ia in k w e re h e ld b a c k b y th e w alls of th e ly m p h
vessels, w h e rea s th e sm a lle r p a rtic le s passed th ro u g h . P re ssu re
within th e m e s e n te ric ly m p h vessels w as a p p ro x . 5-2 cm . H 20 a n d
1-0 cm. in th e in te s tin a l ly m p h tru n k s . L ig a tio n of th e th o ra c ic
duct in cre ased th e p re ssu re in th e in te s tin a l tr u n k s to as m u c h a s
63-5 cm . w ith n o in c re a se in th e m e sen teric vessels.
F . S.
V I I .— R E S P IR A T IO N
AND
BLOOD
GA SES.
Effects of direct chemical and electrical stimulation of respiratory
centre in cats. J . H . Com roe, ju n . (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943, 139,
490— 498).— In je c tio n in c a ts of 1— 2 cu. m m . of 1-3% N a H C 0 3
buffered to p H 7-4 b y C 0 2 w ith pco. 250 m m . in to th e reg io n o f th e
respiratory c e n tre a s o u tlin e d b y P i t t s et al. (cf. A., 1940, I I I , 104)
"'as followed b y im m e d ia te in c re a se in d e p th a n d r a te of re sp irat'°n. C arb o n ic o r la c tic acid o r HC1 ra re ly s tim u la te d b u t fre ­
No effect o n a d re n a l h y p e rtro p h y of su b d ia p h ra g m a tic v ag o to m y
u n d e r c o nditions of d ecreased b a ro m e tric p re ssu re .— See A., 1944,
I I I , 590.
E ffect of p re v e n tin g a c a p n ia o n a d re n a l c o rtic a l h y p e rtro p h y u n d e r
c o nditions of d ecreased b a ro m e tric p re ssu re .— See A ., 1944, I I I , 589.
E ffects of p leu ra l effusion o n re sp ira tio n a n d c irc u la tio n in m a n .
M. D . A ltsc h u le a n d N . Z am ch e c k (J. clin. Invest., 1944, 23, 325—
331).— T h e effects of p le u ra l effusion w ere d e te rm in e d in 8 p a tie n ts
b y c o m p a riso n of m e a su re m e n ts o f th e lu n g vo l. a n d re s p ir a to ry a n d
c a rd io v a s c u la r d y n a m ic s be fo re a n d a fte r th o ra c e n te sis. T h e m a in
c h an g e s w ere a te le c ta sis, d e cre a se d e x p a n s ib ility of th e lungs,
decreased n e g a tiv ity o f in tra p le u ra l p re ssu re , a n d shallow re s p ir­
a tio n ; a n o x ia m a y occur. P le u ra l effusion lea d s t o in c re a se d
p e rip h e ra l v e n o u s p re ssu re , b eca u se of m e c h a n ic a l in te rfe re n c e
w ith th e v e n o u s r e t u r n ; th e r e a re n o ch an g e s in c a rd ia c o u t p u t o r
c irc u la tio n tim e a t re s t.
C. J . C, B.
Stepw ise a c tiv a tio n of oxygen in th e o rg a n ism .
I I I , 611.
See A., 1944,
V I I I .— M U SC L E.
A deny lp y ro p h o sp h atase a n d m y o k in a se .— See A., 1944, I I I , 613.
P oly p h asic a c tio n c u rre n ts of m o to r u n it com plex. J . S. D enslow
a n d C. C. H a s s e tt (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943, 139, 652— 660).— M ono-,
di-, tri- , a n d p o ly -p h asic a c tio n c u rre n ts fro m single m o to r u n its w ere
re co rd e d in n o rm a l su b je c ts from a re a s o f 2— 7 cm . v e rtic a lly a n d
1— 6 cm . h o r iz o n ta lly ; fascial s h e a th s a c t a s d iele ctric s a n d lim it th e
fields.
A . S.
H isto p a th o lo g y of progressive m u sc u la r d y stro p h y re v ea le d by
u ltra -v io le t p h o to m ic ro g rap h y . C. L . H o a g la n d , R . E . S h a n k , a n d
G. I. L a v in (J. Exp. Med., 1944, 80, 9— 18).— C o n siste n t ch an g e s in
b io p sy m a te ria l o b ta in e d fro m m u scle of p a tie n ts su ffe rin g from
p ro g ressiv e m u sc u la r d y s tr o p h y w ere sh o w n w ith u ltra -v io le t p h o to ­
m ic ro g ra p h y . B e tte r re so lu tio n is o b ta in e d w ith u ltr a -v io le t lig h t
th a n b y s ta in in g a n d e x a m in a tio n in v isib le lig h t.
A . S.
N e u ro m u scu la r re g e n e ra tio n u n d e r differen t levels of v ita m in -C
in ta k e s.— See A., 1944, I I I , 003.
D e rm ato m y o sitis. B. V . J a e g e r a n d L . A. G ro ssm an (Arch, intern.
Med., 1944, 73, 271— 2S5).— In v o lv e m e n t of m u scles w a s p re s e n t in
all of 9 cases of d e rm a to m y o s itis in a d u lts . F re q u e n tly th e r e w ere
te n d e rn e s s, w eak n ess, a n d a tr o p h y of sk e le ta l m u s c le s ; o c casio n ally
th e s tr ia te d m u scles of d e g lu titio n a n d re s p ira tio n w ere a ffe c te d ;
bio p sy sp e c im en s re v e a le d h isto lo g ic al c h an g es. In v o lv e m e n t of
th e sk in o c cu rre d in 7 of th e cases. I n 2 t h e m u co u s m e m b ra n e
o f th e m o u th w ere affected. I n 1 case th e r e w a s diffuse scleo d erm a,
a n d in 2 o th e rs sc le ro d e rm a to u s c h a n g e s w ere con fin ed to th e h a n d s.
E x te n s iv e la b o ra to r y s tu d ie s re v e a le d n o c o n st, a b n o r m a lity o th e r
t h a n sp o n ta n e o u s c re a tin u r ia . (4 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J . C. B .
IX .— N E R V O U S
SY STEM .
C om parison of m o to r in te g ra tio n in m ouse, r a t, ra b b it, dog, a n d
h o rse . R . G esell a n d A . K . A tk in so n (Amer. J. Physiol., 1943, 139,
745— 755).— C o n tra c tio n of t h e d ia p h ra g m in th e s e species show s
c h a ra c te ris tic e le c tric a l p a tt e r n s of m u ltifib re tw itc h in g s.
A . S.
P hysiology of freq u en cy of a ffe re n t im p u lses.
O. A . M . W y ss
(Arch. Sci, phys. not., 1944, [v], 26, Suppl., 63— 66).— A th e o r y of
643
A I I I — i x , N ERVOUS SYSTEM.
t h e m ec h an ism of tra n s fe re n c e of n e rv e im pulses, b a se d la rg e ly on
t h e a u th o r ’s e a rlie r e x p e rim e n ta l re su lts.
P . G . M.
Inhibition of choline-esterase activity of [peripheral and central]
nervous tissues by eserine in vivo. G. L . C a n to n i a n d O. L oew i
{ /. Pharm. E xp. They., 1944, 81, 07— 71).-—S u b c u ta n e o u s in je c tio n of
1 m g. of e se rin e p e r g. to frogs p re v e n te d t h e h y d ro ly sis of a c e ty l­
c h o lin e in th e sc ia tic n e rv es, b u t th e p ro p a g a tio n of im p u lse s in th e se
n e rv e s w as u n a ffe c te d . T h e h y d ro ly sis of a ce ty lc h o lin e in th e
c e n tra l n e rv o u s sy ste m , h o w ev er, w as n o t in h ib ite d b y th e s u b ­
c u ta n e o u s in je c tio n of ev en 15 m g. of ese rin e p e r g.
G. P .
Polyneuritis of unknown aetiology in childhood. A. H a to if ( / .
Pediat., 1944, 24, 393— 404).— A rev iew of 17 cases.
C. J. C. B.
Equivalence of theories of nervous excitation. A. S. H o u se h o ld e r
(Bull. Math. Biophysics, 1944, 6, 79— 81).— T h e e q u iv a len c e of th e
th r e e c u r r e n t th e o rie s of n e rv o u s e x c ita tio n (i.e., th o se d u e to H ill,
M o n n ie r, a n d R a s h e v s k y ;
m a tic a lly d e m o n s tra te d .
cf. O ffncr, A ., 1938, I I I , 100) is m a th e ­
F . O. H .
[Theory of] neural nets. H . D . L a n d a h l (Bull. Math. Biophysics,
1944, 6, 77— 78).— A n e u ra l m ec h an ism is d e sc rib e d w hich p ro v id e s
fo r a p e rc e p tio n t h a t is in v a r ia n t w ith re sp e c t to m o v e m e n t of th e
stim u lu s.
F . O. H .
Logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. W . S.
M cC ulloch a n d W . P i t t s (Bull. Math. Biophysics, 1943, 5,, 115—
133).— A calcu lu s b a se d o n p re p o s itio n a l logic is ev o lv ed to de sc rib e
t h e a c tiv ity of a sy ste m w h ic h o p e ra te s a c c o rd in g to th e c a rd in a l
p rin c ip le s of n e u ro p h y sio lo g y . T h ese p rin c ip le s in c lu d e t h a t of th e
" a ll-o r-n o n e ” law , th e p rin c ip le s of u n id ire c tio n a l tra n s m iss io n a t
sy n a p se s w ith s y n a p tic d elay , of s u m m a tio n a n d in h ib itio n , of fa c ilit­
a tio n a n d e x tin c tio n , a n d of re g e n e ra te d e x c ita tio n th ro u g h c irc u la r
n e rv e p a th s . I t is in d ic a te d t h a t th e fu n d a m e n ta l a c tiv ity of th e
c e re b ra l c o rte x m a y h a v e its c o u n te r p a r t in th e tw o -v a lu e d logic of
p ro p o sitio n s.
P . D . M.
Statistical consequences of logical calculus of nervous nets. H . D.
L a n d a h l, W . S. M cCulloch, a n d W . P i t t s (Bull. Math. Biophysics,
1943, 5, 135— 137).— A fo rm a l m e th o d is d e riv e d fo r tra n s fo rm in g
th e p ro p o sitio n a l logical d e sc rip tio n of th e a c tiv ity of a n e rv e n e t
in to t h a t of a s ta tis tic a l c alcu lu s. T h is tr a n s f o rm a tio n in v o lv e s
t h e a ssu m p tio n t h a t se q u en ces of im p u lse s in se ts of n e u ro n es in th e
n e t sh a ll be s ta tis tic a lly in d e p e n d e n t, a n d is th e re fo re in v a lid w h e re
sy n c h ro n o u s a c tiv ity occurs.
P . D . M.
Inexcitability to direct stimulation of nervous centres after destruc­
tion of central nervous system by compressed hypertonic sodium
chloride solution into cisterna magna. P . E . G a lv ao a n d J. P e riera ,
ju n . (Arq. Inst. Biol., 1942, 13, 13— 15).— A fte r in je c tin g a 2 0%
so lu tio n of N aC l in to th e c is te rn a m a g n a o f d ogs u n d e r a p re ssu re of
60 m m . H g fo r G m in. (cf. A ., 1944, I I I , 581) th e m o to r c o rte x ,
m ed u lla, a n d sp in a l co rd a re c o m p le te ly in e x c ita b lc t o m ec h an ic al
o r e le c tric a l s tim u la tio n .
I. C.
Retrograde degeneration. A. M. L a sse k (Arch. Neurol. Psychiat.,
1943, 49, 878— 880).— R e tro g ra d e d e g e n e ra tio n , im p ly in g b re a k d o w n
a n d d is a p p e a ra n c e of a x o n s, h a s n o t b e e n o b se rv ed to o c cu r in th e
lo n g m o to r or se n so ry t r a c ts of th e sp in a l c o rd of t h e c a t o r m o n k ey
w ith in 10 m o n th s a f te r h c m ise ctio n .
W . M. H .
Thoracic and lumbosacral cord injuries. D . M u n ro (J. A mer. Med.
Assoc., 1943, 122, 1055— 1063).— C linical s tu d ie s in 40 cases a re
re p o rte d .
C. A. K .
Anterior chordotomy : physiologic results and optimum manner
of performance. O. R . H y n d m a n a n d J. W o lk in (Arch. Neurol.
Psychiat., 1943, 50, 129— 148).— A n te rio r c h o rd o to m y m a y n o t
d is tu r b c a p illa ry flu sh in g a n d reflex v a s o d ila ta tio n from h e a tin g th e
b o d y , o r re sp o n se s of blood p re ssu re t o th e co ld p re sso r te s t,
th o u g h th e a v e ra g e blo o d p re ssu re is re d u c e d in 3— 6 m o n th s.
P a r a s y m p a th e tic c o n n e x io n s re sp o n sib le fo r e re c tio n a re severed.
A n te rio r c h o rd o to m y a b o lish es sh iv e rin g , v a rio u s fo rm s o f g ird le
p a in , a n d itc h in g b u t n o t tic k le. T h e o p tim a l lo c a tio n of c h o rd o to m y
is a t th e first th o ra c ic s e g m e n t. C o m b in ed w ith se c tio n of L is sa u e r's
t r a c t su c h se c tio n w ill b rin g th e level of a n a lg e sia to th e first th o ra c ic
d e m a to m e a n d is useful in a b o lish in g p a in h ig h in th e ch est.
W . M. H .
Lachrymation reflex.— See A., 1944, I I I , 583.
Vertebral level of termination of spinal cord with report of case of
sacral cord.— See A., 1944, I I I , 5G9.
Primary and symptomatic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. I. S.
W ec h sler, M . R . S a p irste in , a n d A. S te in (Amer. J.m ed. Sci., 1944,
208, 70 — S I). — A clin ica l s tu d y of 81 cases.
C. J. C. B.
Tetany due to deficiency in magnesium. J. F . M iller (Amer. J.
Dis. Child., 1944, 67, 117— 119).— C linical te ta n y , a p p a r e n tly cau sed
b y a low p lasm a-M g c o n te n t, o c cu rre d in a c h ild of 6 y e ars, w ho h a d
also o ste o ch o n d ro sis of t h e c a p ita l e p ip h y sis o f th e fe m u r (L e g g P e r th c s ’ disease). A sig n ific a n t rise in plasm a-M g, w ith im p ro v e ­
m e n t in th e n e rv o u s h y p e rirrita b ility , w as o b ta in e d b y g iv in g
re p e a te d doses o f M g S 0 4 b y m o u th .
’
C. J. C. B.
644
Prostigmine in poliomyelitis. H . R a b a t a n d M. E . K n a p p (J.
Amer. Med. Assoc., 1943, 122, 989— 995).— P ro stig m in e , given by
m o u th o r s u b c u ta n e o u s ly in 20 p a tie n ts in th e s u b a c u te stage of
p o lio m y e litis, in c re a se d th e ra n g e of p a ssiv e m o v e m e n ts, decreased
de fo rm itie s, a n d so m e tim es im p ro v e d a c tiv e m o v e m e n ts. In 3 cases
in tr a th e c a l in je c tio n of th e d r u g p ro d u c e d g re a te r effects th a n the
o th e r m o d es of a d m in is tra tio n .
C. A. K.
Riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and biotin excretion tests in patients
with paralytic poliomyelitis. W . O. F ro h rin g , J. A. T oom ey, D. M.
D icken, M. M. Biclcing, a n d W . R . M itch ell (/.* Pediat., 1944, 24,
293— 294).— T h e u r in a r y e x c re tio n of rib o fla v in , p a n to th e n ic acid,
a n d b io tin w as d e te rm in e d in 10 p a tie n ts a c u te ly ill w ith polio­
m y e litis w ith in 24 h r. of h o sp ita l a d m issio n . T h e n o rm a l content
o f b io tin in th e u rin e is u n k n o w n , b u t in 7 p a tie n ts c o n v alesce n t from
s c a rle t fev er te s te d sim u lta n e o u s ly th e to ta l b io tin c o n te n t w as 5'88
Hg. as c o m p a re d to 20-G for th e p o lio m y e litis p a tie n ts . T h e vals. for
p a n to th e n ic acid w ere w ith in n o rm a l lim its in 8 of th e 10 specim ens
e x a m in e d ; th e rib o fla v in vals. w ere a p p ro x . tw ice n o rm al.
C. J. C. B.
Treatment of herpes zoster ophthalmicus with smallpox vaccine.
W . I. L illie (N .Y . S ta .J . Med., 1943, 43, S57— 859).— R e p o rt of 11
cases v a c c in a te d o n 4— 5 o ccasions a t 2— 10 d a y s ’ in te rv a ls w ith
e x ce lle n t local re su lt.
E . M. J.
Acute ataxia of unknown origin in children. W . O. K lin g m a n and
R . G. H o d g e s (J. Pediat., 1944, 24, 53G— 543).— 7 cases of acute
a ta x ia of u n k n o w n o rig in in c h ild re n a re re p o rte d . 3 p a tie n ts gave
a h is to r y of a c u te febrile illness s h o r tly b e fo re th e ap p ea ran c e of
n e u ro lo g ical signs. T h e ch ie f fe a tu re s of th e illness w ere ataxia
a n d tre m o r. R e c o v e ry w as c o m p le te in 5 of th e p a tie n ts , a n d there
w as v e ry little re sid u a l im p a irm e n t in c o -o rd in a tio n in th e o th e r two.
A m a rk e d c o n d u c t d is tu r b a n c e d e v elo p ed in 1 p a tie n t.
C. J . C. B.
Familial spastic paresis with strabismus. M. P . C row e (Arch.
Dis. Childh., 1944, 19. 32— 33).— T h e p re sen c e of d iffere n t degrees
of loss of pow er, s p a s tic ity , a n d a d d u c tio n d e fo rm ity of low er limbs
in th e 5 c h ild re n of a fa m ily is d esc rib e d . S igns of a n u p p e r motor
n e u ro n e lesion a re p re s e n t in a ll cases. T h is c o n d itio n firs t noticed
in in fa n c y re sem b les L it t le ’s disease, w ith , in a d d itio n , th e presence
o f o c u la r m a n ife s ta tio n s .
C. J . C. B.
Correlation between slow development and great vitality of human
brain. — See A ., 1944, I I I , 5G9.
Paralysis of divergence due to cerebellar tumour. — See A., 1944,
I I I , 583.
Growth asymmetry due to lesions of the postcentral cerebral cortex.
W . P en field a n d J . S. M. R o b e rts o n (Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 1943,
50, 405— 430).— In fa n tile lesions of th e p o s tc c n tra l gyrus are
re g u la rly a sso c iated w ith m o d e ra te c o m p a ra tiv e sm alln ess of the
c o n tra la te r a l p a r t of th e b o d y , ev en w h e n th e p re c e n tra l g y ru s appears
to be n o rm a l. T h is a p p lie s a lm o st in v a ria b ly to th e a r m a n d leg and
u su a lly to th e th o r a x a n d face. C o m p a ra tiv e sm a lln e ss o f th e bones
a s w ell a s of th e m uscles re su lts fro m in ju r y to th e p o s tc e n tra l gvrus
if th is in ju r y o ccu rs be fo re th e t h ir d y e a r. T h e re is no c le a r evidence
of th e effects of lesions in la te r ch ild h o o d . L esio n s lim ite d to the
fro n ta l o c c ip ita l a n d te m p o ra l p o rtio n s of th e c e re b ra l cortex are
n o t a sso c ia te d w ith g ro w th c h an g es.
W . M. H.
Audio frequency localisation in acoustic cortex of dog.— Sec A.,
1944, I I I , 5SG.
Integration of cutaneous and auditory sensibilities in inferior
colliculus.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 580.
Electroencephalographic foci associated with epilepsy. E . IG ibbs, H . H . M e rritt, a n d F . A . G ib b s (Arch. Neurol. Psychiat.,
1943, 49, 793— 801).— In a g ro u p of 11G1 e p ile p tic p a tie n ts , electro­
e n ce p h alo g ra m s (e.e.g.) fro m six c o rtic a l a re a s show ed focal abnor­
m a litie s in 1G0 (15% ) a n d o f th e se 92 o r 5 8 % h a d c lin ica l localising
sig n s c o rre sp o n d in g to th e e.e.g. lo ca lisatio n s. T h e re w ere 14 cases
w ith local c lin ica l sig n s b u t w ith o u t c o rre sp o n d in g e.e.g. focal
evidence. I n cases sh o w in g e.e.g. focal a b n o rm a litie s th e clinical
e v id en ce of localised d a m a g e to th e b r a in is 58 tim e s m o re frequently
fo u n d t h a n in a ll o th e r e p ile p tic cases. T h e sa m e ty p e s o f discharges
a re fo u n d focally a n d g e n era lise d , b u t p a rtic u la r ty p e s a rc more
fre q u e n t in f o c i: irre g u la r J to 3 p e r sec. a c tiv ity sp ik es a n d 2 per
sec. w aves a n d spikes.
W . M. H.
Influence of basal fore-brain areas on electrocorticogram. R- S.
M orison, K . H . F in le y , a n d G. N . L o th ro p (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943,
139, 410— 416).— Single sh o c k s tim u la tio n o f t h e h y p o th a la m u s in
n e m b u ta lise d c a ts d id n o t a lte r th e e le c tric a l a c tiv ity of a n y m ajor
c o rtic a l a re a . R e p e titiv e s tim u la tio n (15— 600 p e r sec.) depressed
th e i n te r m it t e n t b u rs ts of 5— 10 sec. fre q u e n c y w ith o u t a lte rin g o ther
ty p e s o f c o rtic a l a c tiv ity , a n d p ro d u c e d a g ra d u a l a n d prolonged
b u ild in g u p of slow w a v e a c tiv ity (2— 3 p e r s e c .) ; th e first effect was
also p ro d u c e d b y th a la m ic s tim u la tio n , esp ecially of its m edial p a rt.
T h e d e p re s s a n t a c tio n is a tt r i b u te d t o th e a c tiv a tio n o f v a rio u s fibre
sy s te m s r u n n in g th ro u g h th e d o rsa l h y p o th a la m u s t o th a la m ic areas.
645
A I I I —ix, NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Effects oi hyperventilation and of blood pressure changes on selfsustained responses of cerebral cortex. E . C. del P ozo a n d A. A. P .
LeSo (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943, 139 335— 342).— T h e self-su stain ed
responses of th e c o rte x (e le ctre n ce p h alo g ram follow ing c o rtic a l
stim ulation) a re d e cre ased (w ith re sp e c t to d u ra tio n , v o lta g e , a n d
frequency o f d ischarge) b y h y p e rv e n tila tio n in c a ts, even w h en th e
blood p re ssu re w as k e p t u n ch an g e d . D e creases in blood p re ssu re
w ith n o rm a l re s p ira tio n , o r c e re b ra l an rem ia p ro d u c e d b y b ila te ra l
carotid occlusion, h a d sim ila r effects. H y p e rv e n tila tio n d ecreased
the v o lta g e a n d fre q u e n c y of sp o n ta n e o u s c o rtic a l d isch arg es. T h e
flexor reflex w a s u n c h a n g e d b y h y p e rv e n tila tio n .
A. S.
Metabolic studies on epileptic patients receiving azosulphamide and
phenobarbital. M. E.' C ohen, F . S. C oom bs, a n d J . H . T a lb o tt
(Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 1943, 50, 149— 161).— I n m a n d u rin g th e
period of a n tic o n v u ls a n t a c tio n of a zo su lp h a m id e th e re is a decrease
in serum -C O , c o n te n t a n d te n s io n , a n d a p o sitiv e K b a la n c e like t h a t
following p h e n o b a rb ita l. A c o m p a rab le d eg ree of acidosis su c h as
follows N H 4C1 docs n o t p r e v e n t convulsions.
W . M. H .
Electroencephalographic classification of epileptic patients and
control subjects. F . A. G ibbs, E . L . G ibbs, a n d W . G. L en n o x
(Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 1943, 50, 111—4 2 8 ).— E le c tro e n c e p h a lo ­
gram s (e.e.g.) for 1000 a d u lt c o n tro l su b je c ts a n d 1260 e p ile p tic
subjects a re classified on a scale b a se d p rim a rily on freq u e n c y , a n d
the d is trib u tio n s a re c o m p a red . T h e scale h a s 18 categ o ries, 9 of
which' a re re g a rd e d a s n o rm al. P a ro x y s m a l w a v es a re classed as
p e tit m a l v a r ia n t (2 p e r sec. a lte rn a tin g w a v e a n d spike), p e ti t m al
type (3 p e r sec. a lte rn a tin g w ave a n d spike, th e p a tt e r n o c c u rrin g in
a clinical p e ti t m al seizure, defined as a tr a n s ie n t loss o f consciousness,
w ith c o n v u lsiv e m o v em e n ts, if a n y , lim ite d to a 3 p e r sec. clonic
jerk in g o f th e eyelids, h e ad , a n d a rm s), p sy c h o m o to r ty p e (flattopped 4 p e r sec. w a v es w ith h ig h -v o lta g e 6 p e r sec. w aves, or irre g u ­
lar p o sitiv e spikes), g ra n d m al ty p e (fast w-aves 12— 35 p e r sec.), a n d
as spikes (w idely se p a ra te d single, m u ltip le , p o sitiv e, n e g ativ e, o r
diphasic spikes). T h e d is trib u tio n of freq u e n c ie s in a d u lt epileptics
is b im odal w ith m odes to th e fa s t a n d slow sides of 10 p e r sec. T h e
incidence of a b n o rm a litie s d e p en d s on age a n d th e c rite r ia used in
classification. P a ro x y sm a l w aves, defined a s above, o ccu r in a d u lt
epileptics 33 tim e s m o re fre q u e n tly th a n in th e a d u lt c o n tro ls;
m o d erately slow' a n d m o d e ra te ly fa s t freq u en cies a re o n ly tw ice as
num erous. I n c h ild re n w ith ep ilep sy th e p e ti t m al v a r ia n t occurs 5
tim es, th e p e ti t m a l ty p e 2 J tim es, a s c o m m o n ly as in a d u lt epileptics.
The 3 p e r sec. wra v e a n d sp ik e is fo u n d in 7 7% of cases of p e tit m al,
3-5% of re la tiv e s of ep ilep tics, a n d in 0-2% of n o rm a l co n tro ls.
P a ro x y sm a l se izu re d isc h arg e s a re fo u n d i n 3 8 % of e p ile p tic p a tie n ts
of all ages, v e r y slow or v e ry fa st freq u en cies in 2 0 % , m o d e ra te ly
slow o r fa s t in 2 9 % , a n d n o rm a l re co rd s in 13% . I n a b o u t 4 2 % of
cases v 'ith h is to ry of ep ilep sy th e e.e.g. is of little v a l.
W. M. H.
Conduction oi cortical impulses and motor management o£ con­
vulsive seizures. P . F . A. H o e fer a n d J . L . P ool (Arch. Neurol.
Psychiat., 1943, 50, 381— 400).— E le c tric a l a c tiv ity of t h e c o rte x a n d
its p ro je c tio n sy ste m s w as stu d ie d in c a ts. C o rtic a l d isch arg es
du rin g c o n v u lsiv e se izu re s a n d th o se follow ing th e a p p lic a tio n of
stry c h n in e o r p ic ro to x in to th e c o rte x re su lt in c o n d u cted a x o n a l
spike a c tiv ity in th e p y ra m id a l t r a c ts a n d in e x tra p y ra m id a l p a th ­
ways ru n n in g th r o u g h th e m ed ia l a n d th e la te ra l re tic u la r s u b sta n c e .
The a c tiv ity in th e p y ra m id a l t r a c ts o ccu rs in b u rs ts a n d g ro u p s of
spikes sy n c h ro n o u s w ith th e c o rtic a l discharges, w hile th e e x tr a p y r ­
am idal a c tiv ity is m o re c o n tin u o u s. S ectio n of th e co rp u s callosum
causes a rise in th e se izu re th re s h o ld a n d a p p e a rs to s h o rte n th e
d u ra tio n of seizure. D u rin g g e n era lise d seizures in th ese in sta n c e s
the c o rtic a l d isc h arg e s w ere e q u al o n th e tw o sides. S ectio n of one
or b o th p y ra m id s causes p ro n o u n c ed c h a n g e sin th re s h o ld a n d d u ra tio n
of th e seizures, b u t th e p a tt e r n of to n ic a n d clonic m o v e m e n t is n o t
abolished, e v en b y c o m p le te b ila te ra l p y ra m id o to m y .
W . M. H .
Corpus callosum. A. J. A kelaitis, W . A. R istce n , a n d W . P .
V a n W a g e n e n (Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 1 9 43,49, 820— 825).— I n 22
cases of e p ile p sy in w h ich th e fro n ta l lobes w ere re la tiv e ly in ta c t,
p a rtial a n d c o m p le te se c tio n of th e c o rp u s callosum did n o t r e s u lt in
forced in n e rv a tio n o r fo rce d g ra sp in g . I n 3 cases of c h ro n ic u n i­
lateral lesions in v o lv in g th e a n te rio r p o rtio n of th e hem isphere,
p a rtia l o r c o m p le te se c tio n of th e c o rp u s callosum re su lte d in th e
tem p o rary a p p e a ra n c e of forced g ra sp in g in th e c o n tra la te ra l h a n d .
This w as a sso c ia te d w ith a n id eo k in e tic d y s p ra x ia in 2 cases a n d w ith
exaggeration of a p re o p e ra tiv e k in e tic d y s p ra x ia in th e tiu r d case.
R esults of electrofit th e ra p y [and its com plications]. D . J .
Im p a s ta to a n d R . J . A lm an si (N .Y . Sla. J . Med., 1943, 43, 2057—
2063).— A n a n a ly sis of 2377 cases collected fro m th e lite ra tu re .
E . M. J.
E lectric sh o c k th e ra p y in m an ic depressive psychoses. M. T.
Ross (N .Y . Sla. T. Med., 1943, 43, 2055— 2057).— R e p o rt of 37
cases.
E . M. J.
E lectric sh o c k th e ra p y in a g en eral h o sp ital. T . J . H e ld t, D . D.
H urst, a n d N . P . D a llis (Arch, intern. Med., 1944, 73, 336— 340).—
100 p a tie n ts w e re successfully tr e a te d o v e r a p e rio d o f 11 m o n th s.
Electric sh o c k th e r a p y h a s larg e ly rep laced m etraz o l co n v u lsiv e
therapy a n d is a lm o st sp. th e ra p y in th e tr e a tm e n t o f a ll d ep ressiv e
646
s ta te s . T h e t h e r a p y is o f less v a l. fo r sc h izo p h re n ia , a lth o u g h i t
m ak e s m a n y p a tie n ts m o re m a n a g e a b le . I n m an ic -d e p re ssiv e
psy ch o ses i t fa c ilita te s m a n a g e m e n t. T h e re s u lts in th e p sy c h o ­
n e u ro ses a re d isc o u rag in g . C u ra re w as used a s a ro u tin e . T h e o n ly
serio u s c o m p lica tio n w as c o m p ressio n fra c tu re o f th e th o ra c ic
p o rtio n of th e sp in e in o n ly 2 cases, a n d in 1 of th e s e th e fra c tu re
o c cu rre d w h e n th e c u r a r e w as o m itte d .
C. J . C. B.
Interaction of electric shock and insulin hypoglyccemia. E .
G ellhorn a n d M. K e ssle r (Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 1943, 49, 808—
, 819).— T h e effect of e le ctric sh o c k (40 v . a n d 30 m a.) in u n a n re sth e tised r a ts is to p ro d u c e to n ic clonic conv u lsio n s, c a ta to n ia , a n d th e n
re co v e ry . H ypoglycasm ia in d u ce d b y 5 u n its of in su lin p e r kg. leads
to c o m a a n d d e a th . T h e d u ra tio n of co m a m a y b e p ro lo n g ed b y
in je c tio n s of glucose b u t th e a n im a ls fail to re c o v e r in sp ite o f h y p e rglycEcmia. I n a d re n o d e m e d u lla te d r a ts in h ypoglycam iia, e le ctric
sh o ck in d u c e s q u ic k r e c o v e r y ; b e h a v io u r a n d th e e le c tro e n c e p h a lo ­
g ra m becom e n o rm a l in s p ite of p e rs is tin g hypoglycrem ia. A n in ­
c rease in blood flow' th ro u g h th e b r a in m a y b e a sso c ia te d w ith th e
in cre ase of p u lse r a te n o te d a fte r e le c tric sh o ck .
W . M. II.
Effects of morphine on learned adaptive responses and experimental
neuroses in cats. A. W ild e r a n d J . H . M asserm an (Arch. Neurol.
Psychiat., 1943, 50, 401— 404).— I n c a ts m o rp h in e in doses of 1 m g.
p e r kg. affe c te d le a rn e d a d a p tiv e responses, p a r tic u la rly th o se m ore
re c e n tly a c q u ire d , a n d c o m p le x e x p e rim e n ta l n e u ro ses w ere p ro d u c e d
b y c re a tin g a c o n flict s itu a tio n of h u n g e r a n d fe ar. W ith m o rp h in e
th e sig n s of n e u ro tic b e h a v io u r a b a te d a n d th e fo rm e r a d a p tiv e
b e h a v io u r p a tt e r n s re a p p e a re d a fte r 5— 6 h r. I n 3 o u t of 5 a n im a ls
th e “ n e u ro tic ” b e h a v io u r re a p p e a re d in force a fte r th e effects of
m o rp h in e h a d w o rn off.
W . M. H .
Psychoneuroses in military personnel. C. H irsc lib e rg (Amer. J.
mead. Sci., 1944, 208, 119— 132).— A review-.
C. J . C. B.
Neuropsychiatry at Royal Air Force centre. S. I. B a lla rd a n d H . G.
M iller (Brit. Med. J., 1944, I I , 40— 43).— C lassification of 2000 cases
seen a t a n e u ro p sy c h ia tric c e n tre in to d ia g n o stic g ro u p s. T h e r a te of
affective d iso rd e rs w a s h ig h . P re d isp o sitio n , im p o rta n c e of p sy c h o ­
logical fa c to rs in su rg ic al tr e a tm e n t, p sy c h ia tric a sp e c ts of m a lin g e r­
in g , a n d th e v a l. of r e h a b ilita tio n a re discussed.
I. C.
Nervous breakdown in the Navy. Domestic difficulties as causal
factor. G. T o o th (Brit. Med. J ., 1944, I, 358— 360).— T h e ro le of
d o m estic difficulties in c a u s in g n e rv o u s b re a k d o w n is c o m p a re d w ith
t h a t of o th e r c a u sa l a g e n ts. T h e p ro g n o sis a n d th e ty p e of w o rry
a re d iscussed.
J
I. C.
Schizophrenic language. J . C. W h ite h o rn a n d G. K . Z ip f (Arch.
Neurol. Psychiat., 1943, 49, 831— 851).— I n s ta n d a r d la n g u a g e th e
fre q u e n c y of o c cu rre n ce of d iffere n t w o rd s in a sa m p le is m a th e ­
m a tic a lly re la te d t o th e i r r a n k s w h e n a rra n g e d in o rd e r o f d e cre asin g
freq u e n c y . T h e re la tio n is a close a p p ro x im a tio n t o a n e q u ila te ra l
h y p e rb o la . D e v ia tio n s fro m th e n o rm a l re la tio n s h ip a re d e sc rib e d .
I n in tim a te c o rre sp o n d e n c e th e 10 m o st c o m m o n wmrds a re used
in fre q u e n tly . A c h ild ’s la n g u a g e p ro d u c tio n c u rv e show s a c o n ­
c a v ity w ith a b e n d b e tw e e n th e 3 0 th a n d 5 0 th r a n k in d ic a tin g a n
excessive fre q u e n c y o f a sm a ll no. of w o rd s. A lik e te n d e n c y w ith
a b e n d a t a h ig h e r r a n k is re p o rte d for a p a tie n t w ith sch izo -affectiv e
illness. O ne p a ra n o id s u b je c t show-ed a no. of irre g u la r d e v ia tio n s ,
a n o th e r a c o n s is te n t ste ep n e ss in te rp re te d a s ev id e n ce of a u tis m .
A te n d e n c y to d iv ersific a tio n in cre ases th e no. of d iffe re n t w-ords,
d im in ish e s th e re la tiv e freq u e n c y , a n d th u s p ro d u c es a re la tiv e ly
s te a d y p ro p o rtio n seen in th e h y p e rb o la . D iv e rsific atio n p ro m o te s
u n d e rs ta n d in g a n d m a y w ell b e e v id en ce o f a llo c e n tric b e h a v io u r in
c o n tr a s t to th e v e rb a l e g o c e n tric ity seen in th e w ritin g of th e a u tis tic
p a ra n o id sc h izo p h re n ic .
*
W . M. H.
Cerebral angiography in oligophrenia. B. F e rn a n d e s a n d A. A lves
(Arch. Med. Legal, 1935, 8, 116— 156).— C e reb ra l a n g io g ra p h y b y
m e a n s of in je c tio n s of t h o r o tr a s t in to th e c o m m o n c a ro tid show s t h a t
v a sc u la r a lte ra tio n s a re m o re f re q u e n t in c ases o f e x o g en o u s id io c y
d u e to foetal diseases a n d e n c e p h a lo -m e n in g itis th a n in en d o g en o u s
d e g e n e ra tio n s.
I. c .
Mathematical theory of affective psychoses. J . Y . L e ttv in a n d
W . P i t t s (Bull. Math. Biophysics, 1943, 5, 139— 148).— A c ru d e
m a th e m a tic a l d e sc rip tio n of p sy c h o tic s ta te s is o b ta in e d in te rm s of
tw o v a ria b le s <
j>a n d 0 w h ic h r e p re s e n t re sp e c tiv e ly th e " in te n s ity
of e m o tio n " a n d th e " in te n s ity of a c tiv ity ” of th e o rg a n ism .
P . D. M.
[Prognosis in] postconcussion syndrome. P . G. D e n k e r (N .Y . Sla.
J. Med., 1944, 44, 379— 384).— O f 100 cases of sim p le c e re b ra l
co n cu ssio n w ith o u t c o n tu s io n a n d e x c lu d in g cases in w h ich litig a tio n
for c o m p e n sa tio n w a s u n d e r c o n sid e ra tio n , h e a d a c h e s a n d d izzin ess
la s te d for less t h a n one m o n th in 10 a n d 12 re sp e c tiv e ly . H e a d ­
aches, d izziness, a n d sy m p to m s o f n e rv o u s in s ta b ility p e rsiste d
for m o re t h a n o n e y e a r in 3 3 % a n d fo r m o re t h a n 3 y e a rs in 15%
of th e cases. S y m p to m s w ere less p e rs is te n t in th o s e u n d e r 30 y e a rs
a s c o m p a re d w ith th o se o v e r 40 y e a rs of age. L oss of consciousness
w a s a b s e n t in 20 cases w ith o u t in flu e n cin g s e v e rity o r p e rsiste n c e of
sy m p to m s
jr. m . J .
647
A I I I —x, SEN SE ORGANS.
Cardiac slowing as conditioned reflex in rabbits. J . M . K o su p k in
a n d J . M. D . O lm sted (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943, 139, 550— 552).—
C o n d itio n e d reflex slow ing of t h e h e a r t r a te in r a b b its w as p ro d u c e d
b y u sin g in h a la tio n of N H 3 a s th e u n c o n d itio n e d a n d t h e rin g in g
of a b e ll a s th e c o n d itio n e d stim u lu s.
A. S.
Distribution of cortical potentials resulting from insufflation of
vapours into nostrils and from stimulation of olfactory bulb apd pyriform lobe. W . F . A llen a n d A. T u n tu r i (Amer. J . Physiol., 1 9 4 3 , 139,
553— 555).— A c tio n p o te n tia ls w ere re c o rd e d fro m th e p y rifo rm lobe
in dogs follow ing sin g le sh o ck s tim u la tio n o f th e o lfa c to ry b u lb s o r
in su fflatio n in to th e n o strils of xylol, cloves, asafoetida, or ro o m a ir
a f te r e lim in a tio n of th e trig e m in a l a n d v a g a l fibres. Single sh o c k
stim u la tio n of th e p y rifo rm lobe p ro d u c e d p o te n tia ls fro m th e
v e n tro -la te r a l p o rtio n o f th e p re fro n ta l a r e a a n d a n tid ro m ic a lly
fro m th e o lfa c to ry b u lb s b u t n o t fro m o th e r c o rtic a l a re a s.
No
sp ik e s w ere re co rd e d fro m th e p re fro n ta l a re a follow ing s tim u la tio n
of th e o lfa c to ry b u lb s o r fro m s tim u la tio n of th e p y rifo rm lobe a f te r
u n d e rc u ttin g fro m t h e r e a r of a re a s 8, 9, a n d 10.
A . S.
Olfactory discrimination after destruction of anterior thalamic
nuclei in rats. K . S. L a sh le y a n d 'R . W . S p e rry (Amer. J . Physiol.,
1943, 139, 44G— 450).— D isc rim in a tio n b e tw ee n t h e sm ell of oil of
w in te rg re e n a n d of b re a d a n d m ilk w a s n o t d e stro y e d b y to ta l
b ila te ra l d e g e n e ra tio n of th e a n te ro d o rsa l, a n te ro v e n tra l, a n d a n te ro m ed ia l th a la m ic nuclei, w ith in v o lv e m e n t of th e se p tu m . R e m o v a l
of t h e o lfa c to ry b u lb s p e rm a n e n tly a b o lish e d th e d isc rim in a tio n ,
w hich, th e re fo re , d e p en d e d o n o lfa c to ry a n d n o t on trig e m in a l
stim u la tio n .
'
A . S.
Sensory basis of bird navigation. D . R . G riffin (Quart. Rev. Biol.,
1944, 19, 15— 31).
H . L . H . G.
Bilateral blindness due to lesions in both occipital lobes. H . A.
R ile y , J . C. Y a sk in , M . K. R iggs, a n d A . S. T o rn e y (N .Y . Sta. J.
Med., 1943, 43 , 1G19— 1G32).— R e p o r t of 4 cases d u e to v a sc u la r lesions
p ro v e d b y a u to p s y , one of m é ta sta s e s fro m a c a rc in o m a of th e
sto m a c h , a n d one d u e to a m en in g io m a.
E . M . J.
Relation between Pandy test and total protein content of spinal
fluid. M. J . M ad o n ick a n d N . S a v its k y ( / . Lab. clin. Med., 1944, 29,
542— 545).— O f 100 n e u ro lo g ica l cases, 5 9 % h a d a n e g a tiv e P a n d y
w ith a to ta l p ro te in c o n te n t o f 50 m g .-% o r o v er. O f th e cases w ith
a to ta l p ro te in c o n te n t of 100 m g .-% o r o v er, 8 3 % h a d a p o sitiv e
P a n d y re a c tio n . T h e level of p ro te in a t w h ic h m o re t h a n 5 0 % of
th e cases b e g a n to show a p o sitiv e P a n d y t e s t w a s 70— 75 m g .-% .
C. J. C. B.
Headaches following [diagnostic] lumbar puncture. H . A d ler
(N .Y . Sta. J . Med., 1943, 43, 132S— 1330).— O f 10 cases going to
b e d im m e d ia te ly follow ing lu m b a r p u n c tu re p e rfo rm e d in th e s ittin g
p o stu re , 7 h a d m o d e ra te o r se v e re h e a d a c h e s ; of 38 going to b e d 6
h r. a n d o f 20 8 h r. la te r 2 a n d n o n e re sp e c tiv e ly h a d th e sa m e d eg ree
of headache.
E . M. J.
Acute serous meningitis in scarlet fever. L . K . S w eet a n d M. H .
L e p p e r (J. Pediat., 1944, 24, 295— 309).— 11 cases of a c u te serous
m e n in g itis o c c u rrin g 5— 8 d a y s a f te r t h e o n s e t of s c a rle t fe v er a re
re p o rte d . T h e disease is c h a ra c te ris e d b y fe v er, m en in g e al irrita tio n ,
p ro s tra tio n , a n d to x æ m ia . T h e c .s .f. show s a p lco c y to sis o f 32— 1100
cells, a lm o s t a ll ly m p h o c y te s, in c re a s e d p ro te in , a n d n o rm a l su g a r.
F o llo w in g lu m b a r p u n c tu re th e sy m p to m s su b sid e . N o sequelæ
o c c u rre d .
C. J . C. B.
Visceral nervous system of earthworm. HI. Nerves controlling
secretion of protease in anterior intestine. N . M illo tt (Proc. Roy.
Soc., 1944, B, 132, 200— 212 ; cf. A., 1943, I I I , 552 ; 1944, I I I , 345).—
H isto lo g ic a l e x a m in a tio n o f th e in te s tin e o f Allolobophora longa,
U d e , a n d Lumbricus terrestris, L ., a n d o b se rv a tio n of th e re s u lts of
e le c tric a l s tim u la tio n of th e g la n d cells of th e e p ith e liu m of iso late d
se c tio n s of th e a n te r io r in te s tin e show t h a t th e se c re tio n of p ro te o ­
ly tic fluid in th e in te s tin e is s u b je c t to n e rv o u s re g u la tio n . T h e
p a th w a y of th e im p u lse s w h ic h e x c ite th e se c re tio n of p ro te a se is
d e d u ce d a n d th e d is trib u tio n of t h e n e rv e s in v o lv e d c o m p a re d w ith
t h a t of th e n e rv e s w h ic h in flu e n ce th e to n e of th e g u t. T h e signific­
a n c e of th e fin d in g s is discussed in r e la tio n to fa c to rs k n o w n to
in flu e n ce se c re tio n in v e rte b r a te s .
W . M cC.
Reactivity of autonomic medullary centres under conditions of
restricted brain circulation. E . G e llh o m a n d F . P o lla c k (Anier.J.
Physiol., 1943, 139, 661— 665).— T h e re sp ira to ry ' re sp o n se of d ogs to
h y p e rc a p n ia is in c re a s e d a f te r b ila te ra l lig a tio n of th e c a ro tid
a rte rie s in n o rm a l, v a g o to m ise d , a n d sin o -a o rtic d e n e rv a te d a n im a ls.
L ig a tio n of o n e c a ro tid o r of o n e o r b o th v e rte b ra l a rte rie s a lte rs th e
b lo o d p re ssu re re sp o n se to a n o x ia . T h e b lo o d p re ssu re re sp o n se to
a n o x ia in n o rm a l a n d v a g o to m ise d dogs is in c re a se d a f te r lig a tio n
of b o th c a r o tid s ; th e b lo o d p re ssu re , d u rin g a n o x ia , falls m o re
r a p id ly a f te r c a ro tid lig a tio n in a n im a ls w ith th e sin o -a o rtic a re a
d e n e rv a te d .
A . S.
Eserine, acetylcholine, atropine, and nervous integration. R .
G esell a n d E , T . H a n se n (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943, 139, 371—-385).-—
In tra v e n o u s in je c tio n o f e se rin e in dogs in c re a se s t h e th o ra c ic
e x p ir a to r y c o n tra c tio n s, a n d p ro d u c e s te m p o r a r y irre g u la rity of
s tr e n g th of d o rsa l in s p ira to r y c o n tra c tio n s w ith d im in ish e d p u lm o n -
648
a r y v e n tila tio n a n d a n in itia tio n a n d s tre n g th e n in g of th e facial
a cc esso ry re s p ira to ry c o n tr a c tio n s ; th e s e effects p e rsist after
ch e m o re c e p to r d e n e rv a tio n . T h e effects of ese rin e w e re p o te n tia te d
b y in je c tio n s o f a ce ty lc h o lin e . A tro p in e a n ta g o n ise s th e s e effects.
A. S.
Linguo-maxillary reflex. R . G reen b erg a n d E . G c llhorn (Amer. J.
Physiol., 1943, 139, 417— 422).— In h a la tio n of m ix tu re s containing
7-4% of C 0 2 in c a ts in c re a se s b lood p re ssu re a n d v e n tila tio n vol.
b u t d ep resses th e lin g u o -m a x illa ry reflex, e v en a f te r chem oreceptor
d e n e rv a tio n . T h e reflex re sp o n se s w ere in c re a s e d 3— 4 tim es
d u rin g h y p e rv e n tila tio n . B re a th in g 6-2% CL re d u c e d o r abolished
th e reflex, w ith a rise in blo o d p re ssu re a n d in c re a s e d re sp irato ry
a c t i v it y ; t h e reflex in h ib itio n p e rsiste d follow ing chem oreceptor
d e n e rv a tio n . H ypoglycm m ia, p ro d u c e d b y in su lin , s tim u la te d the
reflex re sp o n se s b y 50— 4 0 0 % ; in h a la tio n of C 0 2-ric h m ix tu re s was
e sp e cially effective in h ypoglycam iic c a ts.
A. S.
X .— S E N S E O R G A N S .
Experimental modification and control of moults and changes of
coat colour in weasels by controlled lighting. T. H . B isso n n e tte and
E . E . B a ile y (Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 1944, 45, 221— 260).
J . D. B.
Visual service for small manufacturing plants. FI. S. Gradle
(J. Amer. Med. Assoc., 1944, 125, 2 5 3 ).— 15% o f b lin d n e ss in the
U .S .A . is d u e to in d u s tr ia l a c c id e n ts. T h e d e ta ils of a m edical and
s a fe ty se rv ice fo r sm a lle r p la n ts a re g iv en .
P . G.
Importance of vision in aviation.
1943, 14, 289— 298).— A review .
E . M. F . W e a v e r (J. Avial. Med.,
F. S.
Causes of impaired vision in recently inducted soldiers. E . H.
T heodore, R . M. Jo h n so n , N . E . M iles, a n d W . H . B o n se r (Arch.
Ophthal., 1944, 31, 399— 402).— A s u rv e y of. th e c au ses of im paired
v isio n (less th a n 20/4 0 in o n e o r b o th eyes) in 10,532 o u t of 190,012
so ld iers. I t does n o t r e p re s e n t a cro ss-sectio n of A m e ric an m en of
t h e 18— 36 a g e g ro u p s a s m a n y h a d b e e n e lim in a te d b y prelim inary
m ed ic al b o a rd s. 72-9% a re classified , a s a m b ly o p ic, ap p ro x . 1/3
fro m m u sc le an o m alies, 1/3 fro m re fra c tiv e e rro rs, a n d 1/3 unex­
p la in e d . T h ese cases a re w ith o u t d e m o n s tra b le o rg a n ic disease
in t h e eye a n d e a rly c a re m ig h t h a v e p re v e n te d a larg e proportion
of t h e a m b ly o p ia , p a r tic u la rly t h a t re s u ltin g fro m stra b is m u s and
re fra c tiv e e rro rs. T h e s u rp risin g ly larg e p ro p o rtio n of 18-1% o f.
v isu a l d e fe c t is d u e t o in ju ry , m o stly th e re s u lt of carelessness.
In fla m m a to ry , d e g e n e ra tio n , a n d c o n g e n ita l c o n d itio n s w ith a
re sid u e of p a th o lo g ic a l c o n d itio n s o f u n k n o w n o r in d efin ite cause
m a k e u p th e re m a in d e r. G ro u p s a re s e p a ra te ly ta b u la te d indicating
th e ty p e s of lesions, d e fec ts, o r a n o m a lie s m e t w ith .
A . J . B. C.
Vitamin-P in ophthalmology. W . R . M a th cw so n (Brit. J . Ophthal.,
1944, 28, 336— 346).— T w o cases of o c u la r h iem o rrh ag e s a re described
in w h ic h v ita m in - P a p p e a re d to h a v e a d e fin ite th e ra p e u tic effect.
T h e firs t p a tie n t h a d o c u la r h ajm o rrh ag e s, b o th r e tin a l a n d subh y a lo id , follow ing X - r a y t r e a tm e n t for m u ltip le m y elo m a. After
tr e a tm e n t w ith -P th e haem orrhages ceased. W h e n - P w as dis­
c o n tin u e d for a s h o r t w hile n a sa l a n d b la d d e r haem orrhages reap­
p e a re d b u t ceased o n re su m p tio n of t r e a tm e n t. V ision eventually
im p ro v e d a lth o u g h som e h e m ia n o p ia w as p re s e n t p ro b a b ly due to
b ila te ra l th ro m b o sis. T h e c a p illa ry p e rm e a b ility ro se to 450 (300
b e in g n o rm a l b y S c a rb o ro u g h 's m eth o d ) d u rin g tr e a tm e n t b u t fell
below n o rm a l w h e n i t w as sto p p e d . I t is p o ssib le t h a t e ith e r X-ray
t r e a tm e n t o r th e disease its e lf in c re a s e d c a p illa ry perm eability.
T h e seco n d case w as one o f h y p ln e m a follow ing c a t a r a c t extraction
in a w o m a n of 56. O n g iv in g - P th e haem orrhage w as absorbed
b u t i t w a s n o t c le a r w h e th e r th is w as d u e t o t h e tr e a tm e n t or not.
M. G. M.
Progressive exophthalmos in toxic disease oi thyroid gland.
G. M.
H a ik (Arch. Surg., Chicago, 1944, 48, 214— 222).— A review and a
r e p o rt of a case of p ro g ressiv e p o s t-th y ro id e c to m y p ro p to sis in a
6 -y e ar-o ld n e g ro girl.
F. S.
Amblyopia due to vitamin deficiency. A . V . G reav es (Lancet,
1944, 2 4 7 , 2 2 7 — 228).— 86 cases of a m b ly o p ia w ere seen during 2
y e a rs in a n in te r n m e n t c a m p in H o n g k o n g . A ll show ed reduced
v isu a l a c u ity a n d c o n tra c tio n o f fields a n d m o s t h a d central,
p a ra c e n tra l, o r rin g s c o to m a ta . N o o th e r s tig m a ta of dietary
d eficiency w ere o b se rv ed a m o n g th e s e p a tie n ts . In c re a se d protein
in ta k e , th ia m in , n ic o tin ic acid, a n d th e sm a ll q u a n titie s of riboflavin
a v a ila b le p ro v e d in effectiv e, b u t a lm o s t a ll im p ro v e d w hen given
y e a s t e v e n in t h e sm all a m o u n ts w h ic h c o u ld b e grow n.
A . J . B. G.
Method of detecting simulated monocular bad vision. S. S te n s tro m
(Acta Ophthal., 1943, 21, 237— 244).— T h e tw o ey es look through
p o la risin g glasses a t r ig h t a n g le s to o n e a n o th e r a t a te s t screen in
f ro n t o f w h ic h p o la risin g sc ree n s a t d iffe re n t an g le s c a n b e placed.
T h e su b je c t, th e re fo re , does n o t k n o w w hich, o r in d e e d t h a t either,
e y e h a s b e en occlu d ed .
K . T.
Unusual eye findings in identical twins. G. M. C o n sta n s (Amer.
J . Ophthal., 1944, 27, 401— 403).— E a c h tw in h a d h ig h c o m p o u n d
m y o p ic a s tig m a tis m in t h e r ig h t eye a n d c o n g e n ita l c a ta r a c t in the
A I I I —x, SENSE ORGANS.
649
left eye. T h e m o th e r, w ho suffered fro m sc h iz o p h re n ia a n d l a te n t
syphilis, h a d p o o r v isio n w ith h ig h m y o p ia a n d c a ta r a c t. O ne tw in
only h a d a c le ft p a la te . 3 discission o p e ra tio n s w ere p e rfo rm e d on
his left eye, th e first a t 3 y e a rs o f age, b u t th e m e m b ra n e w as le a th e ry
and im possible to c u t. T h e re w as n o successful re su lt. T h e le ft
pupil w as fixed a n d o ccluded.
D iscission w as a tte m p te d o n th e
other tw in a t 4 y e a rs of age b u t th e len s w as to u g h a n d fu rth e r
surgery w as n o t p e rfo rm e d . A few m o n th s la te r th e re w as co m p le te
d e ta c h m e n t of th e r e tin a in th e r ig h t eye, w hich e v e n tu a lly becam e
blind. I n view of th e m o th e r’s h is to ry th e c o n d itio n s w ere th o u g h t
to be c o n g e n ita l a n d p ro b a b ly in h e rite d .
M. G. M.
Ocular tuberculosis. VIII. Increased resistance to reinoculation
aiter recovery from ocular tuberculosis shown by immune-allergic
rabbit. A. C. W o o d s a n d E . L . B u rk y (Arch. Ophthal., 1944, 31,
413— 422).— T h e re la tio n of v a s c u la rity t o th e a p p a r e n t local
increased re sista n c e to re -in o c u la tio n a n d its d u r a tio n w ere stu d ie d .
Two m a in g ro u p s of im m u n e -alle rg ic ra b b its w ere used fo r th e
exp erim en ts, one in w hich th e r a b b its h a d re co v e red fro m o c u la r
tuberculosis of one eye (A) a n d a n o th e r in w hich th e y h a d re co v e red
from n o n -tu b e rc u la r in fla m m a to ry disease re s u ltin g in v a sc u la ris a tio n
of one c o rn e a (B ). W h e n th e eyes of sp ecim en ra b b its fro m each
group w e re in o c u la te d w ith h u m a n tu b e rc le bacilli th e in cre ased
vasc u la risatio n of th e eyes in B d id n o t give in c re a se d re sista n c e a n d
the d egree of o c u la r tu b e rc u lo sis in th e s e eyes w as g re a te r th a n in A .
The eyes of im m u n e -alle rg ic ra b b its of g ro u p A w ere also in o c u la te d
a t in te rv a ls fo r m o re t h a n a y e ar. R e sista n c e p ro v e d to be tra n s ie n t,
lasting a b o u t 5 m o n th s, a n d h a d c o m p le te ly d isa p p e a re d a f te r a y e ar.
It w as fo u n d t h a t tu b e rc u lin in je c tio n s m u s t b e c o n tin u e d o v e r a
long p e rio d in o rd e r to de se n sitise ra b b its . T h e h isto lo g y of som e
of th e " h e aled ” eyes w as stu d ie d . (Six p h o to m ic ro g rap h s.)
Eyes 6 w eeks a fte r a p p a r e n t re co v e ry show ed a c tiv e tu b e rc u lo u s
in flam m atio n in se c tio n w hile a f te r a y e a r th e r e w as sc a rrin g b u t
no a c tiv e c e llu la r in filtra tio n . E y e s w ith h e aled se c o n d a ry t u b e r ­
culous lesions show ed e v id e n ce of fresh tu b e rc u lo u s in fla m m a tio n
after fresh in o c u la tio n of th e a n im a ls w ith tu b e rc le b acilli. I t is
concluded t h a t th e re sista n c e to re in o c u la tio n in th e e x p e rim e n ta l
ra b b it w ith o c u la r tu b e rc u lo sis is a tr a n s ito r y p h en o m e n o n , p ro b a b ly
d ep en d en t o n th e p re m o b ilisa tio n o f m acro p h ag es.
M. G. M.
Treatment of ocular infections with penicillin. G. T . W . C ashell
(Brit. Med. J., 1944, I, 420— 421).— P e n icillin is su ita b le in cases of
acute c o n ju n c tiv itis a n d b le p h a ritis u su a lly d u e to Staph, aureus,
streptococcus, o r p neum ococcus, c h ro n ic b le p h a ritis, in fected
corneal ulcers, a n d p e rfo ra tin g c o rn e a l in ju rie s. P e n icillin m a y be
applied a s d ro p s o r o in tm e n t. T h e a n te r io r c h a m b e r m a y be i r r i ­
gated w ith a so lu tio n of th e d ru g . A c o n v e n ie n t dosage is 500 u n its
per c.c., o r 500 u n its p e r g. In a c u te cases p e n ic illin should be
applied a t h a lf-h o u rly in te rv a ls fo r th e first 24 h r. a n d th e n a t 2and 4 -h o u rly in te rv a ls . G o o d , re su lts w ere o b ta in e d a n d a re
sum m arised.
I. C.
Ocular syndrome in onchocerciasis. J . G. S c o tt (Brit. Med. J .,
1944, I, 553— 554).—-R eport of tw o cases w ith p ro p to sis, oedem a o f
the lid, c ilia ry flush, a n d oedem a of th e o p tic n e rv e asso c iated w ith
onchocerciasis. I t is su g g ested t h a t th e sy n d ro m e w as cau sed by
an a n a p h y la c tic oedem a d u e to in fe c tio n w ith Onchocerca volvulus.
I. C.
Spontaneous folliculosis of conjunctiva [trachoma] in Grivet and
Vervet monkeys (Lasipyga griseoviridis syn. Cercopithecus auhiops and
L. pygerythrax syn. C. pygerythra) and susceptibility of the Grivet to
trachoma virus. J . O. W . B lan d (J. Path. Bad., 1944, 56, 191—
171).—T h e G riv e t m o n k ey is su sce p tib le to tra c h o m a a n d re sp o n d s
to in fectio n b y th e p ro d u c tio n of follicles in th e fo rn ices of th e
eyelids. T h is c o n d itio n can b e tr a n s m itte d in th e G riv e t a n d a f te r
four passages th e v iru s still re m a in s v iru le n t for m an , in w hom i t
can p ro d u c e ty p ic a l tra c h o m a . In c lu sio n bodies, p re s e n t in th e
original in o cu lu m , w ere n o t fo und in a n y G riv e t in fe c te d w ith
trachom a. T h e y re a p p e a re d , c o n c u rre n tly w ith clinical tra c h o m a ,
in m en in fec te d fro m a G riv e t a fte r th e 4 th passage. T h e re a c tio n
of G rivets a n d V e rv e ts to tra c h o m a c a n n o t b e d istin g u ish e d clinically
Or h istologically fro m th e sp o n ta n e o u s folliculosis from w hich th ese
m onkeys fre q u e n tly suffer, so t h a t th ese a n im a ls a re u n su ita b le fo r
trachom a re sea rc h .
C. j . C. B.
C onjunctivitis a n d k e ra titis of allergic origin.
W . O. L in h a r t
(Arch. Ophthal., 1944, 31, 403— 407).— A n a n aly sis of 54 cases show ed
th a t 23 h a d a lle rg y in th e im m e d ia te fam ily , 10 also h a d re la tiv e s
with allergic disease, a n d 20 h a d p re v io u s sea so n al sy m p to m s.
E osinophil c o u n ts in c o n ju n c tiv a l sm e a rs v a rie d fro m 0 to 12%
with one of 3 4 % . I t is su g g ested t h a t local o p h th a lm ic te s ts w ith
the com m on a lle rg e n s c a n be d o n e if n e ce ssa ry w ith -,V o r
d ilu tio n .
The c o n ju n c tiv a l a n d c o rn e a l signs in b o th a c u te a n d c h ro n ic form s,
and th e ir d iffe re n tia l diag n o sis fro m o th e r ty p e s of c o n ju n c tiv itis
and k e ra titis a n d fro m tra c h o m a , a re d e scrib ed . T h e pro g n o sis w as
good; o nly 5 eyes show ed v isu a l loss. D e se n sitisa tio n w as p erfo rm e d
on every p a tie n t, p ro d u c in g im p ro v e m e n t in a ll b u t six.
M. G. M.
Desiccation k e ra titis . J . E . M. A y o u b (Bril. J . Ophthal., 1944, 28,
347— 355).— T h e c o n d itio n o c cu rre d a m o n g st tro o p s in th e d e s e rt in
1942 m o stly d u rin g J u n e a n d J u ly , th e h o tte s t a n d d rie s t p e rio d , a n d
L 3 ( a .,
m . )
650
in m en w ho h a d been on long d riv es, e x p o se d to th e h e a t a n d w in d
for lo n g p e rio d s. I t s o n se t w as su d d e n a n d o c cu rre d d u rin g th e
p e rio d of e x p o su re, a n d w as, th ere fo re , p ro b a b ly n o t a p h o to p h th a lm ia su c h a s snow b lin d n e ss w h e n th e re is a l a te n t p e rio d
b e tw ee n e x p o su re a n d o n se t. T h e eyes becam e ir rita b le w ith in te n s e
p h o to p h o b ia , la c rim a tio n , a n d d is tu rb a n c e of v isio n d u e to d is­
to rtio n of th e r e tin a l reflex. T h e c o rn e a sta in e d , so m e tim es in a
h o riz o n ta l b a n d , so m e tim es in a s tip p le d b a n d o r o n ly in a few
p a tc h e s , b u t a lw a y s o n th e " e x p o se d ” p o rtio n . T h e p ro b a b le
c au se is th o u g h t t o b e d ry in g of th e c o rn e a a id e d b y fa tig u e of th e
b lin k in g reflex. G oggles h a d n o t b e e n w o rn b y a n y of th e cases.
T h e d a m a g e t o th e c o rn e a w as o n ly te m p o ra ry a n d v isio n w as
re sto re d a f te r tr e a tm e n t.
M. G. M .
Cornea.
VI.
Permeability
characteristics
of
excised
cornea.
G. C ogan, E . O. H irsc h , a n d V. E . K in se y (Arch. Ophthal., 1944,
31, 408— 412).— T h e p e rm e a b ility of th e c o rn e a w as te s te d w ith a
series of su b s ta n c e s t o d e te rm in e w h e th e r th e b a r rie r p ro p e rtie s of
th e e p ith e liu m w ere in d is c rim in a te , o r d e p en d e d on c h arg e, m ol.
size, o r lip in -w a te r so lu b ility . T h e s u b s ta n c e s te s te d fall re a d ily
in to 3 g ro u p s : (1) th o s e w h ich p a ss th ro u g h th e stro m a m o re
re a d ily th a n th ro u g h s tr o m a -e p ith e liu m ; (2) th o se p a ssin g th ro u g h
s tro m a a n d stro m a -e p ith e liu m w ith a p p ro x . e q u a l fa c ility ; (3)
th o se w hich p a ss th ro u g h n e ith e r. C o rn e al p e r m e a b ility c a n n o t be
a c c o u n te d fo r solely b y th e p o re th e o r y a lth o u g h p e n e tra tio n of
v a rio u s a cid dy es th ro u g h th e iso la te d s tro m a a p p e a rs to be in th e
a p p ro x . o rd e r of th e sizes of th e ir p a rtic le s. T ra n s fe r th ro u g h th e
c o rn e a is larg e ly a m a tte r o f p h a se so lu b ility , th e e p ith e liu m a n d
p ro b a b ly th e e n d o th e liu m b e in g p e rm e a b le to su b s ta n c e s w ith a fa tsol. p h ase, th e s tro m a to th o s e w ith a wra te r-so l. p h a se , a n d th e w hole
c o rn e a to th o se w ith b ip h a s ic so lu b ilitie s. W a te r is a n e x ce p tio n
as i t passes th r o u g h th e e p ith e liu m . T ra n s fe r a cro ss th e c o rn e a
does n o t differ a p p re c ia b ly in th e tw o d irec tio n s. T h e c o n ju n c tiv a
b e h a v e s lik e th e c o rn e a l e p ith e liu m a n d th e sc lera lik e th e stro m a .
A. J . B . G.
Histological investigation of a corneal transplantation. O. v o n
F ie a n d t (Acta Ophthal., 1944, 22, 30— 43).— A h isto lo g ic al d e sc rip ­
tio n of a c o rn ea l tr a n s p la n t w h ich h a d ta k e n w ell a n d re m a in e d c le a r
fo r o v e r 2 y e a rs. T h e c o rn e a l tissu e w as ta k e n 3 h r. a fte r d e a th
fro m a n in f a n t w hich died a t b ir th a n d a ll th e lay e rs, in c lu d in g
B o w m a n ’s m e m b ra n e , w ere p re s e n t w h e n th e g r a ft w as e x am in ed .
IC. T .
Nervous factors in origin of simple glaucoma. O. L o w e n stein a n d
M . J. S ch o en b erg (Arch. Ophthal., 1944, 31, 384— 391).— O n a p p ly in g
p u p illo g ra p h y to cases of p rim a r y sim p le g lau c o m a i t is fo u n d t h a t
in a ll cases in th e in itia l sta g e, th e p r im a r y p h a se o f th e p u p il r e ­
a c tio n to lig h t w hich d e p e n d s o n th e fu n c tio n a l s ta te of th e p a r a ­
s y m p a th e tic is m o re o r less p re se rv e d a n d t h a t th e se c o n d a ry a n d
t e r tia r y p h a se s d e p e n d in g o n th e s y m p a th e tic a re d im in ish e d o r
a b se n t. T h e la tte r fe a tu re b ecom es m o re p ro n o u n c e d w ith fa tig u e .
I n cases of a d v a n c e d sim p le g lau c o m a th e p r im a r y p h a se of p u p il
r e a c tio n m a y b e sluggish, less e x te n siv e , o r p re ce d ed b y a n a b n o rm a lly
long l a te n t p e rio d . I n cases of u n ila te ra l g lau c o m a th e c lin ica lly
u n a ffe c te d eye show s p u p illo g ra p h ic d is tu rb a n c e s som e of w h ich a rc
sa id to be of p u re ly c e n tr a l s y m p a th e tic orig in . I t is a rg u e d t h a t
in c re a se d in tra - o c u la r p re ssu re is p re ce d ed b y c e n tra lly c o n d itio n ed
p u p illa ry d istu rb a n c e s , a n d t h a t b o th fo rm p a r t of a sy n d ro m e w hich
in clu d e s also local lesions of th e re c e p to r a n d effector o rg a n s w ith in
th e eye.
A . J . B. G.
D.
Pupillary reactions of the seemingly unaffected eye in clinically
unilateral glaucoma. O. L o w e n stein a n d M. J . S ch o e n b erg (Arch.
Ophthal., 1944, 31, 392— 398).— D e ta ile d n o te s w ith p u p illo g ra p h ic
c h a rts of 6 p a tie n ts , 4 w ith c lin ica lly u n ila te r a l p r im a r y sim ple
g laucom a, 2 w ith v e ry e a rly a ffectio n of th e second eye. P u p illa ry
d is tu rb a n c e s a re p re s e n t ev en in th e e a rlie st s ta g e s a n d a re a lw ay s
b ila te ra l e v en w h en c lin ic a lly th e g lau c o m a is u n ila te ra l. A c e n tra l
n e rv o u s fa c to r is a lw a y s d e m o n s tra b le in th e p u p illa r y a b e rra tio n
w hich m a y also b e m odified b y fu n c tio n a l c h an g e s in t h e r e tin a o r
o p tic n e rv e o r b o th . I t is n o t su g g e ste d t h a t a n y c a u sa l c o n n ex io n
e x is ts b e tw e e n th e c e n tra lly in d u c e d p u p il d is tu rb a n c e a n d th e
g lau co m a, b u t b o th m a y b e d u e to th e sa m e g e n e tic fa c to r. I n
view of th e c o n sta n c y of th e c h an g e s a n d th e ir p re se n c e w h en
clinical g lau c o m a c a n n o t b e d e m o n s tra te d , th e y h e lp in d iag n o sin g a
te n d e n c y to p rim a ry sim p le g lau c o m a in th e p re clin ic al sta g e.
A. J . B . G.
Effect of age on dark adaptation. G. W . R o b e rts o n a n d J . Y u d k in
(J. Physiol., 1944, 103, 1— 8).— T h e final ro d th re s h o ld of 758 fa c to ry
w o rk ers a f te r 35— 40 m in . d a r k a d a p ta tio n re v e a ls a p ro g ressiv e
d e te rio ra tio n of a v e ra g e d a r k a d a p ta tio n fro m 14 to 71 y e a rs o f age.
F o r a n in c re a se of 10 y e a rs in age, th is d e te rio ra tio n ra n g e s from
a b o u t 0-10 log u n i t b e tw e e n 20 a n d 30 to a b o u t 1-15 log u n it b etw ee n
50 a n d 60 y e a rs of age. P u b lish e d figures fo r th e a v e ra g e d e cre ase
in th e a re a o f th e p u p il w ith a g e allow th e in flu e n ce of th is fa c to r on
d a r k a d a p ta tio n to b e p re d ic te d . T h e p re d ic te d d e te rio ra tio n a g rees
so closely w ith th e e x p e rim e n ta l findings a s to re n d e r o th e r e x p la n ­
a tio n s su p erflu o u s.
W . IT. N .
Observations on dark adaptation in man and their bearing on the
problem of hum an requirement for vitam in-/!. — See A., 1944, I I I
001.
651
A
I I I — x i,
D U C T L E S S
G L A N D S,
Cholesterinosis lentis. P . G eorgariou a n d O. W olfe (Amcr. J..
Ophthal., 1944-, 27, 394— 397),— I n c h o le sterin o sis le n tis b rillia n t
c ry s ta ls a p p e a r in th e p o s te rio r c o rte x irre g u la rly d e p o s ite d ; th e
c o n d itio n is u n ila te ra l, o ccu rs a t a n y age, a n d is u su a lly a cc o m p a n ied
b y a n a lte ra tio n i n th e le n s cap su le. I t is th o u g h t, th e re fo re , t h a t
a n in filtra tiv e a lte ra tio n o f th e c ilia ry b o d y c a n cau se f a t t y infil­
t r a tio n of th e p o s te rio r le n s c ap su le . S e c o n d arily th e c ry s t. m asses
o f len s u n d e rg o lip o id d e g e n e ra tio n c au s in g th e a p p e a ra n c e of
c h o le stero l. I t is a lw a y s a se c o n d a ry c a t a r a c t b ro u g h t a b o u t b y
c h an g e s o u tsid e th e c ry s t. lens. R e tin itis , irid o c y c litis , u v e itis,
a n d c y c litis a re th e c o m m o n cau ses.
M . G. M.
Experimental photo-retinitis. J . C. E cc le s a n d A. J. F ly n n (Med. J .
Australia, 1944, 31, I, 339— 342).— L o o k o u ts fo r a e ro p la n e s in th e su n
s e c to r o r fo r su n eclipses h a v e suffered r e tin a l lesions e n tire ly th e rm a l
in o rig in a n d n o t d u o t o u ltra - v io le t r a d ia tio n o r excessive s tim u l­
a tio n of p h o to ch e m ic al sy s te m s o f visio n . E x p e r im e n ts w ere m a d e
t o fin d th e m in . a m o u n t of h e a t re q u ire d to p ro d u c e lesions. T h e
ey es o f a n m sth e tise d r a b b its w e re s u b m itte d to fo u r e x p o su res to
s u n ra y s. M o st of th e lesions w e re fo u n d below th e o p tic disc a n d
o p tic ra d ia tio n . T h e e x p e rim e n ts show ed t h a t lesions o c cu r w h e n ­
e v e r th e in te n s ity o f ra d ia tio n is sufficien tly in te n s e a n d la stin g .
P . G.
Rare retinal tumour probably derived from Mueller’s fibres. R . H .
O rto n a n d R . A. W illis ( / . Path. Bact., 1944, 56, 255— 257).— A case
r e p o rt. (3 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J . C. B.
Similarities between exitation phenomena in unstriated muscle and
those in retina. I. S ingh (Current Sci., 1944, 13, 152— 153).— T h e
a u th o r in d ic a te s a n d discusses sim ila ritie s b e tw e e n e x ita tio n p h e n o ­
m e n a in th e r e tin a a n d th o se d e m o n s tra te d in h is ow n w o rk on
M ytilus m uscle.
R. H. K.
Theory and measurement oi visual mechanisms. XII. Visual
duplexity. W . J . C rozier a n d E . W olf (J. Gen. Physiol., 1944, 27,
513— 528).— T h e d e te rm in a tio n of flicker c o n to u rs for tw o fu rth e r
species, viz., a ch am eleo n (Anolis carolinensis) a n d a t u r tl e (Trionyx
emoryi), is d e sc rib e d . A n a ly sis of d a ta o b ta in e d w ith th e s e a n d
m a n y o th e r species show s t h a t : (1) a h isto lo g ic ally d u p le x r e ti n a is
c o rre la te d w ith a d u p le x c o n to u r, a n d a sim p le x r e tin a w ith a sim p lex
o n e ; (2) th e slopes of th e c u rv e s give n o in d ic a tio n in differences of
ro d o r cone fu n d a m e n ta l e x c ita b ilitie s.
R. H . K.
Architecture of human visual pathway. H . R o n n e (Acta Ophthal.,
1943, 21, 137— 189).— A d e ta ile d d e sc rip tio n o f t h e c o u rse a n d
s tr u c tu r e of th e o p tic p a th w a y s in m a n fro m th e r e tin a to th e
v is u a l c o rte x , w ith sp e c ia l re fe re n c e t o m a c u la r re p re s e n ta tio n .
T h e e x p e rim e n ta l m e th o d s e m p lo y ed to o b ta in th e in fo rm a tio n a re
d e sc rib e d .
K . T.
Dangers of sulphonamides in ear infections. A. R . D in g ley
(Brit. Med. J., 1944, I , 747— 748).— R e p o rts of th re e cases p o in tin g
t o th e d a n g e rs of d e la y in g su rg ic al in te rv e n tio n w h e n su lp h a n ila m id c s a re n o t, o r h a v e little ch an c e of b ein g , successful.
I . C.
Aviators’ deafness. R . H e y d e n (Acta Otolaryngol., 1944, 32,
164— 175).— T h e in ju rie s to h e a rin g t o w h ich a v ia to rs a re ex p o sed
a re : (1) th o se d u e to ra p id a n d e x tre m e ch an g e s of p re ssu re , a ffe c t­
in g th e E u s ta c h ia n tu b e a n d ty m p a n ic m e m b r a n e ; (2) th o se d u e to
in te n s e noise o v e r lo n g p e rio d s ; (3) th o se d u e to v ib ra tio n s of
re la tiv e ly h igh p i t c h ; (4) th o se d u e to lo w ered 0 2 te n s io n o v e r long
p e rio d s. T h e effects of (3) a n d (4) a re p ro b a b ly in sig n ific a n t c o m ­
p a re d w ith th o se p ro d u c e d b y (1) a n d (2). B o th e a rs of 125 fly in g
m e m b e rs of th e S w edish A ir F o rc e w e re te s te d s e p a ra te ly . P r a c ­
tic a lly n o cases o f c o n d u c tio n d e afn e ss w h ich c o u ld b e a tt r i b u te d to
fly in g w e re fo u n d b u t a b o u t 3 0 % of th e te s te d e a rs show ed a h ig h to n e n e rv e d e afn e ss re fe ra b le to th e effects of p r o tra c te d a ir service.
K . T.
Investigation of hearing of deaf and normal individuals on the
Jungfrau-joch (3460 m.). L . R iie d i (Acta Otolaryngol., 1944, 32,
176— 188).— 5 p a tie n ts w ith im p a ire d h e a rin g (3 w ith otoscerosis,
1 w ith a n in h e rite d n e rv e d eafn ess, a n d 1 d e a f d u e to la b y rin th itis )
a n d 3 n o rm a l c o n tro ls h a d th e ir h e a rin g te s te d , b o th w ith tu n in g
fo rk s a n d a u d io m e te r, f irs t in B e rn a n d th e n e x t d a y , 1 h r . a fte r
a rriv a l a t th e J u n g fra u -jo c h . T w o m o re te s ts w ere m a d e t h e d a y
a f te r a rriv a l. T h e re w ere n o differences in h e a rin g in a n y of th e
s u b je c ts a s a re s u lt of t h e c h an g e fro m 543 m . to 3460 m . a b o v e sea
level. I n v iew of th e k n o w n effects of lo w e rin g th e a tm . p re ssu re
o n h e a rin g i t is su g g ested t h a t th e r e is som e m ec h a n ism in th e e a r
c a p a b le of re g u la tin g th e a m o u n t of 0 2 re a c h in g th e tissu e s a n d t h a t
th is m ec h a n ism b re a k s d o w n a t h e ig h ts o v e r 4000 m . a b o v e sea
level.
K. T.
Mechanism and management of Mdnidre’s syndrome. M . A tk in ­
so n (jtf. y. Sta. J . Med., 1944, 44, 489— 492).— G ood re s u lts a re
re p o rte d in 14 cases o f th e v a s o d ila to r g ro u p b y h is ta m in e d e ­
s e n sitis a tio n . A c o u rse of n ic o tin ic a cid tr e a tm e n t, s ta r tin g w ith
in tra v e n o u s a n d e n d in g , v ia in tra m u s c u la r, in o ra l a d m in is tra tio n ,
is re co m m e n d e d fo r th e v a s o c o n s tric to r g ro u p .
E . M. J.
Local application of sulphanilamide compounds in laryngectomy.
R . C. F e rra ri. (Bol. Inst. Med. Exp., Buenos Aires, 1942, 19, 303—
30S).— T h e p o s t-o p e ra tiv e p e rio d is re d u ce d fro m 45 d a y s t o 22 d a y s
a n d th e m e th o d is m o st sa tis fa c to ry .
I, C.
E X C L U D IN G
X I.— D U C TL E SS
G O N A D S.
G L A N D S , E X C L U D IN G
652
GO NAD S.
Hormones in Crustacea ; their sources and activities. F. A.
B ro w n , ju n . (Quart. Rev. Biol., 1944, 19, 32— 46).
H . L . H . G.
Recent researches in the field of hormones and thoir application to
the manufacture of glandular products in India. B . B. D ey (J.
Indian Chem. Soc., 1944, 21, 1— 16).— A n a d d re ss.
C. R. H .
Vehicle for intravenous administration of fat-soluble hormones.
M. H . F . F rie d m a n (J. Lab. clin. Med., 1944, 29, 530— 531).— " Carvow a x 1500 ” (a p o ly e th y le n e glycol w ax) w as sa fe ly g iv en in tra v e n ­
o u sly to 12 r a b b its in single doses o f - 1— 2 g. p e r kg. of b o d y w t.
4 d ogs w ere g iv en e a c h 0-5 g. p e r kg. of th e p o ly g ly c o l a n d no dis­
tu rb a n c e w as n o te d in re s p ira tio n , p u lse , o r te m p , d u rin g th e period
o f 4 h r . fo llo w in g ; th e y w e re in good h e a lth 2 m o n th s la te r. T h is wax
w as u se d a s a ve h ic le fo r a n d ro ste ro n e , te s to s te ro n e , a n d deoxy­
c o rtic o s te ro n e w ith o u t u n to w a rd re s u lts in dogs.
C. J . C. B.
Thyroidectomised patients after 10 years. A. H . N o e h ren (N.Y.
Sta. J . Med., 1943, 43, 1338— 1340).— O n e o p e ra tiv e d e a th and 10
su b s e q u e n t d e a th s o c c u rre d in 100 cases o f th y ro id e c to m y reviewed
10 y e a rs l a t e r ; 12 w ere u n tre a te d . T h e a v e ra g e b lo o d p re ssu re of 14
liv in g p a tie n ts , w hich h a d b e e n 157 m m . H g p re -o p e ra tiv e ly , fell
to 150 m m . th re e m o n th s la te r a n d w as 175 m m . a fte r 10 years.
T h e a v e ra g e p u lse r a te of 70 cases fell fro m 94 to 79. O f 14 pa tie n ts
w ith o rg a n ic h e a r t disease 11 w ere clin ica lly c u re d a n d 3 im p ro v ed after
10 y e a rs. O f 32 m a rrie d w o m e n u n d e r 40 y e a rs 8 b e cam e pregnant,
tw o h a v in g 3 a n d th re e 2 c h ild re n . T h e re w ere 7 p a lp a b le occur­
ences in 70 cases e x a m in e d .
E . M. J.
Mental development of congenitally hypothyroid children. Its
relationship to physical development and adequacy of treatment.
H . B ru c h a n d D . J . M cC une (Amcr. J. Dis. Child., 1944, 67, 205—
224).— T h e a d m in is tra tio n of th y ro id su ccessfu lly resto res the
g ro w th a n d d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e c o n g e n ita lly h y p o th y ro id c h ild ; the
effects o n in te lle c tu a l d e v e lo p m e n t a r e u n p re d ic ta b le . D eterior­
a tio n of p e rfo rm a n c e q u a n tita tiv e ly m e a su ra b le b y psychom etric
te s ts m a y ta k e p la c e w h e n excessive a m o u n ts of th y ro id a re adm inis­
te re d .
C. J . C. B.
Glands and gland products, m . Chemical assay of desiccated
thyroid. B . B. D ey, P . S. K rish n a n , a n d M . G iriraj (Current Sci.,
1944, 13, 94).— B eef th y ro id tis su e w as d ried a t v a ry in g tem p , from
27° to 100° in v a c . a n d a t a tm . p re ssu re . A t a ll te m p , th e ra tio of
th y r o x in e -I to t o ta l I w as g re a te r in th e p re p s, d rie d in vac.
P . C. W.
Behaviour of ultimobranchial tissue in postnatal thyroid glands:
origin of thyroid cystadenomata in rat. — See A ., 1944, I I I , 569.
[Differential diagnosis of] hyperparathyroidism and Albright’s
syndrome. L . W . G o rh a m (N .Y . Sta. J . Med., 1943, 43, 415— 418).—
R e p o rt of a case of A lb rig h t’s sy n d ro m e (o ste itis fib ro sa cystica,
b ro w n p ig m e n te d sk in sp o ts, a n d , p a r tic u la r ly in fem ales, pre­
cocious p u b e rty ) a n d o n e of n e u ro fib ro m a to sis (von R ecklinghausen’s
disease) a ffe c tin g b one.
E . M. J.
Effect of thyroxine on maximum rate of transfer of glucose and
diodrast by renal tubules.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 596.
Influence of pregnancy, D-hypervitaminosis, and partial neph­
rectomy on volume of parathyroid glands in rats. L . O pper and
T . T h a le (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943, 139, 406— 409).— P re g n a n cy or
p a r tia l n e p h re c to m y in c re a se d th e size of th e p a ra th y ro id glands in
u n tr e a te d , D -h y p e rv ita m in o tic , o r p re g n a n t ra ts . T h e re was no
effect o n p a r a th y r o id size b y D -h y p e rv ita m in o sis . W ith in the
n e p h re c to m y g ro u p , th e re w as n o differen ce b e tw e e n animals
o th erw ise u n tre a te d , D -h y p e rv ita m in o tic , o r p r e g n a n t.
A. S.
Alloxan diabetes in dogs. R . C a rra sc o -F o rm ig u e ra (J. Lab. clin.
Med., 1944, 29, 510— 517).— T h e d ia b e te s p ro d u c e d b y alloxan,
w h e n m ild , m a y b e s p o n ta n e o u s ly c u ra b le . T h e in itia l blood-sugar
c h an g e s b ro u g h a b o u t in th e d o g b y d ia b e to g e n ic doses of alloxan
a re slow er in o n s e t a n d sm a lle r th a n in th e r a b b it ; n o n e of th e three
dogs t h a t b e c a m e d ia b e tic re q u ire d a n y a n tihypoglycaem ic tre a t­
m e n t fo r su rv iv a l. I n a ll th e 3 dogs t h a t su rv iv e d th e in je c tio n of
a llo x a n for m o re th a n 1 d a y , d ia b e te s, w ith h y p e rg ly c ie m ia and
g ly co su ria, d e v elo p ed 24 h r. a f te r th e in je c tio n .
C. J . C. B.
Tumefaction of subcutaneous fat following injection of insulin.
H . T . E n g e lh a rd t a n d V . J . D e rb es (Amer. J . med. Sci., 1944, 207,
776— 781).— A c ase of localised f a t tu m e fa c tio n follow ing insulin
in je c tio n s is d e sc rib e d . T h e f a t re sem b led n o rm a l f a ts e x ce p t th a t
th e u n sa p o n ifia b le m a t t e r a n d p h o s p h a tid e s w ere h ig h e r th a n in
n o rm a l fa t.
C. J . C. B.
Insulin-resistance in guinea-pig. E . F ro m m el, E . A ron, a n d JA ro n (Arch. Sci. phys. nat., 1944, [v], 26, Suppl., 57— 68).— The
c o n v u ls a n t dose (su b c u tan e o u s) of in s u lin in a m ale g u inea-pig is
a p p ro x . 200 u n its p e r kg. C on v u lsio n s a p p e a r a f te r 3 h r. A sim ilar
b lo o d -su g a r lev e l is o b ta in e d in 75 m in . b y in tra v e n o u s in je c tio n of
20 u n its p e r kg. A n im a ls k e p t o n a sc o rb u tic d ie t show th e same
in su lin -re sista n c e . T h is p h e n o m e n o n h a s n o p a r tic u la r physio­
log ical significance.
P . G. M.
653
A I I I —XII, REPRODUCTION.
654
L inkage of c o rp u scu la r p ro te in m olecules. I . F ib ro u s m odi­
fication of in su lin . D . F . W a u g h ( / . Amer. Chem. Soc., 1944, 66,
663).— H e a tin g in s u lin h y d ro c h lo rid e a t p H 2-0— 2-5 a t 100° fo r 1
hr. gives fibrils, 7 j a . lo n g a n d a b o u t 200 a . w ide. R e p e a te d freezing
in C 0 2-a lc o h o l re d u c e s th e le n g th of th e fibrils, w h ic h is re sto re d b y
reh eatin g . T h e p ro c ess c a n b e re p e a te d se v e ra l tim e s. A b o u t 2 0 %
of th e biological a c tiv ity is d e stro y e d th e re b y . In s u lin m ols. a re
probably u n ite d b y se c o n d a ry lin k in g s o f n o n -p la n a r side-chains.
R . S. C.
A drenal glands. N . N . D e, K . V. I ia m a th , a n d V . S u b ra h m a n y a n
(Current Sci., 1944, 13, 101).,—i-A d ren a lin e is e x tr a c ta b le from beef
adrenal g la n d s w ith a m e a n y ield of 2 m g. p e r g. of fresh t is s u e ; th e
max. y ield is 3 m g. p e r g. T h e m e th o d m a y b e a s econom ical as
synthesis.
P . C. W .
D iabetogenic a n d p a n cre o tro p ic a ctio n s of ox a n te rio r p itu ita ry
e x tra c t in ra b b its. R . F . O gilvie (J. Path. B ad., 1944, 56, 225—
235).— 28 r a b b its rece iv e d d a ily s u b c u ta n e o u s o r in tra p e r ito n e a l
in je c tio n s of a c ru d e sa lin e e x tr a c t of fresh ox a n te r io r p i tu i t a r y
g lan d . 18 show ed b o th g ly c o su ria a n d k e to n u ria , 5 g ly c o s u ria only,
2 k e to n u ria only, a n d 3 n e ith e r g ly c o su ria n o r k e to n u ria . B o th
g ly co su ria a n d k e to n u ria w e re ta n s ito r y d e sp ite in te n s iv e do sag e
a n d re p e a te d tr e a tm e n t. S u g a r to le ra n c e a n d in su lin s e n s itiv ity
w ere d e cre ased o n ly d u rin g th e d ia b e tic p h a se . I n in je c te d ra b b its
th e r e w as a h y p e rtr o p h y of th e islets to tw ice th e ir o rig in a l size, th e
no. of islets re m a in in g c o n st. (2 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J . C. B .
Survival of n o n -a d re n a le cto m ised ra ts in sh o c k w ith a n d w ith o u t
adrenal c o rtica l h o rm o n e tre a tm e n t. D . J . In g le (Amer. J . Physiol.,
1943, 139, 460— 463).— S hock w as p ro d u c e d b y lig a tio n of th e r a t ’s
hind lim bs fo r p e rio d s u p to 150 m in . T r e a tm e n t w ith a d re n a l
cortical e x tr a c t, c o rtic o ste ro n e , 17 -h y d ro x y - 11-deliy d ro co rtico sterone, o r 1 1 -d e o x y co rtic o ste ro n c a c e ta te d id n o t p ro lo n g su rv iv a l o ver
th a t of th e u n tr e a te d c o n tro l gro u p .
A. S.
In tellig en ce a n d seaso n of concep tio n . J . A. F . R o b e rts (Brit.
Med. J., 1 9 4 4 ,1, 320— 322).— T h e re is n o d ifference in th e in te llig e n ce
M edullary h o rm o n e c o n te n t of a d re n a ls of w hite ra ts su b jected to
low a tm o sp h eric p re ssu re .— See A., 1944, I I I , 578.
Changes in th e a d re n a l g lan d s of ra ts follow ing exposure to low ered
oxygen ten sio n . A. J . D a lto n , E . R . M itchell, B. F . Jo n e s, a n d V. B.
Peters (J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 1944, 4, 527— 536).— M ale S p ra g u e
D aw ley r a ts w ere su b je c te d t o low ered O a te n s io n c o rre sp o n d in g to
a ltitu d e s of 25,000— 27,000 ft. fo r 4 h r . Im m e d ia te ly follow ing a
single e x p o su re th e z o n a fa sc ic u la ta c o n ta in e d less lip in th a n n o rm a l
adrenals. T h is loss of lip in w as p re v e n te d if a d re n a l c o rtica l
ex tra c ts w ere in je c te d before e x p o su re. L ip o id d ro p le ts a p p e a re d
in th e lip in -frce zone 20 h r. a fte r ex p o su re a n d th is a p p e a ra n c e w as
not p re v e n te d b y c o rtic a l e x tra c t. R e p e a te d d a ily e x p o su re for 6
weeks cau sed h y p e r tro p h y of th e a d re n a l b u t w ith lo n g er tr e a tm e n t
the g lan d s b e ca m e n o rm a l a g ain .
E . B.
E ffect of te m p e ra tu re on in a c tiv a tio n of a d ren a lin e in vivo a n d
F . A. F u h rm a n , J . M. C rism on, G. J . F u h rm a n , a n d J .
Field, 2 n d (J. Pharm. Exp. The/., 1944, 80, 323— 334).— T h e r a te
of in-vitro o x id a tio n of a d re n a lin e b y a m in e -o x id a se (from r a t liver)
decreases w ith d e cre asin g te m p , a n d c a n b e ex p ressed b y th e
A rrhenius e q u a tio n . T h e effect of in tra v e n o u s ly in je c te d a d re n a lin e
on th e a c u te ly d e n e rv a te d n ic tita tin g m e m b ra n e of th e a n m sth e tised
cat w as d e te rm in e d a t r e c ta l te m p , of 12-9— 42-3°. F o r a giv en
dose of a d re n a lin e th e d u ra tio n of c o n tra c tio n s of th e n ic tita tin g
m em brane b e c a m e p ro g ressiv ely lo n g er w ith d e cre asin g b o d y te m p .
R egional w a rm in g of th e liv e r o f h y p o th e rm ic c a ts b y long-w ave
d ia th e rm y s h o rte n e d th e re sp o n se of th e n ic tita tin g m em b ran e .
in vitro.
M an u factu re of g lan d p ro d u c ts (p itu ita ry a n d th y ro id ).
N. N.
De, N . L . L a h iry , a n d V. S u b ra h m a n y a n (Current Sci., 1944, 13,
100— 101).— T h e w t. of b e ef p itu ita r ie s v a rie s fro m d is tr ic t to
d istric t. T h e a v e ra g e p ro p o rtio n of p o ste rio r lobe to a n te rio r lobe
is 1 : 5 . P o s te rio r lobe e x tr a c t p re p a re d fro m In d ia n beef h y p o ­
physis co n fo rm s to th e In te rn a tio n a l S ta n d a rd . D e sic ca te d th y ro id
p re p are d a c c o rd in g to B .P . m e th o d s c o n ta in e d tw ice a s m u ch
th y ro x in e -I as th e m in . re q u ire m e n ts of B .P . s ta n d a rd .
P . C. W .
P itu ita ry , a n d responses of fro g ’s h e a rt a n d re ctu s to acetylcholine.
J. H . W elsh (J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 1944, 23, 59— 67).— T h e h e a r t
of th e w in te r fro g is less se n sitiv e t h a n t h a t of th e su m m er fro g to
concns. of a ce ty lc h o lin e of 10-0 o r less a n d m o re so t o c oncns. of
10-8 o r m ore. T h is difference is larg e ly rem o v ed b y h y p o p h y se c tom y, w h ic h also re d u c e s th e re sp o n se of th e re c tu s m uscle. T h is
response is in c re a s e d b y in je c tio n s of w hole p itu ita r y gland.
V. J . W .
H istological observ atio n s on a n te rio r p itu ita ry (a fte r tre a tm e n t w ith
nicotine]. H . W . V o th (Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 1943, 46, 250—
259).— F e m a le r a ts fed w ith a lk a lo id a l n ic o tin e (0-5— 28 m g. p e r
day for long perio d s) failed to m a k e n o rm a l w t. g a in s b u t show ed
increased se x u a l a c tiv ity . C o m p ariso n of th e h isto lo g y of th e
a n te rio r p i tu i t a r y in su c h r a ts w ith n o rm a l c o n tro ls re v e a le d n o
significant differences.
J . D . B.
Role of hypo p h y sis in p ath o g en esis of diseases of a d ap tatio n . H .
Selyc (Canad. Med. Assoc. J., 1944, 50, 426— 432).— A review .
4
C. J . C. B.
H ypophysis of teleo st.— See A., 1944, I I I , 570.
Effects of e x tra c ts of hypophysis, thyroid, a n d a d re n a l c ortex on
some re n a l fu n c tio n s.— See A., 1944, I I I , 590.
T h io u racil sto ra g e in th y ro id as affected by th y ro tro p ic h orm one
and p o tassiu m iodide. R . H . W illiam s, A . R . W einglass, a n d G. A.
K ay (Amer. J . med. Sci., 1944, 207, 7 0 1 — 704).— T h y ro tro p ic h o r­
mone giv en w ith th io u ra c il is m o re g o itro g e n ic in g u in ea-p ig s th a n
is th io u ra cil a lo n e . T h y ro tr o p in d escreases th e a m o u n t of th io u ra c il
stored in th e th y ro id w h ils t K I g re a tly in cre ases th e sto rg a g e of th is
substance.
c - J ■c -
X I I .— R E P R O D U C T IO N .
of w in te r c h ild re n c o m p a re d w ith t h a t of th e ir su m m e r siblings.
T h e re is a te n d e n c y for th e c h ild re n of m o re in te llig e n t p a r e n ts to be
c o n ceiv ed m o re o fte n in w in te r.
I . C.
T im e of h u m a n o v u latio n derived fro m stu d y of 3 u n fe rtilise d a n d
11 fertilised ova. J . R o c k a n d A. T h e rtig (Amer. J . Obstet. Gynec.,
1944, 47, 343— 356).— T h e m a te ria l w a s o b ta in e d d u rin g ro u tin e
e x a m in a tio n of su rg ic ally re m o v e d u te r i a n d o v a rie s. O n e of th e
u n fe rtilise d o v a w as o b ta in e d fro m a n o v a ria n follicle a n d th e o th e r
tw o from th e tu b e s ; t h e fe rtilised o v a w ere o b ta in e d from th e u te ri.
T h e tim e a t w liich o v u la tio n o c c u rre d w as e s tim a te d from th e
c o n d itio n of th e o v a , o f th e e n d o m e triu m , o r of th e c o rp u s lu te u m .
T h e in te r v a l b e tw ee n th e o v u la tio n a n d th e n e x t e x p e c te d p e rio d
w as 11-5— 17 d a y s ; o n ly 3 o u t of th e 14 cases w ere o u tsid e th e ra n g e
12— 16 d a y s.
P . C. W .
In tra u te r in e d istrib u tio n of ova in ra b b it.— See A ., 1944, I I I ,
B reeding seaso n in sheep. J . H a m m o n d , ju n . (J. Agric. Sci.,
34, 97— 105).— D a ta on th e d u ra tio n of th e b re e d in g season in
sheep a n d in la m b s a re re co rd e d a n d discussed.
R. H.
570.
1944,
a d u lt
II.
P e rio d ic ity a n d d u ra tio n of oestrus in zebu a n d g rade c a ttle . J .
A n d e rso n (J. Agric. Sci., 1944, 34, 57— 68).— I n zeb u s a n d g rad es,
re sp ec tiv e ly , th e a v e ra g e le n g th s of th e dioestrous cycle w ere 23-03
a n d 22-42 d a y s a n d th e d u r a tio n s o f oestrus 4-78 a n d 7-40 h r. T h e
cycle w as n o t a ffe c te d b y ex p o sin g th e a n im a ls to a d d itio n a l lig h t a t
n ig h t, o r b y feed in g a s u p p le m e n ta ry r a tio n . S e a so n a l v a r ia tio n s
i n b o th th e cy cle a n d oestrus o c cu rre d in z eb u s a n d to a m u c h sm a lle r
e x te n t in g ra d es. A seaso n o f in c re a s e d te m p , a n d su n s h in e w as
a sso c iated w ith in c re a se d se x u a l fu n c tio n .
R. H. H.
E ffect of v ita m in -E o n re p ro d u c tio n in dogs o n m ilk d iets. C. A .
E lv e h je m , J . E . G once, ju n ., a n d G. W . N ew ell ( / . Pediat., 1943, 24,
436— 441).— E v a p o r a te d m ilk s u p p le m e n te d w ith F e , Cu, M n, a n d
c o d -liv er oil s u p p o rts n o rm a l g ro w th in dogs b u t do es n o t allow
n o rm a l re p ro d u c tio n of th e y o u n g b y fem ales. T h e a d m in is tra tio n
of 5— 25 m g. of a -to c o p h cro l p e r w eek a n d v ita m in -A ' a n d th ia m in
d u rin g th e g e sta tio n p e rio d failed t o c o rre c t th e deficiency. W h e n
40 m g. of a -to c o p h cro l w ere fed w e ek ly d u r in g th e g e s ta tio n p e rio d ,
n o rm a l re p ro d u c tio n o c cu rre d .
C. J . C. B.
R e la tio n of age to re a c tiv ity in rep ro d u c tiv e tr a c t in r a t. D . P ric e
a n d E . O rtiz (Endocrinol., 1944, 34, 215— 239).— R a ts of d iffe re n t
ages w ere in je c te d w ith 20 i.u . o f e q u in e g o n a d o tro p in , 0-1 m g. of
te s to s te ro n e p ro p io n a te , o r 1 r.u . (sic.) of oestradiol b e n z o a te a n d th e
effects o n th e re p ro d u c tiv e t r a c t re co rd e d . E a c h dose w as g iv en as
6 d a ily in je c tio n s a n d th e r a ts w ere killed 24 h r. a f te r th e la s t in je c ­
tio n . C hanges in th e w t. of th e u te ru s , te s tis, p r o s ta te , se m in a l
vesicles, a n d c o a g u la tin g g la n d w ere p ro d u c e d b y in je c tio n s b e g u n
a t b ir th ; o v a ria n w t. c h a n g e o c c u rre d o n ly w ith th o se s ta r te d
b e tw ee n 4 a n d 10 d a y s of age. T h e % w t. c h an g e in c re a se d
w ith age a n d re a c h e d a p e a k w ith in je c tio n s s ta r td d a t 14 d a y s for
t h e te s tis, 14— 18 d a y s for th e p ro s ta te , a n d 26 d a y s fo r th e o th e r
o rg an s. P re c o cio u s h isto lo g ic al d iffe re n tia tio n w as o b ta in e d b efo re
th e a g e of g re a te s t w t. re sp o n se .
p.
W.
c.
D e n a tu ra tio n of g o n a d o tro p in s by u re a . F . B ischoff (J. Biol.
Chem., 1944, 153, 31— 36).— W h en h u m a n c h o rio n ic h o rm o n e is in
c o n ta c t w ith 4 0 % a q . u re a , i t is r a p id ly in a c tiv a te d , th e r a te b e in g
in d e p e n d e n t o f its c o n cn ., b u t a first-o rd e r re a c tio n c a n b e a ssu m e d
o n ly if th e re a c tio n p ro d u c t is s ta b le a n d h a s less biological a c tiv ity .
I f p re v io u s ly p a r tly in a c tiv a te d b y k e ep in g in a q . so lu tio n , its
su b s e q u e n t in a c tiv a tio n b y u re a is still m o re ra p id . M are se ru m h o rm o n e is v e ry s ta b le to w a rd s u re a , w hile sh eep p i tu i t a r y g o n a d o ­
tr o p in is in a c tiv a te d less r a p id ly t h a n c h o rio n ic h o rm o n e a n d th e
r a te is so m e w h a t d e p e n d e n t o n co n cn .
E . C. W .
R esponse of bovine o v a ry to p re g n a n t m a r e ’s se ru m a n d h o rse
p itu ita ry e x tra c t. S. J . F o lle y a n d K. H . M alp ress (Pvoc. Roy. Soc.
1944, B, 132, 164— 1 88; cf. R o w la n d s a n d W illia m s, A ., 1942, I I I ,
124). The q u a l. (m u ltip le o v u la tio n , a n o v u la to ry lu te in is a tio n
o c cu rre n ce of h re m o rrh a g ic follicles) a n d q u a n t, (size, w t., a n d vol of
follicles) h isto lo g ic al c h an g e s p ro d u c e d in th e o v a rie s of h e ife rs a n d
cow s b y su b c u ta n e o u s in je c tio n of th e se ru m (tim e- a n d dosere sp o n se d a t a o b ta in e d ) a n d e x tr a c t (tim e -re sp o n se d a ta o b ta in e d )
a re d e sc rib e d . T h e th re s h o ld dose o f se ru m fo r q u a n t, effects is
G55
A I I I —xiix, D IG E ST IV E SYSTEM.
1000— 2000 i.u . a n d m ax . re sp o n se is e lic ited a t 3000— 4000 i.u.
T h e q u a n t, re sp o n se is n o t affected b y th e s ta g e of th e oestrous cycle
a t w h ic h in je c tio n s a rc g iv en b u t sc ru m c au ses o v u la tio n o n ly w h en
in je c te d in t h e la s t stage-of th e cycle. T h e se ru m , b u t n o t th e e x tr a c t,
c au ses fo rm a tio n o f a b n o rm a lly sm a ll c o rp o ra lu te a a n d th e e x tr a c t,
b u t n o t th e s e ru m , c au ses ru p tu r e of a single follicle w ith in 1— 2 d a y s
o f in je c tio n .
W . M cC.
Reaction of Xenopus Icsvis, Daudin (South African clawed frog),
to human pregnancy serum. S. S. R o sen feld a n d V . W . R o sen feld
( / . Lab. clin. Med., 1944, 29, 527— 529).— T h e S o u th A fric a n claw ed
fro g is a su ita b le a n im a l fo r t h e d e m o n s tra tio n of g o n a d o tro p ic
h o rm o n es. 3 in je c tio n s of 0-5 c.c. of p re g n a n c y se ru m a t 3- to 4-hr.
in te rv a ls cau se a n e x tru s io n of eggs.
C. J . C. B.
Absorption of subcutaneously implanted tablets of hexcestrol. S. J .
F o lley (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1944, B, 132, 142— 1C3).— M e a su rem e n t of th e
r a te s of a b so rp tio n , b y ox, g o a t, r a b b it, r a t, p igeon, a n d g uinea-pig,
o f m esohexoestrol fro m su b c u ta n e o u sly im p la n te d ta b le ts a n d
e x p e rim e n ts w ith ta b le ts in vitro show t h a t th e ta b le ts c o n ta in a
ra p id ly a b so rb e d '* lab ile ” c o m p o n e n t t h a t is q u ic k ly lo st o n
im p la n ta tio n o r in c u b a tio n w ith blood p la s m a o r w a te r. A fte r loss
of th e lab ile c o m p o n e n ts, a b s o rp tio n in vivo is m u c h slow er a n d
follow s a lin e a r course, th e r a te b e in g a p p ro x . c o n st., c h a ra c te ris tic
of th e w t. of th e ta b le t, a n d p ro p o rtio n a l to its s u rfa c e a re a . P o ssib ly
th e r a te is also a ffected b y th e e n c a p su la tio n w hich likew ise occu rs.
T h e r a te is r e ta r d e d b y th e fo rm a tio n o f in so l. " g h o s ts ," p ro b a b ly
sc lero p ro tein s, re s u ltin g fro m th e in te ra c tio n of sol. p ro te in s of
tissu e s w ith th e h o rm o n e . T a b le ts im m e rse d in p ro te in so lu tio n s
a lso y ield “ g h o s ts .” C a p a b ility to fo rm " g h o sts ” a n d o c cu rre n ce
of lab ile c o m p o n e n t p o ssib ly d e p e n d on a c om m on ch em ical or
p h y sic a l p r o p e rty of th e ta b le ts .
W . M cC.
Ovarian stimulation by cestrogens : effects in immature hypophysectomised rats. P . C. W illia m s (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1944, B, 132,
1S9— 199; cf. A ., 1940, I I I , 655).— T h e ra p id de cre ase in w t. of th e
o v a rie s t h a t n o rm a lly re s u lts from h y p o p h y sc c to m y is p re v e n te d b y
s im u lta n e o u s im p la n ta tio n o f stilboestrol. T h e fo llicu lar d e g e n e r­
a tio n w h ic h a cc o m p a n ies th e d e cre ase in w t. is also p a r tly p re v e n te d ,
b u t n o t t h a t in th e in te r s titia l cells. W h e n th e im p la n ta tio n is
effected 17 d a y s a f te r h y p o p h y sc c to m y , t h e effects a re m u ch less
p ro n o u n c e d . T h e y a re n o t a ffe c te d b y in je c tio n o f a n tig o n a d o tro p h ic se ru m sufficient in a m o u n t t o n e u tra lis e th e g o n a d o tro p h in
se c re te d b y th e p itu ita r y in th e a d u lt r a t. In je c te d oestrone a c ts
in th e sa m e w a y a s stilb o estro l b u t o th e r cestrogens (e.g., dienoestrol)
a n d o th e r m e th o d s of a d m in is tr a tio n a re in effe ctiv e o r less effective.
T h e effective doses a re v e ry h ig h , b u t p ro b a b ly n o t u n p h y sio lo g ical.
W . M cC.
Absorption and detoxification o£ anaesthetic steroids. H . Selyo
a n d H . S to n e (J. Pharm. Exp. TJier., 1944, 80, 3S6— 390).— P r o ­
g e stero n e , p re g n an e d io n e , a n d d e o x y c o rtic o ste ro n e a c e ta te a n d
su c c in a te a re e q u a lly w ell a b so rb e d fro m th e p e rito n e u m a n d
in te s tin e of 50-g. p a r tly h e p a te c to m ise d fem ale a lb in o ra ts . T h e
r a te of a b s o rp tio n o f a c e to x y p re g n e n o lo n e , te s to s te ro n e , m e th y lte s to s te ro n e , p re g n en o lo n e, a-oestradiol, a n d e th in y lte s to s te ro n c is
slow er from th e in te s tin e th a n fro m th e p e rito n e u m . T h e re m o v a l
o f 7 5 % o f th e liv e r of th e r a t s in c re a se d th e ir s e n s itiv ity to th e
an aesth etic a c tio n of th e ste ro id s 4— 5 tim e s a b o v e t h a t of i n ta c t
c o n tro ls. M e th y lte sto ste ro n e is less a c tiv e a s a n an aesthetic th a n
te s to s te ro n e w h e n a ssa y e d in p a r tia lly h e p a te c to m ise d r a ts because
of th e slow er a b s o rp tio n of th e m e th y la te d c o m p o u n d . I n i n ta c t
r a ts , a f te r o ra l a d m in is tra tio n , m e th y lte s to s te ro n e is m o re a c tiv e
th a n te s to s te ro n e b e ca u se th e m u c h g r e a te r h e p a tic d e to x ific a tio n of
te s to s te ro n e o v e rc o m p e n sa te s fo r its m o re ra p id a b so rp tio n .
G. P.
Oral administration of diethylstilbcestrol for prostatism : clinical
evaluation. W ..K le in a n d B. N e w m an (Arch. Surg., Chicago, 1944,
48, 381— 387).— M ost of 25 p a tie n ts w ith e n la rg ed p r o s ta te im ­
p ro v e d a fte r th e o ra l a d m in is tr a tio n of 1— 5 m g. of d ie th y lstilb c e s tro l
d a ily fo r 6 w eeks t o 5 m o n th s . E n la rg e m e n t of th e m a m m a ry
g la n d o c c u rre d in 2 0 % o f cases.
F . S.
Effect of stilboestrol on puerperal breast engorgement [and
lactation]. W . E . B ro w n a n d L . G. G ra n t (Nebraska Sta. Med. J.,
1944, 29, 140— 141).— R e p o rt of 140 cases.
E . M. J .
Comparative fibromatic action of ovarian and urinary cestrogens.—
See A., 1944, I I I , 597.
Ovarian tumours in adult rats following prepuberal administration
of cestrogens.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 598.
Measure of persistency of lactation in dairy cattle. T . M . L u d w ick
a n d W . E . P e te rs e n (J. Dairy Sci., 1943, 26, 439— 445).— A m a th e ­
m a tic a l fo rm u la fo r th e p e rsiste n c y , o b ta in e d fro m 500 re co rd s of
Je rse y , H o lste in , a n d G uernsey-cow 's, is given.
N . J . B.
Lipolytic activity of bovine mammary gland tissue. P . L . K e lly
(J. Dairy.Sci., 1943, 26, 385— 399).— T h e tissu e c o n ta in s a c o n sid e r­
a b le a m o u n t of lip a se o n ly a fte r d e v e lo p m e n t b y p re g n a n c y . T h e
e n zy m e, w h ich w ith s ta n d s d ry in g b y a ce to n e a n d e th e r, is n o t
d e riv e d fro m th e blo o d re m a in in g in th e excised g lan d . G lycerol,
to lu e n e , o r fo rm a lin w a s u se d a s p re se rv a tiv e d u rin g th e in c u b a tio n
656
p e rio d of 2— 49 d a y s. T h e e x te n t of h y d ro ly sis of a d d e d su b stra te s
a n d of g la n d -fa t d e p e n d s to som e e x te n t on th e p re se rv a tiv e used.
B y in d ic a to r m e th o d s th e p H v a ls. of th e se c re to ry tis su e of lac tatin g
g lan d s w ere 3-5— 4-0, w hile th o se of d r y g la n d s w ere betw een 4-5
a n d 6-0. U sin g tire glass e le ctro d e th e v a ls. fo r u n d e v elo p ed glands
w ere 6-35—-7-10. T h e a d d itio n of f a t t y acids, w ith or w ithout
glycerol, to th e fresh o r d rie d d e fa tte d tis su e w as follow ed, after
se v e ra l d a y s, b y a slig h t d e cre ase in th e free f a t t y a cid s p re sen t.
N . J . B.
Rapid method of standardisation of density of bull semen. M. II.
K y a w (J. Agric. Sci., 1944, 34, 106— 109).— A m e th o d u sin g Brow n's
o p a c ity tu b e s is d e sc rib e d . T h e d e n s ity of th e se m en expressed in
m illio n s of sp e rm a to z o a p e r m l. is a p p ro x . 5 tim e s th e opacity
sta n d a r d . T h e m e th o d is su ita b le for u se in in se m in a tio n centres.
R . H . H.
Rapid methods for estimating the number of spermatozoa in bull
semen. G. W . S a lisb u ry , G. H . B eck, I. E llio tt, a n d E . L. W illett
(J. Dairy Sci., 1943, 26, 69— 78).— T h e d e te rm in a tio n of th e no. of
sp e rm a to z o a in b u ll se m en b y th e p h o to e le c tric c o lo rim eter gives
re s u lts e q u a l in a c c u ra c y to th o se o b ta in e d b y u se of th e ham iocytom e te r. T h e v isu a l c o m p a riso n of d ilu te d se m en w ith opacity
s ta n d a r d s is o n ly slig h tly less a c c u ra te th a n th ese.
N . J. B.
Change in pH of semen of bull after incubation. J . A nderson (J.
Agric. Sci., 1944, 34, 69— 72).— T h e a v e ra g e de cre ase in p H of the
se m en of n o rm a l b u lls w as 0-302 ± 0 -0 2 7 a f te r in c u b a tio n a t 37° for
1 h r. T h e p H c h a n g e w as th e g re a te r th e lo w er w a s th e in itia l pH
a n d th e h ig h e r th e in itia l m o tility a n d no. of sp e rm a to z o a p e r cu.
m m . T h e m o tility a fte r in c u b a tio n w as th e less th e g re a te r was
th e d e cre ase in p H . T h e p H c h a n g e in c o n ju n c tio n w ith th e initial
p H m a y be u se d to d ecid e w hich e ja c u la te s a re su ita b le for storage.
R . H . H.
Further studies on survival of spermatozoa in female reproductive
tract of bat.-^Sce A., 1944, I I I , 570.
Relation of hormones to development of Cowper’s and Bartholin’s
glands in opossum.— See A., 1944, I I I , 571.
X I I ! . — D IG E S T IV E
SY STEM .
[Roentgenography in] congenital atresia of oesophagus.
L. K.
C h o n t a n d L. J . S ta r r y (Radiology, 1943, 40, 169— 174).— R ep o rt of
4 cases.
E . M. J.
Major motility patterns of child’s digestive tract. I. J . W olman
(Amer. J . med. Sci., 1944, 207, 782— 804).— A re v ie w of th e liter­
a tu r e .
C. J . C. B.
Structural viscosity and frothing of human saliva.— See A., 1944,
I I I , 611.
Effect of sodium bicarbonate on gastric secretion. W . L . Adams,
C. S. W elch, B. B. C lark, D . B. B lair, a n d J . J . R o m a n o (Amer. J.
Physiol., 1943, 139, 356— 363).— 50 c.c. of a 1-5 o r 2 % NaHCO,
so lu tio n w a s g iv e n 3 tim e s p e r d a y b y sto m a c h o r a 4 % solution
w as d ire c tly giv en in to th e C ope g a s tric p o u c h in dogs. N aH C 03
in cre ases th e se c re to ry a c tiv ity of th e p o u c h fo r som e h r. following
a t e s t m eal, w ith a p a r tia l c o m p e n sa to ry d ecrease d u rin g la te r hr.
T h e n e t re s u lts fo r 24 h r. ra n g e d fro m in sig n ific a n t ch an g e s to marked
in cre ases in so m e dogs. T h e " re b o u n d ” in g a s tric a cid secretion
follow ing N a H C 0 3 a d m in is tra tio n , a s o b se rv ed in fra c tio n a l analysis,
re s u lts p rim a rily fro m a sh ift in se c re to ry a c t i v i t y ; th e g re a te r part
of th e a cid se c re tio n follow ing a t e s t m eal o c cu rs a t a n e a rlie r period
a n d th e a m o u n t of acid se c re ted is in c re a s e d ; th e m o re ra p id gastric
e m p ty in g u n d e r N a H C O , f u r th e r in cre ases th e a cid concn. by
d im in ish e d d ilu tio n .
A. S.
Permanent metachromatic staining of gastric mucous smears.—
See A ., 1944, I I I , 573.
Effect of thymoxyethyldiethylamine (929F) and A’-diethylaminoethyl-N-ethylanilme (1571F) on gastric secretion in dogs. G. A.
H a lle n b e c k (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943, 139, 3 2 9 — 3 3 4 ).— Substance
9 2 9 F does n o t in h ib it th e se c re to ry re sp o n se of g a s tric pouches in
d ogs t o h ista m in e o r m echolyl. 9 2 9 F in h ib ite d th e responses of
P a v lo v , H e id e n h a in , a n d tr a n s p la n te d p o u c h es to th e in g estio n of a
m e a t m ea l. S u b s ta n c e 15711-' in h ib ite d th e re sp o n se of Pavlov
p o u c h es to a m e a t m eal.
A. S.
Stimulation of gastric secretion by neurine. E . F . W illiam s, jun.,
C. F . H offm an , a n d T . P . N a sh , ju n . (Amer. J* Physiol., 1943, 139,
364— 365).— I n tra m u s c u la r in je c tio n of n e u rin e b ro m id e in dogs
(2-5 m g. p e r kg. b o d y w t.) s tim u la te s th e se c re tio n of fluid a n d acid
b y th e sto m a c h . T h e th re s h o ld dose of n e u rin e b a se is 150 tim es
la rg e r th a n t h a t of h ista m in e b u t its effect is m o re p rolonged. In
th e sa m e dose, c holine c hloride, ^ -a la n in e , a n d g lu ta th io n e were
in effe ctiv e. T h e s tim u la tin g effect o n g a s tric se c re tio n of in tra ­
m u sc u la r y e a s t e x tr a c t in je c tio n is a tt r i b u te d t o its n e u rin e content.
Treatment of gastroduodenal ulcerative disease with sodium alkyl
sulphate. S. J . F o g elso n a n d D . E . S hoch (Arch, intern. Med., 1944,
73, 212— 216).— N a " a l k y l " s u lp h a te , a su rfa c e -a c tiv e a g e n t, w as well
657
A I I I —xiv, L IV E R AND B ILE.
tolerated b y p a tie n ts w h o w ere giv en 0-2 g. e v e ry 2 h r. th ro u g h o u t
the d a y . N o to x ic effects o c cu rre d in e x p e rim e n ta l a n im a ls o r m en
during 7 m o n th s ’ a d m in is tra tio n of th is dose. T h e su rv iv a l tim e of
dogs tre a te d a cc o rd in g t o th e W a n g e n ste e n te c h n iq u e w ith m assive
daily d oses of h is ta m in e w as m a rk e d ly p ro lo n g ed b y th e o ral a d m in is­
tratio n of N a a lk y l s u lp h a te , w h ic h in a c tiv a te d th e p e p sin in th e
stom ach a n d d id n o t a lte r th e a c id ity . I n 26 o f 34 p a tie n ts w ith
in tra c ta b le g a stro d u o d e n a l u lc e ra tiv e disease th e sy m p to m s w ere
controlled b y N a a lk y l s u lp h a te a n d th e y w ere p h y sic a lly re sto re d
so t h a t th e y w ere a c c e p te d b y th e a rm e d forces o r in d u s try .
C. J. C. B.
Electrical responses of human small intestine. F . M. F o rs te r,
J. D. H elm , ju n ., a n d F . J . Ing elfin g er (Amer. J. Physiol., 1943, 139,
433— 437).— T h e e le c tric a l p o te n tia ls of i n ta c t h u m a n sm a ll in te s tin e
are sim ila r to th e a c tiv ity of iso la te d sm o o th m uscle p re p s, (fast
initial sp ik es follow ed b y long base lin e sh ifts w ith su p e rim p o sed
in te rm ed iate a c tiv ity ). T h e p o te n tia ls c o rre la te w ith m ec h an ic al
in te stin al a c tiv ity .
A. S.
xv, K ID N E Y AND U R IN E .
X I V .— L IV E R
AND
658
B IL E .
Effect of dietary protein on liver-riboflavin and on inactivation of
cestradiol by liver. I<. U n n a , H . O. S ingher, C. J . K en sler, H . C.
T ay lo r, ju n ., a n d C. P . R h o a d s (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1944, 55,
254— 256).— W h en d ie ta ry c asein of r a ts w as re d u c e d fro m 18 to
8% , h e p a tic rib o fla v in fell fro m 23-6 to 17-1 ¡ig. p e r g. in 37— 57
d a y s, a n d to 12-5 ¡xg. p e r g. in 89— 9S d a y s, a n d cestrad io l w as no
lo n g er in a c tiv a te d in vitro b y slices of th e se liv e rs. D a ily a d m in is­
tr a tio n of 25 m g. of m e th io n in e p re v e n te d th e s e effects.
V. J . W .
Effect of aromatic compounds on ascorbic acid content of liver in
mice. E . L . K e n n a w a y , N . M. K e n n a w a y , a n d F . L . W a rre n
(Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 367— 376).— 3 : 4 -B e n zp y rc n e in je c te d in
sesam e o r a ra c h is oil su b c u ta n e o u sly o r in tra p e rito n c a lly , a n d o th e r
carc in o g e n ic
com pounds
(9 : 1 0 -d im e th y l-l ; 2 -b e n z a n th ra c c n e ,
1 : 2 : 5 ; 6 -d ib e n z a n th ra c e n e , 1 : 2 : 5 : 6 -d ib e n z p h e n a n th re n e , chola n th re n e , m e th y lc h o la n th re n e ) in je c te d in a ra c h is oil in tra p e r i[Vagal and sympathetic innervation in] abnormal distribution of to n e a lly , cau sed a n in c re a s e d co n cn . of a sc o rb ic a cid in th e liv e r of
m ice. D im e th y la m in o a z o b e n z e n e p ro d u c e d a less d e f in ite in c re a s e ,
barium in small bowel. M . L . S u ssm an a n d E . W a c h te l (Radiology,
a n d 3 n o n -c arc in o g e n ic c o m p o u n d s (n a p h th a le n e , a n th ra c e n e ,
1943, 40, 128— 136).— A rev iew a n d re p o rt of cases.
E . M. J .
p h e n a n th rc n e ) cau sed n o in cre ase. 1 : 2 -B e n z a n th ra c e n e h a d a n
effect sim ila r to th e carcin o g en s, w h ilst 9 : 1 0 -d im c th y la n th ra c e n e
(A) Physiological response to enterocrinin considered quantitatively.
g a v e n e g a tiv e re su lts . T h e re d u c in g su b s ta n c e e s tim a te d in th e se
R. M. F in k a n d E . S. N a sse t. (b) Fractionation of enterocrinin pre­
e x p e rim e n ts w a s id en tifie d as asc o rb ic acid b y th e u se of asco rb ic
parations. R . M. F in k (Amer. J. Physiol., 1 9 4 3 , 139, 626— 632, 633—
o x id ase fro m m a rro w . T h e g lu ta th io n e of th e liv e r w as n o t affected
637).— ( a ) A m e th o d fo r th e b io assa y of e n te ro c rin in , g iv in g a c c u ra te
b y 3 : 4 -b en zp y re n e, d im e th y la m in o a z o b e n z e n e , o r a n th ra c e n e . I n
and re p ro d u c ib le re su lts , is d e sc rib e d in d e ta il.
(b )
P o te n t p re p s, w ere o b ta in e d b y e x tr a c tin g th e in te s tin e s w ith m ale m ice in j ectio n s of sesa m e oil su b c u ta n e o u sly o r in tra p e r ito n c a lly ,
a n d of a ra c h is oil in tra p e rito n c a lly , cau se a n in c re a se in liv e r w t. :
slightly a cid 87 % alcohol, re m o v a l of th e alcohol, s a ltin g o u t w ith
a d d itio n of carc in o g e n ic h y d ro c a rb o n s to th e oil cau sed f u rth e r
NaCl, d ry in g of th e N aC l cake, fra c tio n a tio n w ith a c e tic acid,
in cre ase.
F. L. W.
propylene glycol, a n d m ethylcellosolve, p p tn . w ith p icric acid,
fractio n atio n w ith a c e to n e , h o t w a te r, a n d a c e tic acid, a n d freein g
Cytological study of diurnal cycle of liver of mouse in relation to
of e n te ro c rin in fro m th e p ic ra te b y p p tn . fro m a d ry m ix tu re of
storage and secretion.— See A., 1944, I I I , 520.
acetic acid a n d HC1.
'
A. S.
Cytological study of effect of trypan-blue on liver of mouse.— See
A., 1944, I I I , 521.
Absorption of serum-proteins from intestine of sensitised guineapig. L . B. W in te r (J. Physiol., 1944, 102, 484— 490).— H orse
r/-Amino-acid oxidase, uricase, and choline-oxidase in the livers
album in, g lo b u lin , a n d se ru m , in th e m in . a m o u n ts re q u ire d to
and in isolated liver cell nuclei of rats bearing transplanted tumours.—
desensitise th e u te ru s , w ere in je c te d in to th e d u o d e n u m of g uineaSee A., 1944, I I I , 543.
pigs se n sitised b y th e c o rre sp o n d in g p ro te in . E x a m in a tio n of th e
Diseases of liver and biliary tract. C. H . G reen e (Arch, intern.
uteri for s e n s itiv ity 15 a n d 30 m in . la te r su g g ested t h a t in te s tin a l
Med., 1944, 73, 349— 363).— A re v ie w o f liv e r in v o lv e m e n t in v a rio u s
distension of th e se ru m -in je c te d a n im a ls m ig h t b e a fa c to r in th e
diseases
re la te d t o th e w a r.
C. J . C. B.
a b sorption of se ru m .
W. H . N.
Homologous serum jaundice. J . R . N eefe, T . G. M iller, a n d F . W .
Bezoar (hairball) causing intestinal obstruction. R . P . F o rb e s
C hornock (Amer. J . med. Sci., 1944, 207, 626— 638).— A revierv, a n d
J . Pediat., 1944, 24, 574— 576).— A case re p o rt.
C. J . C. B.
re p o rt of a case follow ing in je c tio n of c o n v alesce n t m u m p s se ru m .
C. J . C. B.
Effect of caffeine and coffee extract on activity of digestive enzymes.
Epidemic of common infectious jaundice. K . W . M cL eod (J.
F. W a lk e r (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943, 139, 343— 346).— Caffeine
Pediat., 1944, 24, 454— 469).-—-100 cases o c c u rrin g in a h o m e fo r
(20— 40 m g. p e r 100 c.c. of s u b s tra te ) in vitro h a s no effect o n th e
t h e feeb le-m in d ed a re d iscussed. P r e p o n d e ra n t ag e g ro u p s affe c te d
saccliarogenic a c tio n of s a liv a ry a n d p a n c re a tic a m y la se s ; i t does
w ere from 10 to 24 y e a rs. T h e in cid e n ce o f ja u n d ic e in th e s ta tic
not affect th e d ig estio n of casein b y p e p sin a n d try p s in , o r of olive
p o p u la tio n w as 5 tim e s g re a te r th a n in th e a c tiv e p o p u la tio n .
oil b y p a n c re a tic lipase. Coffee e x tr a c t does n o t a lte r in vitro casein
L iv e r fu n c tio n (g alacto se to le ra n c e te s t) w'as re g u la rly im p a ire d
digestion b y p e p sin o r t r y p s i n ; i t in cre ases th e r a te of dig estio n of
d u rin g illness a n d w as still im p a ire d o n e y e a r a fte r illness in 4 cases.
starch b y s a liv a ry a n d p a n c re a tic a m y la s e s ; i t re ta rd s th e d ig estio n
C. J . C. B.
of olive oil b y p a n c re a tic lip ase.
A . S.
Dolichocolon and Hirschsprung’s disease. A. M oncrieff a n d T . V.
Crichlow (Arch. Dis. Childh., 1944, 19, 34— 30).— A case re p o rt.
C. J . C. B.
Pathologic changes associated with pancreatic insufficiency in
early life. S. F a r b e r (Arch. Path., 1944, 37, 238— 250).— In 87 in fa n ts
and c h ild ren w ith p a n c re a tic insufficiency p o st-m o rte m e x a m in a tio n
revealed c h an g e s in th e lungs, u p p e r re s p ira to ry tr a c t, liv e r, gall
bladder, a n d u p p e r a lim e n ta ry t r a c t sim ila r to th o se in th e p a n cre as.
T hey a re d u e to a p rim a ry a lte ra tio n in g la n d u la r s tru c tu re s , lead in g
to o b stru c tio n a n d loss of f u n c tio n ; p a n c re a tic fibrosis is th u s
a system ic disease w ith a v a r ie ty of clinical a p p ea ran c es, th e o ccu r­
rence of w hich d e p e n d s o n w hen th e o b s tru c tiv e ch an g es o ccu r a n d
which o rg a n s a re affected . (8 p h o to m ic ro g rap h s.)
C. J . C. B.
Relation of pancreatic achylia to meconium ileus. S. F a rb e r
(J. Pediat., 1944, 24, 387— 392).— F ro n v th e p o st-m o rte m e x a m in a tio n
of 18 p a tie n ts w ith m eco n iu m ileus, s u p p o rt is o b ta in e d fo r th e
suggestion o f L a n d s te in e r ( Centr. Path., 1 9 0 5 , 16, 903) t h a t in p a tie n ts
w ith m eco n iu m ileus a n o b s tru c tiv e lesion of th e p a n c re a s is of
im portance. P a n c r e a tic a ch y lia, w h ic h m a y be a n tic ip a te d from
the h isto lo g ical p ic tu re of th e p a n cre as, w as d e m o n s tra te d b y
absence o f t r y p ti c a c tiv ity in th e d u o d e n al d ra in in g of one liv in g
and one re c e n tly d e a d p a tie n t w ith m eco n iu m ileus. In vitro a n d
in vivo e x p e rim e n ts w ith th e a lte re d m eco n iu m in t h a t p a tie n t
showed t h a t th is m a te ria l m a y be b r o u g h t in to a sem ifluid o r fluid
state b y th e a c tio n o f dil. sa lin e e x tr a c ts of p a n c re a s.
C. J . C. B.
Potency of liver extract in stimulating gastric secretion by in­
travenous injection and by direct lavage. D . B. B u tle r, A. P .
Hands, a n d A. C. I v y (Amer. J . Physiol., 1943, 139, 325— 328).—
Liver e x tra c ts , d ire c tly a d m in iste re d to a v a g o to m ise d sto m a c h
Pouch in dogs, h a v e a m o re p o te n t se c re tag o g u e effect t h a n on i n t r a ­
venous in je c tio n .
-A. S.
Cirrhosis of liver : clinical aspects with particular reference to
liver function tests. C. J . W a ts o n (Amer. J . clin. Path., 1944, 14,
129— 137).— A g e n era l le c tu re .
C. J . C. B.
Fluorescent material (ceroid) in experimental nutritional cirrhosis
[of liver]. H. P o p p e r, P . G yorgy, a n d H . G o ld b la tt (Arch. Path.,
1944, 37, 161— 168).— A g o ld en -b ro w n flu o resce n t m a te ria l is seen
in liv e r from r a ts w ith e x p e rim e n ta l n u tr itio n a l c irrh o sis p ro d u c e d
b y a d ie t low in c asein (m eth io n in e ). I t s d e p o sitio n is in c re a s e d
b y a d m in is tra tio n of c y stin e a n d p re v e n te d b y a d m in is tr a tio n of
c h o lin e alone, of c y s tin e + choline, o r o f p -d im e th y la m in o a z o b e n zcn e. T h e flu o resce n t m a te ria l is a p p a r e n tly id e n tic a l w ith
c e ro id ; i t d ev elo p s fro m cells c o n ta in in g f a t a n d is re la te d to th e
f a tt y sta g e s in th e d e v e lo p m e n t of c irrh o sis. C eroid is a p ig m e n t
w h ic h is conc. in th e liv e r cells w hile t h e f a t d isa p p e a rs a n d is th e n
ta k e n u p b y m esen c h y m a l fo am cells. I n th e l a t t e r i t re m a in s a s a
la s tin g sig n of th e d is tu rb e d f a t m eta b o lism . (8 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J . C. B.
Liver insufficiency in toxic goitre and its treatment. — See A., 1944,
I I I , 533.
Recent progress in pharmacology of bile acids. P . d e H a e n (J.
Amer. Pharm. Assoc., 1944, 33, 161— 169).— A review of th e c h em ical
n a tu r e , m eta b o lism , to x ic ity , p h a rm a c o lo g y , a n d th e r a p e u tic
a p p lic a tio n of b ile a cid s a n d th e ir sa lts . (95 references.)
F . O. H .
X V .— K ID N E Y
AND
URINE.
Excretion of diodone by isolated perfused dog kidney. A . H e m in g ­
w a y a n d A . S c h w e itz er ( / . Physiol., 1944, 102, 491— 495).— T h e
m e a n p la s m a e x tra c tio n r a ti o of d io d o n e b y th e p e rfu s e d iso la te d
d o g k id n e y is 0-62 a t p la s m a -I levels of 1— 2-5 m g. p e r 100 m l.
T h is is low er t h a n sim ila r r a tio s o b se rv e d in t h e e x p la n te d k id n e y ,
th o u g h i t c a n b e e le v a te d b y lo w e rin g th e p e rfu s io n p re ssu re . I t is
659
A
III—
XVI,
O T H E R
O R G A N S,
T IS S U E S ,
su g g e ste d t h a t th e a b ility o f th e re n a l cells t o tr a n s f e r dio d o n e
d im in ish e s d u rin g a n e x p e rim e n t p o ssib ly d u e to th e d isa p p e a ra n c e
of h o rm o n a l in flu en ces.
W . H . N.
Renal function of newborn infants. [Response to post-pituitary
anti-diuretic hormones.] H . H e lle r ( / . Physiol., 1944, 102, 429—
440).— A lth o u g h th e u rin e of in fa n ts d u rin g th e 1 st 2 d a y s o f e x tra u te rin e life m a y b e h y p e rto n ic (possibly d u e to a n o b se rv e d low
in ta k e o f fluid), i t is m u c h below th e a v e ra g e co n cn . of n o rm a l a d u lt
u rin e . D u rin g th e 3 rd d a y of life th e co n cn . decreases, a n d th e
u r in e of th e 4 th , 5 th , a n d 6 th d a y s is m a rk e d ly h y p o to n ic . T h e
sa m e d eg ree of h y p o to n ic ity is a ch iev e d in a d u lts o n ly d u rin g w a te r
d iu re sis o r d ia b e te s in sip id u s. I n tra m u s c u la r in je c tio n s o f p o ste rio r
p i tu i t a r y e x tr a c t w h ic h p ro d u c e d a p ro n o u n c e d in h ib itio n of w a te r
d iu re sis in a d u lts h a v e o n ly a slig h t a n d fleeting effect o n th e co n cn .
of th e m a rk e d ly h y p o to n ic u rin e of n e w b o rn in fa n ts . T h is in d ic a te s
a low s e n s itiv ity of th e re n a l tu b u le s to p o s te rio r p i tu i t a r y a n ti ­
d iu re tic h o rm o n e.
W . H . N.
Specific in ju rio u s a c tio n of a llo x an on p a n c re a tic i s le t cells a n d
co n v u lu te d tu b u le s of th e k idney.— See A., 1944, I I I , 543.
Pathogenesis of renal failure associated with multiple myeloma.
Electrophoretic and chemical analysis of protein in urine and blood
serum. S. S. B lac k m an , ju n ., W . H . B a rk e r, M. V. B uell, a n d B. D.
D a v is (J. clin. Invest., 1944, 23, 163— 166).— B y b o th m e th o d s of
an aly sis, th e B c n c e -Jo n e s p ro te in b e h a v e d lik e a g lo b u lin . E le c tro p h o re tic a lly i t m o v ed like th e /1-globulin of n o rm a l p lasm a . T h e
to ta l p la s m a -p ro te in of th e p a ti e n t w as n o rm al, b u t th e r e w as a
m a rk e d in c re a s e in th e e le c tro p h o re tic /5-globulin fra c tio n , w h ic h
w as e x c re te d in t h e u rin e a s B e n ce -Jo n e s p ro te in . D u rin g th e
p e rio d o f o b se rv a tio n , th e co n cn . of p ro te in in th e u rin e w as 0-475—
0-744 g .-% a n d th e p ro p o rtio n o f B e n c e -Jo n e s p ro te in 92— 100%
o f th e to ta l. I n m u ltip le m y elo m a, a s in o th e r fo rm s of B r ig h t’s
disease, th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e re n a l insu fficien cy w h ich is c au sed
b y th e p p tn . of p la s m a -p ro te in s w ith in th e k id n e y is d e te rm in e d
chiefly b y th e d u ra tio n o f h ig h co n cn s. of g lo b u lin s in th e u rin e .
C. J . C. B.
Spontaneous glomerulonephritis in mice. A. K irsc h b a u m (Proc.
Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1944, 55, 280— 281).— G lo m eru lo n ep h ritis
o c cu rre d sp o n ta n e o u s ly in som e in d iv id u a ls of th e S tro n g N i l s tr a in
of m ice a t ag es of 5— 18 m o n th s .
V. J . W .
Method of locating a mobile renal calculus at operation.
B. W .
of a case of
a c c o rd in g to
a t o p e ra tio n
is ta k e n , a n d
th e calculus.
I. C.
Secretion of urine during dehydration and rehydration. R . A.
M cC ance, W . F . Y o u n g , a n d D . A. K . B la c k (J. Physiol., 1944, 102,
415— 428).— T o s tu d y t h e re a c tio n of th e h e a lth y k id n e y to d e h y d r ­
a tio n , 10 m en a n d 2 w o m e n w e re d e p riv e d o f w a te r for 3 o r 4 d a y s,
o th e r c o n d itio n s b e in g v a rie d , a n d th e i r in u lin a n d d io d o n e c le a r­
a n c e s a n d th e e x c re tio n of Cl, u re a , N a , K , P 0 4, e tc. d e te rm in e d .
D e h y d ra tio n (4 su b je cts) d id n o t c h an g e g lo m e ru la r filtra tio n r a te
o r re n a l p la s m a flo w ; u r in a r y ch an g e s w ere th e re fo re d u e t o a lte r ­
a tio n s in tu b u la r a c tiv ity . T h e effects of la rg e d oses of N aC l, KCI,
a n d u r e a w ere sim ila r be fo re a n d d u rin g d e h y d ra tio n . T h e r e s u ltin g
d iu reses, e v en d u rin g d e h y d ra tio n , w ere u n e x p e c te d ly a cc o m p a n ie d
b y a fall in th e t o ta l u rin e /p la s m a o sm o tic ra tio . A h ig h N aC l in ta k e
in c re a se d th e o u tp u t o f w a te r d u rin g d e h y d ra tio n , a n d w as follow ed
b y a re d u ce d o u t p u t of w a te r o n th e firs t d a y of r e h y d ra tio n , in d ic a t­
in g t h a t w h e n th e u rin e is v e r y co n c. its vol. m a y d e p e n d o n th e
a m o u n t o f o n e c o n s titu e n t re q u ir in g e x c re tio n . T h e sim u lta n e o u s
fall in co n cn . of u r in a r y N aC l o n th is firs t d a y of re h y d ra tio n w as
a cc o m p a n ie d b y a n in c re a se d co n cn . of u re a, a n d a w e ll-m a in ta in e d
u r e a c le ara n c e, su g g e stin g t h a t a lim it to th e t o ta l o sm o tic p re ssu re
o f th e u rin e h a d p re v io u s ly ch eck ed th e o u tp u t o f u re a . E x c e p t for
th is effect of a h ig h i n ta k e o f N aC l d u rin g d e h y d ra tio n , th e o u tp u t
o f m in e ra ls w as n o t re g u la te d b y th e i r p la s m a c o n cn ., b u t chiefly
b y o th e r, e.g., e n d o c rin e , fa c to rs, in c o n ju n c tio n w ith th e to ta l
o sm o tic p re ssu re o f th e u rin e o r th e su m o f th e u rin e /p la s m a ra tio s
o f all th e u r in a r y c o n s titu e n ts , b u t d u rin g d e h y d ra tio n th e o u tp u t
o f u re a v a rie d w ith its p la s m a concn., its c le ara n c e re m a in in g c o n st.
T h o u g h b elow n o rm a l, th e l a t t e r in c re a se d d u r in g a sa lin e d iuresis,
sh o w in g i t t o d e p e n d o n u rin e v o l. w h e n th is is low . I n u n a v o id a b le
d e h y d ra tio n th e d ie t sh o u ld p r e s e n t a s few solids a s p o ssib le for
u r in a r y e x c re tio n .
W . H . N.
G o ld sto n e (Brit. Med. J., 1944, I I , 77— 78).— R e p o rt
m o b ile re n a l c alcu lu s w h ic h g a v e d iffe re n t s y m p to m s
its p o sitio n . T o d e te rm in e th e p o sitio n of a calcu lu s
se v e ra l need les a re in s e rte d in to th e k id n e y , a ra d io g ra p h
a n in cisio n m a d e a lo n g th e lin e of th e n eedle n e a r e s t to
Effect of veratrone on urine volume and urea clearance in hyper­
tensive toxaemias of pregnancy. J . R . W illso n (Proc. Soc. Exp.
Biol. Med., 1944, 55, 273— 274).— In je c tio n of v e ra tro n e (a m ix tu re
o f Veralrum alkaloids) i n to toxrem ic p a tie n ts , in w h o m d iu resis h a d
b e en in d u c e d b y w a te r in g e stio n , cau sed a fall of blo o d p re ssu re fro m
170 to 100 m m . H g w ith m a rk e d d ecreases in u rin e v o l. a n d u re a
c le ara n c e.
V. J . W .
Polyuria produced by deoxycorticosterone acetate. Cortin-like
material in urine, active in muscle work test. Endocrine factors in
water diuresis and intoxication.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 535.
A N D
B O D Y -F L U ID S .
x v ii , T U M O U R S .
660
Case of March hsemoglobinuria. M. M a k in (Brit. Med. J., 1944,
I , 844).— Case r e p o rt. H e m o g lo b in u ria w as p re s e n t o nly a fter
ex ercise in th e e re c t p o sitio n . S p o n ta n e o u s re c o v e ry occurred.
I. C.
X V I .— O T H E R O R G A N S , T I S S U E S , A N D B 0 D Y - F L U I D S .
C O M P A R A T IV E P H Y S IO L O G Y ( n o t i n c l u d e d e l s e w h e r e ) .
Some principles of reform in medical education. F . M. R . W alshe
(Brit. Med. J., 1944, I, 173— 176).—-A review .
I. C.
Thoughts on four years of war surgery — 1939 to 1943. P . H.
M itc h in e r (Brit. Med. J., 1944, I I , 37—-40).— A review .
I. C.
Surgical problems in forward areas. G. B la c k b u rn (Brit. Med.
1944, I, 556— 557).— A re v ie w .
I. C.
C. D o n a ld (Brit. Med. J.,
1944, I, 710—-714, 743— 747).— A d e sc rip tio n of th e m ed ical organis­
a tio n of th e E ig h th A rm y d u rin g th e A frica , Sicily, a n d Ita ly cam ­
p a ig n s, th e p ro b le m s of e v a c u a tio n a n d som e g e n e ra l re m a rk s about
t h e tr e n d s of field su rg e ry .
I. C.
W ith the Eighth Army in the field.
R61e of creatine in cell growth in vitro and its use in wound healing.
S. C aspe (J. Lab. clin. Med., 1944, 29, 483— 485).— T y ro d e solutions
c o n ta in in g 400— 800 m g. o f c re a tin e p e r 100 c.c. stim u la te the
g ro w th of a d u lt m ouse b la d d e r e p ith e liu m , a d u lt m ouse fibroblasts,
a n d h u m a n a d u lt c o n n e c tiv e tis su e a n d fib ro b la sts. T y ro d e solutions
c o n ta in in g 100— 200 m g. of c re a tin e p e r 100 c.c. s tim u la te th e growth
o f c h ic k e m b ry o fib ro b la sts, r a t k id n e y , a n d liv e r ep ith e liu m . A
sim p le lin e a r re la tio n s h ip e x ists b e tw e e n th e c re a tin e -in d u c e d area
o u tg ro w th o f a ll c u ltu re s a n d th e u n tr e a te d tis su e c o n tro ls. A ntuitr in - S p o w d e r d isso lv ed in T y ro d e so lu tio n to y ield a concn. of
400 i.u . p e r c.c. h a d n o c e ll-p ro life ra tin g p ro p e rtie s .
C. J . C. B.
Effect of cell growth-promoting tissue on healing of experimental
cutaneous wounds in rats. I. Local application. E . Auerbach
a n d L . D o lja n s k i (Brit. J . exp. Path., 1944, 25, 38— 45).— Saline
e x tr a c t of a d u lt c h ic k en h e a r t o r its alcoholic p p t. a n d sa lin e ex tract
of 7 -day-old c h ic k e m b ry o s, w h ic h h a v e g r e a t g row th-prom oting
p o w e rs in tis su e c u ltu re s , d id n o t re d u c e th e tim e o f h e a lin g in healthy
e x p e rim e n ta l w o u n d s in r a t s w h e n th e y w ere a p p lie d locally.
Lipin, sodium, chloride, and nitrogen content of respiratory tract
fluid. E . M. B o y d , S. Ja c k so n , M . M a c L a ch la n , B . P a lm e r, M.
S te v en s, a n d J . W h itta k e r (J. Biol. Chem., 1944, 153, 435— 438;
cf. A ., 1942, I I I , 50).— T h e re s p ira to r y t r a c t fluid of ra b b it, c a t, and
d o g c o n ta in s m u c h less lip in th a n docs blood, b u t th e com position
(n e u tra l fa t, f a t t y acids, free a n d esterfied c h o lestero l, phospholipin)
o f th e lip in is sim ila r to t h a t o f th e lip in of b lood p lasm a . The
a v e ra g e N a a n d Cl c o n te n ts of t h e fluid a re 30— 40 a n d 50— 70
m g .-% , re sp e c tiv e ly . T h e p ro te in - a n d n o n -p ro te in -N c o n te n ts of
th e fluid of ra b b its , c a ts, a n d cockerels a r e less th a n th o se of plasma.
I n ra b b its , th e p ro te in -N c o n te n t in cre ases a s th e d a y a d v an c es and
th e n o n -p ro te in -N c o n te n t flu c tu a te s. I n r a b b it a n d c a t, d a n d i] of
th e fluid differ o n ly slig h tly fro m th e c o rre sp o n d in g vals. for distilled
w a te r.
W . McC.
Water-soluble vitamins in sweat. — See A ., 1944, I I I , 547.
Artificial gills in study of permeability of living membranes. I.
Equations representing poisoning and the penetration of oxalic acid
through Cellophane membrane. E . M aco v sk i a n d G. Stan
(Biochem. Z., 1942, 310, 255— 280).— T h e p re p , a n d use of a Cello­
p h a n e m e m b ra n e re sem b lin g a fish gill a re d e scrib ed . T h e ra te of
diffusion of o x a lic a cid th ro u g h th is a rtific ia l gill is d e te rm in e d , and
i t is sh o w n t h a t diffusion follow s P ic k ’s law a n d p ro v e s th e validity
o f th e " p o iso n in g e q u a tio n s .” T h e re la tio n s o b se rv ed in vitro
a g re e in th e m a in w ith th o se o b se rv ed d u r in g p o iso n in g of fish.
J . N . A.
Comparison of regeneration and respiration rates of Tubularia.
S. S p ieg elm an a n d A. G old in (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1944, 55,
252— 253).— L o w e rin g o f p H of m e d iu m fro m 8 t o 6-6 d e c re a s e d Oj
c o n su m p tio n a n d c h eck ed re g e n e ra tio n .
V,- J. W.
Insects in their relationship to injury and disease in man in Aus­
tralia. J. B. C leland (Med. J . Austral., 1944, I , 7— 10).— A review.
F . S.
X V II.— T U M O U R S .
Prim ary carcinoma of the liver following subcutaneous injection of
methylcholanthrene in mice. L . C. S tro n g (Arch. Path., 1944, 37,
131— 135).— S election to w a rd s re sista n c e to local in d u c tio n of
tu m o u rs b y m e th y lc h o la n th re n e led to th e a p p e a ra n c e of 19 cases
o f p r im a r y c a rc in o m a of th e liv e r in 17 m ice of th e NHO descent.
H y b r id m ice g a v e rise to m a n y tu m o u rs in v a rio u s p a r ts o f th e body
follow ing th e s u b c u ta n e o u s in je c tio n o f m e th y lc h o la n th re n e . These
te n d e n c ie s co u ld b e d e te c te d o n ly w h e n th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f tu m o u rs
o f su c h ty p e s a s fib ro sa rc o m a, rh a b d o m y o s a rc o m a , a n d epiderm oid
c a rc in o m a a t th e site s of in je c tio n w as e lim in a te d o r su p p ressed by
g e n e tic se lec tio n to w a rd re sista n c e t o in d u c tio n o f su c h local tu m o u rs.
(4 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J . C. B.
661
A I I I —xvii, TUMOURS.
Induction of tumours in guinea-pigs with suhcutaneously injected
methylcholanthrene. M. B . S h im k in a n d G. B . M ider (J. Nat.
Cancer Inst., 1941, 1, 707— -725).— O f 40 g u in ea-p ig s in je c te d w ith
20— 40 m g. m e th y lc h o la n th re n e dissolved in sesa m e oil, 29 develo p ed
38 tu q jo u rs a t th e s ite o f in je c tio n s. A m o n g th e tu m o u rs w ere 29
fibrosarcom as a n d 9 lip o sarc o m as. B o n e o r c a rtila g e w as p re s e n t
in 5 tu m o u rs . L u n g m é ta s ta s é s w ere fo u n d in 4 a n im a ls. In je c tio n
of 40 m g. o f m e th y lc h o la n th re n e cau sed loss of w t. in som e g uineapigs.
E . B.
Synergism of leukæmogenic agents in mice. H . S. K a p la n a n d
A. K irsc h b a u m (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1944, 55, 202— 264).—
Irra d ia tio n w ith AT-rays d id n o t in c re a se in cid e n ce o r a cc ele rate
onset of leu k æ m ia in d u c e d in Dba o r F s tr a in m ice b y m e th y l­
cholanthrene.
V. J . W .
Hormonal influences on chemically induced tumours of repro­
ductive system. S. A. C a stellan o a n d F . E . D ’A m o u r (Proc. Soc.
Exp. Biol. Med., 1944, 55, 281—-283) .— P e lle ts of m e th y lc h o la n th re n e
were im p la n te d in th e re p ro d u c tiv e o rg a n s of r a ts . Im p la n ta tio n
in go n ad s d id n o t cau se tu m o u rs ; a f te r im p la n ta tio n in th e u te ru s,
tum our in cid e n ce w as in c re a se d b y a d m in is tra tio n of stilbcestrol
(15 ^g. p e r w eek) b u t n o t b y p ro g e stin o r g o n a d o tro p in . E ffec ts of
testosterone o n m ale s w ere c o n tra d ic to ry .
V. J . W .
Developing factors in experimental blastogenesis. J . C. M o ttra m
(J. Path. B ad., 1944, 56, 181— 187).— M ice w'ere p a in te d w ith 0-02
c.c. of 0-3% b e n z p y re n e in a ce to n e o n b o th flan k s o n a lte rn a te d a y s
for 4 d a y s (3 a p p lic a tio n s) a n d a n o th e r 6 m ice fo r 14 d a y s (8 a p p lic ­
ations). S u b s e q u e n tly , in all 12 a n im a ls, th e r ig h t flan k s w ere
painted th ric e w eek ly w ith 0-3% c ro to n oil in a ce to n e , a n d th e le ft
flanks w ith a ce to n e . T h e re w ere n o tu m o u rs o n th e left flanks,
m any on th e r i g h t; a t 20 w eeks, a fte r 4 d a y s ’ p a in tin g w ith benzpyrene, 5 tu m o u rs , one m a lig n a n t; w ith 14 d a y s ' p a in tin g , 13
tum ours, 2 m a lig n a n t. T h u s v e ry s h o rt p a in tin g s w ith b e n z p y re n e
are su fficient to p ro d u c e tu m o u rs , if a d e v elo p in g fa c to r is used
th ere afte r.
C. J . C. B.
Attempts to induce stomach tumours. II. Action of carcinogenic
hydrocarbons on stock mice. P . R . P e a co c k a n d A. H . M. K irb y ,
i n . Effects of (a) a residue of cholesterol heated to 300°, and (b)
AS:6-cholestadiene. A . I-I. M. K irb y (Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 88 —
93, 94— 9 7 ; cf. A ., 1944, I I I , 349).— I I . S to c k m ice re ce iv in g a n
a d eq u ate d ie t w ith th e a d d itio n of 3 : 4 -b e n zp y re n e o r of 20 -m eth y lc h o lan th ren e in so lu tio n in o live o r c o d -liv er oil develo p ed pap illo m as
of th e fo re sto m a c h w ith a te n d e n c y to m a lig n a n t e v o lu tio n . U n lik e
the b e n ig n g a stro p a p illo m a to sis a sso c iated w ith d ie ta ry deficiencies,
the p a p illo m a s in d u c e d w ith carc in o g e n ic h y d ro c a rb o n s te n d to be
invasive a n d lo calised a n d a re n o t in flu en ced b y th e a d d itio n of
large a m o u n ts o f vitam in-A t t o th e d ie t. T h e re la tiv e vais, of sto c k
mice a n d in b re d lin e s for in v e s tig a tin g th e c o m p e ten c e of tissu e s to
react to c arc in o g e n s a rc discussed.
III.
R a ts o n a n a d e q u a te d ie t fed th e re sid u e le ft from ch o lestero l
h eated to 300° a fte r re m o v a l of d ic h o le ste ry l e th e r a n d A1-cholestenone, in a m o u n ts of 20 m g. d a ily fo r 2 y e ars, show ed n o tu m o u rs
of th e fo re sto m a c h o r of th e g la n d u la r zone. A3:5-C holestadiene
(25 m g. d a ily for 2 y e ars) also p ro d u c e d no tu m o u rs in e ith e r p a r t
of th e sto m a c h . A d e sc rip tio n of a larg e in o rg . b la d d e r sto n e
occurring in a r a t is g iv en .
F- L . W .
Spectrographic analysis of carcinogenic hydrocarbons and meta­
bolites. IV. Elimination of 1 : 2 : 5 : 6-dibenzanthracene from
the rat. V. Elimination of 1 ; 2 : 5 : 6-dibenzanthracene from the
rabbit. R . N . Jo n e s, C. E . D u n la p , a n d C. J . G ogek (Cancer Res.,
1944, 4, 209— 217, 21S— 2 2 0 ; cf. A., 1942, I I I , 822).— IV . S p e c tro ­
graphic a n a ly se s w ere m a d e of th e o rg a n s a n d e x c re ta of 9 r a ts
injected in tra p e rito n e a lly w ith 10 m g. of d ib e n z a n th ra c c n e d issolved
in tric a p ry lin . T h e a b so rp tio n fro m th e p e rito n e a l c a v ity w as
alm ost c o m p le te in 14 d a y s. T h e fæces c o n ta in e d less th a n 5-4 m g.
of h y d ro c a rb o n a n d a b o u t 1-5 m g. o f 4 ' : S '-d ih y d ro x y d ib e n z a n th ra cene. O n ly tra c e s o f h y d ro c a rb o n o r p h e n o lic m e ta b o lite w ere
excreted in th e u rin e , a n d 2 5 % of th e h y d ro c a rb o n re m a in e d in th e
carcass in a n u n c h a n g e d c o n d itio n a f te r 14 d a y s. T h e p h en o lic
m etab o lite w as d e te c te d o n ly in th e e x c re ta . T h e g re a te r p a r t of
the h y d ro c a rb o n w as n o t a c c o u n te d fo r a n d w as p re su m a b ly
m etabolised t o so m e o th e r p r o d u c t n o t d e te c te d b y th e a n a ly tic a l
m ethods em ployed.
V. T h e m e ta b o lism of d ib e n z a n th ra c e n e in th e r a b b it w as stu d ie d
over p e rio d s o f 4 a n d 28 d a y s a fte r in tra p e rito n e a l in je c tio n . T h e
h y d ro carb o n p a sse s ra p id ly in to th e in te s tin a l t r a c t a n d a b o u t 4 0 %
can be re co v e red fro m th e in te s tin a l t r a c t a n d fæ ces e ith e r a s h y d ro ­
carbon o r a s p h e n o lic m e ta b o lite . T h is p h e n o lic m e ta b o lite is n o t
identical w ith th e 4 ' : 8 '-d ih y d ro x y d ib e n z a n th ra c e n e e x c re te d b y th e
tat. A fte r 16 d a y s th e r a te of e x c re tio n h a s fallen to low levels a n d
only tra c e s o f th e h y d ro c a rb o n c a n th e n b e d e te c te d in th e c arc ass
or e x cre ta . T h e e lim in a tio n is th u s m u ch m o re ra p id fro m th e
ra b b it t h a n fro m th e r a t. T h e p h e n o lic m e ta b o lite w as n o t d e te c te d
in th e liv e r o r gall b la d d e r. A tte m p ts to o b ta in p h e n o lic p ro d u c ts
by th e in c u b a tio n o f d ib e n z a n th ra c e n e w ith th e in te s tin a l flo ra of
rats or ra b b its w ere u nsuccessful.
F. L. W.
662
Fluorescent concentrates from the non-saponifiable fractions of
human livers. R . N . Jo n e s a n d C. D . M a y (Cancer Res., 1944, 4,
304— 312).— T h re e p ro c e d u re s a r c d e sc rib e d fo r th e p re p , fro m th e
n o n -sa p o n ifia b le fra c tio n s of h u m a n liv e rs o f n e u tra l oils sho w in g
in te n se blue o r b lu e -g re e n fluorescence. S im ila r c o n c e n tra te s w ere
o b ta in e d fro m h e a lth y liv ers, liv e rs of c a n c e r p a tie n ts sh o w in g no
liv e r m e ta sta se s, a n d a case o f ly m p h o s a rc o m a a n d h e p a tic necrosis.
T h e c o n c e n tra te s o b ta in e d b y th e th r e e d iffe re n t m e th o d s a ll h a v e
u ltra -v io le t a b so rp tio n s p e c tra w ith a m ax . o r p la te a u a t 2550—
2600 a . b u t n e ith e r th e u ltra -v io le t n o r th e fluorescence s p e c tra show
fin e-b a n d ed s tru c tu re s of th e ty p e a sso c ia te d w ith p o ly cy clic a ro m a tic
h y d ro c a rb o n s. T h e flu o rescin g c o m p o n e n t of th e c o n c e n tra te is
n o t a ffected b y N -acid o r -a lk a li a n d does n o t r e a c t w ith su c c in ic
a n h y d rid e , p y rid in e -S O j, d ig ito n in , G ira rd ’s re a g e n t, m a le ic
a n h y d rid e , o r a q . N a ,S 20 4. I t is a b so rb e d o n p ic ric a cid from
e th a n o lic so lu tio n .
F. L. W .
Lymphoid tumours in mice receiving steroid hormones. W . U.
G a rd n er, T . F . D o u g h e rty , a n d W . L . W illia m s (Cancer Res., 1944, 4,
73— 87).— T h e in cid e n ce of ly m p h o id tu m o u r s in m ice of 7 s tra in s
(A, CZII, CBA, C 1 2 /, J II, C57, PM ) a s in flu e n ce d b y tr e a tm e n t
w ith a v a r ie ty o f oestrogens (ccstradiol benz.oate, c estra d io l d ip ro ­
p io n a te , ocstrone, ccstradiol, e q u ilin b e n z o a te , e q u ile n in b e n z o a te ,
stilb cestro l, trip h e n y le th y le n c , 9 : 10-d ih y d ro x y -9 : 10-di-M -propyl9 : 1 0 -d ih y d ro -l : 2 : 5 : 6 -d ib e n z a n th ra c e n e , o r te s to s te ro n e p r o ­
p io n ate ) w as stu d ie d . 11 of 822 c o n tro l m ice (1-34% ) h a d ly m p h o id
tu m o u rs a t d e a th . In c id e n c e in th e d iffe re n t s tr a in s v a rie d from
0 to 6 % . N o differences d u e to se x o r c a s tra tio n of th e fem ales w ere
o b se rv ed . O f 1799 m ice of th e s e s tr a in s tr e a te d w ith oestrogens
215 (11-9% ) a c q u ire d ly m p h o m a s. S tra in in cid e n ce s w ere : C'AII,
CBA, P M , 1 5 % ; C l 2 / , J K , 5 % ; A , C57, 2 % . C E stro g en -trea ted
fem ales of CBA a n d CZH s tra in s show ed ly m p h o m a in cid e n ce tw ice
t h a t o f th e m ale s o f th e s e s tra in s . T h is se x d ifferen ce w as re v e rse d
in th e P M a n d C12Z s tra in s . T h e in c id e n c e of ly m p h o id tu m o u rs
w as h ig h e s t w ith th e la rg e s t doses of o estrogens; o n ly 3-4% of 267
C3H m ice re ce iv in g sm a ll doses, b u t 17-9% o f 308 tr e a te d c o n ­
tin u o u s ly w ith larg e doses, h a d ly m p h o id tu m o u rs . In te n s e r a th e r
th a n c o n tin u o u s t r e a tm e n t g a v e m o st tu m o u rs . A ll th e oestrogens
u se d w ere e q u a lly effectiv e if g iv en in c o m p a ra b le doses. 8 0 % of
th e ly m p h o m a s in v o lv e d th e th y m u s , sp le en , liv e r, ly m p h nodes, o r
o th e r tis s u e s ; in 2 0 % th y m u s a n d a d ja c e n t tis su e s a lo n e w ere
in v o lv e d . T h e tu m o u rs g re w w h e n tr a n s p la n te d to m ice of t h e sa m e
s tr a in . S im u lta n e o u s tr e a tm e n t w ith te s to s te ro n e p r o p io n a te a n d
oestrogen re d u c e d th e in cid e n ce of ly m p h o id tu m o u rs to t h a t o f th e
c o n tro ls. T h e in cid e n ce in m ice tr e a te d solely w ith te s to s te ro n e w as
th e sam e a s in th e c o n tro ls.
F. L. W .
Comparative antifibromatogenic activity of progesterone and related
artificial steroids. A . L ip s c h u tz , S. B ru zzo n e, a n d F . F u e n z a lid a
(Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 179— 185).— T h e p re v e n tiv e a c tio n of p r o ­
g e stero n e a g a in s t a b d o m in a l fibroids e lic ite d b y a-oestradiol w as
o b v io u s w h en o n ly 13— 24 /ig. o f th e p ro g e ste ro n e w as a b so rb e d
d a ily fro m im p la n te d ta b le ts . T h e a n tifib ro m a to g e n ic q u a n ti t y
of p ro g e ste ro n e w as less t h a n th e a m o u n t of th e oestrogen a b so rb e d
sim u lta n e o u sly . P re g n a n e d io n e o r aK opreg n an ed io n e in sim ila r
o r la rg e r d oses d id n o t p r e v e n t fib ro id s. A 16-D e h y d ro p ro g e stc ro n e
w as also in a c tiv e in th is re sp e c t. T h ese th r e e s te ro id s i n doses
10— 30 tim e s th e th re s h o ld dose fo r p ro g e ste ro n e show so m e a n t i ­
fib ro m a to g en ic a c tio n .
F. L. W.
Antifibromatogenic activity of synthetic progesterone in experiments
with the 17-caprylic and dipropionic esters of a-cestradiol. A.
L ip s c h u tz a n d J . G rism a li (Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 186— 190).— T h e
fib ro m a to g en ic a c tio n o f su b c u ta n e o u sly im p la n te d ta b le ts of th e
1 7 -o cto ate a n d of th e d ip ro p io n a te o f a-ce strad io l w a s p re v e n te d b y
a m o u n ts o f p ro g e ste ro n e n o t fa r fro m , o r id e n tic a l w ith , th o se
n e ce ssa ry to a n ta g o n ise th e fib ro m a to g e n ic a c tio n o f free a-oestradiol.
I t is su g g ested t h a t th e a n ta g o n is tic a c tio n of p ro g e ste ro n e is d u e to
its re n d e rin g th e re a c tin g tis su e s u n re sp o n siv e t o oestrogens.
F. L. W.
Minimal numbers of anaesthetic treatments with urethane required
to induce pulmonary tumours. P . S. H e n sh a w a n d M. C. M eyer
(J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 1944, 4, 523— 525).— G ro u p s of 20 m ice
o f s tr a in A w ere g iv en 1— 5 in tr a p e r ito n e a l in je c tio n s o f 10 c.c. p e r
kg. o f 10% u r e th a n e in w a te r a t w e ek ly in te rv a ls . T h e y w e re killed
4£ m o n th s la te r a n d th e lu n g s e x a m in e d fo r tu m o u rs . T h e no. o f
lu n g tu m o u rs fo u n d in c re a s e d w ith th e no. of doses. W ith 4 doses
a n a v e ra g e of 36 t u m o u r s p e r m o u se w as f o u n d ; o n ly o n e m o u se o u t
of 100 tr e a te d w a s fo u n d t o h a v e n o lu n g tu m o u rs .
E . B.
Origin of hepatoma E of strain CZH mice. E . W . E m m a r t (J. Nat.
Cancer Inst., 1944, 4, 537— 538).— T h e tu m o u r o rig in a lly o c cu rre d
in a m o u se w h ic h h a d re ce iv e d re p e a te d in je c tio n s of 10 m g. of 2a m in o -5 -az o to lu e n e. I n th e e a rly tr a n s p la n ts th e tu m o u r g rew
slow ly b u t i t is now tr a n s p la n te d a t 4-w eekly in te rv a ls a n d h a s
re a c h e d th e 4 0 th g e n e ra tio n in CZH m ice.
E . B.
Carcinogenicity of p-dimethylaminoazobenzene in diets containing
hydrogenated coconut oil. J . A. M iller, B . E . K lin e, H . P . R u sc h ,
a n d C. A . B a u m a n n (Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 153— 158).— T h e in cid e n ce
of h e p a tic tu m o u rs in r a t s fed p -d im e th y la m in o a z o b e n z e n e in a
sy n th e tic d ie t c o n ta in in g c o rn oil w as 53— 6 4 % a t 6 m o n th s . W h e n
663
A I I I — x v i i , TUMOURS.
th e c o rn oil w as re p la c e d b y h y d ro g e n a te d c o c o n u t oil th e tu m o u r
in cid e n ce n e v e r exceeded S% a n d in m o st g ro u p s i t w as zero. T h is
effect p e rsiste d w h e n th e r a ts re ce iv e d 25 /¿g. of p y rid o x in e a n d /o r
40 m g. of e th y l lin o le a te d a ily . Q u a n t, d e te rm in a tio n s b y a m e th o d
a c c u ra te t o 1 /¿g. of th e d y e show ed t h a t th e azo -c o m p o u n d w as v e ry
sta b le in th e d ie ts in vitro. A tte m p ts to d e m o n s tra te differences in
s ta b ility of th e d y e in th e d ig e s tiv e t r a c t w ere u n successful. I t
a p p e a rs t h a t d ifferences in c a rc in o g e n ic ity o b se rv ed w ith th e tw o
oils a re d u e to c h an g e s w ith in th e a n im a l itself.
F. L. W.
P ro d u c tio n o£ tu m o u rs by tobacco ta rs . C. M. F lo ry (Bol. Inst.
Med. Exp., Buenos Aires, 1942, 19, 175— 217).— A p p lic a tio n of ta r s
fro m th e d is tilla tio n of to b a c c o a t d iffe re n t te m p , p ro d u c e d p a p il­
lo m a s a n d c arc in o m a to id tu m o u r s in r a b b its a n d , less re a d ily , in
m ice.
I. C.
E ffects o i S o u th W ales a n th ra c ite coal a n d o i p re cip ita te d a m o r­
p h o u s silic a o n lu n g s of m ice. J . A. C am pbell (Byit. J . exp.
Path., 1944, 25, 46— 55).— A n th ra c ite coal d u s t d id n o t increase,
a n d b itu m in o u s d u s t o n ly slig h tly in cre ased , th e in c id e n c e o f lu n g
tu m o u rs in m ice. A n th ra c ite , b itu m in o u s, a n d S iO , d u s ts p ro d u c e d
v a ry in g degrees of fibrosis in th e lu n g s a n d tra c h e o -b ro n c h ia l
Iy m p h -n o d es.
F . S.
C hrom osom e co m plexity in re g e n e ra tin g r a t liv er.
J . J . B iesele
(Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 232— 235).— N o n ew chrom osom al c o m ­
p le x ity n o t p r e s e n t in c o n tro l tissu e s a rise s in re g e n e ra tin g a d u lt r a t
liv e r. H e n ce th e a p p e a ra n c e of p o ly te n e ch ro m o so m es in c an c ers
c a n n o t b e a re s u lt solely of ra p id g ro w th in a d u lt tissu e s. P r o p o r­
tio n s o f d ip lo id , te tra p lo id , a n d o c ta p lo id m e ta p h a se figures w e re th e
sa m e in c o n tro l a n d re g e n e ra tin g liv ers. T h e e n la rg ed chrom osom es
of a d u lt r a t liv e r a re h e ld to b e sim ple chrom osom es, n o t p o ly te n e ,
b eca u se th e y a re o n ly a b o u t 5 0 % g re a te r in vol. t h a n liv e r c h ro m o ­
som es of th e h e w -b o rn r a t, a n d b e ca u se th e e n la rg e d d ip lo id re stin g
n u c le u s in a d u lt liv e r does n o t h a v e a n in cre ased no. of p lasm osom es.
F. L. W .
M itotic incidence in th e first 48 h o u rs of m e th y lc h o la n th re n e
ep id erm al c arcin o g en esis. H . C. R e lle r a n d Z. K . C ooper (Cancer
Res., 1944, 4, 236— 240).— 24 m ice w ere p a in te d once w ith m e th y l­
c h o la n th re n e o n th e in n e r su rfa ce s o f th e ears. E a r s w ere re m o v e d
fro m eac h of 3 m ice a t 6 -h r. in te r v a ls for 48 h r. M ito tic c o u n ts
w e re m a d e o n to ta l m o u n t p re p , of th e e p id e rm is o f th e e ars. 15,000
n u clei w ere c o u n te d in eac h e a r. A t 6 a n d 12 h r. th e m ito tic c o u n ts
w ere slig h tly low er th a n for n o rm als. 18 h r. a f te r p a in tin g th e c o u n t
ro se a b o v e n o rm a l a n d re m a in e d a b o v e i t for th e first 48 h r. M e th y l­
c h o la n th re n e a p p lie d to th e sk in of th e m o u se e a r s tim u la te s cell
d iv isio n w ith in 48 h r . a fte r a p p lic a tio n .
F. L. W .
M ultiple c o n stitu tio n of a b n o rm a l ciliates produced by b la sto m ato g en ic a g e n ts. J . C. M o ttra m (Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 241—
244).— M e a su re m e n t of in d iv id u a ls a n d o f m icro n u clei of n o rm a l
Cotpidium sp. a n d of a b n o rm a ls p ro d u c e d b y b la s to m a to g e n ic
a g e n ts show ed t h a t th e m a jo r ity w ere of v a ry in g m u ltip le c o n ­
s titu tio n a n d a few w ere singles. T h is confirm ed p re v io u s fin d in g s in
w hich, b y se lec tio n fro m a b n o rm a l races, clones of a p p a r e n tly
n o rm a ls w ere p ro d u c e d . T h e cells o f p rim a ry tu m o u rs a re co n sid ered
from th e p o in t of view t h a t th e a b n o rm a l ra ce s of c iliates a re
e q u iv . t o tu m o u r s in m u ltic e llu la r a n im a ls, a n d s u p p o r t fo r th is
c o n te n tio n is fo u n d .
F . L. W.
In h e rite d su scep tib ility to sp o n ta n eo u s m a m m a ry c a n c e r in m ice.
J . J . B ittn e r (Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 159— 167).—-The genesis of
s p o n ta n e o u s m a m m a ry c a n c e r in m ice is d e p e n d e n t on a m ilk a g e n t,
in h e rite d su s c e p tib ility , a n d oestrogenic s tim u la tio n . T h e d e te r­
m in in g effects of th e s e a re a b o u t e q u al. T h e in h e rite d su s c e p tib ility
is tr a n s m itte d b y m ate s a n d fem ales o f th e c an c ero u s lin e . T h e
d a t a o b ta in e d a c c o rd w ith th e th e o r y o f a single d o m in a n t fa cto r.
T h e p ro g e n y of c an c ero u s fem ales of th e seco n d h y b rid g e n e ra tio n
h a d a h ig h e r in cid en ce of c a n c e r th a n d id th e p ro g e n y o f no n c an c ero u s m o th e rs. T h e in cid e n ce of m a m m a ry c a n c e r in th e
p ro g e n y w as influenced b y th e ag e a t w hich th e m o th e rs d e v elo p ed
tu m o u rs . T h e l itte r in w hich th e m ice w ere b o rn in flu e n ce d th e
in cid e n ce of c a n c e r. T h e co n cn . of m ilk in flu en ce m a y in cre ase
w ith in c re a s in g a g e of t h e m o th e rs. N o i n tr a u te r in e in flu en ce
co u ld b e d e m o n s tra te d . A c o n sid era b le % o f th e m ice o f low -can cer
o r n o n su sc e p tib le s tr a in t h a t re ce iv e d t h e a c tiv e m ilk a g e n t d e v el­
o p ed m a m m a ry c a n c e r. T h e no. of fa c to rs tr a n s m itte d co u ld n o t
be d e te rm in e d b u t m u ltip le fa c to rs a re p ro b a b ly in v o lv e d .
F. L. W .
In flu en ce of e n v iro n m e n ta l te m p e ra tu re o n th e incidence a n d
co u rse of sp o n ta n eo u s tu m o u rs in CZH m ice. E . W . W allace, H .
W allac e, a n d C. A. M ills (Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 279— 281).— S p o n ­
ta n e o u s m a m m a ry c a n c e r in v irg in CZH fem ale m ice show s th e sa m e
in cre ased in cid e n ce in cool e n v iro n m e n ts t h a t w as p re v io u s ly fo u n d
in v irg in dba fem ales. T h ese tu m o u rs a p p e a r 1 m o n th e a rlie r in
life a n d grow fa s te r a t 68“ f . th a n a t 91° f ., a lth o u g h th e y k ill th e
h o t-ro o m a n im a ls m o re q u ic k ly . M u ltip le tu m o u rs in th is C3H
se ries w ere 4 tim e s a s f re q u e n t a m o n g th e co ld -ro o m m ice a s a m o n g
th e h o t-ro o m ones.
F. L. W .
E ffec t of fo ste r n u rsin g on th e re sp o n se of m ice to cestrogens.
M. B . S h im k in a n d H . B. A n d e rv o n t (J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 1941, 1,
664
599— 605).— F o s te r n u rs in g h a s no in flu en ce o n th e re sp o n se of the
v a g in a to t r e a tm e n t w ith cestrone. T h e in cid e n ce of m am m ary
tu m o u rs follow ing ocstrone tr e a tm e n t i n C'.ill m ice is less if the
y o u n g m ice h a v e b e en fo ste r-n u rse d b y C57 b lack m ice.
F oster
n u rsin g of s tr a in C m ice b y CZH m ice in cre ases t h e su sc e p tib ility to
m a m m a ry c a n c e r o n tr e a tm e n t w ith cestrogens.
E . B.
E x p e rim e n ta l b ra in tu m o u rs . TV. In c id e n ce in different strains
of m ice. H . M. Z im m e rm a n a n d H . A rn o ld . V. B e h av io u r in in tra ­
o c u la r tra n s p la n ts. D . F re e m a n a n d H . M . Z im m erm an (Cancer
Res., 1944, 4, 98— 101, 273— 2 7 S ; cf. A ., 1942, I I I , 533).— IV.
I n tr a c e re b r a l im p la n ta tio n s of m e th y lc h o la n th re n e p ellets were
m ad e in m ice of 6 s tr a in s (C3H, A B C alb in o , B a g g albino, C57
b lack , A alb in o , a n d dba). T h e firs t 4 s tr a in s y ield e d a n incidence
of 5 0 % or b e tte r in p rim a ry in tra c r a n ia l neo p lasm s, w hile th e last
tw o w ere po o r. O n ly 4 of 22 A a lb in o m ice a n d 2 of 19 dba mice
d ev elo p ed in tra c r a n ia l tu m o u rs .
V. A te c h n iq u e is d e sc rib e d for m ice a n d g u in ea -p ig s for in tra ­
o c u la r t r a n s p la n ta tio n of b r a in tu m o u rs . T h e tu m o u rs used were
e ith e r c h e m ica lly -in d u ce d m ouse tu m o u rs o r th o se o c cu rrin g spon­
ta n e o u s ly in m a n . T h e m e th o d p e rm its th e d iffe re n tia tio n of
gliom as from non-g lio g en o u s tu m o u rs .
F . L . W.
C arcinom a of th e a d re n a l cortex in a ra b b it. W . C. H u e p e r and
C. T . Ic h n io w sk i (Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 176— 178).— B ila te ra l adrenal
c o rtic a l tu m o u rs , a p p a re n tly a d e n o c a rc in o m a s d e riv e d from adeno­
m as, w ere fo u n d in a m ale r a b b it w h ich h a d b e en in je c te d in tra v e n ­
o u sly w ith 3 m l. p e r kg. of a 0-5% T -1854 (E v an s-b lu e ) solution
a n d w hich w a s k ille d 6 m o n th s la te r. I t is c o n sid ere d u n lik e ly th a t
th e tu m o u r s w ere e lic ited d ire c tly or in d ire c tly b y th e d y e since
n o n e of th e n u m e ro u s a n im a ls of o th e r species sim ila rly treated
show 'ed a n y sig n s of h y p e rp la s ia of th e a d re n a l c o rte x .
F . L. W.
C h a rac te risa tio n of a n influence affecting g ro w th of transplantable
leukcem ias in m ice. L . W . L a w (Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 257— 260).—A n influence tr a n s m itte d in th e m ilk of c e rta in la c ta tin g fem ale mice
w a s fo u n d to b e effective in p ro m o tin g th e g ro w th of 2 tran sp la n ta b le
ly m p h o id leukaem ias a n d a tr a n s p la n ta b le m y elo id leukaem ia in
n o rm a lly r e fra c to ry m ice. T h e su s c e p tib ility in flu en ce affecting
g ro w th of m y elo id leukaem ia h a s th e follow ing c h a ra c te ris tic s : (a)
d ialy se s th ro u g h p a rc h m e n t a t —4 °; (b) s ta b le in 5 0 % glycerol for
30 d a y s a t —4 °; (c) h e a t-s ta b le (85° fo r 20 m in .) ; (d) S eitz filter
failed to re m o v e a ll th e in flu en ce fro m a n e x t r a c t ; (e) desiccation
in vac. fo r 4 h r. a t ro o m te m p , in a c tiv a te d m a m m a ry g la n d e x tra ct;
(/) d ig estio n d id n o t in a c tiv a te t h e in fluence.
F . L . W.
C hrom ophobe a d en o m a-lik e lesio n s of th e r a t hypo p h y sis
Fre­
quen cy of th e sp o n ta n eo u s lesio n s a n d c h a ra c te ris tic s of grow th of
hom ologous in tra o c u la r tra n s p la n ts. J . A. S a x to n a n d J . B. Graham
(Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 168— 175).— C h ro m o p h o b e adenom a-like
lesions of th e h y p o p h y sis w ere fo u n d in 92 of 362 a lb in o r a ts of the
Y a le s tra in . O n ly 2 lesions o c cu rre d in r a ts less t h a n 1 y e a r of age.
T h e lesions in c re a s e d in fre q u e n c y w ith a d v a n c in g ago a n d were
p re s e n t in 6 0 % of m ale r a ts a n d in 3 0 % of fem ales 600 a n d more
d a y s old. T h e size of th e lesions v a rie d fro m m icroscopic nodules
to larg e m asses w eig h in g u p to 367 m g. T h e lesions w ere com posed of
cells w ith v a c u o la te d c h ro m o p h o b ic c y to p la sm a n d la rg e oval nuclei
in w h ich th e c h ro m a tin fo rm ed c o arse g ra n u le s. S im ila r lesions
w ere fo u n d in 3 of 83 m ale r a t s of th e S h e rm a n s tr a in b e tw ee n 1 and
3 y e ars, a n d in 1 of 9 m ale W is ta rs of th e sa m e ages. Hom ologous
in tra o c u la r tr a n s p la n ts of th e a d en o m a-lik e tis su e fro m tw o lesions in
m ale Y a le r a ts w ere successfully m a d e ; in c lu d in g a ll generations,
g ro w th o f tr a n s p la n ts o c c u rre d in 21 of 42 re c ip ie n ts. I t is con­
clu d ed on th e b a sis of th e b e h a v io u r o f tr a n s p la n ts t h a t th e larger
a d en o m a-lik e lesio n s a re tr u e neo p lasm s.
F . L. \V.
C ancer. V U I. Stilboestrol a n d c e rta in ste ro id s in re la tio n to
tu m o u r g ro w th re sista n c e . J . W . H o w a rd , L . T . J a n z e n , a n d W . T.
S a lte r ( Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 337— 344).— T h e effectiveness of
cestrone, d ieth y lstilb c estro l, a n d p ro g e ste ro n e in in h ib itin g th e growth
of im p la n te d sa rc o m a 180 w a s c o m p a re d . In c e rta in strains
cestro n e is effective in b o th m ales a n d fe m a le s; in su c h strains
stilb o estro l is effective in fem ales b u t n o t in m ales. P rogesterone is
n o t effective. I n c e r ta in s u b s tra in s h a v in g a h ig h incidence of
sp o n ta n e o u s tu m o u r th e s e oestrogens a r e in effe ctiv e, e v en though
th e c o rre sp o n d in g lo w -tu m o u r s u b s tra in s show ed beneficial results.
F . L . W.
E ffect of v a rio u s fa c to rs o n th e H a rd in g -P a s se y m ela n o m a of the
m ouse. K . S u g iu ra (Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 282— 288).— T h e following
c onclusions a re d ra w n c o n ce rn in g th e H a rd in g -P a s s e y mouse
m elan o m a. V a ria tio n s in a g e of th e h o s t h a v e n o influence on tra n s­
p la n ta tio n . S u c k lin g m ice a re su ita b le fo r c o n tin u e d g ro w th of the
m ela n o m a . T h e g ro w th of tr a n s p la n ts in su c k lin g a n im a ls neither
s h o rte n e d n o r le n g th e n e d th e lives of th e h o sts. C a s tra tio n in males
a n d fem ales d id n o t a ffe c t g ro w th of th e n e o p la sm . T h e grow th
c a p a c ity o f th e n e o p la sm is c o m p le te ly d e stro y e d b y im m ersio n in a
b u ffer so lu tio n a t p H 4 o r 10, a n d a t p H 5 o r 9 p a r tia l inhib itio n
occurs. A t p H 6, 7, o r 8 n o in h ib itio n w a s o b se rv ed . D e h y d ratio n
in th e fro ze n s t a te c o m p le te ly d e stro y e d th e v ia b ility of th e m elanom a.
T h e g ro w th is n o t filte rab le. G ra fts g re w e q u a lly w ell in C57 black,
dba, CZH, a g o u ti, a n d in R o c k la n d , B agg, Sw iss, a n d P a ris albino
m ice.
F . L- W .
665
A I I I — x v i i , TUMOURS.
Relations to chick tissues o£ tumours produced hy the yolk injection
technique. R . E . H u n g a te , A. T ay lo r, a n d R . C. T h o m p so n (Cancer
Res., 1944, 4, 289— 292).— In v e s tig a tio n of th e re la tio n s h ip of egggrown tu m o u r s to th e c h ic k tis su e s show s t h a t th e im p la n ta tio n a n d
grow th d e p e n d o n th e in je c te d tu m o u r cells m a k in g c o n ta c t w ith th e
chick m eso d erm . C ells in je c te d in to th e y o lk of th e 4— 5 -d a y egg
can m a k e th is co n n ex io n o n th e edge of th e m eso d erm sin ce th e
endoderm does n o t th e n enclose th e yo lk . T h e g re a te r is th e no. of
im p la n te d tu m o u r cells, th e la rg e r is th e n e o p la sm p ro d u c ed . F o r­
cible in je c tio n a n d fr e q u e n t r o ta tio n of th e egg h e lp in g iv in g m ax.
im p la n ta tio n .
F. L. W .
Is cancer a communicable disease?' L. G ross (Cancer Res., 1944,
4, 293— 303).— T h e a v a ila b le d a ta on a c c id e n ta l o r in te n tio n a l
inoculation of h u m a n c a n c e r a re review ed a n d t h e a p p e a ra n c e of
tu m o u rs in se v e ra l m em b e rs of th e sam e o r successive g e n era tio n s
in m an is discu ssed . T h e conclusion is su g g e ste d t h a t h u m a n c an c er
m ay b e sim ila r to t h a t o b se rv ed in m ice a n d m a y b e c o m m u n ica b le
■from o n e g e n e ra tio n to a n o th e r. S ince m ilk is a fa c to r responsible
for th e tra n s m iss io n of m a m m a ry c a n c e r in m ice i t is su g g ested t h a t
the w om en of fam ilies w ith a n y m a lig n a n t tu m o u rs in th e ir a n c e s try
refrain e n tire ly from n u rs in g th e ir p ro g e n y . A rtificial feeding
should b e s u b s titu te d fro m b irth , a t le a s t fo r one g e n e ra tio n .
F. L. W.
Inhibitors occurring in Rous no. 1 sarcomas. J . G. C arr (Brit. J. exp.
Path., 1944, 25, 50— 02).— T h e n o n -filte ra b ility of re c u rrin g a n d slowgrow ing R o u s tu m o u rs is a lw ay s a sso c iated w ith th e p resen ce in th e
tu m o u rs of se ru m a n tib o d y to th e R o u s no. 1 v iru s. T h e a n tib o d y
causes a re d u c tio n in th e a m o u n t of v iru s o b ta in e d from tu m o u r
e x tra c ts b y fo rm in g floccules of v ir u s a n d a n tib o d y w hich a re
lost in th e p re p , of cell-free e x tra c ts , a n d b y n e u tra lis a tio n of th e
virus r e m a in in g in su sp en sio n .
F . S.
Studies on the purification and properties of the rabbit papilloma
virus protein. W . R . B ry a n a n d J . W . B e ard (J. Nat. Cancer Inst.,
1941, 1, C07— 673).-—T h e v iru s w as o b ta in e d from glycerol e x tra c ts
of w a rts re m o v e d fro m ra b b its tr a p p e d in K a n sa s o r from w a rts
produced in c a p tiv e c o tto n ta il ra b b its .
A fte r re m o v a l of coarse
m aterial th e v iru s w as d e p o site d b y c e n trifu g in g a t 40,000 g fo r 1
hr. T h e co n cn . of v iru s w as follow ed b y o b se rv a tio n in a n o p tic a l
u ltra ce n trifu g e u sin g lig h t o f 2300— 2700 a . T h e se d im e n ta tio n
const, of th e v iru s S 20 is 260 x 10~13 c m ./d y n e s sec.
C hem ical
analysis of th e p u re m a te ria l in d ic a te d t h a t i t w as a p ro te in w ith
acetone-sol. m a te ria l 3-2% , P 1, S 2-2, a n d a sh 2-5% . T h e v iru s
is sol. in 0-05M -salt b u t is p p td . if th e s a lt concn. is low ered to
0-005M. T h e iso e le ctric p o in t is a b o u t p H 5-0. I t is sta b le betw een
pH 3'0 a n d 7-5. T h e in fe c tiv ity w as d e te rm in e d from th e m ea n
tim e re q u ire d to in d u c e p a p illo m a ta a fte r ru b b in g th e v iru s in to th e
scarified s k in of d o m estic ra b b its . T h is tim e w as show n to v a r y
w ith th e log o f p r o te in concn. a n d th e re la tio n s h ip s o f th e " 5 0 %
infectious p o in t," in c u b a tio n p e rio d , a n d p ro te in concn. w ere in ­
v estigated sta tis tic a lly . T h e 5 0 % in fec tio u s u n it, 0-00441 pg.,
corresponded to a b o u t 94 x 106 m ols. o f v iru s a n d w ith th is dose th e
m ean in c u b a tio n p e rio d w as 26 d a y s. T h e d a ta a re co n sid ered in
relation to sim ila r d a ta o n v a c c in ia v iru s a n d m y x o m a v iru s o b ta in e d
by P a rk e r. T h e y su g g e st t h a t th e re la tio n s h ip is d u e to v a ria tio n
in response of th e h o s t r a th e r th a n to th e ch an c e of a single v iru s
mol. c au sin g in fe c tio n . T h e p u rifie d v iru s fixes c o m p le m e n t in
the presence of sp . im m u n e se ru m . E a c h u n it of c o m p le m e n t w as
fixed b y 0 -9 5 ± 0 -0 6 pg. of v iru s p ro te in . O n h e a tin g a t 50— 65°
in fec tiv ity w as lo st m u c h m o re ra p id ly th a n c o m p lem en t-fix in g
capacity. A t h ig h e r te m p , th e p ro te in s c o ag u late d . A larg e no.
of e x p erim e n ts w ere c a rrie d o u t to d e te rm in e th e n e u tra lis a tio n of
virus b y a n tis e ra in d iffe re n t p ro p o rtio n s a n d th e re su lts e x am in ed
m ath em atically . W ith a larg e excess of v iru s th e se ru m h a d no
detectable effect a n d th e effects o b ta in e d w ith d iffe re n t ra tio s a re
related so t h a t y g. (free virus) = A z3 — B zx -f- Dz + E x — F,
ivnerc z is th e log of th e se ru m d ilu tio n , x th e log of v iru s d ilu tio n ,
and A, B, C, D, E, a n d F a re co n sts. fo r a p a rtic u la r se ru m . I t is
probable t h a t th e c o m b in a tio n of v iru s a n d a n tib o d y a c tu a lly o ccurs
in th e r a b b it tis su e . (40 g ra p h s.)
E . B.
Ascorbic acid c o n te n t of liv e r in m ice. E . L . K e n n aw ay , N . M.
K ennaw ay, a n d F . L . W a rre n (Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 245— 250).— T h e
mean concn. o f asc o rb ic a cid in th e liv e r w as fo u n d to b e h ig h er inmice of th re e h ig h -c a n c e r lines (dba, C3 H , 7?III), a n d in th e m ales
of the low -cancer CBA, th a n in th e fem ales of th e CBA lin e a n d in
both sexes o f th e lo w -can cer lin e C57, a n d o f tw o o th e r low -cancer
breeds (buff M RC a n d sto c k ).
F . L. W .
Effects of a low -lysine d iet on th e g ro w th of sp o n ta n eo u s m a m m a ry
tumours in m ice a n d o n th e n itro g e n b a lan ce in m a n . R . A. K o ch er
(Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 251— 256).— T h e r a te of n o rm a l g ro w th in
mice, a n d th e r a te of g ro w th of sp o n ta n e o u s m a m m a ry c arc in o m a , can
be retard ed fo r s h o r t p e rio d s b y a d ie t deficien t in lysine. G row th
is resum ed a t n o rm a l r a te o n a d d itio n of ly sin e. W h e n th e lysine(M cient d ie t is fed to tu m o u r m ice for a c o n sid erab le p e rio d th e
inhibiting effect o n g ro w th w e a rs off a n d th e neo p lasm re su m es ra p id
growth. D ie ts d eficien t in ly sin e d o n o t offer a n y pro m ise as a
therapeutic m e a su re in m a n .
F. L. W.
666
Metabolism of pyruvate by normal and leuksemic white cells.
J . C. A bels, F . L . Jo n e s, L . F . C raver, a n d C. P . R h o a d s (Cancer
Res., 1944, 4, 149— 152).— F ro m 65 to 100% of th e th ia m in p re s e n t
in b o th n o rm a l a n d leukaem ic w h ite cells e x is ts in th e fo rm of c o ­
carb o x y lase. N e v erth e le ss, th o se e n zy m e sy s te m s t h a t a re k n o w n
to u tilise c o c a rb o x y la se a s a c o -en z y m e co u ld n o t b e d e m o n s tra te d
in e ith e r n o rm a l o r leukm m ic cells. Q ual. a n d q u a n t, differences
w ere fo u n d in th e u tilis a tio n of p y r u v a te b y n o rm a l a n d leukm m ic
w h ite cells. N o rm a l cells u tilise less p y r u v a te a n d c o n v e rt m o re
in to la c ta te t h a n d o th e leukm m ic cells. T h is a b n o rm a lity is n o t d u e
sim p ly to th e a p p a r e n t y o u th of th e n e o p la stic cells.
F. L. W .
Esterase (butyric) activity, i n . Effect of foster nursing on
esterase content of blood serum and liver of strains of mice susceptible
or insusceptible to mammary cancer. V. R . K h a n o lk a r a n d R . G.
C h itre (Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 128— 133).— T h e effect of fo ste r n u rsin g
on th e e ste ra se a c tiv ity o f se ru m a n d liv e rs of a h ig h -m a m m a ry c a n c e r s tr a in (C3H) a n d a lo w -c an c er s tra in (C57) w a s in v e s tig a te d .
R e cip ro ca l fo ste r n u rs in g re su lte d in a c h a n g e in th e e ste ra se a c tiv ity
of th e se ru m of th e se m ice. T h e e ste ra se a c tiv ity in th e hig h m a m m a ry s tr a in d im in ish e d o n fo ste r n u rs in g b y lo w -can cer m o th e rs,
w hile th e e ste ra se a c tiv ity in th e lo w -c an c er s tr a in w as in c re a se d b y
fo ste r n u rsin g b y h ig h -c a n c e r m o th e rs. N o c h an g e w as o b se rv ed in
liv e r-este ra se .
F. L. W .
Components of normal and neoplastic tissues. V. Relative
arginase activity of certain tumours and normal control tissues.
J . P . G reen stein , W . V . J e n r e tte , G. B. M ider, a n d J . W h ite (J. Nat.
Cancer Inst., 1941, 1, 687— 706).— T h e a rg in a se a c tiv ity of tis su e
e x tr a c ts d e cre ased w ith d ilu tio n e x c e p t for e x tr a c ts of liv e r a n d a
C57 x A s tr a in m a m m a ry tu m o u r in w h ic h a c tiv ity in c re a se s w ith
d ilu tio n o v e r a c e rta in ra n g e . T h e e x c e p tio n s a re d u e to th e h ig h
concn. of en zy m e in th o se tissu e s. I n dil. so lu tio n s th e a p p a r e n t
a c tiv ity of a ll e x tra c ts v a rie d w ith th e c u b e ro o t of en zy m e concn.
L iv e rs of m ice w ith tu m o u rs a n d re g e n e ra tin g liv e rs h a d th e sa m e
h ig h a rg in a se a c tiv ity a s n o rm a l liv e r. M o d e ra te a m o u n ts w ere
p re s e n t in h e p a to m a s, m a m m a ry tu m o u rs , m o u se ly m p h o m a s,
sa liv a ry glands, lung, a n d k id n e y . H o m o a rg in in e is h y d ro ly se d b y
liv e r e x tr a c t b u t n o t b y tu m o u r e x tr a c ts .
E . B.
Peptidase activities of the cathepsins of normal rat tissue and
Jensen rat sarcoma. M. E . M aver, J . M. J o h n s o n , a n d J . W .
T h o m p so n (J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 1944, 1, 675— 686).— C a th e p sin s of
Je n se n sa rco m a , k id n ey s, livers, a n d sp le en s fro m n o rm a l a n d fro m s a r ­
c o m a -b ea rin g r a ts w ere a ll a b le to d ig e s t hasm oglobin, cK-leucylglycylglycine, g lu ta m y la n ilid e , c a rb o b e n zy lo x y -iff-g lu tam y lg ly c in e e th y l
e ste r, g lu ta th io n e , p e p to n e s, a n d p e p tic d ig e sts o f J e n s e n sa rc o m a
glo b u lin . T h e tu m o u r-c a th e p s in h a d n o sp. a c tiv ity a n d th e re w a s n o
e v id en ce of h y d ro ly sis o f p e p tid e s c o n ta in in g u n n a tu r a l fo rm s of
a m in o -acid s. I n g e n era l h y d ro ly sis w as m o st ra p id u n d e r re d u c in g
c o n d itio n s.
E . B.
Phenomenon of local skin reactivity to Serratia m arcescens (B .
Immunological relationships between S . m arcescens
culture filtrates and Shear polysaccharide. G. S c h w a rtz m a n (Cancer
Res., 1944, 4, 191— 195).— F iltr a te s of c u ltu re s of S. marcescens in a
prodigiosus).
sim p le s y n th e tic m e d iu m a n d th e ir c o n c e n tra te s a re c a p a b le of
elic itin g th e p h e n o m e n o n o f local s k in r e a c tiv ity . T h e p h e n o ­
m en o n -p ro d u c in g p rin c ip le s a re closely re la te d t o o r id e n tic a l w ith
th e fa c to rs c a p a b le o f in d u c in g haem orrhages a n d re g re ssio n s of
m ouse tu m o u rs . T h e c h em ical t r e a tm e n t em p lo y e d b y S h e a r
b rin g s a b o u t co n cn . a n d p u rific a tio n of th e a c tiv e p rin c ip le s w ith o u t
a lte ra tio n in th e a n tig e n ic sp e c ificity a s sh o w n b y th e im m u n isin g
v a l., th e p p tn ., a n d th e n e u tra lis in g re a c tio n s of th e m a te ria ls .
F . L. W .
Chemical treatm ent of tumours. IX. Reactions of mice with
primary subcutaneous tumours to injections of a haemorrhageproducing bacterial polysaccharide. M. J . S h e a r a n d A. P e r r a u lt
( / . Nat. Cancer Inst., 1944, 4, 461— 476).— T w o th ir d s of m ice
b e a rin g sa rc o m a s in d u c e d w ith b e n z p y re n e d ied a f te r in je c tio n of a
dose of 200 u n its of h a em o rrh ag e -p ro d u cin g p o ly sa c c h a rid e fro m
Serratia marcescens a lth o u g h th is dose k ille d n o n o rm a l m ice. T h e
p o ly sa c c h a rid e p ro d u c e d haem orrhage re g u la rly in in d u c e d sa rco m a s.
B y g iv in g a sm a ll dose a n d th e n in c re a s in g d oses i t w a s po ssib le to
in c re a se th e re sista n c e of m ice to th e to x ic a c tio n o f th e p o ly sa c ­
c h a rid e . D oses to le r a te d b y m ice w ith sm a ll tu m o u rs cau sed
d e a th of m ice w ith la rg e tu m o u rs . T h e d e g ree of haem orrhage
in d u ce d v a rie d w ith th e do se b u t m o re haem orrhage w a s c a u s e d b y
th e sa m e dose in larg e tu m o u rs th a n in sm a ll tu m o u rs . T u m o u r
tissu e g e n e ra te d d u rin g t r e a tm e n t w a s g e n e ra lly re s is ta n t to fu rth e r
tr e a tm e n t. T re a te d m ice o ften d ied e ith e r fro m b re a k d o w n p r o ­
d u c ts of tu m o u r s o r fro m g ro w th o f p o rtio n s of tu m o u r w h ic h es­
c a p e d d e s tru c tio n .
e . B.
Effect of exercise on growth of a mouse tumour. H . P . R u scli
a n d B. E . K lin e (Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 116— 118).— A lb in o m ice w ere
su b je c te d t o p e rio d s of fo rced e x erc ise fo r a p e rio d p re c e d in g a n d
follow ing in o c u la tio n w ith a tr a n s p la n ta b le fib ro sa rc o m a. T h e r a te
o f g ro w th of th e tu m o u rs w as c o m p a re d w ith t h a t o f a c o n tro l sc ries
gro w in g in m ice re c e iv in g t h e sa m e c a lo ry e q u iv . of food b u t n o t
su b je c t to forced exercise. T h e ex ercised m ice g a in e d less w t. a n d
th e r a te of tu m o u r g ro w th w as less t h a n in th e c o n tro ls.
F. L. W .
668
A I I I —x v n , TUMOURS.
667
fr e q u e n t in c o lo u red t h a n in w h ite p e rso n s, b u t c arc in o m a of th e
co v ere d sk in h a s th e sa m e in cid en ce. I n th e w h ite ra ce cutaneous
c a rc in o m a is m o re p re v a le n t i n th e s o u th e rn t h a n in th e n o rth ern
s ta te s ; in t h e c o lo u red ra c e t h e in c id e n c e is n o t affected by
g e o g rap h ica l fa c to rs. W h ite m e n h a v e a h ig h e r in cid e n ce of c u ta n e ­
ous c a rc in o m a th a n w h ite w o m e n ; in th e colo u red ra c e no sex
I I . T h e d e la y e d le th a l dose of X - ra y s fo r r a t sa rc o m a cells c u ltiv a te d
differen ce w as o b se rv ed . M a n y c u ta n e o u s c a rc in o m a s in coloured
»'» vitro is 2000 r. T h is is less th a n h a lf th e e q u iv . dose fo r c h ick en
p a tie n ts d e v elo p ed in a p re -e x istin g s c a r o r in a c h ro n ic inflam ­
n o rm a l fib ro b la sts, th e p ro life ra tiv e c a p a c ity of w h ic h is irre v e rsib ly
m a to ry lesion. S c a rs a n d c h ro n ic in fla m m a to ry lesions a re im :
ch ec k ed o n ly a f te r ir r a d ia tio n w ith 5000 r.
III.
T h e m in . do se of X - ra y s t h a t c au ses a p p re c ia b le in h ib itio n p o r t a n t ¿etiological fa c to rs in c a rc in o m a o f th e e x p o se d a n d covered
sk in in c o lo u red ra ce s a n d also of c a rc in o m a of th e co v ered skin in
o f g ro w th r a te in a n ir r a d ia te d sa rc o m a cell c u ltu re is 500 r. T h e
th e w h ite ra ce .
F . L . W.
c o rre sp o n d in g r a te for n o rm a l c h ic k en fib ro b la sts is 2500 r.
F. L. W .
Racial distribution of cancer. I. Epithelial tumours of the skin,
Clinical effects of aldehyde bisulphites in patients with cancer. I. lip, and breast. R . S c h re k (Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 433— 437).—
The administration of heptaldehyde bisulphite to patients with
C a rcin o m a of t h e ex p o sed s k in a n d of t h e lip , a n d k e ra to sis of the
inoperable mammary carcinoma metastatic to bone. J . C. A bels,
s k in is re la tiv e ly r a re in c o lo u red ra ce s. C a rcin o m a of th e covered
N . T rev es, J . H e rrm a n n , H . O. S ingher, C. J . K e n sle r, a n d C. P .
s k in h a s a p p ro x . th e sa m e o c cu rre n ce in w h ite s a n d negroes. Cancer
R h o a d s, n . Administration of heptaldehyde bisulphite to patients
of th e m ale b r e a s t is m u c h m o re fre q u e n t in c o lo u red ra ce s. There
with lymphomas. H . O. S ingher, J . C. A bels, L . F . C raver, a n d C. P .
is little d ifferen ce in th e in cid e n ce of c a n c e r of th e fem ale b re ast.
R h o a d s ( Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 438— 443, 444— 446). I . T h e d a ily
F . L. W.
o ra l a d m in is tra tio n o f from 1 t o 12 g. of h e p ta ld e h y d e b isu lp h ite
Oral cancer in Bombay, India. A review of 1000 consecutive
fo r fro m 20 to 231 d a y s to 11 p a tie n ts w ith m a m m a ry c a n c e r w h ic h
cases. V . R . K h a n o lk a r (Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 313— 319).— Differ­
h a d m e ta sta s is e d to th e b o n e s d id n o t a lte r th e e x p e c te d co u rse of
e n ces in th e d is trib u tio n o f o ra l c a n c e r a cc o rd in g to s ite between
th e disease. T h e c o n tin u o u s in tr a v e n o u s a d m in is tra tio n of th e
c o m m u n itie s in B o m b a y a n d b e tw e e n sim ila r d a t a a t o th e r hospitals
c o m p o u n d in a m o u n ts close t o to x ic levels d id n o t in flu e n ce th e
a re d iscu ssed .
F . L . \V.
c o u rse of th e d iso rd e r in a n y o f 3 cases.
II.
T h e in tra v e n o u s a d m in is tra tio n of h e p ta ld e h y d e b isu lp h ite Selective differentiation of tissues by means of filtered ultra-violet
light. L . H e rly (Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 227— 231).— A n a tte m p t was
t o p a tie n ts w ith n e o p la stic ly m p h o m a to u s d iso rd e rs h a d n o signifi­
m a d e b y m e a n s of th e p r im a r y fluorescence ev o k ed in tissues by
c a n t effect on th e ir c lin ica l co u rse o r on th e m icro sco p ic a p p e a ra n c e
filte red u ltra -v io le t lig h t to d iffe re n tia te b e n ig n lesions fro m m alig­
o r re s p ir a to r y a c tiv ity of in v o lv e d ly m p h nodes.
F . L. W .
n a n t disease o f th e b re a s t. O v er 200 o p e ra tiv e sp ecim en s of path o ­
Metabolic studies in patients with cancer of the gastrointestinal logical b r e a s t tis su e w ere e x a m in e d ; o n e e rro r w a s m a d e a s against
tract. XUI. Effect of glycine on urinary excretion of creatine and
o n e m a d e b y t h e fro ze n se c tio n m e th o d . C h a ra c te ristic specimens
creatinine, especially by patients with cancer of the gastrointestinal of v a rio u s ty p e s of b r e a s t lesio n s w ere p h o to g ra p h e d in filtered
tract. J . C. A bels, C. W . K u p c l, G. T . P a c k , a n d C. P . R h o a d s
u ltr a -v io le t lig h t (illu s tra te d b y co lo u r p la te ).
F . L . W.
(Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 145— 148).— I n tra v e n o u s in je c tio n o f glycine to
The Cancer Congress of Guadalaraja (Mexico). F . D uran-R eynals
n o rm a l s u b je c ts a n d to p a tie n ts w ith b e n ig n g a s tro in te s tin a l d is­
(Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 197— 198).— A b rie f r e p o rt of th e first cancer
o rd e rs w as follow ed b y in c re a s e d u r in a r y e x c re tio n of c re a tin e a n d
co n g ress h e ld in th e R e p u b lic of M exico, O ct. 31— N o v . 6, 1943.
c re a tin in e . S im ila r tr e a tm e n t o f 25 cases o f g a s tro in te s tin a l c a n c e r
F . L . W.
a n d h e p a tic c irrh o s is d id n o t in c re a s e th e o u tp u t o f th e s e s u b s ta n c e s
Incidence of primary carcinoma of the lung with special reference
in 21 cases. S im u lta n e o u s in g e stio n of c h o lin e failed to in c re a se t h e
to its increase. P . E . S te in e r (Arch. Path., 1944, 37, 185— 195).—
o u t p u t o f c re a tin e a n d c re a tin in e in th e s e cases. T h e fa ilu re of
F ro m 1902 t o 1941 p r im a r y c a rc in o m a of th e lu n g w a s noted in
g ly cin e to in c re a s e o u t p u t o f c re a tin e a n d c re a tin in e in th e u rin e of
126 of 5515 n ecro p sies p e rfo rm e d b y th e D e p a r tm e n t of Pathology
p a tie n ts w ith g a s tr o in te s tin a l c a n c e r m a y b e d u e t o th e c o e x istin g
of t h e U n iv e rs ity o f C hicago. T h e in c id e n c e of c a rc in o m a of the
h e p a tic in su fficien cy .
F. L. W .
lu n g e x p ressed a s % of a ll tu m o u rs slig h tly in c re a s e d in m ales but
Possibilities of improved therapy for cancer patients. C. V o eg tlin
n o t in fem ales. T h e in c re a s e w a s less th a n t h a t sh o w n for two
(J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 1941, 1, 585— 59S).— A le c tu re d isc u ssin g
ty p e s o f tu m o u rs u se d a s c o n tro ls, n a m e ly , c a rc in o m a of th e colon
e d u c a tio n , diagnosis, r a d ia tio n t h e r a p y p a rtic u la rly u sin g n e u tro n s
a n d in tr a c r a n ia l tu m o u rs , b u t g r e a te r th a n t h a t fo r tw o other
a n d th e c y c lo tro n , a n d th e p r o te c tio n a g a in s t h ig h -e n e rg y r a d ia tio n s .
c o n tro l ty p e s , c a rc in o m a of th e p a n c re a s a n d sto m a c h . A change
V a rio u s m e th o d s w h ic h m ig h t b e u se d in sy ste m ic c a n c e r th e r a p y
in th e n a tu r e of p a tie n ts a d m itte d to th e h o sp ita ls co u ld easily
in c lu d e fe ed in g d e fic ie n t d ie ts, a n d in je c tio n o f tis su e a n d b a c te ria l
a c c o u n t fo r th e slig h t a p p a r e n t b u t n o t re a l in c re a se in prim ary
e x tr a c ts a n d o th e r s u b s ta n c e s .
E . B.
c a rc in o m a of th e lu n g .
C. J . C. B.
Comparative studies on the radiosensitivity of normal and malignant
cells in culture, n . Delayed lethal effect. L . D o lja n sk i, G. G oldh a b c r, a n d L. H a lb e r s ta c d te r. m . Inhibitory effect of X-rays on
cell outgrowth. G. G o ld h a b er, L . D o ljan sk i. a n d L . H a lb e r s ta e d te r
(Cancer lies., 1914, 4, 106— 109, 110— 1 1 2 ; of. A ., 1942, I I I , 535).—
Evaluation of breast-cancer therapy as a guide to control pro­
grammes. J . W . H a w k in s (J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 1944, 4, 445—
460).— A n a ly sis o f re c o rd s o f 3105 p a tie n ts tr e a te d fo r c a n c e r of th e
b r e a s t in d ic a te t h a t (w hen c o rre c tio n is m a d e for th e sta g e o f th e
disease) age, sex, co lo u r, a n d d u ra tio n of th e disease a re n o t c o rre la te d
w ith su rv iv a l ra te s . I f th e disease is confined to th e b re a s t o r th e
b r e a s t a n d a x illa ry ly m p h n o d e th e o p tim a l tr e a tm e n t is ra d ic a l
m a s te c to m y . A d d itio n a l X - r a y th e r a p y gives in c re a se d p o s t­
o p e ra tiv e su rv iv a l in cases w h e re a n a x illa is in v o lv e d .
I t is
su g g e ste d t h a t all w om en sh o u ld b e t a u g h t t o p a lp a te th e i r ow n
b re a s ts in o rd e r t o fa c ilita te e a r ly d iag n o sis.
E . B.
Plasma acid phosphatase in carcinoma of prostate and effect of
stilboestrol treatment. J . W a tk in so n , G. E . D elory, E . J . K in g , a n d
A. H a d d o w (Proc. Biochem. Soc., 1944, 38, x x x —x x x i).— T h e h ig h level
o f p la s m a -p h o sp h a ta se (o p tim u m p H 4-9) in p a tie n ts su ffe rin g fro m
c a rc in o m a of th e p r o s ta te w ith b o n e m e ta s ta s e s r e tu r n s t o n o rm a l
a f te r stilb o estro l t r e a tm e n t. T h e c lin ica l c o n d itio n a lso im p ro v e s.
N o rm a l se m en c o n ta in s larg e a m o u n ts o f th e en zy m e, b u t th e r e w as
lit t le in t h a t o f a e u n u c h o id su b je c t.
’
P . G. M.
Experimental study of the lateral spread of epidermoid (squamous
cell) carcinoma in man, and the reaction of such a lesion to the woundhealing stimulus. A. B ru n sc h w ig a n d T . F . T h o rn to n (Cancer Res.,
1944, 4, 515— 518).— B ise ctio n of a sq u a m o u s-c ell c a rc in o m a in a
h u m a n p a ti e n t w ith t h e p ro d u c tio n of a c u ta n e o u s d e fe c t a d ja c e n t
to th e p o rtio n o f th e tu m o u r re m a in in g in situ re v e a le d : (a) la c k
o f s tim u la tio n o f th e c a rc in o m a a lo n g t h e in c ise d m a r g i n ; (b) h e a l­
in g o f th e c u ta n e o u s d e fe c t fro m th e n o rm a l s k in b o rd e rs, w ith n o
e v id e n ce o f re te n tio n o f p u rp o se fu l (healing) p ro life ra tio n in th e
m a lig n a n t e p ith e liu m ; (c) c o n tin u o u s la te ra l s p re a d o f th e c a rc i­
n o m a a t th e m a rg in s of th e g ro w th t h a t w e re u n d is tu r b e d b y
o p e ra tiv e tr a u m a .
F. L. W.
Cutaneous carcinoma.
IV.
Analysis of 20 cases in negroes.
R . S c h re k (Cancer Res., 1944, 4, 119— 127).— A d e ta ile d a n a ly sis of
20 c o lo u red m ale p a tie n ts w ith c u ta n e o u s c arc in o m a is g iv en a n d a
re v ie w o f th e lite r a tu re . C a rcin o m a of t h e ex p o sed sk in is m u c h less
Plasmocytoma of lung. J . G o rd o n a n d G. W a le r (Arch. Path.,
1944, 37, 222— 224).— A c ase r e p o rt. (5 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J . C. B.
Endometriosis of lungs. J . E . H o b b s a n d A . R . B o rtn ic k (Anier.
J . Obslet. Cynec., 1940; 40, 842— 843).— In tr a v e n o u s in je c tio n of a
su sp en sio n o f e n d o m e triu m in to r a b b its cau sed th e developm ent
of e n d o m e tria l tr a n s p la n ts ,in th e lungs. T h e tra n s p la n ts invade
th e p u lm o n a ry p a r e n c h y m a ,' re sp o n d t o p re g n a n c y b y decidual
re a c tio n s, a n d a re s tim u la te d to p ro life ra te b y stilb o estro l injections.
P . C. W.
Carcinoma of lung in 10-year-old negro boy. B. H a lp e r t a n d P . E.
R u sso (Arch. Path., 1944, 37, 290— 293).— A case re p o rt.
^ ^
Mesothelioma of pleura.
286— 289).— A case re p o rt.
A. V . P o sto lo ff (Arch. Path., 1944, 37,
(4 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
^
Fibroadenoma of lung. R . W . Scarff a n d F . J . S. G o w ar (J. Path.
Bad., 1944, 56, 257— 258).— 2 c ases of tu m o u r of th e lu n g w ith the
a p p e a ra n c e of a n in tra c a n a lic u la r fib ro a d e n o m a of th e b re a st are
d e sc rib e d . (4 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J . C. B.
Calcified epithelioma. B . H ig h m a n a n d G . E . O g d en (Arch. Path.,
1944, 37, 169— 174).— T h e 12 sp ecim en s of calcified epitheliom a
d e sc rib e d w ere g a th e re d fro m 24,185 c o n se c u tiv e su rg ic al specimens.
T h e tu m o u rs w ere com p o sed of m asses o f e p ith e liu m su p p o rte d by
c o n n e c tiv e tis su e tra b e c u la : t h a t w ere c o n tin u o u s w ith a capsule.
T h e m o st c h a ra c te ris tic fe a tu re w as e o sin o p h ilic d e g e n e ra tio n of t he
e p ith e liu m . (6 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J . C. B.
Spindle and giant cell sarcoma arising from unidentified precordial
bodies. D . S y m m ers (Arch. Path., 1944, 37, 180— 184).— A case
r e p o rt.
(5 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J . C. B.
Case of plasma-cell myelomatosis with a large renal metastasis and
widespread renal tubular obstruction. C. R . N e w n s a n d J . L. Baw a rd s (J. Path. B ad., 1944, 56, 259— 2 6 1 ).--A case of plasm a-cell
m y elo m ato sis w ith m e ta sta s e s in th e su b c u ta n e o u s tissu e a n d a
larg e d e p o sit in o n e k id n e y is d e sc rib e d . T h e r e n a l tu b u le s con-
669
A I I I —x v m , ANIMAL N U TR ITIO N .
tained m a n y c a s ts a n d a sso c iated g ia n t cells of fo reig n -b o d y ty p e
(7 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J . C. B .
S tru m a ov arii. S. C ohn a n d J . I. K u s lin e r (Amcr. J . Obsiet.
Gynec., 1944, 47, 421— 422).— A case is describ ed .
P . C. W .
Blood vessels oi myomatous uterus. R . L . F a u lk n e r (Amer. J.
Obsiet. Gynec., 1944, 47, 185— 197).—T h e u te rin e b lo o d vessels w ere
injected w ith n e o p re n e a n d th e o rg a n w as su b s e q u e n tly c le are d b y
the S p a lte h o lz m e th o d o r th e s u rro u n d in g tis su e d ig este d w ith acid.
Most m y o m a s c o n sist of a m ass of p ro life ra tin g a rte rie s w ith few
or no v e in s in th e ir su b s ta n c e . T h e fre q u e n t a rte r io la r tu f ts in d ic a te
th a t th e re is a ric h c a p illa ry b e d c o n n e c tin g th e s e w ith th e
p erip h eral v e in s. T h e re w ere free a rte rio v e n o u s a n a sto m o se s in
4 of 60 sp ecim en s e x a m in e d b u t th e s e w e re p ro b a b ly cau sed b y
operative in ju ry .
p . C. W .
Fibromyoma angiomatosum o£ uterus. G. H . G a rd n e r (Amer. J.
Obstet. Gynec., 1940, 40, 822— 831).— T h re e tu m o u rs a re d e sc rib e d
which a re d istin g u ish e d fro m o th e r fib ro m y o m a s a n d a p p e a r to b e
p o ten tially m a lig n a n t.
P . C. W .
Carcinoma o£ cervix after supravaginal hysterectomy. C. A.
B chney (Amer. J . Obsiet. Gynec., 1940, 40, 780— 790).— A n a n aly sis
of 67 cases w ith th e conclusion t h a t t h e dise ase p ro c ee d s sim ila rly
to th e disease in cases w h e re th e fu n d u s is r e ta in e d .
P . C. W .
Functional and growth characteristics of strum a ovarii. L . A.
Em ge (Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec., 1940, 40, 738—'750).— T w o cases a re
rep o rted a n d th e lite r a tu r e is review ed. I t is e s tim a te d t h a t 5— 6%
of o v a ria n s tru m a s p ro d u c e th y ro to x ic o sis.
P . C. W .
Cancer of vulva.
F . J . T a u ssig (Amer. J . Obstet. Gynec., 1940, 40,
764— 779).— A n a n a ly sis of 155 cases.
P . C. W .
Carcinoma of body of uterus. N . F . M iller (Amer. J . Obstet.
Gynec., 1940, 40, 791— 803).— A n a ly sis of 183 cases.
P . C. W .
Primary cancer of Fallopian tube. K . H . M a rtz lo il (Amer. J.
Obstet. Gynec., 1940, 40, 804— 821).— A case is d e sc rib e d a n d d is­
cussed.
P . C. W .
Carcinoma of ovary. F . A. P e m b e rto n (Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec.,
1940, 40, 751— 763).— A n a n a ly sis of 149 cases.
P . C. W .
Arachnoidal flbroblastoma (meningioma) with metastases to the
liver. J . B. H a lb le t (Arch. Path., 1944, 37, 216— 221).— A case
report.
C. J . C. B .
Pinealoma : its relationship to teratoma. D . S. R u ssell (J. Path.
Bact., 1944, 56, 145—-150).— B y h isto lo g ic al e x a m in a tio n of 5 cases
it is c o n clu d ed t h a t th e p in e a lo m a is re a lly a n a ty p ic a l te ra to m a .
(20 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J . C. B.
Frequency and course of cancer in diabetics. F . E llin g e r a n d
H. L a n d s m a n (N .Y . Sta. J . Med., 1944, 44, 259— 265).— An in cid en ce
of 3-04% in 1280 d ia b e tic s is re p o rte d . T h e a v era g e life tim e a fte r
onset of c a n c e r sy m p to m s w as 3 '8 y e a rs a n d v a rie d fro m 4-6 in
mild to 0-9 y e a r s in se v e re d iab e tes.
E . M. J .
9 ^Pain-alleviating
material [for cancer cases].— See B ., 1944, I I I ,
Antifibromatogenic action of dehydrocorticosterone.— See A., 1944,
III, 590.
Interrelationships in general nitrogen metabolism.— See A., 1944,
H I, 604.
Effect of long-continued administration of an oestrogen. Time
factor in tumorigenic action of cestrogens.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 594.
, Paralysis of divergence due to cerebellar tumour. — See A ., 1944,
III, 583.
Meigs’ syndrome : hydrothorax and ascites in association with
fibroma of ovary.— See A., 1944, I I I , 592.
X V I I I . — A N IM A L
N U T R IT IO N .
Nutritional oedema in a vegetarian.
J . M . H o lm es (Brit. Med. J.,
I. C.
Famine oedema in prisoners of war. D . S. S te v en so n (Brit. Med.
1944,1, 658— 660).— D iscussion of cases o c c u rrin g in p riso n e rs of
war in G e rm a n y a n d a tt r i b u te d to low p ro te in c o n te n t in th e d iet.
I. C.
1944, I, 620).— C ase re p o rt.
Nutritional requirements in inanition. I. Ability of single food­
stuffs to prolong survival, n . Effect of mineral and vitamin
supplements on survival of animals on single foods. L . E . H o lt, ju n .,
and C. N . K a jd i (Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., 1944, 74, 121— 141,
142— 1 5 1 ),— j . B y fe ed in g r a ts single foodstuffs a n d d e te rm in in g
survival tim e s i t is sh o w n t h a t n u tritio n a l re q u ire m e n ts in in a n itio n
may be q u ite d iffe re n t fro m th o se in n o rm a l g ro w th . D ifficu lty is
experienced in a d a p tin g to a h ig h -p ro te in d ie t b ecau se th e u tilisa tio n
°f p rotein re q u ire s c o n s tru c tio n of new tissu e . S u c h a h ig h -p ro te in adapted a n im a l s u rv iv e s lo n g er th a n o n e on c a rb o h y d ra te o r fa t,
mdicating, in th e la tte r , a deficiency of som e fa c to r p re s e n t in
Protein. R a ts fed c a rb o h y d ra te a lo n e show ed g ra d u a l loss of
670
a p p e tite , c o m m e n cin g u su a lly to w a rd s th e e n d o f th e f ir s t w eek
a n d c o n tin u in g p ro g re ssiv e ly u n til d e a th , a n d o c c u rrin g a t id e n tic a l
tim e s a n d ra te s w h e th e r f a t o r c a r b o h y d ra te w as fed, su g g e stin g
d e p le tio n o f a fa c to r re q u ire d fo r th e u tilis a tio n o f b o th . P ro te in
d ie ts re q u ire d m o st w a te r, c a rb o h y d ra te n e x t, a n d f a t le a st. M a rk ed
differences w ere n o tic e d w ith s u rv iv a l tim e s b e tw e e n d iffe re n t
c a rb o h y d ra te s . G lucose, fru cto se, m alto se , sucrose, a n d in v e r t s u g a r
w ere good a n d lacto se, p e n to se s, s u g a r alcohols, a n d g a la c to se p o o r.
W a te r re q u ire m e n ts o n 'g a la c to s e w ere e n o rm o u s b e ca u se n eed e d
fo r u r in a r y e x c re tio n . D ifferences in su rv iv a l tim e s on d iffe re n t
fa ts w ere e x p la in e d o n ly in p a r t b y ch em ica l c o n s titu tio n .
II.
V itam in -I?! d e ficiency d e v elo p s e a rlie r in in a n itio n th a n
deficiency of o th e r -B fa c to rs o r of m in e rals. E v id e n c e o f still
e a rlie r d e p le tio n of so m e fa c to r (u n d isc o v ere d a cc esso ry fa c to r o r
p ro te in c o m p o n e n t of som e en zy m e n o t sy n th e sise d in ab se n ce of
p ro te in ) c o n ce rn ed in th e u tilis a tio n of c a r b o h y d ra te a n d f a t is
g iv en b y fa ilu re of a p p e tite a s e a rly a s th e 3 rd o r 4 th d a y .
T . F . D.
Improved dentition of 5-year-old London school children. M.
M e lla n b y a n d H . C oum oulos (Brit. Med. J ., 1 9 4 4 ,1, 837— 840).— 19%
of th e c h ild re n h a d te e th of p e rfe c t o r n e a rly p e rfe c t s tr u c tu r e in
1943 c o m p a re d w ith 8 % in 1929. 3 3 % h a d v e ry d e fe c tiv e
te e th
c o m p a re d w ith 5 8 % in 1929. I n 1943 2 2 % o f th e c h ild re n w ere
c aries-free c o m p a re d w ith a b o u t 5 % in 1929. T h ese im p ro v e m e n ts
m a y b e d u e to ch an g e s in feed in g h a b its a n d e sp e cially to th e
in tr o d u c tio n of th e c h e a p m ilk schem e a n d to th e w a rtim e food
policy .
I. C.
Legumes in the diet of the Nyasaland African.— See B ., 1944, I I I ,
182.
Feeding values of green lucerne and lucerne hay. Compositions
and nutritive values of Tanganyika feeding-stuffs.— See B ,, 1944, I I I ,
183.
Simplified diets for the guinea-pig. V . A . K u ik e n , R . H . M cCoy,
M. O. S c h u ltz e , a n d C. G. K in g (J. Nutrition, 1944, 27, 385— 394).—
G u in e a-p ig s s u rv iv e a n d g ro w a t a re d u c e d r a te fo r long p e rio d s o n
sim plified d ie ts c o n ta in in g 5 % o f c ru d e v ita m in c o n c e n tra te s . T h e
b a sa l d ie t c o n ta in in g e q u iv . a m o u n ts of p ro te in , c a r b o h y d ra te , f a t,
a n d m in e ra ls is n o t a d e q u a te w h e n su p p le m e n te d w ith k n o w n
v ita m in s a n d th e n e c e ssity of tw o u n k n o w n d ie ta ry e sse n tia ls is
in d ic a te d . C o m m ercial c asein c o n ta in s o n e fa c to r w h ic h is n o t
p re s e n t in v ita m in -fre e casein , th e o th e r b e in g p re s e n t in ric e p o lish
c o n c e n tra te , b re w e r’s y e a s t, liv e r e x tr a c t p o w d e r, sk im m ilk p o w d e r,
a n d d rie d g ra ss.
H . G. R .
Comparative value of pollen and pollen substitutes, n . Bee
bread and soya-bean flour. M. H . H a y d a k (J. Econ. Entom., 1940,
33, 397— 399).— T h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f y o u n g b ees w a s r e ta r d e d w h e n
fed on a flour p ro c essed fro m ste a m e d d e h u lle d s o y a b e a n s c o n ­
ta in in g 2 2 % of f a t. I n g e n era l, th e no. of b ees re a re d w as lo w er
in colonies fed w ith so y a -b e a n flo u r alone, a n d g re a te r th a n t h a t in
c o n tro ls g iv en a so y a -b e a n flo u r-sk im m ilk m ix tu re , a lth o u g h th e
w ts. of all em e rg in g bees w ere fa irly c o n st. B e e colonies fed p o llen
s u b s titu te s g e n e ra lly h a d a h ig h e r m o r ta lity th a n d id th e c o n tro ls.
A . A . M.
Nutritional aspects of high-extraction wheaten flours. T . M o ra n
( Canad. Med. Assoc. J., 1944, 50, 505— 508).— A review .
C. J . C. B.
Feeding value of yeast-proteins. H . F in k (Woch. Brau., 1944, 61,
1— 5).— 30 w h ite r a ts w ere fed on a d ie t, 15% of th e p ro te in c o n te n t
of w h ic h c o n sisted of w h e a t- a n d ry e -p ro te in s , a n d w as k e p t c o n s t .;
th e re m a in in g 8 5 % w a s v a rie d , a n d th e effects o n t h e g ro w th c u rv e s
w ere n o te d . W h e n m ilk -p ro te in in th is p o rtio n w as c o m p le te ly
s u b s titu te d b y y e a s t-p ro te in , th e food w a s re a d ily e a te n b y th e
ra ts , b u t th e a n im a ls ’ w t. fell off a t once, th e g ro w th r a te fell b y
a p p ro x . 5 0 % , a n d som e o f th e m d ied in less t h a n 180 d a y s fro m
d e te rio ra tio n of th e liv e r. In c lu s io n of 2 % of c y stin e in th e d ie t
re sto re d th e g ro w th c u rv e to n o rm a l. Y e a s t p ro v id e s re a d ily
d ig estib le p ro te in in a h ig h ly conc. fo rm ; t o o b ta in i ts fu ll v a l.
sm all q u a n titie s o f c y s tin e o r k e r a tin sh o u ld b e a d d e d to th e d ie t.
J . G.
Physiological nutrient value of yeast-protein. A . B ick el (Biochem.
Z., 1942, 310, 355— 377).— F e e d in g e x p e rim e n ts o n m en, r a ts , a n d
pig s w ere c a rrie d o u t w ith fresh a n d d rie d b re w e r’s y e a s t, x y lo se
y e a s t, a n d p re p s, o b ta in e d fro m th e s e b y a lk a lin e e x tr a c tio n a n d
su b s e q u e n t p p tn . of th e e x tr a c ts w ith a cid alcohol. I n a ll cases
th e r e is a n in c re a s e in faecal re sid u e a n d N c o n te n t. L iv e r-g ly c o g e n
is u n a ffe c te d b y a d ie t of d rie d y e a s t, a s is th e c ase w ith a c asein
d ie t, w h ils t y e a s t-p ro te in p re p s, p ro d u c e a rise . A ll th e s e p ro d u c ts
fo rm a v a lu a b le so u rc e of p r o te in b o th fo r h u m a n a n d a n im a l
n u tr itio n .
p . q . ¡yj_
Dietary protein and physical fitness in temperature and hot environ­
ments. G. C. P itts , F . C. C onsolazio, a n d R . E . J o h n s o n [w ith J .
P o u lin , A . R a zo y k , a n d J . S ta ch e lek ] (J. Nutrition, 1944, 27, 497—
508).— V a ria tio n in th e lev e l o f d ie ta ry p ro te in (75— 150 g. p e r
day) h a d n o effect on p e rfo rm a n c e of w o rk in h o t—d r y a n d h o t m o is t e n v iro n m e n ts , a n d p h y sic a l fitn e ss u n d e r te m p e ra te c o n d itio n s
w a s u n c h a n g e d . M e tab o lism w h ile re c lin in g a n d s ta n d in g d id n o t
differ a c c o rd in g to th e p ro te in level th o u g h i t w a s s lig h tly low er
671
A I I I —xviii, ANIMAL N U TR ITIO N .
w hile m a rc h in g o n th e lo w -p ro te in level. M inor c h an g e s in b o d y
w t. w ith a m ax . d u rin g th e h ig h -p ro te in p e rio d a n d n o sig n ific a n t
c h an g e s in th e p la s m a -p ro te in level w e re o b se rv ed .
H . G. R .
Clinical [feeding w ith] enzym ic digest of casein. A. F . H a rtm a n n ,
H . J . L aw ler, a n d C. S. M eeker ( / . Pediat., 1944, 24, 371— 386).— T h e
u se of am in o -ac id so lu tio n s e ith e r o ra lly o r p a re n te ra lly p re v e n ts
o r re d u c e s loss o f b o d y -p ro te in b y c h ild re n w ho c a n n o t d e riv e
a d e q u a te n u tr itio n fro m n a tu r a l foods ta k e n b y m o u th . W h e n
c o m b in e d w ith glucose a n d v ita m in s i t m ak e s p o ssib le c o m p le te
p a r e n te r a l feed in g o v e r lo n g p e rio d s. W ith glucose a n d " b u ffer ”
so lu tio n , i t is of v a l. on re su m in g e n te ra l feedings in d y se n te ry ,
" p a r e n te r a l ” d iarrh o e a, p e rito n itis , a n d p o s to p e ra tiv e c o n d itio n s.
T h e te c h n iq u e is d e scrib ed . S e v e re d e h y d ra tio n o r th e p resen ce of
a v e ry low p la s m a -p ro te in o r a p o o r p e rip h e ra l c irc u la tio n a f te r
h y d ra tio n is a c o n tra in d ic a tio n to th e s u b c u ta n e o u s a d m in is tr a tio n
of a n y so lu tio n of c ry sta llo id s su c h a s t h e " a m ig c n ” glucose
m ix tu re s. T h e y te n d to re m a in lo ca lly w h e re in je c te d a n d to
w ith d ra w w a te r fro m th e blood a n d tissu e s.
C. J . C. B.
C om parative n u tritiv e v alu e of fa ts . IV . N egative effect of
different fa ts o n fe rtility a n d la c ta tio n in th e ra t. H . J . D euel, ju n .,
E . M o v itt, a n d L . F . H a llm a n [w ith E . B row n] (J. Nutrition, 1944,
27, 509— 513).— N o differences w ere o b se rv ed in th e f e rtility of m ale
o r fem ale r a ts re c e iv in g d ie ts fro m 21 d a y s of age of m in e ralise d
sk im m ilk p o w d e r fortified w ith fa t-so l. v ita m in s to g e th e r w ith
b u tte r , m a rg a rin e , m aize, c o tto n se e d , olive, p e a n u t, o r so y a -b e a n
oil. T h ese d ie ts w ere e q u a lly efficient in p ro m o tin g la c ta tio n as
ju d g e d b y th e w t. of r a ts w e an e d a t 14 or 21 d a y s.
H . G. R .
E ffects of p o ta s siu m iodide o n sk e letal tissu e s of gro w in g m ice.—
See A ., 1944, I I I , 517.
V ita m in s .
U nidentified fa cto r(s) in y e a s t a n d liv e r e sse n tia l to th e c u re of
a c h ro m o tric h ia in dogs o n sy n th e tic d iets. D. V . F r o s t a n d F . P .
D a n n (J. Nutrition, 1944, 27, 355— 362).— G row ing p u p s fed s y n th e tic
d ie ts a n d re ce iv in g th ia m in , rib o fla v in , n ic o tin a m id e , p a n to th e n a te ,
p y rid o x in e , a n d c h o lin e o ra lly o r b y in je c tio n re sp o n d e d e q u a lly
w ell to b o th ty p e s of a d m in is tra tio n . T h e y d e v elo p ed a c h ro m o ­
t r ic h ia a n d d e cre ased g ro w th o f h a ir in 2— 11 m o n th s . T h is w as
n o t re liev e d b y in o sito l, p -a m in o b e n z o ic acid, o r b io tin b u t w as
c u re d w ith c o n c u rre n t g e n era l im p ro v e m e n t in b o d y to n e a n d in
th e blood p ic tu re b y y e a s t, liv e r p a ste , o r th e liv e r e x tr a c t fra c tio n
in so l. in 7 0 % a q . alcohol.
H . G. R .
In flu en ce of v a rio u s ch em icals a n d v ita m in deficiencies o n e xcretion
of g lu cu ro n ic acid in r a t.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 550.
V ita m in re q u ire m e n ts of la c to se -fe rm e n tin g a n d c e rta in o th e r y easts.
— See A ., 1944, I I I , 559.
V ita m in c o n te n t of p ru n e s a s affected by sto ra g e a n d o th e r fa cto rs.
— Sec B „ 1944, I I I , 182.
V itam in losses in c o m m ercially p roduced d e h y d rated vegetables :
cabbage, p o tato e s, c a rro ts, a n d o n io n s.— See B ., 1944, I I I , 162.
V ita m in -/! a n d -D in tre a tm e n t of colds. C. W . C ra m p to n (N .Y .
Sta. J . Med., 1944, 44, 162.— 166).— 150,000 u n its of v ita m in -/!
+ 15,000 u n its of -D (as c o d -liv er oil c o n c e n tra te ) w e re given on
th e firs t d a y d iv id e d in to 3 e q u a l doses, a t h ir d of th is dose on th e
se c o n d , a n d tw o th ird s on th e t h ir d d a y in 112 cases of t h e " com m on
c o ld .” 3 0 % w ere c u re d w ith in 24 h r. a n d 5 2 % in a few d a y s.
E . M. J .
V ita m in -/! a b so rp tio n te s t in cases of g iard iasis. C. P . K a tsa m p e s,
A. B. M cC oord, a n d W , A. P h illip s (Amer. J . Dis. Child., 1944, 67,
189— 193).— In fe c tio n w ith Giardia lamblia in c h ild re n se rio u sly
in te rfe re d w ith th e a b s o rp tio n of v ita m in - /! . A fte r t h e p a ra s ite s w ere
e lim in a te d b y t r e a tm e n t w ith q u in a c rin e h y d ro c h lo rid e , th e h e a lth
of th e p a tie n ts a n d th e ir a b ility to a b so rb -A w ere m u c h im ­
p ro v e d . In p a tie n ts w ith cceliac disease, tr e a tm e n t w ith q u in a c rin e
h y d ro c h lo rid e d id n o t im p ro v e -A a b so rp tio n .
C. J . C. B.
V ita m in -/! a n d th e toxic a c tio n of d ib en z an th ra ce n e o n th e tissu e s.—
S ee A ., 1944, I I I , 542.
A b so rp tio n of c aro ten e .
R . J . S h a w a n d H . J . D euel, ju n . ( / .
Nutrition, 1944, 27, 395— 401).-—T h e r a te of a b s o rp tio n of c a ro te n e
b y r a ts is p ro p o rtio n a l t o t h e dose fed, t h e v a l. calc, a s i.u . b e in g
p ra c tic a lly id e n tic a l w ith th o se p re v io u s ly fo u n d fo r vitam in-.-!
(R e ifm an et al.. A ., I l l , 1944, 43) in s p ite of tw o th ird s o f th e c a ro te n e
in th e h ig h e r doses b e in g in su sp en sio n . T h e co n cn . re a c h e s a
m a x . in th e g u t w a ll a t 12 h r. a n d c o n sid era b le a m o u n ts re m a in
th e r e a t 42 h r. th o u g h all h a s b e e n re m o v e d fro m th e lu m e n . T h e
a m o u n ts o f f a t a n d c a ro te n e a b so rb e d m a y b e c o rre la te d a n d th e
lim itin g fa c to r is th e tra n s fe re n c e th ro u g h th e in te s tin a l w all,
a b s o rp tio n fro m th e lu m e n b e in g m o re ra p id .
H . G. R .
C arotenoid c o n te n t of m ilk fa t fra c tio n s .— See B ., 1944, I I I , 161.
N a tu re of c a ro ten e s in lu ce rn e.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 568,
A bsence of ra p id d e te rio ra tio n in m e n doing h a rd p h y sic al w o rk on
a re stric te d in ta k e of v ita m in s of th e B com plex. A. K e y s, A . H e n sc h e l, H . L . T a y lo r, O. M ickelscn, a n d J . B rozek (J. Nutrition, 1944,
672
27, 485— 496).— N o rm a l y o u n g m e n w ere m a in ta in e d on rigidly
c o n tro lle d d ie t, p h y sic a l w o rk , a n d e x h a u s tiv e te s ts w ith restricted
in ta k e o f th e v ita m in -B com plex. T h e v ita m in in ta k e a n d lim it­
a tio n w ere w ith o u t effect o n a ll th e fu n c tio n s m e a su re d (com pre­
h e n siv e c lin ic a l e x a m in a tio n , o b je c tiv e te s ts c o v erin g endurance,
a n a e ro b ic w o rk , speed, c o -o rd in a tio n , a n d m u scle s tre n g th ) a n d of
th e v a ria b le s m ea su re d o n ly th e v ita m in e x c re tio n in th e urine
re fle cte d t h e in ta k e .
TI. G. R.
In tra c e llu la r sym biosis a n d v ita m in re q u ire m e n ts of insects.
M. B le w e tt a n d G. F ra e n k e l (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1944, B, 132, 212—
221).—-U n tre a te d larvm o f Sitodrepa panicea a n d Lasioderma serricorne g ro w v e ry m u c h b e tte r o n food (e.g., w h ite flour) deficient in
B -v ita m in s th a n do l a r v a free d fro m th e i r in tra c e llu la r sym bionts.
W h e n th e d ie t (e.g., w h o lem eal flour -J- y e ast) is ric h in B -vitam ins
th e r e is no su c h d ifference in g ro w th ra te . T h e g ro w th of un treated
Lasioderma l a r v a is o n ly s lig h tly o r n o t a t all re ta r d e d b y om itting
th ia m in , rib o fla v in , n ic o tin ic acid, p y rid o x in e , o r p a n to th e n ic acid
fro m a s y n th e tic d ie t c o n ta in in g „the p u re B -v ita m in s . These
v ita m in s , e x c e p t th ia m in , m a y sim ila rly b e o m itte d fro m th e diet
o f u n tr e a te d Sitodrepa l a r v a . S in ce t h e tr e a te d larv a ; of both
species fail to grow in th e ab se n ce of a n y of th e se v ita m in s, i t is
co n clu d ed t h a t th e sy m b io n ts s u p p ly B -v ita m in s . B o th species
p o ssib ly re q u ire also u n id e n tifie d g ro w th fa c to rs.
W . McC.
V ita m in -B com plex stu d ie s on d e h y d rated m e a ts.— See B ., 1944,
I I I , 182.
R iboflavin a n d th ia m in re q u ire m e n ts of ch ild ren of pre-school age.
H . O ld h a m , F . J o h n s to n , S. K leigcr, a n d H . H . A rism endi (J.
Nutrition, 1944, 27, 435— 446).— T h e 1-hr. fa s tin g e x c re tio n s a n d the
4- a n d 24-hr. t e s t dose re tu r n s of th ia m in a n d rib o fla v in correlate
w ell w ith eac h o th e r a n d w ith th e in ta k e , b u t th e blood-thiam in
does n o t a g ree w ith t h e in ta k e a n d w ith o th e r te s ts of nu tritio n al
s t a tu s a n d is a less re liab le t e s t fo r d e te rm in a tio n of n utritional
s ta tu s . T h e rib o fla v in re q u ire m e n t w a s fixed a t th e low est level
g iv in g a s te a d y e x c re tio n a n d th e th ia m in r e q u ire m e n t a t a n average
d a ily e x c re tio n of 2 0 % o f th e in ta k e , d ecid ed in cre ases in th e fasting
1-hr. e x c re tio n a n d te s t dose re tu r n s , a n d blood levels of a t least
7-0 ¡ig. p e r 100 c.c. In ta k e s of 0-50 m g. o f th ia m in a n d riboflavin
p e r 1000 k g .-c a l. sa tis fy th e se re q u ire m e n ts. T h e r e tu r n in 4 hr.
o f 2 0 % of a t e s t dose of rib o fla v in a n d of 12% of a t e s t dose of
th ia m in o r fa stin g 1-hr. e x c re tio n o f 9 fig. of rib o fla v in a n d 6 jug.
of th ia m in is in d ic a tiv e of s a tis fa c to ry n u tr itio n a l s ta tu s .
H . G. R.
V itam in -B ! n u tr itio n in su rg ic al p a tie n ts a s d eterm in ed by the
blood level of pyruvic acid. I . H e p atic disease. I I. Thyroid
disease. H I. R e n a l disease, n e o p la stic disease, a n d infection.
H . A. D a v is a n d F . K . B a u e r (Arch. Surg. Chicago, 1944, 48, 185—
189, 190— 192, 193— 196).— I. I n 27 of 32 p a tie n ts suffering from
v a rio u s form s of h e p a tic disease th e b lo o d lev els o f p y ru v ic acid
v a rie d b e tw e e n 1-5 a n d 4-25 m g. p e r 100 c.c., w h e rea s in a control
series o f p a tie n ts th e ra n g e of v als. w as 0-5— 1-3 m g. p e r 100 c.c.
T h e re d u c tio n of h e p a tic fu n c tio n w a s th e m o st sig n ific a n t mtiological
fa c to r p ro b a b ly b y d im in ish e d c a p a c ity t o p h o sp h o w ria te vitamin-rBiI I . T h e p y ru v ic acid blo o d levels in 7 cases or n o n -to x ic goitre
v a rie d fro m 0-45 to 1-3 m g .-% a n d in 16 cases o f to x ic go itre the
ra n g e w a s 1-45— 3-5 m g .-% . T h e b lo o d level in to x ic g o itre could
b e re d u ce d b y th e a d m in is tra tio n o f I.
I I I . R e n a l disease e v e n w h e n a sso c ia te d w ith sev e re failure of
re n a l fu n c tio n w as n o t a cc o m p a n ie d b y a n in c re a se of p y ru v ic acid
in t h e blo o d in 11 p a tie n ts . T h e b lo o d -p y ru v ic a c id rvas increased
in 14 of 19 p a tie n ts w ith m a lig n a n t dise ase a n d w as especially
a sso c ia te d w ith fe v er a n d n u tritio n . O f 38 cases of v a rio u s infec­
tio n s IS h a d in c re a se d p y ru v ic a c id blo o d levels.
F . S.
V ita m in in te rre la tio n sh ip s. H I. In flu en ce of su b -o p tim u m doses
of th ia m in on u rin a ry excretio n s of riboflavin. B. S u re (J. Nutrition,
1944, 27,-447— 4 52).— C hronic th ia m in d eficiency in r a ts is accom­
p a n ie d b y c o n sid e ra b le losses of rib o fla v in in th e u rin e, u n c o m p l i c a t e d
b y b o d y tis s u e c a ta b o lism .
H . G. 1?.
R ole of th ia m in in sy n th e sis of fa tty acids fro m carbohydrate
p re cu rso rs. G. E . B o x e r a n d D . S te tte n , ju n . (J. Biol. Chetn., 1944,
153, 607— 616).— R a ts w ere fed on a h ig h -c a rb o h y d ra te , fat-free
d ie t. L a c k of a n e u rin led to a d e cre asin g in ta k e of food, a fall in
b o d y w t., a n d a d e cre ase in d e p o sitio n of f a t t y acids. T h e latter
w ere calc, b y a d d in g D aO t o th e d iet, a n d a n a ly sin g th e isotope in
th e b o d y fa ts. T h e d e cre a se d f a t t y a c id s y n th e sis w as d u e to lack
of food in ta k e r a th e r th a n to sp . a c tio n of a n e u rin . T h e fa c t t h a t the
s a tu r a te d f a t t y a cid s w e re ric h e r in D t h a n w ere th e sin g ly u nsatur­
a te d a cid s in d ic a te d t h a t s a tu r a te d a cid s a re th e p rim a r y products
of f a t t y acid s y n th e sis in r a ts . D w as n e a rly e q u a lly distrib u ted
in b o th h a lv e s of th e f a t t y a cid m ols. D fo u n d in ty ro sin e m ust
h a v e b e e n in tro d u c e d d u rin g a p ro c ess o f d e a m in a tio n a n d reanuna tio n .
J . F . M.
C hem ical d e te rm in a tio n of th ia m in a n d cocarboxylase ia
biological m a te ria l. B. A le x a n d e r ( / . Biol. Chem., 1943, 151,
455— 465).— T h ia m in vals. a re re p o rte d fo r a n im a l tissues, 2 pre­
p a re d cereals, a n d h u m a n frcces, a ssa y e d b y th e P rebluda-M cC ollum
m e th o d . M o st of th e a n e u rin in a n im a l tis su e is p h o sphorylated.
673
A I I I —x v iii, ANIMAL N U TR ITIO N .
The concn. of a n e u rin in a n im a l tis su e a n d faeces c a n b e in cre ased
by in je c tio n of th e v ita m in .
R. L. E.
Vitamin content of bee foods. II. Vitamin-Bj content of royal
jelly and bee bread. M . H . H a y d a k a n d L. S. P a lm e r ( / Econ.
Entom., 1940, 33, 396— 397).— O n t h e b a sis of th e c u ra tiv e dose for
convulsions in ra ts , ro y a l je lly h a d a v ita m in - S , a c tiv ity of a b o u t 9
and bee b re a d 6-4 ng. o f th ia m in c h lo rid e p e r g. of d r y m a tte r.
A. A. M.
Influence of level of thiamin intake on susceptibility of mice to
poliomyelitis virus.— See A., 1944, I I I , 506.
Tissue-thiamin in hsemorrhagic shock.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 526.
Cultivation in vino of B. lepra; with thiamin culture medium.— See
A., 1944,' I I I , 503.
Vitamin-Rj and riboflavin in brewing.— See B ., 1944, I I I , 158.
Riboflavin and allied deficiencies. H . S. S ta n n u s {Brit. Med. J.,
1944, I I , 103—-105, 140— 144).-—A rev iew of th e h is to ry a n d sy m p ­
toms of v ita m in - B 2 deficiency. I t is su g g e ste d t h a t th e c o n d itio n
is th e re s u lt of a c a p illa ry d e ra n g e m e n t ow ing to la c k of a d e q u a te
supply of rib o fla v in .
I. C.
Riboflavin content of food served in Royal Air Force messes.
T. F . M acrae, E . C. B a rto n -W rig h t, a n d A. M. C opp in g (Biochem.
/ . , 1944, 38, 132— 135).— R e p re s e n ta tiv e sa m p le s of all th e m eals
served a t 9 R .A .F . S ta tio n s w ere a ssa y e d for rib o fla v in b y th e r a t
grow th a n d m icro b io lo g ical m e th o d s. A g re e m e n t b e tw ee n th e tw o
m ethods w as good. T h e a v e ra g e d a ily in ta k e for m en (4 sta tio n s)
was 2-0 m g., a n d for w'om en (5 sta tio n s) 1-8 m g. S ince no sig n s of
riboflavin deficiency' a p p e a re d in a n y of th e s e su b je c ts, th e d a ily
re q u ire m e n t for a d u lts is p ro b ab ly ' n o t m o re th a n 2 m g.
R . L. E .
Congenital malformations induced in rats by maternal nutritional
deficiency. VI. The preventive factor. J . W a rk a n y a n d E . S chraffenberger (J. Nutrition, 1944, 27, 477— 484).— T h e c o n g e n ita l m a l­
form ations (A ., 1943, I I I , 191) a re p re v e n te d b y su p p le m e n ts of
riboflavin b u t n o t a ffected b y th ia m in h y d ro c h lo rid e, n iac in , p y rid oxine, o r C a p a n to th e n a te . I f th e p u rifie d m a te rn a l d ie t c o n ta in s
the v ita m in -B c o m p le x a s p u re su b s ta n c e s th e m a lfo rm a tio n s a p p e a r
when rib o fla v in is o m itte d .
H . G. R .
Destruction of riboflavin in milk by sunlight. W . J . P e te rso n ,
F. M. H a ig , a n d A. O. S h a w ( / . Amer. Chem. Soc., 1944, 66, 662—
663).— M ilk in p in t m ilk -b o ttle s loses its rib o fla v in ra p id ly on e x p o ­
sure to su n lig h t, e.g., 27— 5 4 % in 1 h r. D e g ra d a tio n ceases if th e
milk is s u b s e q u e n tly k e p t cold in th e d a rk .
.
R . S. C.
Ariboflavinosis as probable cause of vernal conjunctivitis.— See A.,
1944, I I I , 529.
Nicotinic acid in products of commercial rice milling and in rice
varieties.— See B ., 1944, I I I , 181.
Microbiological aspects of riboflavin. Bacterial oxidation of ribo­
flavin to lumichrome.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 561.
Effect of pyridoxine on tumour growth.— See A., 1944, I I I , 542.
Pantothenic acid deficiency in dogs. R . H . S ilb er ( / . Nutrition,
1944, 27, 425— 433).— F ir s t sy m p to m s in p u p s a re a n e rra tic , d e ­
creasing a p p e tite a n d a decrease in u rin a ry p a n to th e n ic acid, g ro w th
and food in ta k e sh o w in g p a ra lle l d ecreases p rio r to co llapse a fte r
2 m o n th s. A d e la y e d effect o n a p p e tite is o b serv ed in o ld er d o g s;
u rin ary p a n to th e n ic acid d e cre ased slig h tly b u t is e sse n tia lly n o rm a l
after 3 m o n th s ’ d e p le tio n sin ce th e re q u ire m e n t of o ld er dogs is low er.
The concn. of p a n to th e n ic a cid in blood a n d tissu e s of d e p le te d dogs
is below t h a t o f c o n tro ls dosed w ith larg e a m o u n ts of C a p a n to ­
th en a te b u t sig n ific a n tly low levels a re fo u n d o n ly in liv er, m uscle,
brain, a n d blo o d c o m p a red w ith n o rm a l dogs. R e p e a te d o ral
dosage -with C a p a n to th e n a te in cre ases tis su e levels a b o v e n o rm al
and h a s a d e la y in g effect o n th e p ro g ress of s u b s e q u e n t d e p le tio n .
F a tty liv e rs w ere th e o n ly p a th o lo g ic a l ch an g es o b se rv ed , p a r tic u ­
larly in d e p le te d p u p s b u t also in c o n tro l dogs on th e sam e d ie t
supplem ented w ith C a p a n to th e n a te u n less th e y receive d ried ox
liver in a d d itio n . S p a s tic ity of th e h in d q u a r te rs is o b se rv ed d u rin g
the last w eek o f th e deficiency.
H . G. R .
Identification of folic acid as one of u n k n o w n d ieta ry essentials for
guinea-pigs. D . W . W oolley a n d H . S p rin ce (J. Biol. Chem., 1944,
153, 687— 688).— A folic acid-free p re p , of liv e r e x tr a c t w'as n o t
sufficient to m a in ta in th e g ro w th of g u in ea-p ig s o n a n oth erw ise
v itam in-com plete d ie t, b u t w h en folic a cid c o n c e n tra te o r th e p u re
acid w as a d d e d g ro w th w as re su m ed . T h ere fo re folic a cid is
regarded a s G P F 1 , G P F 2 b e in g cellulose a n d p ro te in , a n d G P F 3
being in th e P b a c e ta te -C p re p , fro m liv e r e x tr a c t (cf. A ., 1942, III,
703)
J. F . M.
Vitamin-.B10 a n d -B n a n d th e ir re la tio n to “ folic acid ” activ ity .
G- M. B rices, iu n ., T . D . L u ck e y , C. A. E lv e h jem , a n d E . B. H a r t
[J- Biol. Chem., 1944, 153, 423— 4 3 4 ; cf. A., 1943, III, 753).—
Methods for p a r tia l s e p a ra tio n of “ folic acid ” (i.e., th e tw o fa c to rs
accessary fo r g ro w th of Streptococcus lactis R a n d Lactobacillus
fMet), v ita m in -B 10 a n d - B ,, a re d e scrib ed .
-Bio a n d - B n a rc n o t
■dentical w ith d -a m i n o b e n z o i c , ascorbic, th y m u s-n u cle ic acid, or
674
th y m in e (a lth o u g h th e s e h a v e som e g ro w th -p ro m o tin g o r fe a th e rfo rm in g a c tiv ity ) o r w ith ¿/-ly sin e, /-try p to p h a n , a sp a ra g in e , g l u t ­
a m in e , x a n th in e , g u a n in e , u ra c il, a d e n in e , x a n th o p te rin , a d e n y lth io m e th y lp e n to sc o r ¿ -g lu ta m ic , /-a s p a rtic , pim elic, y e ast-n u c le ic,
ad en y lic, o r w i-am inobcnzoic a cid . L iv e r-ash , Co, B , Si, N i, Mo,
a n d A1 h a v e n o -B 10 o r - B n a c tiv ity . - B ]0 a n d - B ,, a re in so l. in
org. so lv e n ts, h e a t-s ta b le , s ta b le t o h o t a lk a li, b u t in a c tiv a te d b y
h o t acid a n d w 'holly o r p a r tl y in a c tiv a te d b y H 20 2 a n d H N O .,.
" F o lic acid ” a c tiv ity is n o t id e n tic a l w ith a n ti-a n m m ia a c tiv ity
a n d does n o t seem to b e e s s e n tia l fo r g ro w th a n d h e a lth of th e
ch ic k .
w . M cC.
Folic acid. I. Concentration from spinach, n . Adsorption.
HI. Chemical and physiological properties. IV. Absorption spectra
— See A ., 1944, I I , 244.
Survey of vitam in-C level in wartime in pregnant women. A. A.
C raig, F . J . W . L ew is, a n d D . W o o d m a n (Brit. Med. / . , 1944, I,
455— 457).— U n d e r w a rtim e c o n d itio n s th e d e g ree of s a tu r a tio n
w ith v ita rh in -C in a g ro u p o f 40 p r e g n a n t w o m e n v a rie d w id e ly b u t
w as on th e low side. T h e re is a m a rk e d se a so n al v a ria tio n , th e
su b je c ts b e co m in g m o re s a tu r a te d fro m J u n e to O c to b er. W h ile
th e re is n o e v id e n ce t h a t th e low d e g ree of s a tu r a tio n w as a cc o m ­
p a n ie d b y ill h e a lth , i t a p p e a rs t h a t anaem ia a n d sp o n g y g u m s in
p r e g n a n t w o m e n h a v e in c re a se d d u rin g th e w a r.
I. C.
Variations in ascorbic acid according to season, temperature, and
sunlight. E . F ro m m e l a n d M. L o u tfi (Arch. Sci. pliys. nat., 1944,
[v], 26, Suppl., 30— 33).— A scorbic acid in o rg a n s of th e g u in ea -p ig
w as a t a m in . in F e b r u a ry , a n d in c re a se d g ra d u a lly u n til O c to b er.
T h e m ax . in c re a se (20 tim es) o c cu rre d in th e a d re n a ls , a n d th e m in .
(3 tim ?s) in th e h e a r t. T h e m a x . su n lig h t (315 h r.) a n d m e a n te m p .
(18°) o c c u rre d in J u n e . N o o b se rv a tio n s w e re m a d e in Ju ly ,
A u g u st, o r S e p te m b e r.
p . G. M.
Carbohydrate metabolism and vitamin-C. E . F ro m m el, E . A ron,
a n d J . A ro n (Arch. Sci. phys. nat., 1944, [v], 26, Suppl., 58— 62).—
G u in ea-p ig s o n a sc o rb u tic d ie t e x h ib it firs t a hyperglycacm ic p e rio d
w ith a m e a n in c re a se of 25 m g. of glucose p e r 100 c.c. d u rin g th e
firs t 5 d a y s a n d , secondly, a h y p o g ly c e m ic p e rio d in w hich th e
p h e n o m e n o n is p ro g ressiv e u p to d e a th o f th e a n im a l a n d w h ich
coincides w ith th e d isa p p e a ra n c e o f c e llu la r a sc o rb ic a cid . T h ese
p h e n o m e n a a re u n a ffe c te d b y a d m in is tr a tio n of in su lin , glucose,
a d re n a l c o rtic a l h o rm o n e, o r v ita m in s -B .
P . G. M.
Bioassay of antiscorbutic substances. Assays of dehydroascorbic acid, 2-ketogulonic acid, and iron ascorbate. Effectiveness
of oral and parenteral administration of ascorbic acid. B . S. G ould
a n d H . S h w a c h m a n [w ith J . F . L en n e y ] (J. Biol. Chem., 1943, 151,
439— 453).— U n d e r s ta n d a r d c o n d itio n s, th e re is a c rit. d a ily in ta k e
fo r g u in ea-p ig s of 0-225 m g. of asc o rb ic a cid , b elow w h ic h a s h a rp
fall in th e level of p la s m a a lk a lin e p h o s p h a ta s e occurs. T h is form s
th e b a sis of a 5 -d a y c u ra tiv e a ssay , follow ing a d e p le tio n p e rio d of
18— 25 d a y s. B y th is m e th o d , d e h y d ro -/-a sc o rb ic a c id a n d F e
a s c o rb a te w ere fo u n d to h a v e S 0% of th e a c tiv ity of a sc o rb ic acid,
¿-¿soascorbic a cid 5— 7 % , a n d ¿-g lu c o asco rb ic a n d 2 -k eto g u lo n ic
a cid s n o a c tiv ity . T h e re is a p r o b a b le loss of 2 7 % w h e n asco rb ic
a cid is g iv en o rally , c o m p a re d w ith su b c u ta n e o u s o r in tr a p e rito n e a l
in je c tio n .
R. L. E.
Mechanism of protective action of ascorbic acid in anaphylactic
shock in guinea-pigs. E . F ro m m el, E . A ron, a n d J . A ro n (Arch.
Sci. phys. nat., 1944, [v], 26, Suppl., 22— 26).— A sco rb ic a cid does
n o t in h ib it th e lib e ra tio n o f h ista m in e , w h ich is c h a ra c te ris tic of
a.n ap h y lactic shock, a lth o u g h in tr a v e n o u s in je c tio n of larg e doses,
lik e in je c tio n of a q . 14% N aC l, d ecre ases th e s e n s itiv ity to a su b s e ­
q u e n t a n a p h y la c tic re a c tio n . P e r c o rtin does n o t in h ib it d e v e lo p ­
m e n t of fa ta l sy m p to m s of sh o c k in g u in ea -p ig s t h a t h a v e been
d e p riv e d of a sc o rb ic a cid .
p . G. M.
Ascorbic acid and anaphylactic shock of isolated organs. E .
F ro m m el, E . A ron a n d J . A ro n (Arch. Sci. phys. nat., 1944, [vj, 26,
Suppl., 26— 30).— A scorbic a cid does n o t a b o lish th e S c h u ltz -D a le
re a c tio n in iso la te d o rg a n s, ev en w h e n th e ir v ita m in -C c o n te n t is
a m ax . H o rse se ru m c o n ta in in g 1% of a sc o rb ic acid d e s tro y s
1— 2 ng. of h ista m in e p e r c.c. in 30 m in . a t 37°, p ro v id e d t h a t
e sse n tia l co-en zy m es a re also p re s e n t.
p . G. M,
Action of vitam in-C in respiration of living cells. P . J o y e tL a v e rg n e (Compt. rend., 1942, 215, 306— 308).— T h e re s p ira tio n of
som e a n im a l cells is in c re a se d b y v ita m in -C . N o rm a lly th e cells
h a v e sufficient -C a n d i t is o n ly w h e re a deficiency o c cu rs t h a t th is
a c tio n is a p p a re n t.
pj. G. R.
Ascorbic acid in ra t leprosy. R . O. P ru d h o m m e (Ann. Inst.
Pasteur, 1943, 69, 215— 218).-—T h e liv e r, spleen, a n d a d re n a ls of r a ts
in fec te d w ith Mycobacterium leprce muris c o n ta in e d m o re a sc o rb ic
acid th a n th o se of n o rm a l r a ts . T h e local lesions c o n ta in e d a n
a v e ra g e of 0-65 m g. of a sc o rb ic acid p e r g., b e in g su rp a ss e d o n ly b y
th e a d re n a ls , w h ic h c o n ta in e d 1-0 m g. p e r g. T h e in je c tio n of 0-03 g.
of a sc o rb ic acid e v e ry 3 d a y s fo r 45 d a y s fa v o u re d th e g ro w th of th e
local lesions b u t h a d n o in flu e n ce o n g e n e ra lisa tio n o f th e in fec tio n .
F . S.
A I I I —x ix , METABOLISM, G EN ERA L AND SPECIAL.
675
U lcerativ e s to m a titis a sso c iated w ith a v ita m in o sis in M alta. E .
L a p ir a (Brit. Dent. J., 1943, 74, 257— 260).— A n o u tb re a k of u lce r­
a tiv e s to m a titis follow ed a p e rio d of c o n tin u o u s a ir ra id s a n d v ita m in
deficiency. T h e m a in deficiency w a s p ro b a b ly in -C a s su p p o rte d
also b y a series of cases i n w h ic h a sc o rb ic a cid o r fru its w ere g iven.
I . C.
In tra d e rm a l te s t fo r v ita m in -C su b -n u tritio n . L . B. S lo b o d y (J.
Lab. clin. Med., 1944, 29, 464— 471).— A 4-m m . in tr a d e r m a l w h e al is
m a d e w ith x ./3 0 0 -d ic h lo ro p h e n o l-in d o p h e n o l so lu tio n a n d th e tim e
of d isa p p e a ra n c e of t h e b lu e c o lo u r n o te d . O f 59 p a tie n ts w ith
b lo o d -v ita m in -C levels below 0-3 m g .-% , th e s k in t e s t tim e s w ere
m o re t h a n 14 m in . in 54. In 10 c h ild re n w ith -C deficiency, th e
b lood levels fell, a n d th e s k in t e s t tim e s b e cam e p ro lo n g ed . T h e
sk in t e s t tim e s w ere th e n re d u c e d t o n o rm a l follow ing a d m in is tra tio n
of a sc o rb ic a cid . A s k in t e s t tim e o f m o re th a n 14 m in . su g g e sts
d e fin ite u n s a tu ra tio n , 9— 13 m in . m ild u n s a tu ra tio n , a n d less th a n
9 m in . a n o rm a l -C c o n te n t.
C. J . C. B .
Case o î m e th æ m o g lo b in æ m ia [tre a te d w ith asco rb ic acid].— See
See A ., 1944, I I I , 523.
P ossible re la tio n sh ip b etw een v ita m in -C a n d calcificatio n .— See A.,
1944, I I I , 517.
E ffect of /-asco rb ic acid o n ep ith e lial sh e e ts in tissu e c u ltu re s.— See
A ., 1944, I I I , 521.
Sources of v ita m in -C .
I I I , 182.
n.
A lb e rta n a tiv e f ru its .— S e e B ., 1944,
A scorbic a cid c o n te n t of 39 v a rie tie s of sn a p b ean s.— See A., 1944,
I I I , 567.
E ffect of tim e a n d te m p e ra tu re of sto ra g e on v ita m in -C re te n tio n in
c an n e d c itru s ju ic e s.— See B ., 1944, I I I , 163.
Is th e p ro d u c tio n of e x p erim e n tal ric k e ts b o u n d specifically w ith
la c k of eq u ilib riu m betw een c alciu m a n d p h o sp h o ru s in th e d ie t?
R . L eco q (Compt. rend., 1942, 215, 330— 332).— E x p e rim e n ta l ric k e ts
is n o t c o n s is te n tly p ro d u c e d in r a ts b y in c re a s in g th e P c o n te n t of
t h e r a tio n w ith N a 2H P 0 4. S u b s titu tio n of N a 2H P 0 4 b y N a c itr a te
o r, b e tte r , N a H C O , p ro d u c es ric k e ts r a p id ly a n d c o n s ta n tly .
H . G. R .
H e alin g of re n a l ric k e ts [tre a te d w ith c alciu m a n d v ita m in -/)].
W . S h e ld o n (Arch. Dis. Childh., 1943, 118, 194— 196).— T h e case of
a b o y a g e d 4 y e a rs w ith c h ro n ic n e p h ritis a n d re n a l r ic k e ts is re co rd e d ,
in w hom th e b o n e s u n d e rw e n t c o m p le te h e a lin g w ith tr e a tm e n t w ith
a lk a lis, Ca, a n d larg e a m o u n ts o f v ita m in -D .
C. J . C. B .
C alcium a n d p h o sp h o ru s a b so rp tio n in b re a st-fe d in fa n ts a n d its
re la tio n sh ip to bone d écalcification (rick ets). N . L . W a k e (Med. J.
Austral., 1944, I, 27— 30).— T h e re w a s n o sig n ific a n t d ifference in
t h e m ea n a b s o rp tio n o f C a a n d P b e tw e e n 10 in fa n ts sh o w in g
d e fe c tiv e calcificatio n of th e lo n g b o n e s a n d 12 in fa n ts w ith n o rm a l
c alcificatio n .
F . S.
A c tio n of v ita m in -D o n in c iso r te e th of r a ts c o n su m in g diets w ith
h ig h o r low Ca : P ra tio . J . T . I rv in g (J. Physiol., 1944, 103, 9—
26).— T h e o b je c t w a s to follow th e a c tio n o f c u ra tiv e doses of
v ita m in - /) o n d ie ta ry ric k e ts , u sin g a s in d ic a to r th e p ro g re ss of
d e n tin e fo rm a tio n in th e r a t in c iso r fro m th e p u lp o u tw a rd s.
R a c h ito g e n ic d ie ts w ith n o rm a l ( l ’S), h ig h (4-4), a n d low (0-29)
C a : P ra tio s , b u t o th erw ise th e sam e, w ere g iv en . T h re e se ts of
o b s e rv a tio n s w e re m a d e on eac h g ro u p , th e effect o f (a) a single
dose o f 9-2 i.u . of -D 10 d a y s be fo re k illin g , (b) single doses o f 1-15
to 30 i.u . 10 d a y s b e fo re killin g , (c) 18-4 i.u . follow ed b y v a ry in g
p e rio d s b e fo re k illin g . A d o se of N a F fu rn ish e d a re fe re n c e lin e in
th e d e n tin e in so m e e x p e rim e n ts. T h e C a : P = 1-8 d ie t y ield ed
n o rm a l b o n e a sh , b u t s lig h t m alc alcifica tio n o f th e te e th . A d d itio n
o f -D p ro d u c e d c o m p le te ly n o rm a l c alcificatio n , th e effect b e in g
v isib le a f te r 24 h r. T h e o p tim a l dose w as 0-5 i.u . p e r d a y . T h e
C a : P = 4-4 d ie t y ie ld e d f r a n k ric k e ts a n d m alcalcified te e th .
-D d id n o t a ffe c t th e p re v io u s ly fo rm e d m a trix , b u t new d e n tin e
w as calcified a n d w ith doses o f 18-4 i.u . th e e ffe c t w as seen a fte r
24 h r . a s a g a in s t 5 o r m o re d a y s in b one. T h e d u ra tio n o f th e
effect o f a sin g le dose v a rie d w ith log dose. T h e C a : P = 0-29 d ie t
y ield e d a low ered b o n e ash , b u t e p ip h y ses o f n o rm a l a p p e a ra n c e .
-D cau sed re s u m p tio n o f calcificatio n in t h e v e r y b a d ly calcified
te e th , in c lu d in g d e n tin e la id do w n a s lo n g as 3 d a y s p re v io u sly .
T h e a c tio n of 1S-4 i.u . w as d e te c ta b le i n 30 h r . T h ese re s u lts a re
d iscu ssed i n re la tio n to c u r r e n t th e o rie s o f t o o th fo rm a tio n a n d -D
a c tio n . A sp e c ia l ty p e o f d e n tin e is p ro b a b ly fo rm ed b y lowCa : P d ie ts. T h e a c tio n o f -D is n o t re s tr ic te d to i ts effe c t on
in te s tin a l a b s o rp tio n .
W . H . N.
R esp o n se of tu rk e y p o u lts a n d of ch ic k s to differen t fo rm s of
v ita m in - / ) . H . R . B ird (J. Nutrition, 1944, 27, 377— 383).— O n th e
b a sis o f th e b o n e a s h a giv en no. of A .O .A .C . c h ic k u n its o f v ita m in -/)
fro m ir r a d ia te d 7 -d e h y d ro c h o leste ro l a n d ir r a d ia te d a n im a l p r o ­
v ita m in w e re 2-29 a n d 1-83 tim e s a s effective fo r p o u lts d u r in g th e
firs t 4 w e ek s of life a s th e sa m e no. o f A .O .A .C . c h ic k u n its from
U .S .P . R eferen ce c o d -liv er oil N o . 2.
H . G. R .
E fficacy of v ita m in -/) fro m different so u rces fo r tu rk e y s . R . V .
B o u c h e r (J. Nutrition, 1944, 27, 403— 413).— T h e v ita m in -D efficacy
676
of ir ra d ia te d 7 -d e h y d ro c h o leste ro l a n d a n ir r a d ia te d a n im a l sterol
w as g r e a te r (a p p ro x . 2 : 1) t h a n t h a t of U .S .P . R e fere n ce cod-liver
oil N o . 2. S a rd in e oil fortified w ith fish-liver oils w as m o re efficacious
t h a n R e fere n ce c o d -liv er oil b u t g a v e a re sp o n se c u rv e m ore like
t h a t of c o d -liv er oil t h a n o f th e ir ra d ia te d p ro d u c ts .
H . G. R.
T estis in v ita m in -E -d e fic ie n t g u in ea -p ig s. P ro tra c te d effect of
sin g le dose of r//-a-tocopherol a c e ta te o n testes of ra ts o n vitam in-E deficient diet.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 538.
In flu en c e of v ita m in -E p re p a ra tio n s on blood p re ssu re in hyper­
ten siv e ra ts .— See A ., 1944, I I I , 527.
V ita m in -P a ctiv ities of c itru s fru its , ro se -h ip s, b la c k -c u rra n ts, and
som e f r u it p ro d u c ts a n d c o n c e n tra te s. A. L . B a c h a ra c h a n d M. E.
C o ates (J.S.C .I., 1944, 63, 198— 200).— B iological a ssa y s of oranges
a n d lem o n s h a v e sh o w n th e m t o b e ric h so u rc e s of v ita m in -P
a c tiv ity , w h ic h is, in c d n tra d is tin c tio n t o a sc o rb ic a c id , distrib u ted
m o re o r less u n ifo rm ly th ro u g h peel a n d ju ice. B la c k -c u rra n t purée
u n d e rg o e s no loss of -P a c tiv ity on s to ra g e fo r 18 m o n th s in the
re frig e ra to r o r fo r p a r t of t h a t tim e a t ro o m te m p . R ose-hip syrups
a n d d rie d c o n c e n tra te s h a d a c tiv itie s o f t h e o rd e r t h a t w ould be
e x p e c te d fro m p re v io u s d e te rm in a tio n s o n t h e fresh ly gathered
fru its .
X I X . — M E T A B O L IS M ,
GENERAL AND
S P E C IA L .
D e te rm in a tio n of b a sa l m eta b o lism on o u t-p a tie n ts. J . D. R obert­
son (Brit. Med. J ., 1944, I, 617— 619).— N o sig n ific a n t difference was
fo u n d in tw o d e te rm in a tio n s of th e b a sa l m e ta b o lic r a te ta k e n on the
sa m e d a y , b u t th e re w a s a sig n ific a n t fall o n th e seco n d d a y compared
w ith th e first. I n n o rm a l su b je c ts a n d p a tie n ts w ith thyrotoxicosis
re a d in g s w e re ta k e n for 6 o r 7 d a y s ; th e re a d in g of th e second day
w as fo u n d to b e re liab le . A fte r som e exercise o r u n d e r am bulatory
c o n d itio n s a r e s t o f 20— 30 m in . is su fficien t to re p ro d u c e basal
c o n d itio n s. A s a tis fa c to ry a n d a c c u ra te re a d in g c a n b e o b tain e d on
o u t- p a tie n ts ; liv in g in h o sp ita l is n o t n e ce ssa ry .
I. C.
" Q ” n o ta tio n fo r e xpressing m etab o lic a ctiv ities in tissu e slices.
S. J . B a ch (Bioclicm. J., .1944, 38, 156— 159).— T h e a rg in a sc activity
o f liv e r is used t o s tu d y th e tim e -w t. re la tio n s of tissue-slice meta­
bolism . T h e a c tiv ity is n o t p ro p o rtio n a l to th e w t. of liver tissue
o r to tim e of in c u b a tio n , if th is exceeds 20— 30 m in . T h e dry wt.
of tis su e slices m a y d ecrease b y u p to 5 0 % d u rin g in cu b a tio n to
1 h r . I t is c o n sid ere d t h a t th e w e t w t. o f tis su e is a so u n d e r basis
fo r c a lc u la tio n . C o m p ariso n s of Q (— m e ta b o lic o u tp u t per unit
w t. p e r h r.) a re v a lid o n ly if w t. o f tis su e a n d tim e of in cu b a tio n are
k e p t re a so n a b ly c o n st.
R . L. E.
E n zy m e sy stem of p h o sp h o ry la tio n coupled w ith re sp iratio n .—See
A ., 1944, I I I , 558.
B ra in m eta b o lism d u rin g e le ctro n a rco sis.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 528.
A ssociative d y n a m ic effects of p ro tein , c arb o h y d ra te , a n d fa t. E. B.
F o rb e s a n d R . W . S w ift [w ith A. G. B u c k m a n , J . E . Scliopfer, and
M. T . D a v e n p o rt] (J. Nutrition, 1944, 27, 453— 468).— Supple­
m e n ta ry feed in g o f p ro te in , c a rb o h y d ra te , o r f a t t o a lb in o ra ts at
p la n e s of n u tr itio n a b o v e m a in te n a n c e in c re a se s h e a t production
fro m th e k in d o f n u t r ie n t fed. G lucose sp a re s p ro te in a n d fat,
b e e f p ro te in sp a re s c a rb o h y d r a te a n d fa t, b u t la rd s p a re s o n ly protein.
G lucose a n d b e e f-p ro te in in c re a se h e a t p ro d u c tio n fro m c arbohydrate
a n d p ro te in a n d s p a re f a t ; glucose a n d la rd in c re a se h e a t production
fro m c a rb o h y d ra te a n d s p a re p r o te in a n d f a t w hile b e ef-p ro tein and
la rd in cre ase h e a t p ro d u c tio n fro m p ro te in a n d s p a re carbohydrate
a n d f a t. A ll th r e e su p p le m e n ts fed to g e th e r s p a re f a t a n d increase
h e a t p ro d u c tio n fro m c a rb o h y d ra te a n d p ro te in . W h e n fed as supple­
m e n ts to a c o m p le te d ie t su fficien t for m a in te n a n c e th e dynamic
effects a rc b e e f-p ro te in 3 2 % , glucose 2 0 % , a n d la rd 16% of its gross
e n e rg y w h ilst th o se o f m ix tu re s o f p ro te in , c a rb o h y d ra te , a n d fat are
less t h a n 16% . T h e o b se rv ed d y n a m ic effects o f c a rb o h y d ra te and
p ro te in is 12-5, of c a rb o h y d ra te a n d f a t 35, of p ro te in a n d fa t 54, and
o f c a rb o h y d ra te , p ro te in , a n d f a t 2 2 % less th a n th e calc. val. The
d y n a m ic effects o f d ie ts a r e th u s n o t th e a d d itiv e d y n a m ic effects
of th e c o m p o n e n ts.
H . G. RE ffect of d ieta ry c h o lin e o n r a te of tu rn o v e r of phosphatide-ckoline.
G. E . B o x e r a n d D . S te tte n , ju n . (J. Biol. Chem., 1944, 153, 617—
625).— In r a t s fed w ith c h o lin e c o n ta in in g 16N , th e h a lf tim e for the
re p la c e m e n t o f p h o sp h a tid c -c h o lin e b y d ie ta r y c holine is ab o u t 6
d a y s, a n d a p p ro x . 3-9 m g. p e r d a y o f p h o sp h a tid e -c h o lin e is replaced
b y d ie ta ry ch o lin e . O n a ch o lin e-free d ie t, th e iso to p ic concn. in
th e b o d y -c h o lin e d ro p p e d , m o re ra p id ly in th e liv e r th a n in the
c arc ass. T h e h a lf tim e fo r p h o sp h a tid e -c h o lin e is th e n 18 days, and
th e d a ily re p la c e m e n t 1-3 m g. T h e re is n o fall in to ta l bodyp h o sp h a tid e .
J . F . M.
N ucleic acids a n d tissu e g ro w th . J . N . D a v id so n a n d C. Wavm o u th (Nuir. Abs. Rev., 1944, 14, 1— IS ).— A review .
M ech an ism of
N . F . F lo y d (J.
c o n ta in in g 5 -5 %
liv e r slices, a n d
fa tty acid o x id atio n . S. W ein h o u se , G. Medes, and
Biol. Chem., 1944, 153, 689 — 690 ).— n-O ctoic acid
of 13C in th e c a rb o x y l g ro u p w a s in c u b a te d w ith rat
th e a c e to a c e tic a cid so fo rm ed decom posed into
677
A I I I —x x , PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY.
acetone a n d C 0 2 b y h e a tin g . T h e iso to p e c o n te n t o f eac h fra c tio n
was d e te rm in e d . T h e re s u lts show ed t h a t th e a cid h a d b e e n b ro k e n
down a c c o rd in g to th e j3 -o x id a tio n -c o n d e n sa tio n th e o ry .
J . F . M.
E ffect o i a d ren a le c to m y on a b so rp tio n of sh o rt-c lia in fa tty acids
and th e ir trig ly cerid es.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 634.
R ev ersib ility of c arb o h y d ra te a n d o th e r ch an g e s in ra ts shocked by
clam ping tec h n iq u e. R . E . H a is t a n d J . I. H a m ilto n ( / . Physiol.,
1944, 102, 471— 483).— S e c o n d ary sh o ck w as p ro d u c e d in r a t s b y
a rre stin g th e c irc u la tio n in t h e h in d -lim b s for 12— 15 h r. b y clam p in g ,
and th e n re m o v in g th e c la m p s. D e a th o c cu rre d in 84 r a t s a f te r a n
average of 3J- h r. L iv e r-g ly c o g e n is lo w er t h a n in c la m p ed a n d
unclam ped c o n tro ls. S u g a r b y s to m a c h tu b e lead s to c o n sid era b le
glycogen sto ra g e in th e liv e r of b o th se ts of c o n tro ls, b u t n o t of th e
shocked a n im a ls. T h e b io o d -su g a r of th e l a t t e r re m a in s h ig h , a n d
insulin re d u c e s i t w ith o u t im p ro v in g g lycogen sto ra g e . L oss of
fluid in to th e re le ased lim b s o ccu rs a n d is c o m p le te in 1 h r. A lth o u g h
reclam ping a f te r th is in te r v a l tr a p s th is fluid in th e d a m a g e d lim bs,
the p ro c e d u re e n ab les th e r a ts to re c o v e r a n d s to re glycogen w h en
glucose is a d m in is te re d . L o c a l loss of fluid is th e re fo re n o t th e
fu n d a m e n ta l fa c to r in sh o ck , b u t som e c h a n g e in th e an o x ic tissu e s
occurs w hich affects th e a c tiv ity of tis su e s elsew here. S ev ere 0 2w ant also d im in ish e s th e sto ra g e of liv er-glycogen a fte r th e g iv in g
of glucose. T h e re v e rs ib ility o f e x te n siv e ch an g e s in th e shocked
ra ts is p o in te d o u t.
W . H . N.
M echanism of o x idative processes. L i n . B iological d e g rad a tio n of
acetic acid. H . W ie lan d a n d C. R o s e n th a l (Annalen, 1943, 554,
241— 260).— 0 2 c o n su m p tio n b y r a b b it k id n e y in p re sen c e o f a ce to ace ta te exceed s t h a t n o te d in a b la n k e x p e rim e n t b y a b o u t 10— 12% ,
rising to m o re th a n 4 0 % w h e n o x a la c e ta te is also p r e s e n t; th e l a tte r
alone causes o n ly 6— 9 % in cre ase. T h e su b s ta n c e s a p p e a r to
condense to a p ro c itric acid fro m w h ich c itric acid is o b ta in e d b y
hydrolysis. T h e a cid is b e s t iso la te d b y use of r a b b it r a th e r t h a n ox
kidney. I n p re se n c e of B a io n s u p to 8 0 % of a c e to a c e ta te u se d is
co nverted in p re se n c e o f o x a la c e ta te a n d k id n e y in to c itric acid
d e te rm in e d a s p e n ta b ro m o a c e to n e . I n th e ab se n ce of org. m a te ria l
it has n e v e r b e e n fo u n d p o ssib le to iso la te from a c e to a c e ta te a n d
o x a la ce tate a p r o d u c t c o n v e rte d b y B r in to p e n ta b ro m o a c e to n e .
C itric acid is p ro d u c e d b y th e k id n e y fro m a c e to a c e ta te ,,o x alacetate',
or a c e ta te sin g ly b u t in fa r sm a lle r a m o u n t t h a n in th e com b in ed
system , a c e to a c e ta te - o x a la c e ta te . U n d e r th e sam e c o n d itio n s th e
yield of c itric a c id fro m o x a la c e ta te a n d p y ru v a te in 0 2 in pre sen c e
of k id n e y exceeds t h a t fro m o x a la c c ta te - a c e ta te b u t is u su a lly
only 30— 5 0 % a t m o s t 7 0 % of t h a t o b ta in a b le from a c e to a c e ta te o x a la ce tate. D e g ra d a tio n of a c e tic a cid in th e k id n e y a p p e a rs
therefore t o p ro c e e d th ro u g h a c e to a c e tic acid, w h ic h u n ite s w ith
oxalacetic a cid to a " p ro c itric a c id ," p o ssib ly c itro y la c e tic o r
a ce ty lc itric a cid , less p ro b a b ly c itro y lc itric acid, w h ic h th e n u n d e r­
goes h y d ro ly sis. T h e sa m e process a p p e a rs to o c cu r in h e a r t m uscle
b u t p ro b a b ly n o t in th e liv er. I t is n o t im possible t h a t th e co m p lete
d e g rad a tio n of c a rb o h y d r a te a t a n y r a te in k id n e y a n d h e a r t follow s
this course a n d does n o t in v o lv e th e c o n d e n sa tio n of p y r u v a te w ith
o x alacetate. M ore p ro b a b ly , p y ru v a te is used th ro u g h a c e to a c e ta te
in th e sy n th e sis of c itr a te . I t re m a in s u n c e rta in w h e th e r th e
form ation of c itric a cid fro m a c e ta te in y e a s t o ccu rs th ro u g h a c e to ­
acetate. M ore p ro b a b ly th e y e a s t u tilise s a v a r ia n t in w h ic h a ce tic
acid condenses w ith a n a ld e h y d e. T h e in te rm e d ia te C H R A c-C H O ,
c orresponding to a c e to a c e ta te , co m b in es w ith o x a la c e ta te to a p ro ­
citric acid w hich is h y d ro ly se d to th e a ld e h y d e C H R -C H O a n d c itric
acicj. A n e x p la n a tio n o f th e o b se rv a tio n of Sonderhoff et al. (A.,
1937, I I , 3 65; 1938, I I , 428) t h a t a d id e u te ra te d su ccin ic a cid is
obtained fro m tr id e u te ro a c e tic a cid b y y e a s t c a n b e b a se d o n th e
hypothesis t h a t p ro a c o n itic acid is th e first sta g e in th e d e g ra d a tio n
of p ro c itric acid. I f i t is tr u e t h a t th e d e g ra d a tio n of c a rb o h y d ra te s
takes p lace th ro u g h a c e to a c e tic acid, th e o c cu rre n ce of th e la t t e r in
the u rin e of d ia b e tic p a tie n ts show s t h a t th e e n zy m e resp o n sib le for
the sy n th e sis o f p r o c itric a cid is n o t fu n c tio n in g . T h e u n io n of
o x alacetate w ith a c e to a c e ta te is a sim p le a d d itiv e re a c tio n w hich
occurs in th e k id n e y tis su e o n ly in p re sen c e of 0 2. P r a c tic a lly no
synthesis is o b se rv ed in N 2 a n d in a ir less c itric a cid is p ro d u c e d th a n
in 0 2. T h e e n zy m ic sy n th e sis is th e re fo re coupled w ith a n a ero b ic
process w hich d e p e n d s o n th e co n cn . o f 0 2; its n a tu r e is u n k n o w n .
Similar o b se rv a tio n s a re m a d e w ith y e a s t ; in a n a e ro b ic e x p e rim e n ts
no fo rm atio n o f c itric a cid from a c e ta te a n d o x a la c e ta te is ob serv ed .
(See also C., 1944, P a r t 4.)
H. W.
D estruction of a ce tic a cid by b e a tin g h e a rt.— See A., 1944, I I I ,
525.
T issue-aldehydes [“ p lasm a l ” ] a n d th e ir re a c tio n w ith am ines.
K. A. O ste r a n d M. G. M ulinos ( / . Pharm. Exp. Titer., 1944, 80,
132— 138).— T h e s ta in in g of tissu e -a ld e h y d e s (" p l a s m a l " of
Feulgen et al.) w ith iu c h s in - H 2S 0 3 in th e tissu e s of ra ts , guineapigs, ra b b its, c a ts, a n d dogs is d e scrib ed . " P la sm a l ” is lib e ra te d
from " plasm alo g en " b y th e a c tio n of acid o r H g C l2. E x p e rim e n ta l
diuresis, d e h y d ra tio n , o r u n ila te ra l n e p h re c to m y in r a ts d id n o t a lte r
the d istrib u tio n of “ p la sm a l ” in th e k id n e y . '1 h e liv e r p a re n c h y m a
does n o t c o n ta in a ld e h y d e s p ro b a b ly b ecau se of th e a c tio n of
xanthine o x id ase, w h ic h re n d e rs th e tissu e -a ld e h y d e s u n sta b le .
678
K id n e y slices in c u b a te d w ith m ilk -x a n th in e o x id ase a t p H 6— 7
fo r 18 h r . show ed no s ta in in g of " p l a s m a l ." " P l a s m a l " lib e ra te d
fro m " p lasm a lo g en ” w ill c o m b in e a t p H 2— 5 w ith c o m p o u n d s
w h ic h h a v e a p r im a ry a m in o -g ro u p o n b e n ze n e rin g a n d w ill n o t
s ta in w ith fu c h s in - H 2S 0 3, T h ese a m in e s in c lu d e th e iso m erid e s o f
a m in o p h e n o l, a m in o b e n zo ic acid, a n d to lu id in e . S ulplianilic, a rs a n ilic, a n d a n th ra n ilic acids, m a p h a rse n , su lp h a n ila m id c , su lp h a th ia z o le ,
s u lp h a p y rid in e , ¿/-/3 -p h cn y leth y lam in e, n a p lith y la m in e , a n d b e n z ­
id in e a lso fo rm c o n d e n s a tio n p ro d u c ts w ith tis su e -ald eh y d e s.
G. P .
Study of d e h y d ratio n b y m e a n s of b a la n ce e x p erim en ts. D . A . K .
B lack, R . A. M cC ance, a n d W . F . Y o u n g (J. Physiol., 1944, 102,
406— 414).— T w o m en, d e p riv e d of fluid a n d fed on a k n o w n d ie t for
3 a n d 4 d a y s re sp e c tiv e ly , e a c h lo s t 3500 m l. o f b o d y -w a te r, of w h ic h
2000 p ro b a b ly c am e fro m th e cells a n d th e r e s t fro m e x tra c e llu la r
fluid. T h e p la s m a vo l. w a s n o t re.duced. K w as e x c re te d p re fe r­
e n tia lly to N a, w h ic h ro se in co n cn . in th e p lasm a . K fell m o re in
t h e p la s m a th a n in th e cells, w h e re its loss d id n o t k e ep p a c e o sm o tic a lly w ith t h a t of w a te r. A loss o f c ell-p ro te in , in su fficien t t o c o rre ­
sp o n d to th e loss of cell-IC, w a s in d ic a te d b y in c re a s e d u r e a p r o ­
d u c tio n . T h e o sm o tic p re s s u re of th e b o d y rose. D e a th from
d e h y d ra tio n is m o re lik e ly t o b e d u e t o a rise of o sm o tic p re ssu re
t h a n t o th e r e te n tio n of a n y o n e s u b s ta n c e .
W . H. N.
R e te n tio n of ra d io a ctiv e p h o sp h o ru s w h en a d m in iste re d in different
c h em ical fo rm s. S. W a rre n a n d R . F . C ow ing (Cancer Res., 1944, 4,
113— 115; cf. A ., 1944, I I I , 544).— S m all a m o u n ts of ra d io a c tiv e
M g N H 4PO.[ a n d also H 3P 0 4 of h ig h sp. a c tiv ity m a y b e sa fely
a d m in is te re d to p a tie n ts in tra v e n o u s ly if disso lv ed in 250— 300 m l.
of 0-85% N aC l a n d 5 % glucose. T h e re te n tio n o f 32P w as in d e p e n ­
d e n t of th e ty p e of c o m p o u n d u sed . I n th e use of th e d ib a sic N a
s a lt a n d of H 3P 0 4 o n e in s ta n c e of p o o r re te n tio n w as e n c o u n te re d in
eac h case.
F. L. W .
C alcium , p h o sp h o ru s, iro n , a n d n itro g e n b a la n ce s in p re g n a n t
w om en. W . J . D ie ck m an n , F . L . A d air, H . M ichel, S. K ra m e r, F .
D u n k e l, B. A rth u r, M. C ostin, A. C am pbell, A . C. W en sle y , a n d E .
L o ra n g (Amer. J . Obslet. Gynec., 1944, 47, 357— 368).— 553 p a tie n ts
w ere d iv id e d in to 4 g ro u p s : c o n tr o l; w ith a d d itio n o f e x tr a Ca, P ,
a n d F e to th e d ie t; w ith a d d itio n o f v ita m in s -/! a n d - D ; w ith
a d d itio n of th e m in e ra ls a n d v ita m in s . S erum -C a, -P , a n d -p ro te in
w ere w ith in n o rm a l lim its in a ll g ro u p s, a s w ere h se m a to c rit a n d
haem oglobin v a ls. T h e re w a s n o e v id e n ce t h a t -D sh o rte n e d th e
le n g th of la b o u r. T h e d ie ta ry a d d itio n s in c re a se d m a te rn a l w t.
P . C. W .
M etabolism of ra d io -io d in e in th y ro id s of ra ts exposed to h ig h o r
low te m p e ra tu re s.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 533.
X X .— P H A R M A C O L O G Y
AND
T O X IC O L O G Y .
P en icillin .
G. F . S c h m itt (Amer. J. med. Svi., 1944, 207, 660—
678).— A re v ie w o f th e lite ra tu r e fo r 1943.
C. J . C. B.
L a b o ra to ry co n tro l of pen icillin tre a tm e n t. L . P . G a rro d (Brit.
M ed.J., 1 9 4 4 ,1 ,5 2 8 — 530).— A n a c c o u n t of t h e p ro b lc m s e n c o u n te re d
w ith n o te s on th e s e n s itiv ity of v a rio u s o rg a n ism s to th e d ru g .
I. C.
R e la tiv e to x icity of six sa lts of p enicillin. H . W elch , D . C. G rove,
R . P . D av is, a n d A . C. H u n te r (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1944, 55,
246— 248).— O rd e r of in c re a s in g to x ic ity b a se d o n e q u iv . of c a tio n
u se d is N a, N H „ S r, Ca, Mg, a n d K for b o th s a lts o f p e n ic illin a n d
a c e ta te s . B a se d on m g. of c a tio n t h e o rd e r is N a, S r, N H 4, Ca, K ,
a n d M g fo r sa lts of p e n ic illin , a n d N a , S r, N H <P K , Ca, a n d M g for
a c e ta te s . T h u s th e to x ic ity is p rim a r ily d u e to th e c a tio n used
V- J- W .
Sim plified p ro ced u res fo r a sc e rta in in g c o n c e n tra tio n of a n d su s­
c ep tib ility to penicillin. A. R . T h o m a s, ju n ., M. L ev in e, a n d G. R .
Y ita g lia n o (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1944, 55, 264— 267).—
■S o lu tio n s of p e n ic illin , d eliv e re d b y 4-m m . P t loop o n th e fla t su rfa c e
of a c u ltu re , give circles of in h ib itio n w h ic h a re c o n st, to 0-5 m m .
A re as o f th e s e circles a re p ro p o rtio n a l to co n cn . o r v o l. o f p e n ic illin ,
a n d in v e rs e ly p ro p o rtio n a l to re sista n c e of o rg a n ism used, a n d th e se
v a ls. c a n b e re a d off fro m a s ta n d a r d c u rv e of refe re n ce .
V. J . W .
L o cal a p p lic atio n of p en icillin in so ft-tissu e lesio n s. J . N . B a rro n
a n d O. T . M ansfield (Brit. Med. J., 1944, I, 521— 523).— P e n ic illin
h a s b e en g iv en lo ca lly i n cases o f in fe c te d s k in lesions, ab sc ess
c a v itie s, a c u te s p re a d in g cellu litis, a n d su p erficial w o u n d s w ith
sk in loss. E a r ly a p p lic a tio n is d e s ira b le ; a n efficient te c h n iq u e
m u s t be fo u n d to b rin g p e n ic illin in to c o n ta c t w ith th e in fe c te d
z o n e ; m a n y w o u n d s c o n ta in in g slo u g h o r s e q u e s tra re s is t p e n ic illin ;
to g e th e r w ith su rg ic al tr e a tm e n t p e n ic illin is v a lu a b le in th e t r e a t ­
m e n t of w o u n d s in fe c te d w ith se n sitiv e o rg a n ism s.
I. C.
L ocal tre a tm e n t of b re a st ab scess w ith penicillin,
D . B . F ra s e r
(Brit. Med. J ., 1944, I, 523— 524).— I n s tilla tio n of p e n ic illin , follow ­
in g a s p ira tio n o r su rg ic al d ra in a g e , q u ic k e n s re co v e ry .
I. C.
P e n ic illin in tr e a tm e n t of diseases of sk in . I . A. R o x b u rg h , R . V.
C hristie, a n d A. C. R o x b u rg h (Brit. Med. J., 1944, I, 524— 528).—
T h e tr e a tm e n t of 75 c ases of sk in dise ase b y local a p p lic a tio n o f
079
A I I I —x x , PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY.
p e n ic illin is d e sc rib e d . P e n icillin is v a lu a b le in sycosis b a r b » ,
im p e tig o , b le p h a ritis, a n d in som e cases of c h ro n ic e czem a a n d
o titis e x te rn a .
I . C.
U se of crude pen icillin filtra te for local tre a tm e n t.
J . M. A lsto n
(Brit. Med. J., 1944, I, 654— 656).— R e p o r t of 24 cases tr e a te d w ith
c ru d e Penicillium f iltra te c o n ta in in g 4— 10 u n its of p e n ic illin p e r c.c.
R e s u lts su g g e st t h a t in m a n y a c u te a n d c h ro n ic in fe c tio n s local
a p p lic a tio n of c ru d e f iltra te m ig h t ta k e th e p la c e o f p u rifie d C a sa lt
of p e n ic illin .
I. C.
E xperiences in sy stem ic a d m in istra tio n of p en icillin . H . V.
M organ, R . V . C h ristie, a n d I. A. R o x b u rg h (Brit. Med. J., 1944, I ,
515— 516).—-A dvantages a n d d is a d v a n ta g e s o f in tr a m u s c u la r in je c ­
tio n a n d of in tra v e n o u s a n d in tra m u s c u la r d rip tra n s fu s io n of p e n i­
cillin a re d esc rib e d . U sin g th e b o n e m a rro w ro u te , i t w a s m o st
d ifficult to r u n m o re t h a n o n e p i n t of fluid th ro u g h th e s te r n u m ;
d rip tra n s fu s io n in to th e b o n e m a rro w of th e tib ia m a y be of v a l.
I. C.
S u rg ery a n d p e n ic illin in m a n d ib u la r in fec tio n . R . M ow lem (Brit.
Med. J., 1944, I, 517— 519).— P e n ic illin is u n lik e ly to p ro d u c e
b a cterio lo g ic a l c o n tro l in p re sen c e of se q u e s tra o r u n fa v o u ra b le
su rg ic al c o n d itio n s, a n d is th e re fo re n o t a s u b s titu te for a d e q u a te
su rg e ry . P e n ic illin h a s been used in 4 cases in w h ich in fec tio n
w as a n tic ip a te d o r w as c au s in g e a rly r e a c ti o n ; im m e d ia te b a c te rio ­
logical a n d c lin ica l c o n tro l w a s o b ta in e d . I n 16 cases of o ste o ­
m y e litis of th e jaw , t r e a tm e n t c o n siste d o f e x te n siv e su rg ic al re m o v a l
o f th e bone, in s e rtio n of tw o sm a ll-b o red tu b e s in w h ich 1000 u n its
of p e n ic illin a re in tro d u c e d e v e ry 24 h r., a n d clo su re of th e w o u n d
w ith o u t d ra in a g e . R e c o v e ry o c c u rre d in a b o u t 30 d a y s.
I. C.
P e n icillin in bone in fec tio n s. I. M . R o b e rts o n (Brit. Med. J.,
1944, I, 510— 521).— I n 6 cases of a c u te h m m a to g en o u s o ste o m y e litis
p e n ic illin w a s u se d lo ca lly o r sy s te m ic a lly to g e th e r w ith su rg ic al
tr e a tm e n t w ith good re su lts , esp ecially w h e n t r e a tm e n t w as s ta rte d
e a rly ; in o n e case p e n ic illin alo n e (760,000 u n its ) b r o u g h t a b o u t
c o m p le te re c o v e ry in 60 d a y s. I n 8 cases of c h ro n ic hm m ato g en o u s
o ste o m y e litis, a n d 7 cases o f o ste o m y e litis a fte r c o m p o u n d fra c tu re s,
local a p p lic a tio n o f p e n ic illin failed, p ro b a b ly ow ing to m ec h an ic al
d ifficulties in se c u rin g c o n tin u o u s a p p lic a tio n of th e d ru g , in ac ce ssi­
b ility o f in fe c te d b one, a n d p re sen c e o f s e q u e stra . In a g ro u p of
m iscellan eo u s cases (m ain ly c h ro n ic sinuses) in v o lv in g e sp e cially
so ft tissu e s local p e n ic illin w as useful.
I. C.
P en icillin in b a ttle c asu altie s. J . S. Je ffre y a n d S. T h o m so n (Brit.
Med. J., 1944, I I , 1— 4).— A n a c c o u n t of th e use of p e n ic illin in th e
I ta lia n c a m p a ig n . L o ca l p e n ic illin -s u lp h a th ia z o le p o w d e r (2000—
5000 u n its p e r g . ; a v e ra g e a m o u n t 2 g.) w a s in su ffla te d a f te r t r im ­
m in g a n d excision of so ft-tissu e w o unds, w hich w e re th e n s u tu re d .
G ood re su lts a n d c o n tro l of th e in fe c tio n w ere o b ta in e d . In s tilla tio n
a f te r s u tu r e c o n tro lle d G ra m -p o sitiv e in fe c tio n s. I n c h e s t w ounds,
a f te r clo sin g th e su c k in g w o u n d , 15,000 u n its w ere in stille d in
fo rw a rd a rea s, a n d a t th e b a se h o sp ita l 60,000 u n its w e re in stille d
a fte r e v e ry a s p ira tio n . S y ste m ic th e r a p y a lo n e does n o t b rin g a b o u t
a su fficien t co n cn . of th e d ru g . I n open fra c tu re s (especially of th e
fem u r) sy ste m ic p e n ic illin g a v e v a ry in g re su lts. P e n e tr a tin g w ounds
of th e k n e e -jo in t do v e ry w ell w ith local in s tilla tio n of pen icillin
(1250— 2500 u n its tw ice d a ily fo r 4 d a y s). S y ste m ic tr e a tm e n t is
a d v is e d fo r c o m p o u n d fra c tu re s , gas g a n g ren e , a n d in in fe c tio n s of
a m p u ta tio n stu m p s. H e a d in ju rie s, eye in ju rie s, a n d b u rn s a re
w ell tr e a te d w ith local in su fflatio n o r in s tilla tio n .
I . C.
E ffect of c e rta in sa lts o n a c tiv ity of su lp h a ce ta m id e . B. IX P in c k ,
G. L . M o rto n , a n d M. R . M a ttic e (J. Lab. clin. Med., 1944, 29,
462— 463).— T h e p re se n c e of N a c itr a te (4% ) in a m ed iu m c o n ta in in g
su lp h a c e ta m id e nullifies th e a n tib a c te r ia l b e h a v io u r o f th e su lp h o n a n n d c a n d p e rm its free d e v e lo p m e n t of E . coli. T h e c itr a te alone
do es n o t in h ib it th e g ro w th of th e s e o rg a n ism s. T h e b a c te rio s ta tic
p o te n c y o f th e d ru g is n o t im p a ire d b y N a a c e ta te o r N a la c ta te .
C. J . C. B.
P o te n tia te d c h em o th e ra p e u tic a c tio n of su lp h a th ia z o le a n d quin in e.
B . K . H a rn e d , R . E . M iller, M. W ie n er, a n d N . P . W a t t s (Proc. Soc.
E xp. Biol. Med., 1944, 55, 234— 235).-—S u lp h a th ia z o le a n d /o r
q u in in e e th y l c a r b o n a te (0-3% ) w as a d d e d t o th e d ie t of m ice
b e fo re a n d a fte r in o c u la tio n w ith c u ltu r e of Strep, hesniolylicus.
S u rv iv a l r a te s w ere s u lp h a th ia z o le + q u in in e 7 6 % , su lp h a th ia z o le
5 7 % , q u in in e 2 % , n o d ru g 10% .
V. J . W .
In flu en c e of su lp h a d ia zin e o n p lasm a -lip in s in p n e u m o n ia . A. V.
S to e sse r (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1944, 55, 278— 280).— I n 6
c h ild re n w ith p n e u m o c o cc a l p n e u m o n ia , a n d tr e a te d w ith s u lp h a ­
d iaz in e, p la sm a -c h o le ste ro l e s te rs ro se to n o rm a l w ith in 24 h r . of
th e r e tu r n t o n o rm a l te m p . T h e t r e a tm e n t fo re sta lle d a n y d ro p
in to ta l f a t t y a cid s a n d p h o sp h o lip in s w h ic h r e a c t m o re slow ly to
a c u te in fe c tio n s th a n do th e c h o le stero l e ste rs, a n d th e ir I vals.
re m a in e d c o n st, th r o u g h o u t.
■
V. J. W .
S taphylococcal septicaem ia tre a te d w ith su lp h a d ia zin e . H . B a th u r s t
N o rm a n (Bril. Med. J ., 1944, I, 1S3).— R e p o rt of a case in w hich
su lp h a th ia z o le w as in effe ctiv e.
I. C.
M eningococcal ja u n d ic e [cured w ith su lp h a th ia zo le],
(Brit. Med. J., 1944, I, 325).— C ase r e p o rt.
C. C raw ford
’
I . C.
680
Sulphapyridine as prophylactic against cerebrospinal meningitis.
F . C. G ra y a n d J . G e ar (S. Afr. Med. J., 1941, 139— 140).— Sulpha­
p y rid in e , a d m in is te re d in doses of 3 g. p e r d a y fo r tw o day s to
tro o p s of a c a m p w h ere th e re w a s a n o u tb re a k of cerebrospinal
fe v er, d im in ish e d th e no. of c a rrie rs fro m 22-8% to nil. I t is con­
sid e re d to b e u sefu l a s a p ro p h y la c tic m e a su re w h e n th e re is an
e p id em ic in a c o m m u n ity .
I. C.
Sulphonamide therapy in the mine native labourers. D . O rdm an
(Proc. Transvaal M ine Med. Off. Assoc., 1943, 23, 25— 32),— A
c o m p a riso n of th e in cid e n ce a n d m o r ta lity ra te s fro m several
d iseases fro m 1934 to 1942. M eningococcal m e n in g itis d e a th rate
h a s d e cre ased from 7 4 % to 1 6 % ; p n e u m o c o cc a l m en in g itis death
r a te fro m 100% to 0 4 % ; o th e r n o n -tu b e rc u la r m en in g itis from
7 6 % to 2 6 % ; in flu e n z a w ith o u t p u lm o n a ry c o m p lica tio n s from
0 -13% to 0 -0 1 % ; a c u te a n d c h ro n ic b ro n c h itis fro m 0-21% to 0-04% ;
p le u risy fro m 2-05% to 0 -7 3 % ; b ro n c h o p n e u m o n ia fro m 14% to
9 % ; lo b a r p n e u m o n ia from 1 2% t o 1-5% . T h e v a l. to th e m ining
in d u s tr y of th e tr e a tm e n t w ith su lp h o n a m id e s is stre sse d .
I. C.
Action of sulphonamides against Treponema recurrentis. F.
H a w k in g (Brit. J . exp. Path., 1944, 25, 63— 67).— I n m ice infected
w ith Tr. recurrentis a n d fed o n a d ie t c o n ta in in g 1-5% of sulpha­
p y rid in e o r su lp h a th ia z o le , th e in fe c tio n w as c o m p le te ly suppressed,
o r its in te n s ity w as m u c h d im in ish e d . S u lp h a n ila m id e , sulpha­
d iaz in e, su lp h a m e th a z in e , su lp h a c e ta m id e , su lp h a g u a n id in e , pyridin e-3 -su lp h o n a m id c , a m in o p y rid in 'e su lp h a te , a n d acetylsulphap y rid in e h a d little o r n o th e ra p e u tic a c tio n . T h e antispirocluetal
a c tio n w as n o t a n ta g o n ise d b y /j-a m in o b c n zo ic a cid o r nicotinam ide,
a n d a p p e a re d to d e p e n d o n th e p y rid in e a n d th ia z o le rin g s rather
t h a n o n th e y j-am in o b en z en c su lp h o n am id e g ro u p s.
F . S.
Newer procedures in laboratory diagnosis and therapy in the control
of bacillary dysentery. A. V . H a r d y a n d J . W a t t (Amer. J. Publ.
Health, 1944, 34, 503— 509).— A review , p a r tic u la r ly of th e val. of
su lp h o n a m id e s in th is c o n d itio n .
C. J . C. B.
Conservative management of acute osteomyelitis [and use of
sulphonamides]. J . B. L ’E p isco p o a n d E . D . H a g e rty (N .Y . Sta. J.
Med., 1943, 43, 853— 856).— R e p o rt of 27 cases tr e a te d b y infusions
of sa lin e a n d glucose to c o m b a t d e h y d ra tio n , re p e a te d blood
tra n s fu sio n s of 150— 350 c.c., su lp h o n a m id e s a cc o rd in g to the
o rg a n ism fo u n d b y a s p ira tio n of th e abscess, lo cal r e s t a n d heat,
a n d o ccasio n al d e la y e d su rg ic a l d ra in a g e . T h e re w as one death
a n d th e a v e ra g e h o s p ita l s t a y w a s 6-1 m o n th s .
E . M. J.
Sulphamethazine therapy. W . M c D e rm o tt, D . R . G illigan, C.
W h eeler, a n d N . P lu m m e r (N .Y . Sta. J . Med., 1944, 44, 394—
397).— I n 27 cases w ith n o rm a l re n a l fu n c tio n re c e iv in g 6 g. of
su lp h a m e th a z in e d a ily th e a v e ra g e free blo o d v a l. w a s 1-8— 17-4
m g .-% , th e to ta l b lo o d v a l. w as 6-2— 17-6 m g .-% , a n d acetylation
1— 7 4 % . C ry s ta llu ria w as p re s e n t in 5 cases, one of w hich also
h a d h ic m a tu ria , a n d all of th e s e h a d h ig h blo o d a n d u rin a r y acetyla tio n v a ls. O ne case show ed a ra s h a n d fe v er, a n o th e r also had
leu co p en ia, o n e leu c o p en ia o n ly . C linical re su lts in sulphanilam idesu sce p tib le in fe c tio n s w ere p o o r w h e re th e free b lood-level w as low.
34 cases w ere tr e a te d in a ll a n d th e r e w ere 2 d e a th s.
E . M. J.
Local application of sulphonamides to experimental staphylococcus
infections. F . W . H a r tm a n n (J. Bact., 1944, 47, 259 — 2 7 1 ).—The
local a p p lic a tio n o f su lp h a n ila m id e , N a s u lp h a p y rid in e , a n d Na
su lp h a th ia z o le h a d n o in flu en ce o n th e r a te of h e a lin g of staphylo­
c occal c u ta n e o u s in fe c tio n s in ra b b its .
F . S.
Danger of cutaneous reactions to sulphonamides. D. Bloom
(N .Y . Sta. J . Med., 1943, 43, 1499— 1508).— A re v ie w a n d rep o rt of
2 cases of b u llo u s e ru p tio n follow ing a n o ra l a n d a c u ta n eo u s ad­
m in is tra tio n of su lp h o n a m id e , o n e of th e m re se m b lin g pem phigus
v u lg aris.
E . M. J.
Chemotherapy in tropical medicine. A. J . E w in s (J.C.S., 1944,
351— 355).— A re v ie w of th e d e v e lo p m e n t of c h e m o th e ra p y against
try p a n o s o m ia sis, k a la -a z a r, b ilh a rzia sis, a n d m a la ria .
G. P.
Action of atabrine on electrocorticogram. E . P . P ic k and JH u n te r (J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1944, 80, 354— 361).— A fter intrap e rito n e a l o r in tra v e n o u s in je c tio n of a ta b r in e (5— 12 m g. p e r kg.)
to c a ts a n aesth etised w ith n e m b u ta l, th e r a p id w a v es of th e electro­
c o rtic o g ra m d is a p p e a re d a n d o n ly slow w a v es of low potential
re m a in e d . S im ila r o b s e rv a tio n s w e re m a d e in p ith e d frogs. 2—3
m g. of a ta b r in e in je c te d in to th e th o ra c ic ly m p h sac of normal
frogs a b o lish e d th e rig h tin g reflexes a n d cau sed e ith e r a reversible
p a re sis or a n irre v e rsib le p a ra ly sis of th e e x tre m itie s.
G. P.
Antimalarial drugs. Excretion of atabrine in the urine of human
subjects. F . E . K elsey, F . K . O ld h a m , E . H . D e a rb o rn , M. Silver­
m a n , a n d E . W . L ew is (J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1944, 80, 383— 385).—T h e e x c re tio n of a ta b r in e i n th e u rin e b y 4 su b je c ts, w h o received
100 m g. of th e d ru g p e r d a y for 45 d a y s, ro se slow ly to 6— 11% ol
th e d a ily dose a n d w as n o t c o m p le te in 55 d a y s.
G. FAntimalarial drugs. Preparation and properties of a metabolic
derivative of quinine. F . E . K elsey, E . M. K . G eiling, F . I<. Oldham,
a n d E . H . D e a rb o rn (J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1944, 80, 391— 392)
25 g. of q u in in e h y d ro c h lo rid e w e re in c u b a te d a t 38° for 5 h r. with
681
A I I I —x x , PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY.
2 kg. of g ro u n d r a b b it liv e r su sp e n d e d in 8 1. of R in g e r-L o c k e so lu ­
tion to w h ich 0-1 % glucose a n d N a IT C 0 3 w ere a d d e d . T h e iso latio n
of a c ry st. d e riv a tiv e of q u in in e (no a n a ly sis g iv en ), m .p . 251°
(corr.), m ol. w t. 370, fro m th e in c u b a tio n m ix tu re a n d its so lu b ilitie s
are d e sc rib e d .
G .P .
C kloroiodokydroxyquinoline a n d d i-iodohydroxyquinoline ; a n im a l
toxicity a n d a b so rp tio n in m an . N . A. D a v id , N . M. P h a ta k , a n d
F. B. Z en er (Am er. J . irop. Med., 1944, 24, 29— 33).— T h e o ral L D 50
for c h lo ro io d o h y d ro x y q u in o lin e (V ioform ) is a b o u t 176 m g. p e r kg.
in th e g u in e a -p ig a n d a b o u t 400 m g. p e r kg. in k itte n s . T h e
other am oebacide, D io d o q u in , is o cca sio n ally le th a l in doses of
50—200 m g. p e r kg. I n n o rm a l h u m a n su b je c ts t h e o ra l a d m in is­
tra tio n of th e ra p e u tic a m o u n ts of e ith e r d r u g c au ses a rise in
blood-I.
F . S.
H istory, ch em istry , tox icity , a n d a n ti-b a c te ria l p ro p e rties of w a te rsoluble ch lo ro p h y ll derivatives as th e ra p e u tic a g en ts. L . \V . S m ith
(Amer. J . med. Sci., 1944, 207, 647— 654).— T h e lite r a tu re is review ed.
The w a ter-so l. d e riv a tiv e s o f c h lo ro p h y ll a d m in iste re d su b c u ta n e ously o r in tra v e n o u s ly h a d n o to x ic effects in a n im a ls o r m an .
B acteriological stu d ie s su g g e st in te rfe re n c e w ith th e o x id a tio n reduction m ec h a n ism of b a c te r ia l re s p ira tio n a s e x p la in in g th e
b a cterio sta tic effects n o te d in th e use of w a te r-so l. ch lo ro p h y ll
derivatives c lin ica lly , a n d e x p e rim e n ta lly in a n im a ls, in th e t r e a t ­
m ent o f in fe c te d su rfa c e w o u n d s.
C. J . C. B.
[E xternal] use of 30— 50 % su lp h u r in p e tro la tu m in derm atoses.
E. W . A b ra m o w itz (N .Y . Sta. J . Med., 1943, 43, 746— 752).—
R eport of cases su g g e stin g t h a t th is ty p e of a p p lic a tio n of S m a y
be useful in e v e n m o re a c u te in fla m m a to ry c o n d itio n s.
E . M. J .
A m ines re la te d to ep in e p h rin e .
type.— See A., 1944, I I , 295.
A m in es of
th e “ eprocaine ”
S ensitivity of leech Diplobdella brasiliensis to acetylcho line.
J. R. V alle (Mem. Inst. Buiantan, 1941, 15, 17— 25).— T h is leech is
sensitive to concns. of a c e ty lc h o lin e o f 1 ; 3 X 10s. A d re n alin e
and h is ta m in e a r e in effective. P ilo c a rp in e , m u sc a rin e , B a, a n d
nicotine c au sed to n ic c o n tra c tio n s. A tro p in e d id n o t a n ta g o n ise
the a c tio n of a ce ty lc h o lin e , a n d KC1 cau sed c o n tra c tio n s in concns.
of 1 ; 20,000.
I. C.
Copper su lp h a te -n ic o tin e su lp h a te so lu tio n a n d p h e n o th ia zin e
compared a s a n th e lm in tic s fo r lam b s. J . P . W illm a n a n d D . W .
Baker (Cornell Vet., 1943, 33, 365— 368).— T h e tw o a n th e lm in tic s
were of e q u a l v a l. in e x p ellin g Htsmonchus contortus; p h e n o th ia z in e
was m ore efficient a g a in s t Ostertagia circumcincla a n d Nematodirus
spathiger, a n d b o th m ix tu re s w e re w ith o u t effect on Trichoslrongylus
spp. a n d Cooperia s p p .
E . G. W .
P h e n o th ia z in e poiso n in g in pigs. J . W . B r itto n (Cornell Vet.,
1943, 33, 368— 369).— S y m p to m s of to x ic ity o c cu rre d in a ll of a
group of 64 p ig s (45— 60 lb. b o d y w t.) g iv en p h e n o th ia z in e (a single
dose of 11-7 g. p e r a n im a l w ith th e food). S y m p to m s in c lu d e d
posterior p a ra ly sis, in c o -o rd in a tio n , c irc lin g a n d s tu p o r, a n d p ro ­
lapse of th e re c tu m . A ll p ig s re c o v e re d r a p id ly a n d w e re n o rm a l
w ithin a w eek. T h e a n im a ls w e re a ffe c te d w ith n e c ro tic e n te ritis
when th e d ru g w as g iv en a n d th is m a y h a v e cau sed in c re a se d
ab so rp tio n fro m th e in te s tin e .
E . G. W .
C athartic a c tio n of se n n a , aloes, c asca ra, a n d bile sa lts in m ice.
L. W . H a z le to n a n d K . D . T a lb e r t (J. Amer. Pharm. Assoc., 1944, 33,
170— 173; cf. A ., 1942, I I I , 481).— A m e th o d for e v a lu a tin g c a th a rtic
a ctiv ity in m ice, b a se d o n th e faecal s ta in in g o f filte r-p a p c r, is n o t
satisfacto ry for e x tr a c ts of alo e o r c asca ra. F lu id e x tra c ts o f se n n a
progressively d e te rio ra te o n sto ra g e . N o to le ra n c e a p p e a rs to be
acquired on f r e q u e n t do sag e of c a th a r tic s in m ice. N a c h o la te is
the only bile s a lt of th o se e x a m in e d t h a t , w h e n ta k e n o ra lly in n o n ­
toxic doses, in d u c e s c a r th a r s is ; th e th re s h o ld c a th a rtic dose is
approx. 20 rag. p e r m ouse. N o c o rre la tio n e x ists b e tw ee n su rfa c e
tension a n d c a th a r tic a c tio n o r b e tw ee n c h o le retic a n d c a th a rtic
activities.
F . O. H .
H istam ine to le ran c e . R . K a tz e n s te in (Yale J . Biol. Med., 1944,
16, 325— 331).— T o le ran c e t o h is ta m in e in d ogs w as d e v elo p ed b y
daily, re p e a te d , in tr a v e n o u s in je c tio n s of in c re a s in g q u a n titie s of
the drug. T h e to le r a n t d ogs h a d o n ly m ild a n d tr a n s ito r y re a c tio n s
to a m o u n ts of h is ta m in e t h a t w o u ld cau se p ro s tra tio n o r d e a th in
unprepared dogs. T h e re w as also a n ab se n ce of th e m o rb id changes
associated w ith h is ta m in e p o iso n in g . T h e h is ta m in e to le ra n c e w as
not associated w ith a d re n a l c o rtic a l h y p e rtro p h y , w ith g re a te r u rin ­
ary c o n te n t o f 1 7 -k eto stero id , o r w ith a d a p ta tio n t o low a tm . 0 2.
F . S.
. Inhibition of h is ta m in e effects by com pounds of h ista m in e , h is triine, and a rg in in e . M . R o c h a e S ilv a ( / . Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1944,
80, 399— 408).— C o m p o u n d s of h ista m in e in w h ich t h e N H , g ro u p is
blocked b u t th e N H g ro u p o f th e g ly o x alin e r in g is free, a s in
a ce tyldehydrophcnylalanyl-, benzoyl-Z -tyrosyl-, a n d acety l-rf/-p h en y lalanyl-histam ine h y d ro c h lo rid e, a re p h a rm a c o lo g ic a lly in a c tiv e (cf.
A., 1944, I I I , 211) w h ilst th e y a re c ap a b le of p r e v e n tin g th e effect
°i histam ine o n g u in e a -p ig in te s tin e in vitro. H is tid in e m o n o h y d ro chloride, benzoyl-Z -arginineam ide, b enzoyl-/- a n d h ip p urylnitro-Z arginine possess sim ila r a n tih is ta m in e effects. I t is su g g ested t h a t
682
th e p h a rm a c o lo g ic a l a c tiv ity o f h is ta m in e d e p en d s o n i ts free N H ,
g ro u p , b u t its a n c h o rin g t o tis su e s o n its fre e N H g ro u p . A s all
t h e a n tih is ta m in e c o m p o u n d s te s te d h a v e a fre e N H g ro u p , i t is
in fe rre d t h a t th e ir a n tih is ta m in e p r o p e rty is d u e to th e c o m p e titio n
of th is N H g ro u p w ith th e sim ila r g ro u p of h ista m in e for th e chem ore c e p to rs of th e tissu e s.
G. P .
E ffects of age, sex, c a s tra tio n , a n d in te rv a l of tim e a fte r p a rtu ritio n
on to le ran c e to, a n d d etoxification of, p e n to b a rb ita l sodium in ra ts.
H . G. O. H o ic k a n d D . R . M a th ie so n (J. Amer. Pharm. Assoc.,
1944, 33, 174— 1 7 6 ; cf. A ., 1943, I I I , 138).— W ith r a ts given
in c re a s in g doses o f p e n to b a rb ita l N a u n til d e a th in te rv e n e s, th e 1a n d 2 -m o n th -o ld r a ts a n d p ra c tic a lly a ll th e a d u lt m ales, b u t o n ly
2 5 % o f th e a d u lt fem ales, d ev elo p to le ra n c e . A d u lt m ales g e n e ra lly
dev elo p to le ra n c e m o re ra p id ly t h a n d o th e fem ales. C a s tra tio n in
m ales te n d s to lo w er th e a b ility to d ev elo p to le ra n c e , w h ilst sp a y in g
o f 2 -m o n th -o ld fem ales in cre ases th e a b ility to d e to x ify th e b a r b it u r ­
a te o n c e to le ra n c e h a s d e v elo p ed . W ith p re g n a n c y , th e in cre ased
a b ility to d ev elo p to le ra n c e p e rsists d u rin g th e p e rio d of la c ta tio n ,
b u t d isa p p e a rs 8 w eeks a f te r p a r tu r itio n .
F . O. H .
Spasm olytic a n d lo cal a n ae sth etic a c tio n of e sters of 9 : 10-d ih y d ro a n th ra ce n e ca rb o x y lic acid a n d re la te d com pounds. G. L e h m a n n
a n d P . K . K n o efel (J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1944, 80, 335— 342).—
O u t o f a se ries o f 21 b a sic e ste rs of p o ly n u c lc a r c a rb o x y lic a cid s th e
/3 -d ie th y la m in o e th y l e ste rs of x a n th e n e -9 -c a rb o x y Iic a c id a n d of
9 ; 1 0 -d ih y d ro a n th ra c e n e -9 -c a rb o x y lic a cid w ere th e m o st po w erfu l
sp a sm o ly tic s. T h e l a t t e r is e sp e cially a c tiv e a g a in s t sp a sm of
sm o o th m u scle in d u c e d b y h is ta m in e a n d is c ap a b le o f p re v e n tin g
liis ta m in c -d e a th o f g u in ea -p ig s. B o th c o m p o u n d s h a v e a lso local
anaesth etic a c tio n a s te s te d on th e r a b b it ’s c o rn ea . T h e in tra p e rito n e a l L D 50 for m ice o f th e firs t c o m p o u n d w as 0-25 a n d t h a t of
th e second 0-15 g. p e r kg.
G. P .
Ineffectivness of so d iu m su c c in a te in c o n tro l of b a rb itu ra te ansesth e s ia .
IT. A. L a rd y , R . G. H a n se n , a n d P . H . P h illip s (Proc.
Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1944, 55, 277— 27S).— E x p e rim e n ts of Soslcin
a n d T a u b e n h a u s (A., 1943, I I I , 834) a re re p e a te d b u t n o t c onfirm ed.
V. J. W .
cyc/oP ropane fo r d e n ta l su rg e ry in c h ild ren . K . B . P in so n (Brit.
Med. J., 1944, I, 588— 589)-.— F ro m t h e e x p erien c e g a in e d in 500
cases th e new m e th o d u se d h a s p ro v e d safe a n d sim ple. V o m itin g
w as r a th e r fre q u e n t.
I. C.
./Etiology a n d tre a tm e n t of con v u lsio n s d u rin g a n ae sth esia . W . N .
K e m p (Brit. Med. J., 1944, I, 448— 450).— C on v u lsio n s o c c u rrin g
d u rin g a d m in is tra tio n o f g e n e ra l o r local a n aesth etics a re m a in ly
d u e to in te rfe re n c e w ith o r in h ib itio n of c e re b ra l cell re s p ira tio n .
T h e c a u sa l fa c to rs m a y b e anoxaem ia, o r tis su e a n o x ia d u e to
a lk a k e m ia a n d a c a p n ia , o r th e to x ic a c tio n o f th e a n aesth etic d r u g
in h ib itin g tis su e r e s p ira tio n . T h e m a in t r e a tm e n t is p r o p h y la c tic ;
e m e rg en c y t r e a tm e n t c a n b e c a rrie d o u t w ith 5 % CO a + 9 5 % 0 2,
in tra v e n o u s N a p e n to th a l, in tra v e n o u s in fu sio n of g lu co se-salin e ,
o r o th e r s y m p to m a tic m ea su re s.
I . C.
D e a th follow ing u se of
V. J . D e rb es a n d H . T .
478— 4S2).:— 5 cases d u e
A llerg y is c o n sid ere d t h e
lo cal a n aesth etics in tra n s c ric o id th e ra p y .
E n g e lh a rd t (J. Lab. clin. Med., 1944, 29,
t o cocaine o r p o n to c a in e a re d e sc rib e d .
p ro b a b le cause.
C. J . C. B.
E ffect of n ico tin ic acid o n p o st-o p e rativ e v o m itin g . W . W . M ushin
a n d H . M . W o o d (Brit. Med. J ., 1944, I , 719— 720).— N ic o tin ic a c id
h a s n o effect o n th e in cid e n ce of p o s t-o p e ra tiv e v o m itin g w h e n giv en
p re - a n d /o r p o s t-o p e ra tiv e ly .
I.e.
A n alg esia in o b stetrics. J . F . D o n n e lly (Amer. J . med. Sci., 1944,
2 0 7 ,8 0 4 — 811).— A rev iew of re c e n t lite ra tu r e .
C. J . C. B.
P e th id in e a s a n o b ste tric a n alg esic .
B. G allen a n d F . P r e s c o tt
(Brit. Med. J ., 1944, I, 176— 179).— P e th id in e p ro v e d a n effective
o b s te tric analgesic, th e a n a lg e s ia h a v in g b e e n c o m p le te o r s a tis ­
fa c to ry in 60 % of c a s e s; 5 % failed t o o b ta in a n y re lief fro m th e
d ru g . I t is sa tis fa c to rily a d m in iste re d in th e follow ing w a y s :
(a) in itia l dose (100 m g.) in tra m u s c u la rly , re p e a te d a f te r 1 h r . w ith
a c h lo ra l-b ro m id e -o p iu m m ix tu re o r w ith s c o p o la m in e ; (6) 100 m g.
of p e th id in e in tra v e n o u s ly , follow ed a f te r 1 h r. b y 100 m g. i n t r a ­
m u sc u la rly , w ith o r w ith o u t sco p o lam in e (1/150 g r a in ) . I n tra v e n o u s
p e th id in e p ro d u c e s a n a lg e sia in 5— 10 m i n . ; in tra m u s c u la r p e th id in e
in 15 m in . A n a lg esia la s ts for 3— 4 h r . ; 400 m g . c a n b e g iv en in
24 h r . P e th id in e h a s a n a n tisp a sm o d ic a c tio n o n t h e c erv ix . T h e re
w a s n o in cre ase o f in s tr u m e n ta l d e liv e rie s o r o f c o m p lica tio n s.
R e a c tio n s in th e m o th e r w e re : v o m itin g , te m p o r a r y ris e o f blood
p re ssu re , dizziness, tin g lin g of lim b s, d ry n e ss o f t h e th r o a t. I n
th e b a b ie s, 9 % re q u ire d re s u s c ita tio n ; th e r e w ere n o d e a th s a n d
n o n e o n a ta l m o rb id ity .
I . C.
O bstetric a n a lg e s ia w ith p e th id in e. W . S p itz e r (Brit. Med. J.,
1944, 1, 179— 181).— P e th id in e h y d ro c h lo rid e b y m o u th (25 m g.
re p e a te d h a lf-h o u rly for 2 doses, o r 50 m g. w ith o c ca sio n al 25 m g.
a d d ed ) p ro d u c e d a n a lg e s ia in 20— 30 m in . 1 7 % of cases w ere
g re a tly reliev ed , 7 2 % h a d good relief, 1 0 % n o re lief. I n 3 m o th e rs
tr a n s ie n t v o m itin g a n d b ra d y c a rd ia o c c u r r e d ; in 2 b a b ie s th e r e w as
tr a n s ie n t d e p ressio n o f h e a r t so u n d s a n d in 5 a m ild d e g re e of
A I I I —x x , PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY.
683
a sp h y x ia .
c erv ix .
P e th id in e sh o rte n s th e la b o u r, p o ssib ly b y re la x in g th e
I . C.
C ontinuo us c a u d a l a n æ s th e s ia [in o b ste tric s]. F . R . Irv in g ,
C. A. L ip p in c o tt, a n d F . C. M eyer (N .Y . Sta. J . Med., 1943, 43,
1023— 1029).— R e p o rt of 21S cases u sin g th e c a th e te r m e th o d of
in tro d u c in g th e a n æ s th e tic in to th e c a u d a l c an a l, a n d 1-5% m e ty caine, 0-25% p o n to c a in c , 1-25— 1-5% m o n o ca in , o r 2 % novoc a in e in phy sio lo g ical sa lin e . T h e re w ere 29 cases o f foetal d istress,
m o s t c o m m o n in th e m e ty c a in e series. T h e re w as a su s ta in e d fall
in blood p re ssu re in a ll th ese, a n d in som e, b u t less th a n 5 0 % , of
t h e c ases of foetal d istre s s w ith th e o th e r anaesth etics u se d . O ne of
2 cases o f s tillb irth , a n d n o n e of 3 cases of n e o n a ta l d e a th , w as
a tt r i b u te d to th e anaesthesia.
E . M. J .
Sim plified m eth o d o! c o n tin u o u s c a u d a l a n a lg e sia [in o b stetrics].
J . A. M iller (N .Y . Sta. J . Med., 1944, 44, 497— 499).— A 2 -inch
r u b b e r tu b e closed fla tly a t o n e e n d a n d h a v in g a m e ta l a d a p te r
o n th e o th e r to fit o n th e c a u d a l n e ed le is u sed , p a c k e d a ro u n d
w ith c o tto n w ool a n d m a d e im m o v a b le b y s tr a p p in g in to th e g lu te a l
fold. T h e anaesthetic is in je c te d in to th e fla t e n d o f th e tu b e ,
w h ic h re m a in s accessible.
E . M. J.
One h u n d re d cases of c o n tin u o u s c a u d a l a n a lg e sia . C. O. M cCor­
m ick, C. P . H u b e r, J . F . S p a h r, a n d C. F . G illespie (A »ter. J . Obstet.
Gynec., 1944, 47, 297— 311).
P . C. W .
Use of c o n tin u o u s c a u d a l a n a lg e sia .
Gynec., 1944, 47, 312— 32G).
C. B. L u ll (A »ter. J . Obslct.
P . C. W .
C ontinuo us drip c au d a l a n æ sth e s ia . . N . B lo ck (Amer. J. Obstet.
P . C. W .
Gynec., 1944, 47, 331— 334).
R e la tio n sh ip of m a te rn a l e th e r a n æ s th e s ia a n d in a u g u ra tio n of fœ ta l
re sp ira tio n . W . C. C. Cole a n d D . M. K im b a ll (Nebraska Sta. Med.
J ., 1943, 28, 200— 203).— T h e re w as a n in cre ase fro m 4 to 3 2 % in
b a b ie s ta k in g lo n g er th a n 3 m in . to s t a r t b re a th in g w h e n th e
m o th e rs re ce iv e d a n a îsth e s ia o n ly in th e first a n d seco n d sta g e a n d
3 rd s ta g e a n æ sth e s ia of o v e r 15 m in . d u ra tio n . T h e % of ba b ie s
b re a th in g w ith in 30 sec. fell, a n d th o se b re a th in g w ith in 30— 60
sec. a n d 1— 3 m in . in cre ased likew ise in a ll th e g ro u p s h a v in g 3rd
s ta g e a n æ sth e s ia o f u p to 5, 5— 10, 10— 15, a n d o v e r 15 m in.
E . M. J .
A n æ s th e sia in ho rse s a n d sw ine. A. G. D a n k s (Cornell Vet.,
1943, 33, 344— 346).— I n b o th h o rse s a n d sw'ine in tra v e n o u s in je c tio n
of a m ix tu re of c h lo ra l h y d r a te (12% ) a n d M gSO j (6% ) g a v e s a tis ­
fa c to ry a n æ sth e sia . T h e so lu tio n w as in je c te d slow ly u n til th e
re q u ire d d egree of a n æ sth e s ia w as o b ta in e d . In tr a v e n o u s in je c tio n
of p e n to b a rb ita l N a in th e h o rs e g a v e c o m p le te a n æ sth e s ia
w ith a do sag e o f 1 g ra in p e r 15 lb . a n d h y p n o sis w ith 1 g ra in p e r
25 lb . b o d y w t. R e c o v e ry fro m th e a n æ sth e s ia o c cu rre d in 18— 120
m in . w h e rea s a n im a ls re c e iv in g c h lo ra l h y d r a te m a y b e u n a b le to
s ta n d for som e h r . P e n to b a r b ita l N a , g iv en e ith e r in tra v e n o u s ly
o r b y th e p e rito n e a l c a v ity (1 g ra in p e r 5 lb. b o d y w t.), g a v e s a tis ­
fa c to ry a n æ sth e s ia in pigs.
E . G. W .
A nalg esic effect of m o rp h in e a lo n e a n d in c o m b in a tio n w ith da m p h e ta m in e . F . R . G oetzl, D . Y . B u rrill, a n d A. C. I v y (Proc.
Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1944, 55, 24S— 250).— S im u lta n e o u s a d m in is tr­
a tio n of ¿ -a m p h e ta m in e in cre ases th e a n alg esic a n d c o u n te ra c ts th e
n a rc o tic effect of m o rp h in e in m ice, a s sh o w n b y se n sitiv e n e ss to
p in c h in g of th e ta il.
V. J . W .
R e la tio n of d ru g a d d ic tio n to a u to n o m ic n erv o u s sy ste m : [effect
of m o rp h in e on] p e rip h e ral blood flow. C. K . H im m e lsb a c h (J.
Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1944, 80, 343— 353).— T h e re s tin g blo o d flow
to th e h a n d s o f m o rp h in e a d d ic ts a n d p o s t-a d d ic ts is su b n o rm a l,
w hile t h a t o f m a rih u a n a (n o n -o p iate) u se rs is n o rm a l. M o rp h in e
a n d d e m c ro l in c re a s e th e blood flow to th e h a n d s. I n o n e p a tie n t
w ith s y m p a th e tic p a ra ly sis in th e r ig h t u p p e r e x tr e m ity m o rp h in e
failed t o in cre ase th e blood flow t o th e a ffected h a n d , b u t h a d th e
u s u a l effect o n th e n o rm a l le f t h a n d .
G. P .
M o rp h in e-lik e p ro p e rties of d ip h en y le th y lam in e a n d re la te d com ­
pounds. E . C. D odds, W . L aw so n , a n d P . C. W illia m s (Proc. Roy.
Soc., 1944, B, 132, 119— 132).— A m o re d e ta ile d a c c o u n t o f w o rk
p re v io u s ly a b s tr a c te d (A ., 1943, I I I , 763). /3-H ydroxy-aj3-diphenyle th y la m in e w as th e m o st p ro m isin g , from th e clin ica l p o in t of view ,
of th e su b s ta n c e s te s te d ; i t gives c o m p le te re lief fro m p a in in
d oses o f 200— 400 m g. e v e ry 4 h r. (F o r n ew c o m p o u n d s see A.,
1944, I I , 293.)
H . B.
H y p o v itam in o sis-C a n d a n tin e u ra lg ic m ed ic atio n . E . F ro m m e l a n d
M. L o u tfi (Arch. Set. phys. nat., 1944, 26, [v], Suppl., 41— 44).— O f
th e d ru g s te s te d , a n ilin e is th e m o st to x ic a n d low ers th e asc o rb ic
a cid c o n te n t o f g u in e a -p ig tissu e s to th e g re a te s t e x te n t ; d e h y d ro a sc o rb ic a cid d isa p p e a rs fro m th e tissues. A c e ta n ilid e a n d a n tip y rin e h a v e less effect o n th e a sc o rb ic a cid lev el a n d , in th e l a t t e r
case, d c h y d ro a sc o rb ic a c id does n o t d isa p p e a r. P y ra m id o n e m o re
re sem b les an ilin e, a n d d e h y d ro a sc o rb ic acid d isa p p e a rs fro m m a n y
o rg a n s.
'
P . G. M.
In tra v e n o u s b a rb itu ra te s in tre a tm e n t of h y ste ria . C. L a m b e r t a n d
W . L . T ees (Brit. Med. J ., 1944, I I , 70— 73).— V a rio u s b a r b itu r a te s
w ere trie d in th e t r e a tm e n t of 126 cases of h y s te ria b u t n o b e tte r
684
re s u lts w e re o b ta in e d t h a n w ith o th e r p s y c h o th e ra p e u tic m ethods,
a n d th e re w ere no im p o r ta n t differences in th e effects produced.
T h e p h a se of lig h t n a rco sis w as m o st su ita b le for p sy c h o th era p y .
I. C.
M otion [sea-]sick n ess rem edies. J . M. V a lla n ce (Manufg. Chem.,
1944, 15, 202— 205, 221).— T h e aetiology of sea- (or sim ila r motion-)
sick n ess is c o n sid ere d a n d th e v a rio u s d ru g s u se d in form ulating
p ro p h y la c tic s o r re m e d ie s th e re fo r a re discussed.
E . L.
P h a rm ac o lo g y . I . Aletris farinosa. C. L . B u tle r a n d C. H.
C ostello (J.A m er. Pharm. Assoc., 1944, 33, 177— 183).— A q. extracts
of th e ro o ts a n d rh izo m e, b u ffere d a t p H 7-5, d e p ress th e isolated
r a t ’s u te ru s w h e n th e co n cn . is a b o v e 0 -02% . T h e e x tr a c ts antag­
onise th e s tim u la tin g effect of p ito c in . W h e n te s te d on isolated
u te r in e tis su e of g u in ea -p ig a n d r a b b it, th e re s u lts a rc inconsistent,
th e p r e d o m in a n t a c tio n b e in g stim u la tio n . A d e p re ss a n t effect is
p ro d u c e d in c a t ’s u te ru s (n e m b u ta l a n æ sth e s ia o r decerebrated),
e sp e cially d u rin g oestrus.
F . O. H.
E ffect of so d iu m a sc o rb a te o n su rv iv a l of a n im a ls poisoned by lead,
m erc u ry , p h o sp h o ru s, a rsen ic , a n d b a riu m . E . F ro m m e l and M.
L o u tfi (Arch. Sci. phys. nat., 1944, [v], 26, Suppl., 37— 40).—Na
a sc o rb a te in doses of 0-1— 0-2 g. p e r kg. p ro te c ts g uinea-pigs from
p o iso n in g b y P b , H g, As, a n d B a . I t h a s no effect o n P poisoning.
P . G. M.
[P ro p e rtie s a n d p h a rm a co lo g y of] dihydroxypropyl bism uthate.
L . M. W heeler, R . A. K u e v e r, E . G. G ross, a n d R . N om land (J.
Amer. Pharm. Assoc., 1944, 33, 156— 15S) .•— D ihydroxypropyl
b is m u th a te , O H -C H ?-C H (O II) -CH?- 0 - B i0 2, m .p . 240— 245° (decomp.),
is p re p a re d b y tr e a tin g g lycerol w ith N a B iO a a t 52— 55°, neutralising
w ith c itric acid, a n d fr a c tio n a lly p p tg . w ith alcohol. I t is watersol., th e a q . so lu tio n (p H 6-8) slow ly decom p, o n boiling. The
5 0 % -le th a l dose o ra lly in r a b b its is 1 g. of B i p e r kg. a n d in tra ­
m u sc u la rly 34— 40 m g. p e r kg. I t gives s ta b le so lu tio n s in serum.
M e th o d s of a n a ly sis a r e o u tlin e d . W h en a d m in is te re d orally, 2%
of th e B i is e x c re te d in th e u rin e in r a ts a n d u p to 2 0 % in men.
C linical re s u lts in sy p h ilis a re p ro m isin g .
F . O. H.
D eto x ificatio n of o rg a n ic a rsen ic al c om pounds. V. Additional
d e to x ic an ts fo r q u in q u e v a le n t a rsen ic als. J . I I . S a n d g ro u n d (J.
Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1944, 80, 393— 398).— A ll 3 isom erides of
a m in o b e n zo ic a cid , its m e th y l, h y d ro x y -, a n d nitro-analogues,
b en zo ic a cid , p h e n y la c e tic a cid (and its p -a m in o -d e riv a tiv e ), phenylp ro p io n ic a cid , a c e ta n ilid e , m a n d e lic acid, b e n z y l su c c in a te , benzoylg ly cin e (and its p -a m in o -d e riv a tiv e ), N -p h e n y lg ly c in e , n ico tin ic acid,
n ic o tin a m id e , a n d O -acety lsalicy lic a cid a ffo rd 70— 100% protection
to r a ts a g a in s t L D 00+ doses of a rsa n ilic a c id o r carbarsone.
E s té rific a tio n a n n u ls th e d e to x ic a tin g p r o p e r ty o f a ro m a tic acids.
S u lp h a n ilic acid a n d su lp h a n ila m id e h a v e no d e to x ic a tin g properties
(cf. A ., 1943, I I I , 764, 765, 835).
G.P.
C adm ium poisoning. P . R o ss (Brit. Med. J., 1 9 4 4 ,1, 252— 253).—
A re p o rt on 23 cases of c a d m iu m p o iso n in g .
I. C.
T re a tm e n t of Latrodectus (black w idow spider) poisoning. RG a ja rd o -T o b a r, a n d E . V ild o so la (Rev. Soc. argent. Biol., 1944, 20,
12— 20).— A n ti-la tro d e c tu s se ru m , p re p a re d in th e N a tio n a l Bac­
terio lo g ic a l I n s t i tu t e of B u e n o s A ires, w a s in je c te d in 6 patients
w ith se v e re sy m p to m s . O n e dose of 5 c.c. g a v e re m a rk a b le relief
in 1 h r . w ith t o ta l re c o v e ry in 3 h r.
J . T . L.
P h a rm a c o lo g ic a l a c tio n of v en o m of Latrodectus mactarts and other
Latrodectus spiders. R . R . L . S a m p a y o (J. Pharm. Exp. Ther.,
1944, 80, 309— 322).— T h e v e n o m , e x tra c te d fro m th e céphalothorax,
h a s a p o w e rfu l e x c ita to ry effect o n th e s y m p a th e tic a n d central
n e rv o u s sy ste m s. In je c te d in tra v e n o u s ly i t in c re a se s th e blood
p re ssu re ; th is effect is n o t in flu e n ce d b y a tro p in e , b u t is augm ented
by' cocaine, a n d is a b o lish e d by' F o u rn e a u 933. T h e rise in blood
p re ssu re o c cu rs a f te r re m o v a l of th e a d re n a ls, of a ll abdominal
v isc era , a f te r d e c a p ita tio n a n d e x tirp a tio n of th e c a ro tid sinus, or
a f te r c u ttin g th e v ag i. I t c au ses c o n tra c tio n of th e nictitating
m e m b ra n e a n d d ila ta tio n of p u p ils, b u t n o t a f te r re m o v a l of the
s u p e rio r c erv ica l gan g lio n . I t d ecreases th e vol. of th e spleen, but
h a s n o effect o n th e sm o o th m u scles of bro n ch io les, in testin e, or
u te ru s . T a c h y p h y la x is is o b se rv ed a fte r re p e a te d in je c tio n s of the
v e n o m . A n tiv e n o m se ru m w a s o b ta in e d b y im m u n isin g a horse;
th is i n je c te d , in tra v e n o u s ly p re v e n ts o r ab o lish e s th e poisonous
effects of th e s p id e r v e n o m . T h e sy m p to m s of p o iso n in g from the
b ite of L. mactans a re d e sc rib e d .
G. PT oxieopathologic stu d ies o n S -m e th y lL o th io u re a . W . C. Hueper
a n d C. T . Ic h n io w sk i (Arch. Path., 1944, 37, 253— 263).— T he mm.
le th a l in tra v e n o u s a n d o ra l d o ses of S -m e th y lfso th io u re a sulphate
w’ere d e te rm in e d in dogs, c a ts, ra b b its , a n d r a t s ; th e ra b b its were
le a s t a n d th e r a ts m o st r e s is ta n t. A n e u tra lis e d so lu tio n of S-m ethylfso th io u re a g iv en in tra g a s tric a lly ' is m o re to x ic t h a n a n acid solution
a n d p ro d u c e s in r a ts h y d ro th o ra x , h y d ro p e ric a rd iu m , a n d inflam­
m a to r y a n d h æ m o rrh a g ic c h an g e s in t h e s to m a c h a n d intestine.
S -M eth y lfso th io u re a docs n o t cau se d e g e n e ra tiv e in tim a i o r m edial
c h an g e s in th e a o r ta a n d o th e r la rg e a r te r ia l vessels in rab b its,
a lth o u g h i t p ro d u c e s a n a p p a re n tly ' h y p o th y ro id hypercholesterolæ m ia a n d is a v a so c o n stric to r. T h e h y p e rp la stic , hyperthyroid
fo llicu lar c h an g e s o f th e th y r o id g la n d w ere of m ild degree. Repeated
685
A I I I —x x i, PHYSIOLOGY OF W O RK AND IN D U STR IA L H Y G IEN E,
in tra v en o u s in je c tio n o f S -m e th y lfso th io u re a m a y lead to m a rk e d
reten tio n of g lycogen in th e liv e r cells a s in v o n G ie rk e ’s disease.
(6 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J . C. B.
Fate of polyvinyl a lcohol in tro d u c ed in tra p c rito n e a lly in ra ts .
R. H . K . F o s te r a n d L. J e n k in s (Arch. Path., 1944, 37, 279— 281).—
Polyvinyl alcohol a fte r b e in g in tra p c rito n e a lly in je c te d in r a ts is
slowly d e p o site d in th e k id n e y s a n d slow ly e lim in a te d . S m all
doses a re c o m p le te ly e lim in a te d in a few w eeks. L a rg e doses re q u ire
a longer tim e fo r m ax . d e p o sitio n a n d e lim in a tio n . A p p e tite a n d
grow th a re n o t affected b y m assiv e doses of 0-5— 1-0 g. p e r kg.
in tra p e rito n e a lly .
C. J . C. B.
i
E ffects of som e co m m o n poisons in su cro se so lu tio n s on ch em o receptors of th e housefly, Musca domestica, L. C. C. D e o n ier ( / .
Econ. Eniom., 1938, 31, 742— 745).— T h e c h e m o rcc c p to rs of th e
proboscis w ere g e n e ra lly m o re se n sitiv e to chem ical p o iso n s th a n
were th o se o n th e ta rs i. P ro b o scis resp o n ses w ere in itia te d b y ta rs a l
stim u la tio n s w ith M -sucrose c o n ta in in g H gC l, (0-5% ). T h e p ro ­
boscis c h e m o re c e p to rs d id n o t re sp o n d to 0-05% H gC l, b u t 0-025%
of H gC l2 a ffected th e feeding o f houseflies. N a F (3-5% ), N a ,S iF „
(0-5%), A sjO j (1-84 g. p e r 100 c.c.), a n d less th a n 0-25% of H 3A s 0 4
did n o t in h ib it feeding. H g C l, (5% ) in h ib ite d th e ta r s a l c h em o ­
receptors a n d p re v e n te d su b s e q u e n t s tim u la tio n of th e pro b o scis
with su cro se so lu tio n s, b u t re c o v e ry o c cu rre d a f te r 1— 5 h r. in
some flies.
A. A. M.
C hem ical w a rfare . J . R . W ood (Amer. J . Puhl. Health, 1944, 34,
455— 400).-—A ch em ical a n d to x ic o lo g ic al review .
C. J . C. B.
T onic a c tio n of stry c h n in e .
1944, I, 3G0— 361).— A review .
W . F . A n d e rso n (Brit.Med. J.,
I. C.
Toxic effects of p ro p a m id in e, w ith special referen ce to th e tre a tm e n t
of burns. J . W . A llen, F . B urgess, a n d G. R . C am ero n (J. Path.
Bacl., 1944, 56, 217— 223).— T o x ic doses of p ro p a m id in e d iliy d ro chloride in tra v e n o u s ly o r su b c u ta n e o u sly in g o a ts, ra b b its , g u in eapigs, ra ts , o r m ice p ro d u c e e x te n siv e liv e r d a m a g e, less se v e re a n d
inconst, re n a l in ju ry , a n d so m e tim es p u lm o n a ry oedem a. L arg e
am ounts of p ro p a m id in e d ih y d ro c h lo rid e je lly (w ater-sol. base) can
be ru b b e d in to th e s k in o f n o rm a l r a b b its a n d g u in ea -p ig s w ith o u t
ill effects. R isk s o f a b s o rp tio n fro m th e rm a l b u rn s tr e a te d w ith
p ro p am id in e o in tm e n t a re n o t g re a t, a lth o u g h o c casio n ally e n ough
p ropam idine m a y be a b so rb e d to give liv e r necrosis. P ro p a m id in e
isethionate su b c u ta n e o u sly is n o m o re to x ic t h a n th e d ih y d ro c h lo rid e
and, w h en a p p lie d to n o rm a l o r b u r n t sk in , a b s o rp tio n docs n o t
occur a n d in te r n a l o rg a n s a re n o t d a m a g e d . (3 p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J. C. B.
H e at a n d m u sta rd gas b u rn s. A. R . K o o n tz (Arch. Surg., Chicago,
1944, 48, 284— 299).— T h e re w as n o difference in c o u rse o r h isto lo g y
betw een h e a t b u rn s a n d m u s ta rd gas b u rn s in dogs o r g o a ts. (62
p h o to m ic ro g rap h s.)
F . S.
U ntow ard effects of v a rio u s su b sta n c es reco m m en d ed fo r b u rn s or
wounds. R . D . B a k e r (Arch. Surg., Chicago, 1944, 48, 300— 304).—
T here w as n o n c c ro tis in g effect o n th e exposed m uscle of th e r a t ’s
abdom inal w all w h e n iso to n ic so lu tio n of N aC l, p e tro la tu m , bo ric
acid o in tm e n t, o r m o to r oil w as a p p lie d . W h ite so ap , e th e r, a n d
benzene h a d a slig h t n c c ro tis in g effect in v o lv in g th e superficial
muscle fib re la y e r, w h ilst h e x y lre so rc in o l, 5 0 % 1 I ,0 2, 5 0 % a q .
solution of m ed ic in a l so ft so ap , a n d 9 5 % alcohol p ro d u c e d necrosis
involving th e su p erficial 2— 3-5 la y e rs. 10% ta n n ic a cid a n d 10%
AgN Oj d a m a g ed m uscle to a d e p th o f 6— 9 la y e rs of m uscle fibres.
(6 p h o to m ic ro g rap h s.)
F . S.
“ C ellophane ” fo r tre a tm e n t of b u rn s. J . F a r r (Brit. Med. J.,
1944, I, 749— 750).— A fte r c le an sin g of th e b u r n t a re a su lp h o n a m id c
o in tm e n t is a p p lie d ; th e a ffected a re a is w ra p p e d in C ellophane a n d
com pressed w ith c o tto n w ool. S a tis fa c to ry re su lts w ere o b ta in e d
in 10 cases.
I. C.
D iagnosis a n d tre a tm e n t of lesions due to vesican ts.
m an (Brit. Med. J., 1944, I I , 109— 112).— A review .
W . E . ChiesI. C.
T rea tm e n t of gas g a n g ren e . J . D . M a c L e n n an a n d M. G. M acfarlane (Brit. Med. J., 1944, I, 683— 685).-—T h e d e a th r a te w as
lowest a m o n g th o se c a s u a ltie s of th e C e n tra l M e d ite rra n e a n F o rc e
who received w ith in 6 h r. of diag n o sis b o th su rg ic al tr e a tm e n t a n d
an in tra v e n o u s d o se a t le a s t 50,000 u n its of p o ly v a le n t a n tito x in .
There is som e e v id e n ce fo r th e v a l. of a n tito x in as a p ro p h y la c tic .
I. C.
E xperim ents o n scabies prophylaxis. K . M e lla n b y (Brit. Med. J.,
1944, I, 689— 690).— S cabies p ro p h y la x is is n o t p ra c tic a b le , b u t
frequent e x a m in a tio n s b y e x p erien c e d p e rso n n e l w ill re v ea l n u m e ro u s
cases a n d d im in ish th e no. of c o n ta c ts.
I. C.
X X I.— P H Y S IO L O G Y
OF
WORK
AND
IN D U S T R IA L
H Y G IE N E .
[A pparatus fo r re co rd in g of w o rk p erfo rm a n ce a n d sp o n ta n eo u s
activity of ra ts.] In flu en ce of th ia m in deficiency o n w o rk p e rfo r­
c e of ra ts. M. K n ia z u k a n d H . M o lito r (J. Pharm. Exp. Ther.,
1944, 80, 362— 372).— A n a p p a r a tu s fo r re co rd in g th e w o rk p e r-
x x n , RADIATIONS.
686
fo rm a n c e of sw im m in g r a ts is d e sc rib e d : th e m ax . lo ad w h ic h th e
a n im a l c an c a r r y w ith o u t sin k in g is re co rd e d . T h is lo ad is a u to ­
m a tic a lly a d ju s te d to th e w a n in g s tr e n g th of th e a n im a l. A cage
fo r re c o rd in g s p o n ta n e o u s a c tiv ity o f th e r a ts is also d e sc rib e d ;
th is c o n sists of a n a n te n n a (in su la te d m e ta l sh eet) p la c e d in th e
c e n tre of th e cage a n d c o n n e c te d to a c a p a c ity re la y , th e l a t t e r
o p e ra tin g a n e le c tro m a g n e tic c o u n te r. T h ia m in d eficiency re su lte d
in a ra p id a n d m a rk e d d e te rio ra tio n of th e w o rk p e rfo rm a n c e of
ra ts , b u t a d m in is tr a tio n of th ia m in re s to re d p ro m p tly th is im p a ir­
m e n t. R e d u c tio n of food in ta k e w ith o u t th ia m in d e ficiency w as
n o t a cc o m p a n ied b y a d e cre ase in wro rk p e rfo rm a n c e . A d m in is­
tr a tio n of th ia m in , e v e n in larg e doses, to n o n -d e fic ie n t a n im a ls d id
n o t im p ro v e th e ir w o rk p e rfo rm a n c e .
G. P.
New tech n iq u e fo r a p p lic atio n of d u st-la y in g oils to h o sp ita l bed­
clothes. F . C. H a rw o o d , J . Powmcy, a n d C. W . E d w a rd s (Brit. Med.
J., 1944, I, 615— 616).— A te c h n ic a l n o te .
I. C.
X X I I . — R A D IA T IO N S .
E x p erim en tal R o e n tg e n in ju ry . I. E ffects on th e tissu e s a n d
blood of CZH m ice produced w ith single sm a ll w hole-body exposures.
I I . C hanges p roduced w ith in te rm e d ia te -ra n g e doses a n d a co m p ariso n
of th e re la tiv e susceptibility of different k in d s of a n im a ls. H I. T issue
a n d c ellu la r ch an g es b ro u g h t ab o u t w ith single m assiv e doses of
ra d ia tio n . IV. E ffects of re p ea te d sm a ll doses of X -ra y s o n blood
p ictu re, tissu e m orphology, a n d life sp a n in m ice. P . S. H e n sh a w
(J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 1944, 4, 477— 484, 485— 501, 503— 512, 513—
522).— I. M ice g iv en a single dose of 50 r. of A '-rays develo p ed
leucocytosis in 2— 4 h r. a n d leu c o p en ia in 8— 12 h r. R e d u c tio n of
sp e rm a to g o n ia a n d p r im a ry s p e rm a to c y te s in th e te s tis o c cu rre d
1 w eek a fte r ir r a d ia tio n a n d re d u c tio n of se c o n d a ry s p e rm a to c y te s
o c c u rre d a w eek la te r. T h e tu b u le s re co v e red in 4— 6 w eeks.
D e s tru c tiv e ch an g e s w ere also seen in ly m p h nodes, spleen, a n d
in te s tin a l m ucosa.
I I . M ale m ice a n d g u in ea -p ig s w e re giv en doses from 50 to 400 r.
T h e le th a l dose for g u in ea -p ig s w as a b o u t 200 r. a n d for m ice
400— 450 r. D e ad a n im a ls h a d c o n g estio n of th e lu n g , p e te c h ia l
h æ m o rrh ag e s, a n d u lc e ra tio n of g a stro in te s tin a l m u co sa a n d a tro p h y
of ly m p h o id tis su e a n d b o n e m a rro w . T h e effect p ro d u c e d is
d e p e n d e n t o n th e a m o u n t of in ju r y to th e ste m cells of re g e n e ra tiv e
tissu e s. T h e c o u rse of th e ch an g e s in ly m p h nodes, b o n e m arro w , \
a n d te s tis is illu s tra te d .
I I I . A p p lic a tio n of 50,000 r. c au se d d e a th of ra b b its a n d g u in eapig s in 3— 6 h r. a n d of m ice in 24— 48 h r. follow ing a d istin c tiv e
fo rm of shock, in w h ich te m p , ro se to a s h ig h as 43-4°. T h e t r e a t ­
m e n t cau sed s lig h t hæ m o co n cn ., ra p id d e stru c tio n o f leu co cy tes,
h y p e ræ sth e sia , i n te r m it t e n t seizures, a n d cy an o sis. P o s t-m o rte m
e x a m in a tio n show ed co n sid era b le d e stru c tio n of a lm o st all tissu e s
w ith d e g e n e ra tio n of n u c le i a n d c y to p la sm . L o cal a p p lic a tio n of
larg e doses to th e te s tis re su lte d in ra p id ch an g e s in th e ex p o sed
o rg a n a n d d e la y e d effects su c h a s h æ m o rrh a g e in th e lung.
IV . M ice w ere g iv en d a ily doses o f 5, 10, 15, 20, a n d 25 r. u n til
th e y d ied . T h e y su rv iv e d fro m 17 to 36 w eeks a c c o rd in g to th e
dose a d m in iste re d . A lth o u g h m ice rece iv in g larg e d a ily doses d ied
earlie r, th e y h a d g re a te r t o ta l doses, t h a n d id m ice o n low d a ily
doses. T h e fa ll in leu c o cy te level a n d th e d a m a g e t o ly m p h nodes,
sp leen , b o n e m arro w , a n d te s tis v a rie d in a g e n e ra l w a y w ith th e
level o f th e d a ily dose.
E . B.
R a d io th e ra p y of ectopic calcification. E . M illin g to n (Brit. Med.
J ., 1944, I I , 148— 149).— N o te o n th e te c h n iq u e w ith r e p o rt of th re e
cases.
I . C.
D w arfism a sso ciated w ith m icro cep h alic idiocy a n d r e n a l ric k e ts
[resu lt of X -ra y s]. S. J . G lass (J. clin. Endocrinol., 1944, 4, 47— 53).
— A case is re p o rte d . X -I r r a d ia tio n of th e m a te rn a l p e lv is d u rin g
p re g n a n c y w as th e p ro b a b le c au se.
P . C. W .
F allacies in so ft tissu e p lac en to g ra p h y . C. M o ir (Amer. J . Obstet.
Gynec., 1944, 47, 198— 211).— T h e X -r a y o p a c ity of th e p la c e n ta is
in d is tin g u ish a b le fro m t h a t of a m n io tic fluid. T h e d a r k b a n d s u r ­
ro u n d in g th e fcetus in ra d io g ra p h s o f th e m a te rn a l a b d o m e n is d u e to
foetal s u b c u ta n e o u s tissu e . T h e p la c e n ta l sh a d o w o b se rv e d in su c h
ra d io g ra p h s is th ic k e r t h a n th e n o rm a l th ic k n e ss o f th e p la c e n ta
a n d c a n be in d e n te d b y e x te rn a l p re s s u re ; i t is c o n clu d ed t h a t
w h a t o th e r a u th o r s h a v e re g a rd e d a s th e sh a d o w of th e p la c e n ta is
re a lly th e sh ad o w of th e p la c e n ta a n d a m n io tic fluid.
P . C. W .
P re p a ra tio n of io d in e -c o n ta in in g X -ra y c o n tra s t su b sta n c e s.— See
A ., 1944, I I , 295.
L ocal X -irra d ia tio n of m o u se em bryos in utero. A . R a y n a u d a n d
M. F rille y (Conipt. rend ., 1943, 217, 54— 56).— T h e te c h n iq u e d escrib ed
re n d e rs possible b rie f ir ra d ia tio n (1— 3 m in .) of localised a re a s of
th e m o u se e m b ry o w ith h ig h d oses of X -ra y s . 29 o u t of 72 e m b ry o s
g iv en doses of 5000— 40,000 r. to th e h e a d a re a s u rv iv e d to p a r tu r i ­
tio n . 12— 13 -d ay e m b ry o s w ere used.
P . G. M.
B iological effects of X -ra y s a s a fu n c tio n of in te n s ity .
A . A. B less
(Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1944, 30, 118— 121).— W h e a t seed s w ere
su b je c te d to d oses of X -ra d ia tio n u p t o 1000 r . a t in te n s itie s ra n g in g
687
A
n r — X X III,
P H Y S IC A L
A N D
C O L L O ID A L
iro m 25 r . p e r m in . to 5000 r . p e r m in . T lie effect on th e su b s e q u e n t
g ro w th of th e s h o o t w a s d ire c tly c o rre la te d %vith th e t o ta l dose a n d
w a s u n re la te d to th e in te n s ity .
F . S.
E ffect of lo n g u ltra -v io le t a n d n e a r v isible r a d ia tio n o n eggs of
nem a to d es
Enterobius vermicularis a n d Ascaris lumbricoides.
M. F . Jo n e s a n d A. H o lla e n d e r (J. Parasit., 1944, 30, 20— 33).—
T h e e n e rg y n e c e ssa ry in th e 3500— 4900 a . ra n g e to k ill th e s e eggs
w a s 50— 200 x 107 ergs p e r sq. cm ., a p p ro x . 1000 tim e s t h a t neces­
s a ry fo r E. vermicularis a t AA below 3000 a .
F . S.
P rim a ry a c tio n of X - a n d u ltra -v io le t ra y s o n B. paradysemerice
R . L a ta r je t {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69, 205— 214).— T h e
% m o rta lity c u rv e of th is o rg a n ism w h e n s u b je c te d t o 665— 20,000
r. of X -r a d ia tio n w as c o n s is te n t w ith th e th e o re tic a l e x p o n e n tia l
c u rv e w h en o n e e ffective h i t is sufficient to p r e v e n t th e m u ltip lic a tio n
of a bacillu s. T h e t a r g e t o r se n sitiv e vol. w as calc, t o b e 1*3 X
10-18 c.c. W h e n th e o rg a n ism w as su b je c te d to 45— 675 e rg s of
u ltr a -v io le t r a d ia tio n p e r cu. m m . th e m o r ta lity c u rv e w as consis­
t e n t w ith th e sig m o id al c u rv e for 5 h its, th e e n e rg y re q u ire d b e in g
o f th e sam e o rd e r a s for X -ra d ia tio n . T h e se n sitiv e vol., h o w ev er,
w as calc, as o n ly 6-2 x 10~18 c.c. T h e fa c to rs c o n trib u tin g to th is
difference a re d iscussed.
F . S.
YGR.
X X I I I . — P H Y S IC A L A N D
C O L L O ID A L
C H E M IS T R Y .
P e rm ea b ility of living m em b ran e s. IX . C alculation of toxicity
c o n sta n ts by m e th o d of le a st sq u a res. E . M acovski (Biochem. Z.,
1942, 310, 313— 324).— A th e o re tic a l d iscussion of th e a p p lic a tio n
of th e m e th o d to e q u a tio n s p re v io u sly giv en (A., 1939, I I I , 784),
w ith o n e e x am p le. T h e a d v a n ta g e s o v e r e a rlie r m e th o d s a re
stre sse d .
P . G. M.
P ro b lem s of th e tra n s m iss io n of lig h t th ro u g h tissu e s a n d som e
o th e r m edia. D . S. E v a n s (Phil. Mag., 1944, [vii], 35, 300— 314).—
T h e a b so rp tio n of lig h t in a n id ealised biological tissu e, in w h ich
th e blo o d v essels a re re p la ce d b y se ts of p a ra lle l tu b e s , is calc.
T h e a b s o rp tio n d e p e n d s o n th e t o ta l vol. of blood p re se n t, a n d n o t
on its d is trib u tio n b e tw e e n b lo o d v essels of v a rio u s sizes. T h e
effects of s c a tte r in g a t th e su rfa ce o f th e tu b e s, a n d o f vol. s c a tte rin g
w ith in th e m ed ia , a re also c o n sid ered .
H . J. W.
P re c ip ita tio n titr a tio n of g e la tin .
B . Jirg e n so n s (Biochem. Z.,
1942, 310, 325— 334).— S o lu tio n s of g e la tin o r i t s d e g ra d a tio n
p ro d u c ts w ere t it r a te d w ith a ce to n e to tu r b id ity . T h e a m o u n t of
a ce to n e re q u ire d is in v e rs e ly p ro p o rtio n a l to m ol. w t., a n d th e re is
a lin e a r re la tio n b e tw e e n th e log of concn. of p ro te in m a te ria l a n d
p re c ip ita b ility . T h e pre sen c e of ev en sm all q u a n titie s of a cid causes
a g g re g a tio n a n d a fa ll in tj, w ith p p tn . b y sm a lle r vols. of a ce to n e ,
w h ilst la rg e r a m o u n ts o f acid effect a d isa g g re g a tio n w ith re s u ltin g
s tre tc h e d -c h a in m ols. t h a t re q u ire less a ce to n e fo r p p tn .
P . G. M.
Com plex affinity of h e av y m e ta ls fo r p ro tein s, m . E ffect of
o rg a n ic n itro g e n com pounds a n d o th e r su b sta n c es th a t fo rm com ­
plexes w ith silv er o n th e a c tio n of silv er o n d iasta se s. W . H a a rm a n n
a n d E . F ru h a u f-H e ilm a n n (Biochem. Z., 1941, 309, 32— 41).—
N a 2S20 3, N aC N S, th io u re a , K C N , p ro te in s (e.g., o v a lb u m in ), p e p to n e ,
a n d c y stin e ( b u t n o t o th e r N H z-acids) c o u n te ra c t th e in a c tiv a tio n
of p a n c re a tic d ia s ta s e b y A g N 0 3, A g b e in g de-ionised. M a lt
d ia s ta s e is m o re se n sitiv e (g re a te r a ffin ity fo r Ag) t o t h e a c tio n of
A g t h a n is p a n c re a tic d ia sta se , i ts in a c tiv a tio n n o t b e in g c o u n te ra c te d
b y N aC N S , th io u re a , N H 2-acids, p ro te in s, a n d p e p to n e . K C N a c ts
o n ly a f te r fo rm in g com plexes w ith Ag. N a 2S20 3, e v en in g re a t excess,
c o u n te ra c ts th e in a c tiv a tio n o n ly in c o m p le te ly (cf. A ., 1944, I I ,
208).
W . M cC.
S tru c tu re of th e collodion m em b ran e a n d its e le ctrica l b e h av io u r.—
See A., 1944, I, 223.
P ro to p lasm ic v iscosity a n d se n sitiv ity to X -ra y s.— See A., 1944,
I I I , 557.
X X I V .— E N Z Y M E S .
M echanism of enzym e a ctio n . W . G. Crevvther ( / . Proc. Austral.
Chem. Inst., 1944, 11, S2— 87).— E n z y m e -s u b s tra te re la tio n s h ip s a re
c ritic a lly rev iew ed .
I . A. P .
In h ib itio n in enzym e system s. V. R e la tio n b etw een v ita m in s
a n d a n ti-v ita m in s . H . v o n E u le r, L . A h lstro m , I. P e tte rs o n ,
a n d S. T in g s ta m (Arkiv Kemi, M in., Geol., 1943, 17, A, N o . 8,
1 4 p p .; cf. A ., 1 9 4 4 ,1 1 1 ,2 1 7 ).— T h e a c tio n o f la c tic acid d e h y d ro g e n ­
ase in p re sen c e of c o zy m ase is in h ib ite d b y sa lic y la te , th e
e x te n t of in h ib itio n in c re a s in g a s t h e co zy m ase co n cn . decreases.
T h e e x te n t is in c re a se d b y a d d in g a seco n d in h ib ito r (c itra te ,
su lp h a n ila te , p -a m in o b e n z o a tc ). P a n to th e n a te h a s n o in h ib ito ry
effect a n d does n o t in c re a s e th e effect o f sa lic y la te . T h e slig h t
in h ib ito ry effect o f su c c in a te is in c re a s e d b y su lp h a n ila te . Q uinol
a n d p y ro g a llo l a c t lik e sa lic y la te b u t a re less pow erfu l. S a lic y la te
a lso a c ts a s in h ib ito r i n th e ffitiozym ase sy s te m (d e c a rb o x y la tio n of
p y ru v ic a cid i n p re sen c e of a d d e d co ca rb o x y la se ), its effect bein g
in c re a se d b y a c e ta ld e h y d e , w h ic h is likew ise a n in h ib ito r. T h e
C H E M IS T R Y ,
x x iv ,
E N Z Y M E S .
688
e x te n t of th e in h ib itio n b y sa lic y la te in th is case does n o t increase
p ro p o rtio n a te ly a s th e c o ca rb o x y la se co n cn . decreases. T h e results
su g g e st t h a t " a n ti-v ita m in s ” (in h ib ito rs) a c t b y d isplacing co­
e n zy m es fro m th e ir a tta c h m e n t to th e a p o -e n z y m e m ol. or by
a tta c h in g th em se lv es to a g ro u p in th e a p o -en z y m e n o t occupied by
c o-enzym e.
W . McC.
A n e u rih in a c tiv a tio n by th e C hastek p a ra ly sis fa c to r. Inhibition
of a n e u rin in a c tiv a tio n . R . R . S ealock a n d R . L . G oodland (J.
Amer. Chem. Soc., 1944, 66, 507— 510).— In h ib itio n of aneurin
a c tiv ity b y th e C h a ste k p rin c ip le is p ro v e d t o b e e n zy m ic (cf. A.,
1943, I I I , 664) b e ca u se i t is p re v e n te d b y m e ta ls a n d b y some
su b s ta n c e s re sem b lin g a n e u rin ch em ica lly . M a n y su b sta n c e s cannot
b e in v e s tig a te d b e ca u se th e y in te rfe re w ith th e m e th o d of d eter­
m in a tio n , b u t p o sitiv e re su lts a re o b ta in e d for C u S 0 4, Z nC l2, FeCl3,
K C N , N a F , N a 2S 0 4, io d o a c e tic acid, c y stein e, 3-o-am inobenzy 1-4m eth y l-, 4-m ethyl-3-jS-am i n o e th y l-, 3 -0 -p h th alim id o eth y l-4 -m e th y l-,
a n d (slight) fo r 4 -in e th y l-3 -e th y l- a n d 3-ph en y l-4 -m eth y l-th iazo liu m
c hloride, 4 -a m in o -2 -m e th y l-5 -b ro m o m e th y l- a n d -5-eth o x y m cth y la n d 4 -a m in o -2 -m e th y l-5 -s u lp h o m e th y l-p y rim id in e ; 3-o-nitrobenzyl4 -m cth y l-, 2 : 4 -d im e th y l-3 -e th y l-, 3 : 4 -d im e th y l-5 -0 -h y d ro x y e th y l-,
a n d 3-p h cn y l-2 : 4 -d im e th y l-th ia z o liu m c h lo rid e h a v e n o effect.
A c tiv ity of th e org. su b s ta n c e d e p en d s o n re se m b la n c e of th e group
a tta c h e d to th e N to th e sim ila r g ro u p of a n e u rin . F o r tire o-aminob e n z y l c o m p o u n d th e g ra p h r e la tin g % re d u c tio n in a c tiv ity with
log co n cn . is sigm oid. T h e % in h ib itio n d e p e n d s o n th e ra tio of
a n e u rin a n d C h a ste k p rin c ip le concns. A n a ly sis o f th e velocity
d e te rm in a tio n s b y th e m e th o d of L in e w e av e r a n d B u r k (A., 1934,
55S) show s t h a t th e o -am in o b en z y i c o m p o u n d a c ts a s com petitor
w ith a n e u rin for th e en zy m e of th e C h a ste k p rin c ip le .
R . S. C.
ff-A m ino-acid oxidase, u ric a se , a n d choline-oxidase (a) in th e livers
a n d in iso late d liv e r cell n u c le i of r a ts b e a rin g tra n s p la n te d tum ours,
( b) in tw o tra n s p la n te d r a t tu m o u rs a n d in iso late d n u c le i of tum our
c e lls — See A ., 1944, I I I , 543.
A c tio n of lipoxidase o n th e o x id atio n of elseostearic acid. H.
S u llm an ri (Helv. Chim. Acta, 1944, 27, 789— 7 9 3 ; cf. A., 1944, III,
365).— O b s e rv a tio n s on th e r a to of a b s o rp tio n of 0 2 a p p e a r to
in d ic a te t h a t th e o x id a tio n of elm ostearic acid is a cc ele rated to
som e e x te n t b y e n zy m e props, c o n ta in in g lip o x id a se b u t th e ready
a u to x id is a b ility o f th e acid so m e w h a t o b sc u res th e re su lts. The
p a th th ro u g h se c o n d a ry o x id a tio n s does n o t lea d to c le a r concep­
tio n s .
H ■W ,
M e a su rem e n t of ty ro sin ase catecliolase a ctiv ity , n . Catecholase
a c tiv ity based on th e in itia l re a c tio n velocity. W . H . M iller, M. F.
M a lle tte , L . J . R o th , a n d C. R . D aw so n (J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1944.
68, 514— 519).— T h e c h ro n o m e tric m e th o d (A., 1942, H I , 418) is
a p p lie d t o th e in itia l sta g e s of th e o x id a tio n of p y ro c atec h o l by
ty ro sin a s e . W h e re a s im p u re en zy m e p re p s, a re re la tiv e ly stable,
p u r e r p re p s, su ffer se v e re in a c tiv a tio n d u rin g th e firs t few min.
T h u s, o th e r m e th o d s o f d e te rm in in g ty ro s in a s e a c tiv ity give low
re su lts . T h e re a c tio n r a te follow s th e e q u a tio n , Q — atl(b + /), in
w h ich Q = a m o u n t of o -b en zo q u in o n e fo rm ed in tim e t a n d a and b
a re co n sts. .M eth o d s o f c a lc u la tin g a a n d b a n d th e n c e determ ining
e n zy m e a c tiv ity a re e x p la in e d .
R . S. C.
E ffect of ty ro sin ase o n p h e n eth y lam in e deriv ativ es. L . O. R andall
a n d G. H . H itc h in g s ( / . Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1944, 81, 77 — 8 3 ).—The
in itia l r a te of o x id a tio n of a series of p h e n e th y la m in e derivatives
c a ta ly se d b y ty ro s in a s e (p re p a re d fro m m u sh ro o m s) u p to the
c o n su m p tio n of 50 p i. o f 0 2 p e r m ol. of a m in e w as a lin e a r function
of tim e a t p H 7 a n d 30°. T h e p rim a r y a n d sec. d e riv a tiv e s of any
se ries w ere o x id ised m o re r a p id ly t h a n th e tert. o r q u a te rn a ry
d e riv a tiv e s. T h e 3 : 4 -d ih y d ro x y p h e n e th y la m in e s w ere oxidised
m o re r a p id ly th a n t h e 2 : 3 -d ih y d ro x y -d e riv a tiv e s o r adrenaline.
T h e 4 -h y d ro x y p h e n e th y Ia m in e s w ere o x id ised m o re ra p id ly than
th e 3 -h y d ro x y -d e riv a tiv e s. T h e 2 -h y d ro x y - a n d u n su b s titu te d
p h e n e th y la m in e s a n d th e Ar-s u b s titu te d 3 -h y d ro x y -d e riv a tiv e s were
n o t o x id ised a t all. T h e re w a s n o c o rre la tio n b e tw e e n r a te of
o x id a tio n a n d th e phy sio lo g ical a c tiv ity of th e c o m p o u n d s.
T y ro sin ase in p a rth e n o g e n e tic g ra ssh o p p e r eggs.— See A ., 1944,
I I I , 519.
/-A m in o -a cid oxidase of Proteus vulgaris. P . K . S tu m p f and
D . E . G reen ( / . Biol. Chem., 1944, 153, 387— 399 ).— Proteus vulgans
c o n ta in s a n en zy m e w hich c a ta ly s e s o x id a tiv e d e a m in a tio n of norleucine, p h e n y la la n in e , leucine, tr y p to p h a n , m e th io n in e , tyrosine,
n o rv a lin e , h istid in e , a rg in in e, tsoleucine, a n d o -a m in o b u ty ric acid,
t h e ra te s o f re a c tio n b e in g in th is o rd e r. T h e en zy m e h a s m arked
c h em ica l a n d ste re o c h e m ic a l sp ecificity . I t a tta c k s o n ly th e /-forms
of th e am in o -ac id s, a n d o x id a tio n is u n a ffe c te d b y p re sen c e of th e disom erides. 0 -H y d ro x y -, d ic a rb o x y -, a n d d iam in o -ac id s ' (except
a rg in in e), p ro lin e, h y d ro x y p ro lin e , c y ste in e o r c y stin e , glycine, and
p h e n y lg ly c in e a re n o t a tta c k e d . T h e m o st sig n ific a n t difference
b e tw e e n th is e n zy m e a n d th e Z -am m o-acid o x id ase o f r a t k id n e y is
t h a t fo r e a c h m ol. of a m in o -ac id o x id ised o n ly 1 a to m o f O is utilised
a n d 1 m ol. of k e to -a cid a n d N H , a re form ed. N o H 20 2 is ’produced.
T h e cell-free en zy m e is p re p a re d b y d is in te g ra tio n of th e cell by
su p e rso n ic v ib ra tio n s , a n d th e a c tiv ity is a sso c ia te d w ith insol.
689
A I I I —x xiv, ENZYMES.
particles w hich se d im e n t e ffectively o n ly in fields g re a te r th a n 3000 g.
T he cell-free en zy m e so lu tio n is sta b le for a long tim e a t 0°, b u t
78% a c tiv ity is lo s t a f te r 5 m in. a t 55°, a n d th e en zy m e is c o m p le te ly
d e stro y ed a f te r 5 m in . a t 60°. T h e o p tim u m p H is 6-8; s ta b ility
decreases w ith d e cre ase o f p H . T h e re is no loss of a c tiv ity a f te r
prolonged d ialy sis a g a in s t n e u tr a l buffer o r p p tn . w ith (N H 4)2S 0 4.
A s 0 3" ', F ', N 3', io d o a c e ta te , a n d su lp h a th ia z o le h a v e n o effect on
a c tiv ity ; 0-OIm-HGN c au ses 8 8% in h ib itio n of o x id a tio n of th e
reduced en zy m e b y 0 2, b u t does n o t a ffe c t re d u c tio n of th e enzym e
by th e s u b s tra te . E x tre m e ly sm a ll a m o u n ts of c a p ry l alcohol
cause c o m p le te in h ib itio n b o th a ero b ica lly a n d a n ae ro b ic a lly .
0-0lM -Benzoic acid does n o t in h ib it, w h ilst A g \ C u ", a n d H g ” a re
toxic in low co n cn . T h e equiv. of th e Proteus e n zy m e is p re se n t
in Aerobacter abrogcnes a n d Pseudomonas pyocyaneus, b u t n o t in
Escherichia coli, Strep, htsmolyticus, Viplococcus pneumonia, Salmo­
nella paratyphi, B. subiilis, Staph, aureus, a n d Sarcina lutea. (See
also A., 1944, I I 289.)
J . N . A.
P urified m ilk peroxidase.
H . T h eo re ll a n d A. A keson (Arkiv
Kemi, M in., Geol., 1943, 17, B, N o. 7, 6 p p . ; cf. E llio tt, A ., 1932,
1165).— A p p ro x . 2 % o f th e lac to -p e ro x id ase of m ilk is iso late d , a f te r
rem o v al of fa t, b y p p tg . fra c tio n a lly w ith (N T L )2S 0 4, h e a tin g a t
70° fo r 15 m in ., d ialy sin g , re -p p tg . w ith b a sic P b a c e ta te , a g a in
dialysing, a d d in g a c e ta te b u ffe r (pH 5-9), a n d su b je c tin g to e le c tro ­
phoresis a t p H 5-9. T h e y ield is a p p ro x . 0-2 g. p e r 100 1. of m ilk.
U n til t h e e le ctro p h o re sis sta g e is re ac h ed , th e e n zy m e is acco m ­
p a n ie d b y a re d c o m p o u n d , p o ssib ly a c o n v ersio n p ro d u c t of th e
enzym e, h a v in g a n a b so rp tio n b a n d a t 4S0 m /i. L ac to -p e ro x id ase,
w hich resem b les a lb u m in a n d is n o t p p td . iso e le ctrica lly , is a
h a im in -p ro te in c o m p o u n d (Fe c o n te n t 0-0755% ) h a v in g a b so rp tio n
m ax. a t 413 a n d 280 m /i. I t is re d u c e d b y N a 2S20 4, th e g re en
p ro d u c t b e in g re-o x id ised b y a ir, a n d y ield s a hm m ochrom ogen
w ith N a O H + N a 2S20 4 + p y rid in e . I t also y ield s a C N - a n d a F com pound. W it h 'H j O , i t y ield s tw o co m p o u n d s a cc o rd in g a s th e
mol. ra tio H 20 2 : F e is low (e.g., 1 : 1 ) o r h ig h (e.g., 10 : 1). A
m odification o f th e p u rp u ro g a llin te s t s h o w s .th a t its p u rp u ro g a llin
val. is 71-5. W ith a sm a ll p ro p o rtio n of H 20 2 -(- g u aiaco l, i t y ield s
te tra g u a ia c o q u in o n e b y a u n im o l. re a c tio n . I n p re sen c e o f I-I20 2 i t
oxidises I ' a n d i t a c ts a s a n a e ro b ic o x id ase o n d ih y d ro x y m a le ic
acid.
W . M cC.
E ry th ro c y te c ata la se . K . A gner (Arkiv Kemi, M in., Geol., 1943,
17,. B, N o. 9, 10 p p .).— C ry st. c a ta la se (a c tiv ity v al. 100,000, F e
c o n te n t 0-0087% ) free fro m fe rr itin a n d b iliv e rd in is o b ta in e d from
d e fib rin ate d h o rse blood, a f te r re m o v a l o f hm m oglobin, b y p p tn .
w ith alcohol, d isso lu tio n in w a te r, r e -p p tn . w ith (N H 4)2S 0 4, re d issolution in w a te r, d ialy sis a g a in s t P 0 4" ' b u ffer a t p H 6-8, a n d
e lectrophoresis. T h e m a te ria l h a s a b s o rp tio n b a n d s a t 626, 525,
and 500 m /t., th e c o rre sp o n d in g p y rid in e hm m ochrom ogen h a v in g
ban d s a t 557-2 a n d 525 m /t. A ll th e F e of th e m a te ria l is p re s e n t
as hm m in. W h e n a c e ta te is s u b s titu te d for P 0 4" ' a s b u ffer th e
b ro w nish-red c o lo u r ch an g e s to b ro w n ish -g re en a n d a c tiv ity d e ­
creases, p ro b a b ly b e ca u se a n in a c tiv e form of th e e n zy m e is p r o ­
duced. A ll th e c a ta la se of th e b lood o ccu rs in th e e ry th ro c y te s.
W . M cC.
M anom etric m e a su re m e n t of e stera se a c tiv ity of co b ra venom .
F. B o v e t a n d D . B o v e t (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69, 309— 312).—
W ith a c e ty lc h o lin e as s u b s tr a te in c o n st, co n cn . th e re la tio n s h ip
of C 0 2 re le ased to tim e w as a s tr a ig h t line, th e speed of h y d ro ly sis
c o rre sp o n d in g to th e co n cn . (1/1000— 1/50,000) of a d d e d v enom .
W ith c o n st, v e n o m concn. th e sp eed o f th e re a c tio n w as in d e p e n d e n t
of th e co n cn . (1/250— 1/40,000) of a ce ty lc h o lin e . T h e re w as no
la te n t p e rio d a n d th e sp eed w as u n a ffe c te d b y te m p , or b y C a o r K .
E ste ra se a c tio n w as d e stro y e d b y 1/5000 of K M n 0 4, h e a tin g , 0-5
p.p.m . of e se rin e , a n d b y 1/1000 of m eth y len e -b lu e .
F . S.
E ffect of b a rb itu ra te s on ch o lin e -e ste rase in different tissu e s.— S ee
A., 1944, I I I , 553.
A ssay of rib o n u clein a se in biological m a te ria l. J . A. B a in a n d
H . P . R u sc h (J. Biol. Chem., 1944, 153, 059— 667).— T he en zy m e
was d e te rm in e d b y th e lib e ra tio n of C 0 2 from N a H C 0 3- C 0 2 . in
W arb u rg m a n o m e te rs, th e p ro d u c ts of th e re a c tio n b e in g m o re acid
th a n th e o rig in a l nucleic acid. T h e en zy m e (o p tim u m p H a p p ro x .
7-5) is in h ib ite d u p to 5 0 % b y 0-001 m -C u " a n d -Z n ’. D e ta ils of a
m ethod fo r c o rre c tin g for C 0 2 re te n tio n a re g iven. V ario u s n o rm al
and tu m o u r tis su e s of r a t w ere a ssa y ed . P a n c re a s h a d 16-7, spleen
2, k id n e y 1-6, s u b m a x illa ry a n d lu n g 0-98, liv e r a n d m uscle 0-3— 0-4,
and tu m o u r tissu e s 0-5— 1-06 u n its .
J- F . M.
P eptidases of in te stin a l m ucosa. E . L . S m ith a n d M i B e rg m a n n
{/. Biol. Chem., 1944, 153, 627— 651).— A /-leucine-am inoexopeptidase w as p u rifie d from a q . e x tra c ts of p ig 's in te s tin a l m ucosa
by a ce to n e p p tn . follow ed b y (N H .,)2S 0 4 fra c tio n a tio n . A 34-fold
purification w a s o b ta in e d , w ith a y ield of 3 1 % . In c u b a tio n of
the p u rifie d en zy m e w ith M n " fo r 24 h r. led to a 9 5 % loss of a c tiv ity ,
although b o th M n " a n d M g” a c tiv a te th e p u rifie d en zy m e w ith
short in c u b a tio n . T h e en zy m e w as p a r tly in a c tiv a te d b y in c u b ­
ation w ith c y stein e. P ro lid a se w as p urified b y a ce to n e p p tn .
followed b y ly o p h ilisa tio n of th e m o th e r-liq u o r a n d th e n dialy sis.
A nother m e th o d in w h ic h th e in itia l p p tn . w as b y P b a c e ta te , th e
enzym e b e in g in th e s u p e r n a ta n t fluid, g a v e a b e tte r y ield . D ialy sis
690
follow ed .by fra c tio n a l (N H 4)2S 0 4 p p tn . led to a p re p . 30 tim e s a s
a c tiv e a s th e o rig in a l. T h is en zy m e w as a c tiv a te d b y M n ", b u t n o t
b y M g", a n d in h ib ite d b y C o", C u ", o r Z n ". F ir s t- o rd e r v e lo c ity
coeffs. w ere o b ta in e d fo r h y d ro ly se s b y th is e n zy m e. A gly cin eim id o e n d o p e p tid a se , w h ic h w as n o t a c tiv a te d b y M n ", a n d o th e r
p e p tid a se s w as also o b ta in e d . F ro m p ig ’s k id n e y w a s o b ta in e d a n
e n zy m e t h a t , a c tiv a te d b y c y stein e, h y d ro ly se d a p ro lin e p e p tid e .
(F o r n e w s u b s tra te s , see A ., 1944, I I , 290.)
J . F . M.
“ ¡-/-Peptidase ” in gro w in g p a rts of old p la n ts. IV. E . B a m a n n
a n d O. S ch im k e (Biochem. Z., 1942, 310, 302— 310 ; cf. A ., 1944, I I I ,
287).— T h e a c tiv itie s of d- a n d /-p e p tid a s e i n v a rio u s p a r ts of
a sp a ra g u s a n d flow ering b a rle y a re d e te rm in e d . A s p a ra g u s sh o o ts
c o n ta in th e g re a te s t a m o u n t of /-p e p tid a se . I n p re sen c e o f M nC l2,
t h e a c tiv ity is in c re a se d b y a p p ro x . 5 0 % , w h ilst in p re sen c e of
c y ste in e + M nC l2 th e re is a de cre ase in a c tiv ity in se c tio n s from th e
t ip of th e sh o o t, b u t a n in c re a se w ith low er se c tio n s. T h e to p of
t h e s h o o t also e x h ib its m a x . ¡/-p ep tid ase a c tiv ity , w h ilst lo w er
se c tio n s c o n ta in less en zy m e. A c tiv a tio n b y M nC l2 is g re a te r th a n
w ith /-p ep tid ase, w h ilst c y ste in e h a s n o p ro n o u n c e d effect. T h e
a c tiv ity of d -p e p tid a s e is g re a te r in th e e a rs t h a n in th e n o d e s o n
t h e ste m of flow ering b a rle y .
J . N . A.
K in e tic s of h ydrolysis of m u sc le -p ro te in s by pro tea se s. I . A.
S m o ro d in ce v a n d V. P . S h ig a lo v (J. Appl. Chem. Russ., 1943, 10,
227— 233).— M e a t c a n b e h y d ro ly se d fo r so u p c u b e s e tc . b y e n zy m es
m o re r a p id ly th a n b y a cid . 1 g. of b e ef d ig e ste d w ith 0-01%
p e p sin so lu tio n in HC1 a t p H 1-5— 2 gives in 60 m in . a t 37° 10— 17
m g. o f a m in o -N ; th is a m o u n t does n o t rise on f u rth e r d ig estio n .
A s u b s e q u e n t d ig estio n w ith p a n c rc a tin a t p H 8-2 a t 37° ra ises
a m in o -N to 22— 67 m g. w ith in 1 h r . ; th e r a te of re a c tio n in cre ases
b y a fa c to r of 2— 2-5 w h e n -th e co n cn . o f p a n c r e a tin in cre ases from
0-5% to 1% , b u t a n in c re a se to 2 % is less effective. E re p s in
a p p lie d e ith e r a fte r, o r to g e th e r w ith , p a n c re a tin a c c e le ra te s th e
re a c tio n b u t little . T h e r a te of d ig estio n in th e firs t 10— 15 m in .
is so m u c h g re a te r t h a n t h a t in th e second p a r t of th e re a c tio n t h a t
no re a c tio n o rd e r is sa tis fie d ; b u t th e second p a r t a lo n e c a n b e
re p re s e n te d b y th e S c h iitz -B o ris o v e q u a tio n o r b y re a c tio n s of
zero o r firs t o rd e r. T h is c o m p lic a te d k in e tic s is p ro b a b ly d u e to
m e a su rin g a m in o -N in s te a d of th e u n h y d ro ly se d p ro te in .
J- J - B .
A c tiv a tio n of ficin. T . W in n ic k , W . H . Cone, a n d D . M. G re en b e rg
( / . Biol. Chem., 1944, 153, 465— 4 7 0 ).— T h e p r o te a s e • a c tiv ity of
c ry s t. ficin, a c tiv a te d b y c y ste in e , H C N , o r I12S , is n o t a p p re c ia b ly
d im in ish e d b y re m o v in g th e a c tiv a to r (c y stein e b y dialysis, H C N
o r H 2S b y e v a c u a tio n ) a n ae ro b ic a lly . W h e n d ialy sis is aerobic,
a lm o s t all a c tiv ity is lo st b u t m o st o f i t is re s to re d b y t r e a tm e n t
w ith a c tiv a to r. M o st o f th e a c tiv ity lo s t b y t r e a tm e n t w ith K M n 0 4
is also re s to re d b y tr e a tm e n t w ith a c tiv a to r. T h ese fin d in g s a n d
m e a su re m e n ts of o x id a tio n -re d u c tio n p o te n tia l in d ic a te t h a t ficin
is a c tiv e in re d u c e d fo rm a n d in a c tiv e w h e n ox id ised . C N ' a n d
S H c o m p o u n d s h a v e n o co-en zy m ic fu n c tio n b u t p r o te c t th e en zy m e
from o x id a tio n o r in a c tiv a tio n b y h e a v y m e ta l.
W . M cC.
New p ro teo ly tic enzym e of p a p ain class in p la n ts.
W . G. Jafffi
(Rev. Brasil. Biol., 1943, 3, 149— 157).— A n ew p ro te o ly tic en zy m e
h a s b e e n p re p a re d fro m th e sa p of th e b u sh Tabernamontana grandiflora. I t belongs t o th e p a p a in class a n d is 10 tim e s as p o w e rfu l
a s p a p a in . T h e sa p c o llected in J u ly c o n ta in s a n a tu r a l a c tiv a to r
a n d th e en zy m e is th e re fo re n o t a c tiv a te d b y th e u s u a l p a p a in
a c tiv a to rs . T h e sa p collected in A p ril is d e v o id of n a tu r a l a c tiv a to r s
a n d a c tiv a te d b y H C N , c y stein e, e tc . N a 2S20 3 a c ts a s a n a c tiv a to r
of p a p a in a n d of th e new en zy m e.
I. C.
C om bination of p o tato v iru s X a n d tobacco m o sa ic v iru s w ith
p epsin a n d try p sin . A. K leczk o w sk i (Biochem. J., 1944, 38, 160—
167).— P e p sin co m b in es w ith casein , p o ta to v iru s X , a n d h e a td e n a tu re d to b a c c o m o saic v iru s, w h ic h a re a ll s u b s tra te s , b u t n o t
w ith th e u n d e n a tu r e d to b a c c o v iru s, w h ic h is n o t a s u b s tr a te fo r
p e p tic a c tio n . T h e p e p s iri-p o ta to v iru s c o m p le x is s till in fec tiv e .
In v e rta s e does n o t c o m b in e w ith o r a tt a c k a n y of th e s e p ro te in s.
M ore tr y p s in c o m b in e s w ith th e to b a c c o v iru s, w h ic h is n o t a
tr y p s in s u b s tr a te , th a n w ith p o ta to v iru s X , w h ich is. T h e in fect iv i t y o f th e to b a c c o v iru s is re v e rsib ly in h ib ite d b y th is c o m b in ­
a tio n , a n d th e tr y p s in is p ro te c te d fro m sp o n ta n e o u s in a c tiv a tio n
a t p H 7. T ry p s in a n d in v e rta s e a d so rb e d o n c h a rc o a l c a n b e s e t
free b y c a s e in ; a d so rb e d in v e rta s e is s e t free b y th e to b a c c o v iru s
b u t n o t b y sucrose.
R . L. E .
P la s m a c o ag u latio n a n d fibrinogenolysis by p ro sta tic fluid a n d
try p sin .— See A ., 1944, I I I , 539.
A c tio n of cl- a n d fl-am y lase. W . B. W rag g e (J. Proc. Austral.
Chem. Inst., 1944, 11, 88— 91).— A re v ie w .
I. A. P .
E le v atio n of u te rin e /1-glucuronidase a c tiv ity by oestrogenic h o r­
m o n es.— See A., 1944, I I I , 538.
Iso la tio n a n d c ry sta llis a tio n of enolase. O. W a rb u rg a n d W .
C h ristia n (Biochem. Z., 1942, 310, 384— 421).— E n o la se , t h e en zy m e
t h a t c o n v e rts 2 -p h o sp h o g ly ceric a cid in to p h o sp h o p y ru v ic a cid , is
o b ta in e d fro m e x tr a c ts of d rie d b re w e r's y e a s t. D rie d y e a s t is
e x tra c te d w ith w a te r a t 38° a n d c e n trifu g e d , a n d th e e x tr a c t is
691
A I I I —x x v , FU N G I.
MICRO-ORGANISMS.
cooled to 0°. A d d itio n of 0-5 vol. o f cold a ce to n e p ro d u c es a p p t.
w hich is d isc ard e d , a n d a d d itio n of a f u rth e r 0-5 vol. o f a ce to n e
p p ts . th e enzym e, w hich is collected a n d e x tra c te d w ith w a te r.
In so l. m a te ria l is d isc a rd e d a n d th e s u p e r n a ta n t fluid is acidified
w ith N -acetic a cid t o p H 4-70. T h e e n zy m e is fra c tio n a lly p p td . b y
alcohol a t 0°, th e a c tiv e fra c tio n is e x tra c te d w ith ' w a te r, insol.
m a te ria l is d isc a rd e d , a n d th e e x tr a c t is a g a in fra c tio n a lly p p td . b y
a lc o h o l a t 0°. T h e en zy m e is th e n p p td . fro m th e clarified a q .
so lu tio n b y y e a st-n u c le ic a cid so lu tio n a t p H 4-5. T h e nucleic acid
is re m o v e d fro m a so lu tio n of th e c o m p lex w e a k ly a cid to litm u s b y
p ro ta m in e s u lp h a te , th e p H fallin g to 4-6. T h e s u p e r n a ta n t liquid
is a d ju s te d t o p H 6-2 a n d a g a in clarified. T h e so lu tio n is m ad e
5 % in M g S 0 4,7 H 20 , k e p t a t 38° fo r 17 h r ., a n d th e n h e a te d a t 53° for
15 m in. T h e p p t. is re m o v e d a n d th e s u p e r n a ta n t fluid is d ialy se d
a g a in s t 0-00lN -aq. N H 3. T h e so lu tio n is clarified a n d freeze-d ried ,
y ie ld in g 2-67 g. of p r o d u c t of 5 0 % p u r i ty p e r kg. of d rie d y e a s t. A
second d ialy sis a g a in s t a q . a lcohol a t 0° for 7 d a y s gives a p ro d u c t
of 75 % p u r i ty (P 0-2% ) in a y ield of 0-14% o f o rig in a l d rie d y e a s t.
D e ta ils a re given for th e p re p , of th e c ry st. H g S 0 4 com p lex in n eedle
form , s ta r tin g fro m th e p ro d u c t of 5 0 % p u r ity . T h is s a lt is in a c tiv e
b u t, on d isso lu tio n in C N '-c o n ta in in g a m m o n ia c a l a q . (N H 4)2S 0 4,
a n d a d d itio n of f u rth e r (NI-I4)2S 0 4, th e free cn o lase p ro te in is
p p t d . ; th is can b e a c tiv a te d b y M g sa lts . T h e re m o v a l of H g
is m o re c o m p le te if th e a q . (N H 4) 2S 0 4 so lu tio n is d ialy se d . L ow
co n cn s. of Z n a n d M n sa lts a rc m o re effective th a n M g-in a c tiv a tin g
en o la se p ro te in . In h ib itio n o f th e a c tiv ity of th e M g-enolase
com p lex b y F ' is d u e to p re fe re n tia l c o m b in a tio n of M g w ith F '.
P . G. M.
P h o sp h a ta se s of red blood corpuscles active in acid m edia (acid
p h o sp h a tases). J . R oche, N . v a n T h o ai, a n d ' J . B a u d o in (Conipt.
rend., 1942, 215, 380— 387).— A n u c lca r re d corpuscles (ox a n d ra t)
c o n ta in tw o p h o sp h o m o n o e ste ra se s w ith o p tim u m p H of 5-5 a n d 4-1.
T h e e n zy m e w ith o p tim u m a t p H 4-1 is d e stro y e d sp o n ta n e o u s ly
w h en th e c o rp u scles a re sto re d for se v e ra l d a y s a t 2° (ty p e A , of
P o lic y a n d K a y ), w h ils t th e o th e r is m o re s ta b le (ty p e A t). M g"
a n d M n " in h ib it th e A %e n zy m e a n d a c tiv a te th e A.t, th e effect of
M n " b e in g m o re m a rk e d . T h e ty p e A t en zy m e is a c tiv a te d b y
asc o rb ic acid, g lu ta th io n e , a n d c y stein e, w h ilst th e A 3 en zy m e is
a c tiv a te d b y th e th io ls b u t in h ib ite d b y a sc o rb ic acid. T h e corp uscles
c o n ta in tw o p y ro p h o sp h a ta s e s w ith o p tim u m p H 5-4 a n d 4-1, a c tiv ­
a te d b y M g" a n d a sc o rb ic acid, a n d se p a ra te d from th e p h o sp h o m o n o e stcra sc s b y -a d s o rp tio n on k a o lin . T h e re d corpuscles a re th e o n ly
a n im a l cells c o n ta in in g ty p e A t p lio sp h o m o n o e ste rase.
I-I. G. R .
E ffect of c a s tra tio n a n d testo ste ro n e p ro p io n ate o n “ a lk a lin e ”
a n d “ acid ” p h o sp h a tases of k idney, liver, a n d in te stin e of m ouse.
C. D . K o c h a k ia n a n d l i . P . F o x (J. Biol. Chcm., 1944, 153, 669—
674).— T h e p h o sp h a ta s e s of th e liv e r a n d in te s tin e of m ice w ere n o t
a ffected e ith e r b y c a s tr a tio n o r b y te s to s te ro n e im p la n ta tio n . T h e
k id n e y s d ecreased in size a s a re s u lt of c a s tr a tio n ; th e to ta l
" a lk a lin e ” p h o s p h a ta s e a lso d ecreased , a lth o u g h th e a m o u n t p e r
g. d id n o t. T h e t o ta l " acid ” p h o s p h a ta s e d e cre ased slig h tly ,
w h ils t th e a m o u n t p e r g. in cre ased . T e s to s te ro n e tr e a tm e n t led to
h y p e r tro p h y o f th e k id n ey , a larg e d e cre ase in " a lk a lin e ” p h o s­
p h a ta s e , a n d a n in cre ase in " acid ” p h o sp h a ta s e . T h e re w as m o re
" a lk a lin e ” p h o sp h a ta s e in th e tissu e s of th e o ld er th a n in th e
y o u n g e r m ice.
J . F . M.
F lu o rid e in h ib itio n of p h o sp h a tase w ith acid o p tim u m pH . W .
K u tsc h e r a n d H . W u s t (Biochem.Z., 1942, 3 1 0 ,2 9 2 — 301).— In h ib itio n
of a cid p h o s p h a ta s e b y F ' is d u e t o c o m p e titio n b e tw ee n F ' a n d th e
s u b s tr a te for th e en zy m e. I t a p p e a rs t h a t F ' a n d th e s u b s tr a te
u n ite w ith th e e n zy m e a t th e sa m e p o in t of a tta c k , a n d th e e x te n t
of in h ib itio n d e p e n d s o n th e a ffin ity of th e s u b s tra te for th e enzym e.
A cid p h o sp h a ta s e h a s a g re a te r affin ity for p h e n y l p h o s p h a te th a n
i t h a s for /3-glycerophosphate a n d h e n ce F ' in h ib its h y d ro ly sis of
^ -g ly c e ro p h o sp h a te m o re re a d ily t h a n t h a t of p h e n y l p h o sp h a te . I t
is su g g e ste d t h a t a m e ta llic a to m if p re s e n t in th e e n zy m e m ol. m ig h t
se rv e a s th e p lac e of a tta c k b y F ' o r o f a tta c h m e n t to th e s u b s tra te .
T h e in h ib itio n s o f a cid p h o sp h a ta s e a n d of g lycolysis of m uscle b y
F ' a re c o m p a re d a n d discussed.
J . N . A.
D iffere n tia tio n of p y ro p h o sp h a tases a n d a lk a lin e p h o sp h o m o n o ­
estera se s. J . R oche, N . v a n T h o ai, a n d J . D u ra n d (Compt. rend.,
1943, 217, 119— 120).— A fte r p ro lo n g ed d ialy sis of t h e en zy m e
p re p s., C a ", M g ", a n d M n” a c tiv a te th e m o n o este rases to a g re a te r
e x te n t th a n th e p y ro p h o sp h a ta s e s, w h ilst F e " a n d Z n " a c tiv a te th e
la t t e r a n d in h ib it th e fo rm er. T h e differences o b se rv ed seem to be
d u e r a th e r to th e p re sen c e of sp. co-enzym es a n d v a ry in g c o n te n t
of a c tiv e m e ta l io n s t h a n to a n y fu n d a m e n ta l c o n s titu tio n a l differ­
ences.
P . G. M .
X X V .— F U N G I .
M IC R O -O R G A N IS M S .
IM M U N O L O G Y .
ALLERGY.
C om bined b io s-g ro w th su b sta n c e in Boletus edulis. J . D a g y s a n d
P . B lu zm a n as (Ber. deut. bot. Ges., 1943, 61, 49— 66).— T h e d ried
m a te ria l, a f te r re m o v a l of sol. m a tte r b y w a sh in g w ith w a te r or
alcohol, y ield s a f u rth e r q u a n tity of y e a s t g ro w th -su b s ta n c e b y
IMMUNOLOGY.
ALLERGY.
692
tr e a tm e n t w ith x-H C l, N a O H , o r p e p sin . T h e lib e ra te d grow thsu b s ta n c e is sol. in w a te r o r 8 7% alcohol b u t n o t in e th e r, is re sista n t
to o x id a tio n b y H 20 2, p p td . b y P b a c e ta te , a n d is a d so rb ed by
a n im a l C. I t is p ro b a b ly p a n to th e n ic acid o r a re la te d substance.
A. G. P.
B io ch e m istry of w o o d -ro ttin g fu n g i. IV. M etabolic products of
Trametes suavolens (L inn.), F r. J . H . B irk in sh aw , A. B racken, and
W . P . IC. F in d la y ( Biochem. J., 1944, 38, 131— 132 ; cf. A ., 1940, III,
262).— T h e m y ce liu m a n d m e ta b o lism so lu tio n o f th e fu n g u s grown
on a q . m a lt e x tr a c t c o n ta in m e th y l a n is a te a n d sm all a m o u n ts of
a n is a ld e h y d e . T ra c e s of a n isic acid, p o ssib ly d u e to a tm . oxidation,
a re also p re se n t.
R . L. E.
N a tu re of th e a n tib io tic su b sta n c es p roduced by Aspergillus furniS. A. W a k s m a n a n d W . B. G eiger ( / . Bad., 1944, 47, 391—
397).— O f th e th r e e a n tib io tic s u b s ta n c e s p ro d u c ed b y Aspergillus
fumigatus fu m ig a tin is th e le a st a c tiv e , fu m ig a cin (helvolic acid;
C h a in et al., A ., 1943, I I I , 917) is m o re a c tiv e , a n d g lio to x in is the
m o st a c tiv e . G lio to x in a lso a c ts on a g re a te r no. of b a c te ria th an
fu m ig a cin , in c lu d in g v a rio u s G ra m -n e g a tiv e b a c te ria . Fum igacin,
b eca u se of its low er to x ic ity to a n im a ls, offers th e g r e a te s t prom ise
a s a c h e m o th e ra p e u tic a g e n t, b u t i t is fa r less a c tiv e th a n penicillin.
F . S.
S tra in specificity a n d p ro d u c tio n of a n tib io tic sub stan ces. HI.
Penicillium notatum-chrysogenum group. S. A. W a k s m a n and
H . C. R e illy (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1944, 30, 99— 105).— Penicillin
w as p ro d u c e d b y s e v e ra l s tr a in s of P. notation, b y P. janlhinellum and
spinulosum, a n d b y Aspergillus flavus. S om e c u ltu re s produced
m ax . p e n ic illin in s ta tio n a r y c u ltu re s w h e rea s o th e rs re q u ire d sub­
m erg ed c o n d itio n s fo r m ax . p ro d u c tio n . M o st c u ltu re s pro d u ced a
second a n tib io tic fa c to r w h ic h w as a c tiv e o n ly in th e presence of
glucose in th e case of th e P. notation s tra in s . A spergillic acid, the
second a n tib io tic p ro d u c e d b y A. flavus, w as in d e p e n d e n t of glucose.
F . S.
R a p id a c c u ra te m eth o d fo r te s tin g pen icillin p ro d u c tio n by different
stra in s of P. notatum. ' S. A. W a k s m a n a n d H . C. R e illy (J. Bad.,
1944, 47, 308— 309).— 20-m l. p o rtio n s Of a s u ita b le a g a r m ed iu m are
p la c e d in te s t-tu b e s of 18 m m . d ia m e te r, g iv in g a n a g a r colum n of
77 m m . T h e Penicillia to b e te s te d a re sow n on th e su rfa c e a n d the
p e n ic illin c o n te n t of th e a g a r is te s te d b y p la c in g p lu g s of th e agar
on th e su rfa ce of n u tr ie n t a g a r sow n w ith th e t e s t org an ism .
F . S.
C arbon u tilisa tio n a n d carb o h y d rase a c tiv ity of Phymatotrichum
onmivorum. L . M. B lan k a n d P . J . T a lle y [Amer. J . Bot., 1941, 28,
564— 569).— T h e b e s t C so u rces for P. omnivorum w ere glucose,
fru cto se, a n d m an n o se o r co m p o u n d s fro m w h ic h th e fu n g u s could
o b ta in th e se . U tilisa tio n o f p o ly sa c c h a rid e s d e p en d e d on the
a b ility of th e o rg a n ism to h y d ro ly se th e m a n d o n th e r a te a t which
h y d ro ly sis o c cu rre d . T h e a m o u n t of g ro w th p ro d u c e d b y th e fungus
w as affected in som e cases b y th e m e th o d of ste rilisin g (autoclave,
alcohol) th e n u t r ie n t m a te ria ls .
A. G. P.
gatus.
C hem ical co n tro l of c o n ju g a tio n in Zygosaccharomyces. W . J.
N ic k erso n a n d K . V. T h im a n n [Amer. J . Bot., 1941, 28, 617— 621).—
A. p u re c u ltu re of Zygosaccharomyces w hich c o n ju g a te d o n ly sparingly
d id so to a m u c h g r e a te r e x te n t w h en g row n in m ix ed c u ltu re with
Aspergillus niger. T h e la t t e r p ro d u c es a c o n ju g a tio n -p ro m o tin g
su b s ta n c e w h ich is sol. in 9 0 % a lcohol b u t n o t in a c e to n e o r CHC13.
T h e a c tiv e s u b s ta n c e h a d a sim ila r effect on tw o o th e r species of
Zygosaccharomyces.
A. G. P.
B iological sy n th e sis of cell m a te ria l by y e ast. H . F in k (Biochem.
Z., 1942, 310, 311— 312 ).— Torula y e a s t grow s o n a m ed iu m contain­
in g 1-5— 2-0% of P . 0 3 (on d r y basis) in s te a d of 4— -6% of P 20 5 as
n o rm a lly u sed . T h e a m o u n ts of p ro te in a n d v ita m in -B j in the
y e a s t g row n o n th e tw o m e d ia a re p r a c tic a lly th e sam e, b u t th e ash
c o n te n t of th e y e a s t o n th e low - is 5 0 % less t h a n t h a t of th e y e ast on
th e h ig h -P 20 6 m ed iu m .
J . N . A.
E ffect of c e rta in sa lts on enzym e a c tiv ity [in fe rm e n ta tio n ]. J- M.
A z u a (Tecnoquim., 1944, 3, N o. 20, 6, 8— 10).— N a 2S a n d N a 2S 0 3
a c c e le ra te th e fe rm e n ta tio n of glucose b y y e a s t. N a 2S e 0 3 behaves
sim ila rly a t co n cn s. below 2-7 p .p .m . N a 2T e 0 3, N a 2H A s 0 3, N a V 0 3,
N a 2S e 0 4, N a 2Se, a n d N a 2S 0 4 h a v e a n in h ib ito r y a c tio n on ferm ent­
a tio n . S a lts o f Se a n d T e d e p o sit Se a n d T e in th e y e a s t cells during
th e re a c tio n . ( N H 4)2S 0 4 h a s no a p p re c ia b le effect o n th e ferm ent­
a tio n o r on th e a c tio n of N a 2S e 0 3.
F . R . G.
A c tio n of c h em ical c arcin o g en ic a g e n ts o n y e asts. Arsenic.
P . B e ra u d (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69, 230— 237, 275— 286, 349—
357 ).— Saccharomyces g row n o n a m ed iu m c o n ta in in g N a a rse n a te or
a rs e n ite (0-005M.) d evelop new s tr a in s w h ic h differ m orphologically
fro m th e p a r e n t s tr a in a n d h a v e v a ry in g ra te s o f g ro w th . W hen
A s -h a b itu a te d s tra in s a re tra n s f e r re d to n o rm a l m e d ia th e y grow'
m o re ra p id ly , h a v e a sm a lle r d ry w t. p e r o rg a n ism , a n d c o n ta in less
glycogen t h a n n o rm a l s t r a i n s ; a f te r a few pa ssa g es in n o rm a l media
th e y r e tu r n to n o rm a l. T h e A s -h a b itu a te d s tr a in s a re m o re sensitive
to u ltra -v io le t ra d ia tio n . I n th e first p a ssa g e in a rs e n a te respiration
a n d fe rm e n ta tiv e a c tiv ity a r e in c re a se d b u t w ith a rs e n ite th e y a re
d im in ish e d , a lth o u g h in b o th cases m u ltip lic a tio n is g re a tly dim in­
ish e d . O n th e o th e r h a n d , a r s e n ite -tre a te d y e a s t in n o rm a l m edium
693
A I I I —xxv, FUNGI.
MICRO-ORGANISMS.
shows in c re a se d m u ltip lic a tio n w ith u n c h a n g e d re s p ira tio n a n d
reduced fe rm e n ta tio n . T h e re is th u s no re la tio n b e tw ee n re s p ira tio n
and r a te of m u ltip lic a tio n . In c re a se in th e l a t t e r a p p e a rs to b e
due to th e cell re q u irin g less e n e rg y b ecau se i t does n o t a c c u m u la te
reserve m a te ria l o r b e ca u se of its d im in ish e d size. (2 p h o to m ic ro ­
graphs.)
F . S.
Yeast in nutrition. — See A ., 1944, I I I , 545.
Electrical conductivity as a method for investigating yeast suspen­
sions. Conductivity of yeast suspensions.— See B ., 1944, I I I , 178.
Histoplasmosis. P . R . B eam er, E . B. S m ith , a n d H . L . B a r n e tt
[J. Pcdial., 1944, 24, 270— 279).— A case in a m ale in fa n t, 11 m o n th s
of age, is d e sc rib e d . L esio n s w ere fo und in th e lungs, liv e r, spleen,
a d ren a l glands, k id n ey s, colon, a p p e n d ix , b o n e m arro w , ly m p h
nodes, a n d blood vessels. M acroscopically v isib le colonies of
Histoplasma capsulalum w ere o b serv ed in blood a g a r p la te s (in ­
c u b a te d a e ro b ic a lly a t ro o m te m p .) on th e 4 th d a y follow ing in o c u l­
atio n w ith blood ta k e n from th e h e a r t a t a u to p s y . Y e a st-lik e form s
of th e fu n g u s w ere o b se rv ed in blood film s p re p a re d p o st-m o rte m .
H. capsulation is r e s is ta n t to d r y in g a n d to low te m p . (5— 8°) b u t is
d e stro y ed in m ilk b y h e a tin g a t 62— 63° fo r 20 mi n. G uinea-pigs,
n o rm al a n d v ita m in -C -d e fic ien t, co u ld n o t be in fe c te d b y o ral
feedings w ith larg e no. of o rg an ism s.
C. J . C. B.
Biological examination of sea- and fresh-water with black and
white plankton cell. R . K o ik w itz (Ber. deul. hot. Ges., 1943, 61,
3— 12).— U se of a p p ro p ria te cells w ith lig h t o r d a r k g ro u n d for
e x am in atio n of p la n k to n a n d tr ip to n is d e scrib ed .
A. G. P .
Conservation of cultures of protozoa at room temperature. H .
M eyer a n d M. X . d e O liv eira (Rev. Brasil. Biol., 1943, 3, 341—
343).
I. C.
Amcebiasis : study of cases admitted to Philadelphia hospital
during last 5 decades. R . S. D ia z -R iv e ra a n d E . A. R a s b e rry
(Amcr. J . med. Sci., 1944, 207, 754— 759).-—A lth o u g h th e in cid en ce
of th e disease in P h ila d e lp h ia h a s b e en e stim a te d a t 5— 10% , o n ly
32 cases w ere d iag n o sed a t th e H o s p ita l of th e U n iv e rsity of P e n n s y l­
van ia d u rin g th e la s t 5 decad es. 5 of th ese w ere d iag n o sed d u rin g
the la s t 6 m o n th s.
C. J . C. B.
Laboratory aids in diagnosis of malaria. E . D enhoff a n d B. C.
P iper (J. Lab. clin. Med., 1944, 29, 518-—524).— A rev iew of field
m ethods.
C. J . C. B.
Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in an adult contracted in Malta.
F. E . L ip sco m b a n d M. O. J . G ib so n (Brit. Med. J., 1944, I, 492—
493).— Case re p o rt.
I. C.
Rat-bite fever. C. M. W itz b e rg e r a n d H . G. C ohen (Arch. Pediat.,
1944, 61, 123— 133).— C o m p ariso n of th e spirochaetal (Sodoku) a n d
b acillary (H a v e rh ill fever) form s, w ith illu s tr a tiv e case re p o rts.
C. J . C. B.
Substitutes in culture media. V . B. M cM ahon (J. Bad., 1944, 47,
400— 402).— A s u b s titu te for m e a t in fu sio n is so y a b e an s, 500 g.
w ashed a n d so a k e d in 2000 m l. of d istilled w a te r o v e rn ig h t, boiled
1 h r., m a d e u p to 1 1., a n d filtered if necessary. A n o th e r s u b s titu te
for m e a t is a fish liq u o r, k n o w n a s B. G. C o n c e n tra te , a vac.-conc.
e x tra c t, a n d a b y -p ro d u c t of fish m eal. 50 g. a re m ix ed w ith 1 1. of
distilled w a te r, a d ju s te d to p H 7-4, boiled fo r 15 m in ., a n d filte red
th ro u g h p a p e r ; 3 g. of N aC I a re a d d e d a n d th e m ed iu m is a u to claved. A s u b s titu te for to m a to e s for m ed ia for Lactobacillus
acidophilus is 40 g. p e r 1. of d ia s ta tic m a lt secu red fro m a b re w ery .
F . S.
Papain digestion of cooked meats : application to the preparation
of a new culture medium. C. B clin (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69,
305— 307).— 225 g. of boiled m e a t (veal, beef, o r horse-flesh) in 1 1.
of w a te r w ith 2 g. of p a p a in (titre 200) a re h e ld a t 54— 55° for 24 h r.
w ith o ccasional sh a k in g . T h e filtra te c o n ta in s 125— 150 g. of th e
m eat in h y d ro ly se d form a n d as a b a cterio lo g ic a l p e p to n e is su p e rio r
to th e co m m e rc ial p re p s. I f th e m ix tu re is held a t low er te m p ,
there is m u ltip lic a tio n of b a c te ria w ith p ro d u c tio n of am in o -acid s.
H igher te m p , d im in ish th e d u ra tio n of fe rm e n ta tio n a n d ra isin g
tem p, ra p id ly t o 100° o r to 80° in 1 h r. yield s no p e p to n e .
F . S.
Vitamin content of ingredients of microbiological culture media.
J. L. S tokes, M . G unness, a n d J . W . P 'oster (J. B ad., 1944, 47,
293— 299).— I f th e v a rio u s p e p to n e s, m e a t e x tra c ts , etc. in c u r re n t
use are used sin g ly o r in som e c o m b in a tio n s in concns. of 1— 2 % ,
the re s u lta n t m ed ia m a y b e deficien t in th ia m in , rib o fla v in , p a n to ­
thenic acid, p y rid o x in e , a n d p -am in o b en z o ic acid b u t n o t in n ico tin ic
acid, b io tin , o r folic acid. S uch deficiencies m a y be rem ed ied b y
proper c o m b in a tio n s of th e d iffe re n t in g re d ie n ts or b y th e a d d itio n
of liver o r y e a s t c o n c e n tra te s o r s y n th e tic v ita m in s .
F . S.
Time and temperature guide for inspissating culture media.
A.
IMMUNOLOGY.
ALLERGY.
694
Production of acetylmethylcarbinol in culture media : importance of
oxidation-reduction factors. R . P iro t, M. B o u rg a in , a n d J . D u fa u C a sa n ab e (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69, 313— 315, 315— 319).— T h e
s e n s itiv ity of L e m o ig n e ’s m e th o d for th e V o g e s-P ro sk a u e r re a c tio n
(A., 1920, ii, 198) is in c re a se d 6 tim e s b y a d d in g to th e fo rm ed
d im e th y lg ly o x im e a F e 11 s a lt (0-05 g. p e r 100 of Fe) in s te a d of a N i
sa lt. T h is m e th o d gives a yellow , o ra n g e, o r re d c o lo u r a cc o rd in g to
th e d im e th y lg ly o x im e c o n te n t. A sim p le r a n d m o re se n sitiv e te s t
is th e fo rm a tio n of a c h a ra c te ris tic osazone b y h e a tin g a t 37° for
30 m in . a m ix tu r e of e q u a l vols. of c u ltu re m ed iu m a n d p h e n y lh y d ra z in e re a g e n t. A n o th e r t e s t is th e p ro d u c tio n of a lem on colour
b y th e a d d itio n of a few c ry s ta ls of o -p h e n y le n ed ia m in e a n d 1 c.c.
of H 2S 0 4 to 1 c.c. of c u ltu r e m ed iu m p re v io u s ly d istille d a s in
L em o ig n e ’s m e th o d . A c e ty lm e th y lc a rb in o l c a n b e d e te c te d in 24 h r.
in c u ltu re s of Aerobader in th e m ed iu m d e sc rib e d b y O ’M eara
( / . Path. B ad., 1931, 34, 401), in w hich 0-7% of fu m a ric a c id is
in c o rp o ra te d .
I n ab se n ce of o x id a tio n -re d u c tio n fa c to rs i t is
p ro d u c e d slow ly. F u m a ric acid c a n n o t b e re p la c e d b y q u in o l or
asc o rb ic a cid .
F . S.
Effect of sodium azide on microbic growth and respiration. I.
Action on microbic growth. n . Action on bacterial catalase. HI.
Effect on gas metabolism of B. subtills and Ps. pyocyanea and influence
of pyocyanine on gas exchange of pyocyanine-free strain of Ps. pyo­
cyanea in presence of sodium azide. IV. Effect on glucose fer­
mentation and lactic acid production by streptococci and lactobacilli.
H . C. L ic h ste in a n d M. H . S oule (J. B ad., 1944, 47, 221— 230, 231—
238, 239— 251, 253— 257).— I. N a a zid e in co n cn s. of 0-01— 0-03%
in in fu sio n a g a r w as b a c te rio s ta tic for G ra m -n e g a tiv e b a c te ria .
S tre p to c o cc i, pneum ococci, a n ae ro b e s, a n d la c to b a c illi w ere re s is ta n t
to 0-03% . Som e fa c u lta tiv e a n a e ro b e s w e re m o re se n sitiv e to N a
azide w h en c u ltu re d in th e a b se n ce of free 0 2.
I I . N a a zid e in co n cn s, of 0-01— 0-02% m a rk e d ly in h ib ite d th e
c a ta la se a c tiv ity of su sp en sio n s of w ash ed b a c te ria . T h e in h ib itio n
w as re v ersib le, th e r e v e rs ib ility d im in ish in g w ith in c re a se d tim e o f
e x p o su re to th e chem ical. T h e in h ib itio n o f.c a ta la se in p ro life ra tin g
cells w as sim ila r, w ith th e e x ce p tio n of Ps. pyocyanea. A tte m p ts to
d e m o n s tra te th e p re se n c e of p e ro x id e in p la in b ro th a n d N a azid e
b r o th c u ltu re s of b a c te ria w ere unsuccessful.
I I I . T h e re w as a m a rk e d in h ib itio n of 0 2 c o n su m p tio n a n d a
r e d u c tio n in g ro w th in th e p re sen c e o f 0-05% N a azid e fo r Ps.
pyocyanea a n d 0-003% for B. sublilis. T h e re s u ltin g R .Q . a t th ese
concns. su g g e ste d t h a t th e re s p ira tio n of th e b a c te ria w as e n tire ly
a n a e ro b ic . T h e in cre ase in th e R .Q . of a p y o c y a n in e -fre e s tra in
o f Ps. pyocyanea w as a n n u lle d b y th e a d d itio n of p y o c y a n in e , w hich
a p p a r e n tly a c te d a s a n O . tra n s fe r c a ta ly s t.
IV . N a azide in concns. of 0-005— 0-02% in glucose e x tr a c t b ro th
h a d n o effect o n th e u tilisa tio n of th is su g a r b y tw o s tr a in s of s tr e p to ­
cocci. T h e y ield s of la c tic acid fro m glucose w ere slig h tly h ig h e r
in th e p re sen c e of N a azide. I n th e p re sen c e of th e s e sam e
concns. of N a azid e th e p ro p o rtio n of glucose c o n su m ed w as 3 0 %
b y L. casei a n d 4 3 % b y L. fulleri. T h e y ield s of la c tic acid fro m th e
glucose co n su m ed w e re n o t d ecreased .
F . S.
Combined bacteriostatic activity o£ sulphanilamide and azochloroamide on streptococci in in vitro and in vivo studies. F . M.
S k e lto n ( / . B ad., 1944, 47, 273— 275).— I n c o m b in a tio n , s u lp h a n il­
a m id e in concn. of 1/1000 a n d azo c h lo ro a m id e in co n cn . of 1/100,000
w ere a s effective in p re v e n tin g th e g ro w th of Strep, agalactia; in b e ef
b r o th a s su lp h a n ila m id e a lo n e a t 1/500 a n d a zo c h lo ro a m id e a t
1/30,000. T h e t r e a tm e n t of b o v in e m a s titis w ith co m b in e d su lp h a n ila m id c a n d a zo c h lo ro a m id e g a v e u n s a tis f a c to ry re su lts .
F . S.
Bactericidal and bacteriostatic actions of p-aminobenzenesulphonamide and p-hydroxylaminobenzenesulphonamide, with special
reference to their suppression by p-aminobenzoie acid. J . W . M cL eod,
A. M a y r-H a rtin g , a n d N . W a lk e r (Brit. J. exp. Path., 1944, 25,
27— 37).— T h e c a p a c ity of p -a rn in o b e n zo ic a cid t o n e u tra lis e
s u lp h a n ila m id e b a c te rio sta sis d ecreases in p ro p o rtio n t o th e in vitro
se n sitiv e n e ss of th e b a c te riu m u n d e r e x a m in a tio n . W h e re th e
p -a m in o b en z o ic a cid n e u tra lis a tio n of su lp h a n ila m id e effect is m a rk e d
th e re is also c o n sid era b le n e u tra lis a tio n of p -h y d ro x y la m in o b e n z e n e su lp h o n a m id e effect.
F . S.
Structure and activity of sulphanilamides. F . G. B o rd w ell a n d
I. M. K lo tz (J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1944, 66, 660— 661).— C o n tra ry to
th e th e o ry of su lp h o n a m id e a c tiv ity of K u m le r el al. (A., 1944, I I I ,
294), th e re so n a n c e w ith s e p a ra tio n of c h a rg e is g re a te r in th e u n d is ­
so c iated m ol. th a n in th e a n io n . T h u s, su lp h a n ila m id e h a s a b s o rp ­
tio n m a x . a t 2600 a . in n e u tr a l a n d a t 2500 a . in a lk a lin e so lu tio n .
A lso, p -a m in o sty rc n e -iu -su lp h o n a m id e is a lm o st in a c tiv e in vitro.
R . S. C.
Mode of action of sulphonamides.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 551.
Antibacterial and toxic action of acridine derivatives.— See A.,
1944, I I I , 552.
H am bleton (J. Lab. clin. Med., 1944, 29, 526).— A sim p le " slide
yule " a p p a r a tu s is d e sc rib e d b y w hich th e te m p , a t th e s t a r t of
inspissation is s e t o p p o site th e a c tu a l tim e of th e d a y ; from th e n
on it in d ic a te s th e te m p , w hich th e in sp issa to r sh o u ld h a v e a t a n y
tim e u n til th e b a tc h is c o m p lete.
C. J . C. B.
Influence of soaps and similar substances on disinfecting power of
phenols.— See B ., 1944, I I I , 187.
Identification of acetylmethylcarbinol [acetoin] in culture media
by the corresponding osazone and sensitisation of Lemoigne’s method.
1944, I I I , 182.
Chemical inhibition of growth of fish-spoilage bacteria. — See B .,
A
695
III— x x v ,
F U N G I.
M IC R O -O R G A N IS M S .
Current progress in sterilisation- of air. S. M u d d (Brit. Med. J.,
1944, I I , 07— 70).— R e s p ira to r y disease is re sp o n sib le fo r m o re t h a n
o n e t h ir d of th e t o ta l n o . of p e rso n -d a y s lo st to A m e ric a n in d u s tr y
b y d isa b ility . H e n ce th e im p o rta n c e of ste rilisin g t h e a ir of enclosed
sp a c es w h ich is th e p rin c ip a l vehicle of r e s p ira to r y in fe c tio n . T h e
m a in m ea n s of a ir ste rilisa tio n , u ltra -v io le t ra d ia tio n a n d germ icid al
v a p o u rs o f N aO C l a n d p ro p y le n e a n d trie th y le n e glycol, a rc rev iew ed .
Control of dust-borne streptococcal infection in measles wards.
J . W rig h t, R . C ruickshanlc, a n d W . G u n n . (Brit. Med. J ., 1944, I,
611— 614).-—A n in v e s tig a tio n o n th e c o n tro l of d u st-b o rn e in fec tio n
fro m haem olytic stre p to c o c c u s w as c a rrie d o u t in tw o m easles w a rd s
o f id e n tic a l d esig n . In th e " t e s t w a rd ” t h e floor a lo n e w a s oiled
a n d s u b s e q u e n tly b ed -clo th es, p a tie n ts ’ g a rm e n ts , a n d a ll o th e r
w oollen a n d c o tto n a rtic le s w e re tr e a te d w ith e m u lsio n s o f te c h n ic a l
w h ite oil. I n th e " c o n tro l w a rd ” n o a n ti- d u s t m e a su re s w ere
ta k e n . I n b o th w a rd s a ir .was sa m p le d for t o ta l b a c te ria a n d fo r
hacm olytic stre p to c o c c i d u rin g b e d m a k in g a n d sw eeping. T y p e 6
stre p to c o c c u s w as a d o p te d a s in d ic a to r o rg a n ism for c ro ss-in fec tio n
since i t a c c o u n te d for 9 0 % o f th e c ro ss-in fec tio n s a n d m id d le -ea r
co m p lic a tio n s a fte r a d m issio n . W h e n th e floor alo n e w as oiled in
th e t e s t w a rd th e c ro ss-in fec tio n r a te , th e m id d le -e a r c o m p lica tio n
ra te , a n d th e no. of h a im o ly tic stre p to c o c c i in th e a ir w ere a b o u t th e
sa m e in th e tw o w a rd s. W h en full a n ti- d u s t m e a su re s w ere ta k e n
in th e te s t w a rd th e m ea n h e m o ly tic stre p to c o c c u s c o u n t in th e a ir
w as re d u c e d b y 9 7 -5 % ; th e m e a n b a c te ria l c o u n t w as 9 1 % less a n d
th e m e a n hcem olytic stre p to c o c c u s c o u n t 9 8 % less th a n in th e
c o n tro l w a r d ; ty p e 6 cro ss-in fec tio n r a te w as 18-6% in th e t e s t w a rd
a n d 73-3% in th e c o n tro l w a r d ; m id d le -ea r c o m p lic a tio n s w ere
2-8% a n d 14-3% in th e t e s t a n d c o n tro l w a rd . S tre p to c o c c a l
in fe c tio n s o c cu rre d in s p ite of su lp h o n a m id e p ro p h y la x is ; ty p e 6
s tr a in is s u lp h o n a m id e -re sista n t in. vitro ,
I. C.
Oiled floors to control respiratory infection. P . H . R . A nderson,
J . A. B u c h a n a n , a n d J . J . M a c P a rtla n d (Brit. Med. J., 1944, I,
616— 617).— I n a n A rm y u n i t w h e re th e b a r ra c k floors w ere oiled
w ith sp in d le oil a t re g u la r in te rv a ls th e a v e ra g e r a te o f r e s p ira to ry
in fe c tio n s w as 7 p e r 1000 m e n a s a g a in s t 38 p e r 1000 m en in a u n it
liv in g u n d e r c o m p a ra b le c o n d itio n s in b a rra c k s w h ere th e floors w ere
n o t oiled. I n w in te r tim e n o m a jo r o u tb r e a k of r e s p ir a to ry in fec tio n
a p p e a re d in th e oiled floor u n i t ; in th e c o n tro l u n i t th e r e w as a n
o u tb re a k of a lm o s t ep id em ic p ro p o rtio n s .
I . C.
Prevention of cross-infection in children’s wards. N . M . J a c o b y
(Arch. Dis. Childh., 1944, 19, 20— 28).— T h e m o st im p o r ta n t fa c to r
is b e d iso latio n .
F u ll p ra c tic a l d e ta ils a rc g iv en .
C. J . C. B.
Use of glycol vapours for bacterial control in large spaces.— See
A., 1944, I I I , 557.
Effect of ultra-violet radiation (Knott technique) on bacteria and
their toxins suspended in human blood and appropriate diluents.—
See A., 1944, I I I , 557.
Nutrition of enterococci. C. F . N iv en , ju n ., a n d J . M. S h e rm a n
(J. B a d ., 1944, 47, 335— 341).— A ll of 19 e n tero co cci re q u ire d p a n to ­
th e n ic a cid , n ic o tin ic acid, p y rid o x in e , a n d b io tin . 17 s tra in s
re q u ire d rib o fla v in , w h e rea s o n ly 7 re q u ire d folic a cid . 14 o f th e
19 c u ltu re s g rew in a m ed iu m c o n ta in in g 13 am in o -ac id s, th e m in.
c o m b in a tio n fo u n d fo r o n e s tr a in o f Strep, zymogenes. T h e re w as
n o differen ce in th e n u tr itiv e re q u ire m e n ts o f th e fo u r e n te ro co c c u s
species.
F . S.
Apparatus for studying respiration of Azo/obacter in relation to
energy involved in nitrogen fixation and assimilation. J. M, F ife
(J. Agric. Res., 1943, 66, 229— 248).— A d iffe re n tia l c a lo rim e te r
(described) allow s sim u lta n e o u s m e a su re m e n t o f th e h e a t a n d C 0 2
lib e ra te d b y a b a c te r ia l c u ltu re o v e r th e ra n g e o f 0 2 p a r tia l p re ssu re s
fro m 0-001 to 1-0 a tm . V igorous a e ra tio n c o m b in e d w ith ra p id
m ec h an ic al s tir rin g e n su re s a d e q u a te 0 2 s u p p ly a n d effective
re m o v a l of th e C 0 2 fo rm ed . Azotobacter, e v e n in old c u ltu re s ,
p ro d u c e d th e m a x . a m o u n t of h e a t p ossible fro m th e O . u tilise d .
"R . H . H.
Oxidation of alcohols by non-sulphur photosynthetic bacteria.
J . W . F o s te r (J. B ad., 1944, 47, 355— 372).— 70 s tra in s of non-S
p u rp le p h o to s y n th e tic -b acteria a ll c a p a b le of u tilisin g v a rio u s
alco h o ls fo r th e p h o to s y n th e tic re d u c tio n o f C 0 2 w ere iso la te d
b y sp . e n ric h m e n t c u ltu re te c h n iq u e s. O n e s tr a in o x id ised a no.
of sec. alco h o ls to t h e c o rre sp o n d in g k e to n e s, m ea n w h ile sto ich eio m e tric a lly a s s im ila tin g C 0 2 in th e lig h t. A n o th e r s tr a in , Rhodospirillum sp., o x id ised o n ly p r im a r y alcohols, th e fo rm a tio n of a n
a d a p tiv e en zy m e b e in g n e c e ssa ry w h e n th e o rg a n ism h a d b e e n
c u ltiv a te d in th e a b se n c e of alcohol.
F . S.
Decomposition of allantoin by intestinal bacteria. E . G. Y o u n g
a n d W . W . H a w k in s (J. B ad., 1944, 47, 351— 353).— A lla n to in in
n u t r ie n t b r o th w as decom posed b y B ad. coli, Aerobader aerogenes,
a n d Proteus'vulgaris, a n d v e ry slig h tly o r n o t a t a ll b y B. mesentericus,
Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Strep, fmcalis, Strep, h&molyticus, a n d
Staph, aureus.
F . S.
Degradation of organic acids by bacteria, m . Aerobic decomposi­
tion of acetic acid by B. turcosum. W . F ra n k e a n d H . R u d lo ff
IM M U N O L O G Y .
A L L E R G Y .
696
(Biochem. Z., 1942, 310, 207— 2 2 1 ; cf. A ., 1938, I I I , 153).— Acetic
acid is o x id ised 3— 5 tim e s a s r a p id ly a s is su c c in ic acid b y B.
turcosum. T h e o p tim u m p H v a ls. fo r o x id a tio n of a c e ta te and
su c c in a te a re 7-6 a n d 5-8, re sp e c tiv e ly , a n d o x id a tio n is unaffected
b y v a ria tio n of [ 0 2], P a r t of th e a c e tic acid is c o m p le te ly oxidised,
b u t 33— 5 0 % is p ro b a b ly c o n v e rte d in to c a rb o h y d ra te . T h e ra tio
o f a ssim ila tio n to o x id a tio n is u n a ffe c te d b y tim e , te m p ., or concn.
of b a c te ria . A ssim ilatio n is d e cre a se d o r in h ib ite d in old cells or
cells p o iso n e d by' io d o a c e ta tc . A lth o u g h su c c in ic acid is oxidised
a t a slow er ra te , i t m a y s till b e a n in te rm e d ia te in th e o x id atio n of
a c e tic acid, b e ca u se th e cell w alls m a y b e less p e rm e a b le to dicarbo xylic acid s.
J . N . A.
Decomposition of histamine and nicotine by bacteria. H . B ucherer
a n d C. E n d e rs (Biochem. Z., 1942, 310, 222— 224).— B y repeated
in o c u la tio n i n to a m ed iu m c o n ta in in g n ic o tin e (2 c.c.), K H 2P 0 4
(2 g.), MgSCq (0-6 g.), a n d F e S 0 4 (0-08 g.) i n ta p -w a te r (1 1.) and
fin ally b y use of n ic o tin e -a g a r m ed iu m , th re e o b lig a te aerobes,
w hich d ecom pose n ic o tin e , a re iso la te d fro m soil. B y a sim ilar
te c h n iq u e u sin g a m ed iu m c o n ta in in g h ista m in e (5), C a C 0 3 (5),
K H 2P 0 4 (0-5), a n d M g S 0 4 (0-6 g.) in ta p -w a te r (1 1.), a Gram n e g a tiv e o rg a n ism is iso la te d fro m slim e. T h is o rg an ism , which
decom poses h is ta m in e a n d fo rm s a g re en p ig m e n t, resem b les those
of th e fluorescens-pyocyaneusg ro u p . A u to ly sis,
a lte rn a te freezing
a n d th a w in g , o r e x tr a c tio n w ith g lycerol
does n o t y ield cell-free
e x tra c ts w ith h is ta m in a s e a c tiv ity . B. pyocyancus, b u t n o t B.
fluoresccns liquefaciens a n d B. fluoresccns nonliquefaciens, decom poses
h is ta m in e .
J . N . A.
Butyribacteriiini, new genus of Gram-positive, non-sporulating
anaerobic bacteria of intestinal origin. H . A. B a rk e r a n d V. H aas
(J. Bad., 1944, 47, 301— 305).— T h e b u ty ric a cid fe rm e n ta tio n of the
p ro p o se d ty p e species, B. reltgeri n o v . sp ec., d iffers fro m sim ilar
fe rm e n ta tio n s of a n a e ro b ic sp o re fo rm e rs b y th e ab se n ce of H 2, the
la rg e r y ield s o f v o la tile acids, a n d th e sm a lle r y ield s of COa. (1
p h o to m ic ro g ra p h .)
F . S.
Carbohydrate utilisation by hydrocarbon bacteria. F . H . Johnson
a n d H . W . S chw arz (J. B ad., 1944, 47, 373— 378).— B ad. aliphaticum
T a u sz w a s a b le t o use a s so u rc e o f C a n d e n e rg y fo r g ro w th in a basal
m ed iu m o f in o rg . s a lts 19 o u t of 32. c a rb o h y d ra te s te s te d . Con­
sid e ra b le a cid w'as p ro d u c e d fro m glucose a n d to a sm a lle r e x ten t
fro m som e of th e o th e r c a r b o h y d ra te s a n d re la te d su b sta n c es. No
d e te c ta b le c h a n g e of p H w a s o b se rv ed w ith som e c arb o h y d ra te s
t h a t s u p p o rte d a b u n d a n t g ro w th . I n 1 % p e p to n e c u ltu re s, the
re a c tio n a h v ay s b e c a m e a lk a lin e w ith th e g ro w th of th e organism s,
a n d w a s c ith e r u n a ffe c te d o r re a c h e d a slig h tly less a lk a lin ity in the
p re sen c e of a n u tilisa b le c a rb o h y d ra te .
F . S.
Enzyme formation and polysaccharide synthesis by bacteria, n .
Polysaccharide formation by Rhizobium radicicolum strains. H . G.
B ra y , E . S c h lu ch te re r, a n d M. S ta c e y (Biochem. J., 1944, 38, 154—
156).— T h e p o ly sa c c h a rid e s p ro d u c e d b y 4 s tr a in s of R. radicicolum
w ere e x a m in e d . T h e b e s t m e th o d of p re p , w a s t h a t u sin g Cellophane
to k e ep th e b a c te ria l grow 'th a n d p o ly sa c c h a rid e p ro d u c e d separate
from th e a g a r m ed iu m .
R . L. E.
Bacteriological examination of water. — See B ., 1944, I I I , 171.
Optical isomerides of butane-/Jy-diol produced by fermentation.
G . E . W a rd , O. G. P e ttijo h n , L . B. L ockw ood, a n d R . D . Coghill
( / . Amer. Chem. Soc., 1944, 66, 541— 542).— F e rm e n ta tio n of grain
m a sh s u b s tra te s b y . Aerobader aerogenes y ield s butanc-jSy-diol,
m .p . (a n h y d .) 25° o r ( + 5 H 20 ) 16-8°, [a]25 + 1 -0 °, n 25 1-4384, if*
118-0 (cf. B o e se k en et at., A ., 1928, 1113). D is tilla tio n of th e diol
yield s m o st of th e o p tic a lly a c tiv e fo rm in th e first, a n d th e mesofo rm i n th e la te r, fra c tio n s. U se of Bacillus polymyxa gives an
iso m eric butane-/Sy-diol, m .p . 19°, [a]25 —13-0°, M22 1-4307, q 41-0,
fo rm in g n o h y d ra te .
R . S. C.
Sickness records of nurses in a general hospital. J. W rig h t (Brit.
Med. J ., 1944, I , 585— 588).— A m ong t h e n u rsin g personnel at
U n iv e rs ity C ollege H o s p ita l d u rin g th e y e a rs 1936— 1938 pyogenic
in fe c tio n s a n d u p p e r r e s p ira to r y t r a c t in fe c tio n a cc o u n te d fo r 60%
of all sicknesses. O f th e p y o g e n ic in fe c tio n s w h itlo w s w ere 40%.
22 illnesses lo n g er t h a n 100 d a y s o c c u rre d ; 5 w ere pu lm o n ary
tu b e rc u lo s is a n d o n e tu b e rc u lo s is of th e ileum .
.
I. C.
Quantitative precipitation of anti-anthrax and normal sera by
different solutions of agar. A. M . S ta u b a n d P . G ra b a r (Ann. Inst.
Pasteur., 1943, 69, 268— 274).— T o e lim in a te s u b s ta n c e s p p td . b y agar
fro m a n a n tis e ru m i t is n e c e ssa ry t o use a n a u to c la v e d a g a r solution
w ith o u t form ol, o r p re fe ra b ly w a sh in g s fro m th e su rfa c e of a u to ­
c la v e d glucose b r o th a g a r in w h ic h case fo rm o l m a y be used as a
p re s e rv a tiv e . T h e p p tn , of th e se s u b s ta n c e s b y a g a r also p p ts . p a rt
of th e sp . a n ti-p o ly sa c c h a rid e in a n a n ti- a n th r a x se ru m . Certain
n o rm a l h o rse a n d d o g s e ra p p t. a b u n d a n tly w ith a g a r solutions.
A bacteriolysin from a strain of B ad. coli, A. G uelin (Ann. Inst.
Pasteur, 1943, 69, 382— 384).— F iltr a te s of c u ltu re s o f a s tra in of
B a d . coli c o n ta in a s u b s ta n c e c a p a b le of ly sin g c u ltu re s of another
s tr a in of Bad. coli a n d B ad. paradysentence Y 6 R , T h e su b stan ce is
697
A
III—
XXV,
F U N G I.
M IC R O -O R G A N IS M S .
th erm o sta b le , sp . for c e rta in b a c te ria , a n d is n o t tra n sm issib le . I t
is n o t fo rm ed b u t c a n a c t in th e a b sen ce of' Ca.
I t a c ts o n ly on
living o rg a n ism s in a c tiv e g ro w th .
F . S.
Nutritional requirements of Clostridium acidi-urici. H . A. B a rk e r
and W . H . P e te rs o n ( / . Bacl., 1944, 47, 307— 308).— Cl. acidi-urici
grew w ell in a n in o rg . s a lt m ix tu re w ith 0-3% of u ric acid a n d 0-05%
of N a th io g ly c o lla te . D u rin g g ro w th a t le a st 3 g ro w th fa cto rs,
riboflavin, v ita m in -B c (folic acid, c lu a te fa c to r), a n d b io tin , w ere
synthesised.
F . S.
Dehydrogenating properties of certain pathogenic obligate anaerobes.
K. G ug g en h eim (J . B ad., 1944, 47, 313— 321).— 02 su b s tra te s ,
in clu d in g org. acids, alcohols, c a rb o h y d ra te s , a m in o -acid s, u re a a n d
its d e riv a tiv e s, a n d o th e r org. N co m p o u n d s, w ere te s te d for th e ir
a b ility to b e a c tiv a te d a s H d o n a to rs b y Cl. botulinum, Cl. parabotulinum, a n d Cl. welchii. T h e m o st a c tiv e d o n a to rs w ere la c tic
acid, p y ru v ic a cid , g lu ta ric acid, e th y l alcohol, glycerol, fru cto se,
galactose, raflinose, ¿ -a la n in e , leucine, serine, v a lin e , a s p a rtic acid,
g lu tam ic acid, lysine, a sp a ra g in e , p h e n y la la n in e , a n d c re a tin e . T h e
effect of K C N , u re th a n e , As, F ', Cu, M n, a n d F e o n d eh y d ro g en a se s
of Cl. botulinum for 15 s u b s tra te s w a s in v e s tig a te d . H C N g e n e ra lly
in h ib ited , A s a lw a y s s tim u la te d , u r e th a n e a n d F ' so m e tim es i n ­
hibited. A ll th e h e a v y m e ta ls in h ib ite d in h ig h co n cn s. Cu
in h ib ited a t m ./25,000. M n a n d F e in h ib ite d a t h ig h e r co n cn s., th é
sp. concns. v a ry in g w ith each s u b s tr a te . B elow th e in h ib itin g
th reshold M n s tim u la te d in 7 s u b s tra te s a n d F e in 11. T h e signifi­
cance of c a ta ly sis b y h e a v y m e ta ls in th e in h ib ito r y effect o f C N ' is
e m phasised.
F . S.
Anaerobic bacteria in oysters. A. R . P r e v o t a n d M. R a y n a u d
(Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69, 378— 380).— 4 s tra in s of Cl. welchii,
i Inflabilis sanguicole, 1 Cl. seplimum, a n d a n ew species, Inflabilis
setiensis, w e re iso la te d fro m 6 of 12 o y s te rs collected from n e a r
M arseilles.
F . S.
Antidiphtheritic immunity. J . P la n e t do A m a ral (Mem. Inst.
Butantan, 1941, 15, 383— 389).-— O f 617 v a c c in a te d c h ild ren o n ly 4
presented local a n d g e n e ra l re a c tio n s. T h e K ello g g -p o sitiv e c h ild ren
were 18-1% A fte r th r e e m o n th s th e a n tito x in t it r e w as h ig h in all
cases e x a m in e d . D ip h th e ritic a n tito x in is in n o cu o u s a n d a n tigenically efficient.
I. C.
Schick reaction in recently confined women and their infants.
G. P . W rig h t a n d W . M. C lark (Brit. M ed.J., 1944, I I , 14G—-148).— A
s ta tistic a l a n aly sis-
I . C.
Simplified formula for production of diphtheric toxin of high potency
(50 L f). O. B ier (Rev. Brasil. Biol., 1943, 3, 325— 329). T h e p rep ,
of a m ed iu m on w h ich a s tro n g d ip h th e ric to x in (30— 50 Lf) m a y be
reg u larly o b ta in e d is d e sc rib e d .
I. C.
Semi-commercial method of concentration and purification of
diphtheria toxin. M. F a u r e (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69, 334—
348).— A fte r n e u tra lis a tio n , th e c u ltu re m ed iu m is conc. b y vac.
d istillatio n a t 35°. T h e in a c tiv e p ro te in s a re p p td . b y J -s a tu r a te d
solution o f (N H 4)2S 0 4 a n d t h e to x in is th e n p p td . b y |- s a t u r a t e d
(N H 4)2SO j, w hich is th e n s e p a ra te d b y d ialy sis. B y th is m e th o d
the av era g e in cre ase in th e re la tio n of to x in u n its to N is 6-8 tim es.
F . S.
Nitrite-nitrogen test for Bacillus larva. C. E . B u rn sid e (J. Econ.
Entom., 1940, 33, 405— 408).— T w o sp o re -b e a rin g b a c te ria c u ltu ra lly
a n d m o rp h o lo g ic ally d is tin c t from B. larva) a n d from e a c h o th e r
gave a p o sitiv e N 0 2'-N t e s t in d is tin g u ish a b le from t h a t of B. larva
in a m ed iu m c o n ta in in g c a r r o t e x tr a c t, th e N O a' b e in g s to re d in
the m ed iu m fo r a t le a s t six w eeks. Since p o sitiv e te s ts w ere
obtain ed w ith o th e r c o n ta m in a te d c u ltu re s w h e n v e g e ta tiv e cells of
B. larva) w ere a b s e n t, th e d e te c tio n of N O a' sh o u ld n o t b e co n sid ered
as conclusive for th e p re se n c e of B. larva.
A . A . M.
Use of liver extract as enrichment factor for the growth of gono­
cocci. E. A ltu re -W e rb e r (J. Bad., 1944, 47, 399—400).— A b u n d a n t
growth of N. gonorrhoea w as o b ta in e d w hen 25 m l. of 1% aq.
e x tra c t o f liv e r e x tr a c t p o w d e r (A rm o u r), ste rilise d b y S eitz filtra tio n ,
and 5 m l. of c itr a te d h æ m o ly sed h o rse blood w ere a d d e d to 100 m l. of
proteose glucose a g a r b ase.
F . S.
Growth requirements of Neisseria gonorrhoea. R . G. G ould, L. W .
Kane, a n d J . H . M ueller (J. Bacl., 1944, 47, 287— 292).— S ev eral
strains of gonococci grew o n a m ed iu m c o n sistin g of g lu ta m ic acid,
histidine, glucose, s ta rc h , g lu ta th io n e , M g a n d F e sa lts, p h o sp h a te s,
NaCl, a n d a g a r. -G ro w th w as g re a tly s tim u la te d b y th e a d d itio n
of casein h y d ro ly s a te o r m e a t in fu sio n . E v id e n c e w as o b ta in e d t h a t
starch p ro te c te d th e gonococcus a g a in s t th e in h ib ito r y effect of
certain sam p les o f a g a r. (Cf. A ., 1944, I I I , 617.)
F . S.
Effectiveness of penicillin o r Listerella.— See A., 1944, I I I , 550.
Bacterial autolysis. Progressive disintegration of Mycobacteria.
R. L ap o rte (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69, 262— 267).— Colonies of
Mycobacteria u n d e rg o p ro g ressiv e a u to ly sis o v e r a p e rio d of m o n th s
with p ro g ressiv e loss of w t. T h e p ro d u c ts lib e ra te d a re sol.
Polysaccharides a n d p ro te in s w ith allergic a c tiv ity a n d insol. p ro te in s
high m ol. w t. re sp o n sib le fo r a n tig e n ic a n d se n sitisin g a c tiv ity .
IM M U N O L O G Y .
A L L E R G Y .
698
T h ese d isin te g ra tio n p r o d u c ts m a y a c c o u n t for th e g ra d u a l e v o lu tio n
of th e tis su e ch an g e s in tu b e r c u la r in fe c tio n s. (2 p h o to m ic ro g rap h s.)
F . S.
Influenzal meningitis. S. S. L a m m a n d B. H . S h u lm a n (J. Pediat.,
1944, 24, 408— 416).— 15 cases of H . influenza m e n in g itis a re re p o rte d
w ith 9 recoveries. S u lp h a p y rid in e , r a b b it a n ti-in flu e n z a l se ru m ,
a n d blo o d tra n s fu sio n s w ere given.
C.J . C. B.
Successful [treatment of] influenzal meningitis [with type-specific
serum]. M. B ird so n g , W . W . W a d d e ll, ju n ., a n d B. W . W h ite h e a d
(Arner. J . Dis. Child., 1944, 67, 194— 198).— 7 of 8 cases reco v ered .
C. J . C. B.
Case of meningitis in premature infant due to proteolytic Gramnegative bacillus. B . H . S h u lm a n a n d M. S. J o h n s o n (J. Lab. din.
Med., 1944, 29, 500— 507).— A case c u re d b y s u lp h a th ia z o le is
re p o rte d .
C.J . C. B.
Typing meningococci directly from cerebrospinal fluid. C. D .
C ox (Amer. J . clin. Path. Tech. Sect., 1944, 8, 35).— T h e p ro c e d u re
re co m m e n d e d is sim ila r to t h a t used in th e N eu feld t e s t on s p u tu m .
C. J . C. B.
Immunisation with combined diphtheria
(aluminium hydroxide adsorbed) containing
vaccine. J . J . M iller, ju n ., J . B . H u m b e r,
Pediat., 1944, 24, 281— 289).— 2 in je c tio n s
and tetanus toxoids
Hamophilus pertussis
a n d J . O. D ow rie (J.
of A l(O H )3-a d so rb ed
d ip h th e ria a n d te ta n u s to x o id s w ith 20 billio n II. pertussis v a cc in e
p ro d u c ed s a tis fa c to ry im m u n e re sp o n se s w ith re sp e c t to d ip h th e r ia
a n d te ta n u s , b u t th e dose of H. pertussis v a cc in e w as below o p tim a l.
C. J . C. B.
Hyperimmune whooping-cough serum. A. C. M cG uinness, J . G.
A rm stro n g , a n d H . M. F e lto n (J. Pediat., 1944, 24, 249— 258).—
H y p e rim m u n e
w hoop in g -co u g h s e ru m o b ta in e d fro m d o n o rs
im m u n ise d w ith p h a se I p e rtu s sis v a c c in e w as e m p lo y e d in p a ssiv e
im m u n isa tio n of 308 in fa n ts a n d c h ild re n su b s e q u e n t to ex p o su re
to w h o o p in g c o u g h a n d in th e tr e a tm e n t of 442 p a tie n ts w ith w h o o p ­
in g c ough follow ing th e o n s e t of p a ro x y sm s. T h e se ru m h elp ed in
th e p r e v e n tio n a n d tr e a tm e n t of th e disease.
C. J . C. B.
Cultivation and preservation of Diplococcus pneumonia and
Mycobacterium tuberculosis in market eggs. A. J . G elarie (J. Lab.
clin. Med., 1944, 29, 532— 535).— T h e o rd in a ry fresh n o n -fe rtile
m a r k e t egg is a su ita b le m e d iu m for th e c u ltiv a tio n a n d p re s e rv a tio n
o f p neum ococci a n d tu b e rc le b acilli. T ra n sm issio n to a n im a ls w as
successful w ith m a te ria l fro m eggs a t ro o m te m p , u p to 8 w eeks
a fte r in o c u la tio n w ith pneum ococci w ith o u t loss of v iru le n ce o r ty p e specificity.
C. J . C. B.
Hyaluronidase production by pneumococci. H . J . H u m p h re y
(J. Path. B ad., 1944, 56, 273— 275):— H y a lu ro n id a se p ro d u c tio n b y
81 s tr a in s of p n e u m o c o cc u s iso late d fro m successive cases o f p n e u ­
m o n ia w a s stu d ie d . T h e re w as n o c o rre la tio n b e tw e e n th e a m o u n t
of h y a lu ro n id a s e p ro d u c e d a n d th e c lin ica l v iru le n ce , o r b e tw ee n
e n zy m e p ro d u c tio n a n d ty p e . O rg a n ism s o f ty p e I ra re ly p ro d u c e d
h y a lu ro n id a se .
■
C. J . C. B.
Encephalo-meningitis due to pneumococcus type 1. M. J . W ilm ers
(Arch. Dis. Childh., 1944, 19, 29— 31).— A case re p o rt.
C. J . C. B.
Order of fixation of different components of complement to the
antigen-antibody complex. O. B ier a n d E . T ra p p (Rev. Brasil. Biol.,
1943, 3, 331— 336).— P p ts . of p n e u m o c o cc u s p o ly sa c c h a rid e I I I ,
a n d a n ti-p n e u m o c o c c u s I I I se ru m re m o v e c o m p le te ly 3 c o m p le m e n t
c o m p o n e n ts (C j, C 2, C4) fro m su sp en sio n . I n a c tiv a tio n of C , a n d
C2 b y h e a tin g a t 56° for 30 m in . in h ib its th e fix a tio n oí C4. T h e re is
no fix a tio n of C , o r C4 w h e n th e e n d -p ie cc h a d b e e n o b ta in e d fro m
a C O j-p p td . fra c tio n . I n a re d c ells-h iem o ly tic se ru m co m p lex ,
haem olysis does n o t o c cu r w h en re d cells a re in c u b a te d w ith c o m ­
p le m e n t la c k in g C4. S e n sitise d re d cells a d d e d to N H j-in a c tiv a te d
se ru m do n o t haem olyse. F ro m th is ev id e n ce i t is c o n clu d ed t h a t
th e o rd e r of th e d iffe re n t p a r ts of th e c o m p le m e n t is a t firs t Cv C2,
C4, a n d th e n C2.
I. C.
Coagulase production by staphylococci on solid medium. J . B.
P e n fo ld ( / . Path. B ad., 1944, 56, 247— 250).— T h e a d d itio n of
p la sm a to a g a r p ro v id e s a m e d iu m w h ic h w ill d iffe re n tia te coagulasep o sitiv e fro m -n e g a tiv e sta p h y lo c o c c i. 9 4 % of c o ag u lase-p o sitiv e
cocci give o p a c ity rin g s in th e m ed iu m a ro u n d th e colonies. I n
6 % th e p la te s g a v e re s u lts w h ic h w e re m o re e asily re a d t h a n th e
tu b e te s ts . N o n e o f th e c o a g u la se -n e g a tiv e s tr a in s sh o w ed a n y
o p a c ity a ro u n d th e colonies a lth o u g h 4 0 % h a d som e o p a c ity
u n d e rn e a th .
C. J . C. B .
Lung abscess in relation to the influenza epidemic. E . D a v is (Brit.
Med. J., 1 9 4 4 ,1, 416— 417).— O u t of 17 cases of in flu en zal p n e u m o n ia
th e r e w ere 5 cases o f lu n g ab sc ess of w hich th r e e w ere fa ta l. Staph,
aureus is m a in ly co n cern ed . S u lp h a n ila m id e s w ere n o t beneficial.
I. C.
Nutrition of Streptococcus lactis. C. F . N iv e n , ju n . (J. Bad.,
1944, 47, 343— 350).— A ll of 21 s tr a in s re q u ire d p a n to th e n ic acid,
n ic o tin ic acid, a n d b io tin . 18 s tr a in s r e q u ire d th ia m in , w h e rea s
o n ly 6 re q u ire d rib o fla v in . A ll grew w ith o u t a d d e d folic acid a n d
p y rid o x in e , b u t th e la t t e r s tim u la te d g ro w th . A m in . of 14 a m in o -
699
A
III— xxv,
F U N G I.
M IC R O -O R G A N IS M S .
a cid s w as n e ce ssa ry for p ro m p t g ro w th . A ll c u ltu re s grew w ith o u t
a d d e d try p to p h a n . A ll re q u ire d g lu ta m in e a n d a sp a ra g in e for th e
in itia tio n of g ro w th . Slrep. cremoris h a d sim ila r n u tr itiv e re q u ire ­
m e n ts.
F . S.
ESect oi sulpha drugs on growth of Streptococcus viridans. W .
B icrm a n , G . S c h w a rtz m a n , a n d S. I. K o sen b erg (J. Lab. din. Med.,
1944, 29, 454— 401).— T h e in h e re n t re sista n c e to su lp h a n ila m id c a n d
o th e r su lp h a c o m p o u n d s of a s tr a in of Sir. viridans iso late d fro m a
h u m a n case of s u b a c u tc b a c te ria l e n d o c a rd itis re m a in e d u n c h a n g e d
u n d e r b o th fa v o u ra b le a n d a d v e rse c o n d itio n s of c u ltiv a tio n in vitro.
C. J . C. B.
Production of filterable infectious agent from a-streptococci.
E . C. R osenow (Atner. J . din. Path., 1944, 14. 150— 167).— A
filte rab le in fe c tio u s a g e n t w as p ro d u c e d fro m n c u ro tro p ic s tr e p to ­
cocci iso la te d fro m th e n a s o p h a ry n x a n d th e sto o l of a p a ti e n t ill
w ith p o s to p e ra tiv e b ro n c h o p n e u m o n ia a n d p e rs is te n t h icc u p . I t
first p ro d u c e d e n c e p h a litis o r p o lio e n c ep h a litis in m ice o n ly . A fte r
successive passag es th ro u g h m ice i t p ro d u c e d p o lio e n c ep h a litis in
b o th m ice a n d m o n k ey s. A fte r se v e ra l p a ssa g es th ro u g h m o n k ey s
i t lo st its v iru le n c e for m ice a n d p ro d u c e d ty p ic a l p o lio m y e litis in
m o n k ey s. T h e e x p e rim e n ta l in fe c tio u s a g e n t re siste d g ly ce ro la tio n
a n d p a sse d th ro u g h filte rs in a m a n n e r sim ila r to t h a t of “ n a tu r a l ”
p o lio m y e litis v iru s. M onkeys t h a t h a d re co v e red fro m p a ra ly tic
p o lio m y e litis a fte r in o c u la tio n w ith th e e x p e rim e n ta l a g e n t re siste d
in o c u la tio n s of " n a tu r a l ” v iru s a n d hom ologous a n d h etero lo g o u s
e x p e rim e n ta l s tr a in s of th e in fe c tio u s a g e n t, a n d m o n k ey s t h a t h a d
re co v e red fro m p a r a ly tic p o lio m y e litis in d u c e d w ith " n a tu r a l ”
v iru s w ere im m u n e to th e e x p e rim e n ta l in fe c tio u s a g e n t. (27
p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J . C. B.
Rheumatic fever.
coccal toxin injury.
Pathogenesis and therapy in relation to strepto­
J . J . R o b in so n (Arch. Pediat., 1944, 61, 0— 19).
-— R h e u m a tic fe v er is th e re s u lt of a n a u to g e n o u s a n tig e n -a n tib o d y
re a c tio n in v o lv in g c o n n e c tiv e tissu e-co llag en a n d stre p to c o c c a l to x in .
Y o u n g a lb in o r a b b its given a ste rile e ry th ro g e n ic filtra te of th e N Y -5
h a n n o ly tic s tre p to c o c c u s b y d a ily s u b c u ta n e o u s in je c tio n s for a long
tim e show ed m a n y lesions ty p ic a l of h u m a n stre p to c o c c a l disease a n d
som e c a rd ia c lesions like th o se fo u n d in h u m a n rh e u m a tic fever.
T y p ic a l, u n c o m p lic a te d r h e u m a tic fe v er w as n o t p ro d u c ed . (6
p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s.)
C. J . C. B.
Outbreak of puerperal sepsis due to a single type of heemolytic
streptococcus.
M. K e n n y a n d M. B a rb e r (Brit. Med. J ., 1944,
S09—-SI 1).— A r e p o r t ; th e in fec tio n w a s sp re a d d ire c tly o r in d ire c tly
from a la v a to ry se a t.
I. C.
Heemolytic streptococci in the dust of hospital wards, and their
relationship to infection. Report to the Medical Research Council.
D . G. if. E d w a rd ( / . Hygiene, 1944, 43, 256— 265).— In v e s tig a tio n s
w e re m a d e in tw o h o sp ita l w a rd s for 26 w eeks. T h e d u s t fro m th e
floor o f eac h w a rd w as e x a m in e d w eek ly fo r heem olytic stre p to c o cc i
w h ic h w e re classified serologically. T h e no. of o rg a n ism s p e r g.
of d u s t v a rie d g re a tly from w eek to w eek, b u t th e a v e ra g e no. fo r
th e p e rio d w as m u c h t h e sa m e in b o th w a rd s, viz., 2-5 a n d 3 x 105.
N o conclusive e v id e n ce w as fo u n d of th e in fe c tio n of p a tie n ts from
th e d u s t. S w ab s w ere ta k e n a t in te rv a ls fro m p a tie n ts a n d s ta ff;
th e ty p e s fo u n d in th e in fe c tio n s a n d in th e d u s ts d id n o t a lw ay s
c o rre sp o n d .
D . D.
Formation of trimethylamine from choline as characteristic of
Shigella alkalescens. A. J . W ood a n d F . E . K e ep in g ( / . B ad.,
1944, 47, 309— 310).
F . S.
Agglutinability of Bact. shigce. H . S c h u tze (J. Path. Bad.,
1944, 56, 250— 253).— H y p o a g g lu tin a b le s tr a in s a re re n d e re d m ore
a g g lu tin a b le b y g ro w th a t 20— 26°, h e a tin g th e i r sa lin e su sp en sio n s
a t 100° fo r 4 h r. o r a t 60° fo r 1 h r., o r b y a d d in g u p to 0-5% of p h e n o l.
S tra in s w h ic h w ere m o re r e s is ta n t to a g g lu tin a tio n show ed a h ig h er
p re c ip itin o g e n c o n te n t in th e ir d ie th v le n e glycol e x tr a c t.
C. J . C. B.
New medium for the differentiation of salmonella and paracolon
organisms. O. F elsen feld a n d V. M. Y o u n g (Atner. J . d in . Path.,
Tech. Sect., 1944, S, 26— 27).— A m e d iu m p e r m ittin g th e d iffe re n ti­
a tio n of sa lm o n e lla -lik e p a ra c o lo n b a cilli a n d of salm onella;, c o n ­
ta in in g 1% eac h of la c to se a n d sucrose a n d 0-5% of salicin in 0-3%
a g a r, is d e sc rib e d .
C. J . C. B.
Milk-borne outbreak of gastro-enteritis due to Salmonella Dublin.
P . L . S u th e rla n d a n d F . M. B e rg er (Brit. Med. J ., 1944, I, 48S—
490).— A n o u tb re a k o f m ilk -b o rn e g a s tro -e n te ritis d u e to S . Dublin
is d e sc rib e d , a ffe c tin g 162 p e o p le ; th e r e w e re n o d e a th s . T h e so u rce
o f in fe c tio n w as a n a p p a re n tly h e a lth y cow e x c re tin g larg e nos. of
th e o rg a n ism s in th e d u n g . T h e c a rrie r cow w as id en tifie d b y th e
a g g lu tin in c o n te n t of its m ilk ; n o rm a l cow s d o n o t possess a n y
a g g lu tin in s for S . Dublin.
I. C.
Tetanus after head injury in an immunised subject. W . L cw in
(Brit. Med. J., 1944, I I , 11— 12).— C ase re p o rt a fte r a d m in is tra tio n
of te ta n u s to x o id 3 y e a rs p re v io u sly .
I. C.
Filtration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M . stercusis through
gradocol membranes. M. A. S o lty s a n d A . W . T a y lo r (J. Path.
Bad., 1944, 56, 173— 180).— V iab le e le m en ts of eac h o rg a n ism
IM M U N O L O G Y .
ALLERGY.
700
c a p a b le of g ro w th o n a rtificial m éd ia o r of p ro d u c in g sev e re general­
ised disease in e x p e rim e n ta l a n im a ls w ere c o n s ta n tly d e m o n stra ted
in filtra te s d ra w n th ro u g h m e m b ra n e s of p o re d ia m e te r 2-0 a n d 1-5 p.
M . tuberculosis (bovine ty p e ) co u ld p a ss a m e m b ra n e of p o re d iam eter
1-0 ¡i. in 5 of 8 in sta n c e s. T h e m e th o d s e m p lo y ed w ere u nable to
d e te c t v ia b le e le m en ts in filtra te s d ra w n th ro u g h m em b ran e s of
p o re d ia m e te r 0-7 p.
C. J . C. B.
Tubercular adenopathy in young children. I. I. K a p la n (Arch.
Pediat., 1944, 61, 119— 122).— A s h o rt review .
C. J . C. B.
Pleural effusions in guinea-pigs following inoculation of tubercle
bacilli into the mediastinum. F . v a n D ein se (Ann. Inst. Pasteur,
1943, 69, 1— 12).— T h e in o c u la tio n of h u m a n o r b o v in e tubercle
bacilli in to th e m e d ia stin u m of guin ea-p ig s, b e sid es g iving lesions
c o m p a ra b le w ith th o se a fte r in tra v e n o u s in o c u la tio n , cau sed pleural
effusions t h a t a p p e a re d w ith in 1— 10 d a y s. T u b e rc le bacilli were
n o t d e te c te d in th e fluid b u t c u ltu re s a n d g u in e a -p ig inoculation
w ere p o sitiv e in 8 0 % of cases.
F . S.
Specific tuberculosis immunity during infection. H . J. Corper
a n d L. M. C ohn (Yale J . Biol. Med., 1944, 16, 333— 339).— W hen
a p p ro p ria te a m o u n ts of v iab le a v ir u le n t h u m a n tu b e rc le bacilli
w ere in je c te d s u b c u ta n e o u sly w ith in 1 w eek be fo re in fec tio n with
v iru le n t h u m a n tu b e rc le bacilli th e re w as a re ta r d a tio n of the
in fe c tio n . T h e a d d itio n of a v ir u le n t b a cilli to in tra c u ta n c o u s
in je c tio n s of v ir u le n t b acilli cau sed a n e n h a n c e d local re ac tio n at
first, follow ed b y a g re a t d im in u tio n of v isc era l tu b erc u lo sis.
F . S.
Enzymic degradation of tuberculin. A. T iseliu s a n d A. Gronwall
(Arhiv Ketni, M in., Geol., 1943, 17, A, N o. 13, 11 p p .).— Dried
tu b e rc u lin (m ol. w t. a p p ro x . 10,500, nucleic a cid a n d polysaccharide
c o n te n ts, 1-2 a n d 5-9% re sp ec tiv e ly ) d ig este d w ith c ry s t. pepsin a t
p H 2 a n d 3-5 a n d 35° y ield s a p ro d u c t h a v in g a b o u t 10% of the
a c tiv ity of th e o rig in a l m a te ria l, a p p ro x . 11— 12 p e p tid e linkings
bein g b ro k e n . D ig e stio n w ith c ry st. tr y p s in a n d c h y m o try p sin a t
p H 8-2 a n d 35° c au ses m u c h g re a te r d e g ra d a tio n , th e products,
chiefly d ip e p tid e s, b e in g in a c tiv e .
W . McC.
Chronic human carrier of Bact. typhi-murium treated by chole­
cystectomy. H . B u r t (J. Path. Bad., 1944, 56, 209— 215).—-Excre­
tio n of th e o rg a n ism ceased a fte r c h o le cy ste c to m y . T h e gallbladder
w as t h e se a t of m a rk e d p a th o lo g ic a l changes. T h e org an ism was
iso late d b o th fro m th e m u co sa a n d fro m g a llsto n e s.
C. J . C. B.
Food poisoning due to Bact. typhi-murium (anaërogenes).
B. R.
S a n d ifo rd (J. Path. B ad., 1944, 56, 254— 255).— A case re p o rt.
C. J. C. B.
Prognostic value of laboratory investigations in typhoid fever.
S. S. B h a tn a g a r (Brit. Med. J ., 1944, I, 417— 419).— A prognostic
classificatio n of ty p h u s cases on th e ba sis of th e t i t r e of V i antibody
a n d O a g g lu tin in s.
I. C.
Unsuccessful efforts to dissociate antigen-antibody complexes by
amino-acids solutions. M. M acheboeuf, M . V isc o n tin i, a n d M.
R a y n a u d (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69, 376— 37S).— S o lu tio n s of the
c o n s titu e n t a m in o -ac id s of seru m -g lo b u lin s failed to d e ta c h , b y mass
a c tio n , sp. a g g lu tin in s fixed b y p a ra ty p h o id bacilli.
F . S.
Immunochemistry of Vibrio cholerœ. I. Quantitative study of
the precipitation of the carbohydrate-lipin antigen by specific rabbit
antisera. H. Components of cholera toxin. J . G a llu t a n d P.
G ra b a r (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69, 250— 253, 307— 309).— I.
P p tn . of a r a b b it se ru m p re p , a g a in s t th e c a rb o h y d ra te -lip in
co m p le x (c.-l.) e x tr a c te d fro m Vibrio cholerce w ith th e sp. antigen
fro m th e sa m e s tr a in g av e a n a n tib o d y : a n tig e n r a tio of 0-19—-0-27
in th e zone of e q u iv alen ce. W h e n a to x in fro m a n o th e r s tra in of
v ib rio w as used a s a n tig e n th e ra tio , a n tib o d y : c.-l. c o n ta in ed in
th e to x in w a s o n ly 0-06— 0-07. T h e sp. a n tig e n , c.-l., c o n ta in ed in
th e to x in w ould th e re fo re h a v e few er g ro u p in g s c ap a b le of com­
b in in g w ith th e a n tib o d y .
II.
P p tn . re a c tio n s w ith a b so rb e d a n tito x ic s e ra a n d toxin
show ed t h a t th e to x in c o n ta in e d o n ly c.-l. a s a n tig e n . F re s h toxin
g a v e s lig h tly h e a v ie r p p ts . th a n iso la te d c.-l. b u t p p ts . became
lig h te r w ith a g e in g of th e to x in . F re s h to x in th e re fo re probably
c o n ta in s a com p lex c.-l. w h ic h is la te r sp lit to a sim p le c.-l., com­
p a ra b le w ith iso late d c.-l., a n d a s u b s ta n c e n o t p p td . b y sp. antiserum .
F . S.
Bacteriophages in the water of the Marne. A, G udlin (Ann. Inst.
Pasteur, 1943, 69, 219— 229).— T h e re w as a p a ra lle lism between
v a ria tio n s in c o n te n t o f Bad. coli a n d b a c te rio p h a g e s a c tiv e against
t h a t o rg a n ism b o th u p -s tre a m a n d d o w n -s tre a m fro m a lateral
c a n a l s u b je c t to p o llu tio n . T h e re la tiv e a m o u n t o f bacteriophage
to B a d . coli w as g r e a te r d o w n -stre am , in d ic a tin g t h a t bacteriophage
w as th e m o re se n sitiv e in d ic a to r of p o llu tio n .
F . S.
Electron microscope studies of bacteriophage of Salmonella pullorum. M. R . B. B a y lo r, J . M. S everens, a n d G. L . C lark (J. Bad.,
1944, 47, 277— 281).— I n m e a t e x tr a c t a t 37-5° p h a g e ad so rp tio n is
w ell a d v a n c e d a t 3 m in . T h e p h a g e p a rtic le s a p p e a r a s rounded
bodies, 40— 45 m /t. in d ia m e te r, w ith o u t ta ils . (15 e le c tro n micro­
g ra p h s.)
F . S.
701
A
III—xxv,
F U N G I.
M IC R O -O R G A N IS M S .
Lack o£ homogeneity in bacterial suspensions as cause o£ error in
titration of bacteriophage. P . N icolle (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69,
13— 1C).— T o a v o id e rro rs a risin g from th is so u rce in th e p la q u e
m eth o d o f t it r a ti o n , th e p h a g e su sp en sio n sh o u ld be sow n f irs t on
the a g a r su rfa ce w ith a sp re a d e r a n d th e b a c te ria l su sp en sio n
sp re ad 10 m in . la te r w ith a sp re a d e r.
F . S.
Tissue cultures for virus investigations in the field. M. S a n d e rs
and C. H . H u a n g (Amer. J . Publ. Health, 1944, 34, 461— 400).— S m all
a m o u n ts of e m b ry o n ic tis su e in 2 m l. o f se ru m u ltra filtr a te re m a in e d
viable a t le a s t 35 d a y s a t 25° ± 7 ° , for a t le a st 4 w eeks a t 37°, a n d
3 w eeks a t a t 4— 6°. N u m e ro u s c u ltu re s can b e m a d e fro m one
chick e m b ry o a n d n o m a n ip u la tio n of th e c u ltu re s is n e ce ssa ry for
the p e rio d s d e sig n a te d . T h e a d d itio n of s u lp h a d ia z in c m ix tu re s
has a slig h tly to x ic effect on th e tissu e s, b u t th e d ru g s m a y be
used a s b a c te rio s ta tic a g e n ts so t h a t c o n ta m in a te d sp ecim en s m a y
be te s te d for v iru s c o n te n t.
C. J. C. B.
Negative results in studies of epidemic- diarrhoea, nausea, and
vomiting of unknown cause. H . A. R e im a n n , A. H . P ric e, a n d J. H .
H odges (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1944, 55, 233— 234).— I n a n
epidem ic a m o n g a d u lts, n o v iru s co u ld b e iso late d from th e stools
w hich w as a b le to c a u se to x ic sy m p to m s b y o ra l, in tra n a s a l, or
rectal a d m in is tra tio n to m ice, o r b y in tra n a s a l in o c u la tio n in calves.
V. J . W .
Ultrafiltration of “ normal corpuscular bodies.” J . C. L c v a d iti
and P . G ra b a r (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69, 241— 244).— U l t r a ­
filtra tio n of th e v iru s-lik e b o d ies w hich can be iso la te d b y d iffere n tia l
c e n trifu g a tio n fro m th e n o rm a l c h o rio a lla n to ic m e m b ra n e of th e
chick e m b ry o g a v e a d ia m e te r of 200— 300 m /i. T h e filtra tio n
e n d -p o in t g av e a sm a lle r d ia m e te r in H a r tle y ’s b ro th th a n in a
buffer so lu tio n a t p H 7-2.
F . S.
Measurement of size of virus of foot-and-mouth disease by aradiation. P . B o n é t-M a u ry (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69, 22—
26).— T h e dose of a - ra d ia tio n re q u ire d to re d u c e th e in fe c tiv e t it r e
of a m e m b ra n e filtra te of th is v iru s to 10% w as calc, a s 600 /icd.
per c.c. fro m a n in a c tiv a tio n c u rv e . F ro m th e p re v io u sly p u b lish e d
form ula (A ., 1943, I I I , S51), th e d ia m e te r of th e v iru s w as 20— 40 m/i.
F . S.
Determination by an indirect niethod of the diameter and the
sedimentation constant of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease.
P. L ep in e a n d J . G iu n tin i (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69, 257— 261).—
U ltra c e n trifu g a tio n g a v e .a d ia m e te r of 14 m /i. o r 19 m /i., a ssu m in g
the sp. g ra v ity o f th e v iru s t o b e 1-3 o r 1-17 re sp ec tiv e ly , a n d a
se d im e n ta tio n c o n st, of S 20 = 33 x 10~13.
F . S.
Problems of infective hepatitis. L. J . W itts (Brit. Med. J., 1944,
I, 739— 743).— In fe c tiv e h e p a titis is one of th e m o st im p o r ta n t
diseases in th e M e d ite rra n e a n th e a tre of w a r. N o sp. p ro p h y la x is
or tr e a tm e n t is kn o w n ; m o rta lity is low . T h e v iru s is sp re a d
e ith e r b y d ro p le ts o r th ro u g h e x c re ta a n d flies.
I. C.
Epidemic of infective hepatitis in Gloucestershire. J . S. C ookson
(Brit. Med. J., 1944, 687— 6S9).— T h e epidem iological fe a tu re s a n d a
clinical a c c o u n t a re giv en a n d discussed.
I. C.
Interference between inactive and active viruses of influenza.
I. Incidental occurrence and artificial induction of the phenomenon.
EL, Factors influencing the phenomenon. W . H e n le a n d G. H e n le
(Amer. J . med. Set., 1944, 207, 705— 733).— I n p a ssin g a lla n to ic
fluid in fe c te d w ith th e v iru s of in flu e n za A o r B to c h ic k e m b ry o s
b y th e a lla n to ic ro u te , conc. in o cu la fre q u e n tly p ro d u c e d less v iru s
th a n m ore dil. ones. T h is in h ib itio n w as d u e to a c c u m u la tio n of
in ac tiv e v iru s in th e a lla n to ic fluid in te rfe rin g w ith th e p ro p a g a tio n
of th e a c tiv e a g e n t on su b c u ltu re . C o rre sp o n d in g ly , a rtific ia l in ­
a c tiv a tio n of th e v iru s b y h e a tin g to 56° o r u ltra -v io le t irra d ia tio n
for s h o rt p e rio d s in cre ased th is in h ib ito ry effect. A tte m p ts w ere
m ade to o b ta in n o n -in fec tio u s v iru s w ith th e in te rfe rin g p r o p e rty
largely in ta c t, a n d to te s t th e in te rfe re n c e b y th e in a c tiv e v iru s
w ith a kn o w n a m o u n t of th e a c tiv e a g e n t. U ltra -v io le t ir ra d ia tio n
of dialy sed a lla n to ic fluid g a v e in te rfe rin g p rep s, w hich fre q u e n tly
fulfilled th e se re q u ire m e n ts. P r im a r y in fe c tio n of su c h irr a d ia te d
v iru s in to th e a lla n to ic sa c of t h e . c h ic k em b ry o s, follow ed b y
inocu latio n of a c tiv e v iru s w ith in p e rio d s u p to 24 h r., p re v e n te d
the p ro p a g a tio n of th e a c tiv e a g e n t. In je c tio n of 0-01— 0-005 m l.
of irra d ia te d v iru s (a llan to ic fluid) in to th e a lla n to ic c a v ity s u p ­
presses fo rm a tio n of h re m a g g lu tin in from a s u b s e q u e n t in o c u la tio n
of a ctiv e t e s t v iru s. T h e concn. of te s t v iru s does n o t influence
the re su lts. N o differences in in te rfe rin g p ro p e rty w ere n o te d
betw een irr a d ia te d a lla n to ic fluids d e riv e d from v iru s c u ltu re s
incubated fo r 24, 4S, 72, o r 96 h r. H o w ev er, th e in te rfe rin g p ro ­
p e rty in th e e a rlie r h a r v e s ts (y o u n g er em bryos) w as m o re su scep tib le
to d e stru c tio n b y u ltra -v io le t lig h t. T h e in te rfe rin g in je c tio n could
be given a s e a rly a s 96 h r. before th e te s t v iru s a n d u p to 3 h r.
a fterw ards a n d p ro d u c e e x te n siv e in te rfe re n c e . W h e n in je c te d 24
hr. a fte r th e a c tiv e v iru s, n o p ro te c tio n w as n o te d . F lu sh in g of
the alla n to ic sa c w ith m o re t h a n 100 m l. of sa lin e so lu tio n follow ing
the in je c tio n of irra d ia te d v iru s to re m o v e free h æ m a g g lu tin in s
did n o t e lim in a te th e in te rfe re n c e . T h e p ro te c tio n of su sce p tib le
cells occurs v e r y ra p id ly , sin ce in je c tio n .o f th e irr a d ia te d v iru s in to
IM M U N O L O G Y .
ALLERGY.
702
t h e egg d u rin g flushing also p re v e n te d a c tiv e v iru s from m u ltip ly in g
w hen in je c te d 24 h r. la te r. S u rv iv a l of a c tiv e v iru s in irra d ia te d
p re p s, m a y so m e tim es b e d e m o n s tra te d o n ly a f te r d ilu tio n o r p r o ­
longed ir ra d ia tio n of th e a lla n to ic fluid. B o th ste p s de cre ase th e
in te rfe rin g p ro p e rty a n d p e r m it sm a ll q u a n titie s of su rv iv in g a c tiv e
v iru s to p ro p a g a te .
C. J . C. B.
Chemical analysis of influenza viruses A (P R 8 strain) and B (Lee
strain) and pig influenza virus. A . It. T a y lo r ( / . Biol. Chern., 1944,
153, 675— 686).— T h e in flu e n za v iru s A , p ig in flu e n za v iru s, a n d
in flu e n za v iru s B h a d to ta l lip in , 24, 24, 2 3 ; p h o sp h o lip in 11-3,
10-67, 11-23; c h o le stero l 7, 5-7, 3-7; a n d c a rb o h y d ra te 12-5, 10-0,
13-1% , re sp ec tiv e ly . T h e c a rb o h y d ra te vals. w e re u n e x p e c te d ly
h ig h , a n d o n ly a b o u t 2 5 % c o u ld be p r e s e n t b o u n d in th e nucleic
a cid . T h e lip in a p p e a re d to b e a n in te g r a l p a r t of th e v iru s m ol.
J . F . M.
Cutaneous reaction to influenza viruses. W . I. B. B ev erid g e a n d
F . M. B u rn e t (Med. J. Austral., 1944, I, 85— 89).— T h e in tra d c rm a l
in o c u la tio n of a 1/10 d ilu tio n o f u n h e a te d o r boiled a lla n to ic fluid
in fec te d w ith in flu e n za v iru s A o r B p ro d u c e d a c u ta n e o u s re a c tio n
in m o st a d u lts a n d in som e c h ild re n . P a r tia l p u rific a tio n of th e
v iru s d id n o t d im in ish its c a p a c ity to p ro d u c e th e re a c tio n . In
a d u lts, th e size of th e re a c tio n b o re n o re la tio n to th e se ru m a n ti ­
b o d y titr e . A m o n g 31 c h ild re n te s te d 18 h a d p o sitiv e re a c tio n s
a n d a ll b u t o n e of th e s e h a d also p o sitiv e serological re a c tio n s.
M a n y c h ild re n w ho g a v e a p o sitiv e serological re a c tio n failed to
give th e a p p ro p ria te sk in re a c tio n . I t is su g g e ste d t h a t a lle rg y to
t h e .v ir u s m a y p la y a p a r t in re sista n c e to in fe c tio n a n d , w hen
in fe c tio n o ccu rs, in th e p ro d u c tio n of sy m p to m s .
F . S.
Human serum treatment of atypical pneumonia. E . M. Solom on
(]. Lab. clin. Med., 1944, 29, 493— 499).— Cases of a ty p ic a l p n e u m o n ia
w h ic h d id n o t re ce iv e c o n v a le sc e n t se ru m d isp la y e d fe v er la s tin g
5— 11 d a y s, w h ic h d ro p p e d t o n o rm a l b y lysis. C onvalescence
w as pro lo n g ed , la s tin g (average) 39 d a y s. I n 9 o u t of 10 p a tie n ts
tr e a te d w ith c o n v a le sc e n t " v iru s p n e u m o n ia se ru m ” th e te m p ,
fell to n o rm a l b y c risis, a n d th e c o n v a le sc e n t p e rio d fell to 22 d a y s.
T h ese p a tie n ts re sp o n d ed t o 1 dose of 250 c.c. of se ru m .
C. J . C. B.
Poliomyelitis in British and American troops in Middle East.
J. R . P a u l, W . P . H a v e n s, a n d C. E . V a n R o o y e n (Brit. Med. J.,
1944, I, 841— 843).—-The v iru s w as iso late d fro m sto o ls in 9 o u t of
10 fa ta l cases. N e g a tiv e findings w ere o b ta in e d in 5 n o n -fa ta l
cases of ty p ic a l p o lio m y e litis a n d in 20 a ty p ic a l cases. G riv e t a n d
v c rv e t m o n k ey s a re h ig h ly su sc e p tib le to e x p e rim e n ta l in fec tio n
w ith th e v iru s.
I. C.
Virus protein of polyhedral disease of silkworms. H. Distribu­
tion of sulphur and alanine content. P . D csn u elle a n d C. C. T a n
(Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69, 248— 2 5 0 ; cf. A., 1944, I I I , 621).—
T h e p o ly h e d ra c o n ta in 3-3% of m e th io n in e a n d 0-67% of c y stin e ,
of w h ic h 0-1% is in th e fo rm of c y ste in e . T h ese a m in o -ac id s
a c c o u n t for all th e S p re se n t. T h e a la n in e c o n te n t is 4-4% .
F . S.
Paralytic rabies. S. V. L o v e (J. Pcdiat., 1944, 24, 312— 325).—
R eview a n d re p o rt of a case.
C. J . C. B.
Effect of proteolysis of rabies virus. P . R e m lin g e r a n d J . B a illy
(Compt. rend., 1942, 215, 389).— T h e v iru le n ce of th e ra b ie s v iru s
c a n b e in c re a se d a n d its effects p ro lo n g ed b y th e p re sen c e of 0-1%
of asc o rb ic acid, in d ic a tin g t h a t d e s tru c tio n of th e v iru s in th e
b o d y is p rim a rily d u e to p ro te o ly tic e n zy m es of th e tissu e s.
H . G. R .
Measurement of the virus of pseudorabies by ultra-flltration and
ultracentrifugation. P . L epine, J . C. L e v a d iti, P . G ra b a r, a n d
J. G iu n tin i (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69, 238— 241).— U ltr a f iltra tio n
ga v e a d ia m e te r of 110— 112 m /t. a n d u ltr a c e n trifu g a tio n a d ia m e te r
o f 68 m /t. o r 110 m /i., a ssu m in g th e sp . g r a v ity of th e v iru s a s 1-3
o r 1-16 re sp ec tiv e ly .
F . S.
Experimental infections with spotted fever virus in some Caviidse.
J . T ra v a sso s a n d A . V allejo (Mem. Inst. Bulantan, 1941, 15, 73—
85).— S p o tte d fev er v iru s m a y b e fo u n d in th e c irc u la tin g blo o d of
e x p e rim e n ta lly in fe c te d Cavia aperea a n d Hydrochoerus capybara
for lo n g er t h a n 11 d a y s. Som e a n im a ls, h o w ev er, d id n o t re sp o n d
to e x p e rim e n ta l in o c u la tio n s, su g g e stin g t h a t th e y h a d suffered
fro m a p re v io u s n a tu r a l in fec tio n . N a tu r a lly in fe c te d a n im a ls h a v e
n e v e r b e en iso la te d so fa r, b u t th e s e a n im a ls m a y b e c o n ce rn ed
w ith th e e n d em ic o c cu rre n ce of s p o tte d fe v er in th e r u r a l d is tr ic ts
of S an P ao lo .
I. C.
Adaptation of a cane rat (Z ygodontom ys) to the laboratory and its
susceptibility" to virus of yellow fever. M. B a te s a n d J . M. W eir
(Amer. J . trop. Med., 1944, 24, 35— 37).
F . S.
(A) Allergic vaccinal lesions in the rabbit during incubation of the
primary lesion. (B) Development of resistance to neuro-vaccine in
the central nervous system. G a stin e l a n d R . F a sq u e lle (Ann. Inst.
Pasteur, 1943, 69, 319— 320, 375— 376).— (a) F ro m th e 4 th d a y a fte r
a p rim a ry c u ta n e o u s in o c u la tio n w ith v iru le n t v a c c in ia v iru s th e
sk in re a c ts to liv in g o r d e a d v iru s w ith a n a c c e le ra te d allerg ic
resp o n se.
703
A
I I I — x x v i.
PLANT
( b ) I n th e r a b b it th e c e n tra l n e rv o u s sy ste m becom es re s is ta n t
to n e u ro -v a c cin e 4— 6 d a y s a f te r c u ta n e o u s in o c u la tio n .
F . S.
Genera Of plant viruses. H . H . M c K in n e y (J. Washington Acad.
Sci., 1944, 34, 139— 154).— T h e lite ra tu re is rev iew ed . A sc h e m e of
c la ssifica tio n is p ro p o se d a n d d esc rib e d .
R. H. H.
Preparation of the nucleoprotein of potato Y-virus. G. M elchers
{Ber. deut. hot. Ges., 1943, 61, S9— 90).— T h e fresh (unfrozen) p la n t
m a te ria l is m in c e d a n d tr e a te d w ith 5 % a q . N aC l a t 0° o v e rn ig h t.
T h e s e p a ra te d p re ss ju ic e is n e u tra lis e d (p H 6-9) w ith N a O H a n d
c e n trifu g e d . T h e s u p e r n a ta n t liq u id is u ltra c e n trifu g e d (1-5 h r . a t
25,000 r .p .m .). In th is w a y 30 m g. of p u re in fe c tiv e p r o te in w as
o b ta in e d fro m 1 kg. o f fresh m a te ria l.
A . G. P .
P H Y S IO L O G Y .
704
C o m m itte e su m m arise v e ry s h o rtly t h e p re s e n t p la n s fo r im m unis­
a tio n a g a in s t d ip h th e ria , p e rtu ssis, te ta n u s , a n d sm a llp o x ^ ^ ^
Attempted purification of antibodies by specific methods. H.
S v en sso n (Arkiv Kcini, Alin., Geol., 1943, 17, A, N o. 5, 8 pp. ; cf.
M eyer a n d P ic, A ., 1936, 748).— E x p e rim e n ts w ith seru m -protein
coupled w ith ^ -a m in o b e n z o ic a cid a n d pu rified b y iso e le ctric p p tn .
show t h a t p a rtia l p u rific a tio n of a n tib o d ie s is a ch iev e d b y adsorbing
on a c tiv e C o r floridin a n d e lu tin g w ith 0 -lN -acetic acid. I n some
cases, a sim ila r re s u lt is o b ta in e d b y e le ctro p h o re sis.
W . McC.
[Formation of antigenic protein complexes with a] homologue of
dimethylazobenzene. R . W . L in to n a n d L . D . S m ith (J. Franklin
Inst., 1942, 234, 286— 288).— T h e a c id ch lo rid e of p -d im e th y la m in o -
Chemical nature of syphilitic antigen. E . F isch er, R . D . de
F isc h e r, a n d R . B ond (Ciencia, 1943, 4, 153— 155).— T h e sy p h ilitic
a n tig e n o ccu rs in tw o form s, w h ich m a y b e d istin g u ish e d b y e x ­
t r a c tio n w ith 8 0 % a lcohol a n d lig h t p e tro leu m .
I. C.
p '-c a rb o x y a z o b e n z e n e (from th e c o rre sp o n d in g c arb o x y lic acid and
SO jClj) re a c ts w ith h o rse o r o x se ru m to give a n tig e n ic com plexes.
T h e in je c tio n o f ra b b its a n d m ice w ith th e h o rse -se ru m com plex
re s u lts in fo rm a tio n of a n a n tib o d y a g a in s t th e dye.
F . O. fl.
Persistence of falsely positive serologic tests for syphilis in non­
syphilitic infections. A. E . T au ssig (J. Lab. clin. Med., 1944, 29,
Quantitative study of precipitin reaction of ovalbumin with homo­
logous rabbit antiserum. I. Soluble components of the inhibitory
zone and their precipitation with alcohol. P . G ra b a r a n d J. O udin
(Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1943, 69, 195— 204).— T h e a d d itio n of alcohol
473— 477).— I f th e p a ti e n t h a s re c e n tly h a d a n a c u te in fe c tio n of
a n y k in d , th e W a sse rin a n n a n d a p p tn . te s t sh o u ld b e re p e a te d a fte r
o n e o r tw o m o n th s . I f th e t e s t is still p o sitiv e , th e re a c tio n is n o t
d u e t o th e in fec tio n a n d is p ro b a b ly in d ic a tiv e of sy p h ilis. R a re ly ,
false p o sitiv e re a c tio n s w hich flu c tu a te fro m w eek to w eek a n d from
m o n th to m o n th o c cu r n o t d u e to in fe c tio n . H e re , w e ek ly te s ts if
n o t c o n s ta n tly p o sitiv e m a y re v e a l t h e p a ti e n t a s n o t sy p h ilitic . A
falsely p o sitiv e c.s.f. h a s n o t as y e t b e en re p o rte d . I n d o u b tfu l
cases, K a h n ’s v e rific a tio n te s t m a y be em p lo y ed , a lth o u g h a s y e t its
re s u lts m u s t be in te r p re te d w ith re serv e .
C. J . C'. B .
Incidence and causes of discrepancies in results of serological tests
for syphilis. F . M . B e rg er a n d P . L . S u th e rla n d ( / . Path. Bacl.,
1944, 56, 237— 245).— W a s se rm a n n a n d K a h n te s ts w ere c a rrie d o u t
on o v e r 15,000 se ra . A b o u t th e sam e no. of s e ra re a c te d in each
te s t, b u t J of all re a c tin g se ra re a c te d in th e W a sse rm a n n o r K a h n
t e s t only. A b s o rp tio n e x p e rim e n ts show ed t h a t th e sa m e re a c tin g
su b s ta n c e w as resp o n sib le for th e c o m p le m e n t fix atio n , flocculation,
a n d a g g lu tin a tio n re a c tio n s. M ost of th e re a c tin g s u b s ta n c e w as
c o n ta in e d in th e CCri-sol. fra c tio n of se ru m , w h e rea s c o m p le m e n to id
su b s ta n c e s w ere m a in ly in th e C O a-insol. fra c tio n . T h e W a s se rm a n n
t e s t is c ap a b le of g iv in g a p o sitiv e re a c tio n w ith m u c h less sy p h ilitic
a n tib o d y th a n th e K a h n t e s t. T h e h ig h in h e re n t se n s itiv ity of th e
W a s se rm a n n t e s t m ay , h o w ev er, b e d e cre ased b y c o m p le m e n to id
s u b s ta n c e s in th e p a ti e n t ’s se ru m o r low fix a b ility o f c o m p le m e n t.
B e ca u se of th e se fa c to rs c e rta in sy p h ilitic s e ra g av e a n e g a tiv e
W a s se rm a n n a n d a p o sitiv e K a h n re a c tio n . T h e e stim a tio n of th e
h a m io ly tic pow er o f c o m p le m e n t d id n o t give a n y in fo rm a tio n a b o u t
i ts fix a b ility . E x c e ss of n a tu r a l hrem olysin in th e p a ti e n t ’s se ru m
is a r a r e cause of false n e g a tiv e W a sse rm a n n re a c tio n s. F a lse
n e g a tiv e s d u e to zone p h e n o m e n a w ere n o t o b se rv ed . C. J . C. B.
Falsely doubtful and positive reactions in the serology of syphilis.
J . A . K o lm e r [Amer. J. Publ. Health, 1944, 34, 510— 525).— A
g e n era l re v ie w of th e lite ra tu re .
C. J . C. B.
(a) Loaiasis and onchocerciasis : a new antigen for their diagnosis
by skin test, (b) Filariasis bancrofti: its diagnosis by immuno­
logical tests with antigen derived from Litomosoides carinii. J . T .
C u lb ertso n , H . M. R o se, a n d C. R . D e m a re s t (Amer. J. Hyg., 1944,
3 9 , 152— 155,156— 162).— (a ) A n a n tig e n p re p a re d b y e x tra c tio n of th e
c o tto n r a t filarial w o rm L. carinii g a v e sk in re a c tio n s in tw o p a tie n ts
w ith loaiasis a n d tw o w ith onchocerciasis. O f 40 n o rm a l persons,
38 g a v e n o re a c tio n a n d of 2 p o sitiv e s, o n e h a d re a c te d p re v io u sly
t o T. spiralis a n tig e n a n d th e o th e r d e v elo p ed sy m p to m s of
e le p h a n tia sis.
(b) O f 81 m en te s te d w ith L. carinii a n tig e n a fte r th e y h a d lived
fo r a b o u t o n e y e a r in a n a re a w here W. bancrofti w as endem ic, 66
g a v e im m e d ia te sk in responses. S e ra fro m 77 m en o f th is g ro u p
w e re te s te d fo r p r e c ip itin s ; 58 w ere p o sitiv e . B y th e c o m p le m e n t
fix a tio n t e s t 59 w ere p o sitiv e . Im m u n o lo g ica l te s ts a re u sefu l in
e a rly d iag n o sis o f fila n a sis a s a n tib o d y a p p e a rs in th e blood before
t h e p a ra s ite s c a n b e re co v e red in th e m icrofilaria; sta g e .
B . C. H .
Trichinella skin tests in patients in general hospitals and tuber­
culosis sanatoria. S. F . H o rn e a n d G. T . H a rre ll (Amer. J. med. Sci.,
1944, 207, 759— 765).— T h e in cid en ce of p o sitiv e in tra d e rm a l
re a c tio n s t o co m m e rc ial tric h in e lla a n tig e n in N o r th C a ro lin a w as
10% in 700 h o sp ita lise d p a tie n ts . T h e in cid e n ce fo u n d b y sk in
t e s t w as g r e a te r th a n t h a t fo u n d in r o u tin e a u to p s ie s in th is a re a .
P a tie n ts w ith a c tiv e tu b e rc u lo s is in 2 s a n a to r ia g a v e a h ig h e r % of
p o sitiv e re a c tio n s (14-3% ) th a n d id th o se w ith o u t tu b erc u lo sis
(7-1% ) in 2 g e n e ra l h o sp ita ls. T h is w as s ta tis tic a lly sig n ifican t.
C. J . C. B.
Immunologic studies in insulin resistance.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 536.
Relation between immunity, reticuloendothelial system, and antithrombin.— See A., 1944, I I I , 523.
Multiple antigens for active immunisation. S tu d y C o m m itte e on
M u ltip le A n tig en s (Amer. J . Publ. Health, 1944, 34, 452—4 5 4 ).— T he
to s u p e r n a ta n t fluids of sp. p p ts . in sa lin e m e d iu m c au ses p p tn . of
p a r t of th e w a ter-so l. c o m p o n e n ts in th e zone of excess antibody.
T h e p re c ip itin re a c tio n in a n a lcohol m edium , a fte r p a ssin g a max.
a t a h ig h er a n tig e n : a n tib o d y r a tio , also show s a zone of in h ib itio n .
T h e a n tig e n -a n tib o d y c o m p le x c a n th e re fo re b e d iv id e d in to 3
fra c tio n s, one insol. in w a te r, o n e sol. in w a te r a n d insol, in alcohol,
a n d one insol. in b o th . T h is m a y be d u e to differences in th e reacting
a n tib o d ie s o r d ifferences in th e p ro p o rtio n s o f a n tig e n in th e corn ¡flex.
Torantil (histaminase) in urticaria following serum administration.
J . A. T oom ey, F . M. K rie te , a n d H . C. E p s te in (J. Pedial., 1944, 24,
290— 292).— H ista m in a se n e ith e r p re v e n ts n o r a m e lio ra te s the
se ru m sickness w hich follow s th e a d m in is tra tio n of m eingococcus
a n tito x in (horse).
C. J . C. B.
Role of acetylcholine in anaphylactic process. S. F a rb e r, A. Pope,
a n d E . L a n d s te in e r, ju n . (Arch. Path., 1944, 37, 275— 278).— Saline
e x tra c ts of c ard iac , p u lm o n a ry , a n d in te s tin a l tissu e s of n o rm al and
of se n sitised guin ea-p ig s, p re p a re d w ith a n d w ith o u t eserine, were
ex a m in e d for a c e ty lc h o lin e c o n te n t. P ieces of th e o rg a n s of the
se n sitise d g u in ea-p ig s w ere sh o ck ed in vitro b y S c h ild 's m ethod
(J. Physiol., 1937, 90, 34p). T h e no. of p o sitiv e re sp o n se s a n d the
a m o u n t of a c e ty lc h o lin e lib e ra te d w e re n o g re a te r w ith th e shocked
p ieces o f lu n g s a n d in te s tin e s th a n w ith th e n o rm a l c o n tro ls. H ist­
a m in e w as d e m o n s tra te d w ith re g u la rity in th e sh o c k e d pieces of
lungs. I n 10% of th e e x tr a c ts of n o rm a l h e a r t a ce ty lc h o lin e was
d e m o n s tra te d .
C. J . C. B.
Use of histamine in allergic conditions.— See A ., 1944, I I I , 557.
Sensitivity to liver extracts. J . G. M cSorley a n d L . S. P . D avidson
(Brit. Med. J ., 1944, I, 714,— 716).— In tr a m u s c u la r liv e r th e ra p y may
r e s u lt in a lm o s t e v e ry ty p e of a llerg ic re a c tio n , b u t th e com m onest
fo rm is flushing, ta c h y c a rd ia , e ry th e m a , a n d localised urticaria.
R e a c tio n s m a y b e m ild or v e ry se v e re w ith b ro n c h o sp a sm , vom iting,
rig o r, h y p e rp y re x ia , n a sa l a n d o c u la r d isch arg es, s u b s te rn a l pain,
c ollapse, a n d a n g io n e u ro tic oedem a. A lth o u g h s k in re a c tio n s may
be p o sitiv e in p a tie n ts w h o d o n o t show a n y re a c tio n to paren teral
liv e r th e ra p y , th e ir d e g ree in g e n e ra l b e a rs som e re la tio n to the
s e v e rity of th e g e n e ra l se n sitis a tio n a n d re s u ltin g re a c tio n s. De­
s e n s itis a tio n is po ssib le a n d t h e te c h n iq u e is o u tlin e d .
I. C.
Beta vulgaris, var. maritima, important unknown cause of
pollenosis in southern Buenos Aires. L . H e rra iz -B a lle s te ro and
J . V. M o n ticelli (Rev. Soc. argent. Biol., 1944, 20, 8— 11).— This
C h e n o p o d ia ce a gives larg e q u a n titie s of p o llen fro m th e la s t days of
O c to b e r to th e first fo rtn ig h t in D e ce m b er. S k in te s ts w ith the
p o lle n g a v e 68-9% p o sitiv e re a c tio n s in 150 cases of pollenosis. ^
X X V I .— P U N T
P H Y S IO L O G Y .
Phosphates and osmosis. L . P la n te fo l (Compt. rend., 1943,. 217,
83— 84).— E x p e rim e n ts w ith so lu tio n s o f p h o s p h a te s a n d m em branes
of Laminaria flexicaulis in d ic a te t h a t osm osis is n o t s tric tly pro­
p o rtio n a l to th e o sm o tic p re s s u re of th e so lu tio n . I t is closely
re la te d to th e d eg ree of h y d ra tio n of th e m e m b ra n e .
P . G. M.
Relations between water-permeability and electric charge in
membrane models and in living plant cells. L . B ra u n e r a n d M.
B ra u n e r (Rev. Fac. Sci. Istanbul, 1943, 8, B, 264— 310).— Evidence
is p re s e n te d to show t h a t th e w a te r-p e rm e a b ility of hydrophilic
m e m b ra n e s is c o n tro lle d b y tw o fa c to rs : th e e le c tro sta tic valve
effect o f th e d ia p h ra g m w h ic h is d e te rm in e d b y in te n s ity of the
e le c tro k in e tic p o te n tia l a t th e p o re w alls, a n d th e m ec h an ic al filter
effect w h ic h p a ra lle ls th e d e g ree of sw elling o f th e m em b ra n e gels.
T h e e le c tro s ta tic effect p r e p o n d e ra te s in p e rm e a b le m em b ran es, the
u ltra filte r effect in d e n se o n e s ; th e tw o p rin cip les a re o p e ra tiv e both
in n o n -liv in g m e m b ra n e m odels a n d in liv in g p ro to p la sts.
705
A
I I I — x x v i,
PLANT
Solar radiation and growth o£ sugar beet in Gotland. T . E . A u rén
(Arkiv Bot., 1943, 30, A, N o. 15, 48 p p .).— R e la tio n s b e tw ee n th e
c h a ra c te r of so la r e n e rg y a n d COa a ssim ila tio n a re e x am in ed . I n
c a lc u la tio n of e n e rg y re la tio n s h ip s th e h e a t of p o ly m e risa tio n of
su g a r to s ta r c h o r cellulose is negligible. D u rin g g ro w th of su g a r
b eet, su g a r fo rm a tio n is p ro p o rtio n a l to th e a m o u n t of r a d ia n t en erg y
receiv ed u p to b u t n o t b e y o n d th e sta g e w h en th e to ta l su g a r p e r
b e e t is 80— 85 g. S u b s e q u e n t in c re a se in su g a r c o n te n t is less
u n ifo rm a n d is p ro b a b ly affected b y tra n s lo c a tio n o f s u g a r fro m th e
d im in ish in g lea f a rea . T h e efficiency of tra n s fo rm a tio n of en erg y
in s u g a r p ro d u c tio n is g re a te r in la te r th a n in e a rlie r sta g e s of g ro w th .
A. G. P .
Effect of photoperiod on rice varieties grown in the field. H . M.
B eachell ( / . Agric. Res., 1943, 66, 325— 340).— In general, v a rie tie s
su b je c te d to a d a ily 10-hr. p h o to p e rio d h e ad e d be fo re th e c o n tro ls
a n d v a rie tie s u n d e r th e s p lit-d a y tr e a tm e n ts (m o rn in g o r a fte rn o o n
covering) h e a d e d a t a b o u t th e sa m e tim e a s o r la te r t h a n th e c o n tro ls.
R. H. H.
Differential effect of nutrient solutions on size of various parts of
maize seedlings grown in dark. J . H . K e m p to n ( / . Agric. Res.,
1943, 66, 183— 228).— Ca s a lts stim u la te d e lo n g a tio n of th e m esocotyl, w h e rea s a ll e x c e p t Ca sa lts s tim u la te d lea f g ro w th a t th e
expense of th e m csocotyl. T h e d r y w t. of th e ro o ts w as re d u c e d b y
Ca b u t u n a ffe c te d b y th e o th e r sa lts . In th e c o m p le te n u tr ie n t
solution a t 32-2° th e m ax . a m o u n t of d r y m a tte r h a d been t r a n s ­
located 7 d a y s a fte r p la n tin g , w h ilst a t 20-6° tra n s lo c a tio n r a te w as
still in c re a sin g a fte r 10 d a y s.
R . H . H.
Effect of nutrient solution concentration on growth of Marchantia
polymorpha. P . D . V o th (Bot. Gaz., 1943, 104, 591— 601).—
O p tim u m g ro w th of M . polymorpha o c cu rre d in 0-0033M -m ineral
n u trie n ts h a v in g o sm o tic p re ssu re 0-21 a tm . N u trie n ts of h ig h s a lt
concn. te n d e d to k ill gro w in g tip s a n d p ro d u c e tra n s lu c e n t th a lli
and to h a s te n m a tu r ity . L ow s a lt co n cn . fa v o u re d th e fo rm a tio n
of a n th o c y a n in .
A. G. P .
Nitrogen nutrition of onion.—See B., 1944, III, 174.
Nutrition of radish.— See B„ 1944, III, 147.
Factors affecting the dry weight of Chlorella vulgaris. V. G. L illy
and L . H . L eo n ian (Amer. J . Bot., 1941, 28, 569— 572).— D r y m a tte r
p ro d u c tio n b y Chlorella on m in e ra l s a lt m ed ia w as in cre ased b y
a d d itio n of glucose a n d to a sm a lle r e x te n t b y t h a t o f m alic acid.
T he effect of glucose -f- m alic a cid w as g r e a te r th a n th e su m of th e
effects of th e tw o s u b s ta n c e s u se d s e p a ra te ly . Chlorella p ro b a b ly
reduces K N 0 3 to N H 3 w hich, in p re sen c e of m alic a cid , y ield s a s p a rtic
acid, a v e ry fa v o u ra b le so u rce o f N fo r th e a lg a.
A . G. P .
Formation of carbohydrate during germination of castor beans.
J. H o u g e t ( Compt. rend., 1942, 215, 387— 388).-— D u rin g g e rm in atio n ,
th e f a tt y re serv e s of th e seed a re c o n v e rte d in to sucrose, w h ich is
th e n sp lit in to glucose a n d fru cto se. T h ese su g a rs a re a b so rb e d b y
th e c o ty le d o n s a n d d is trib u te d to th e se e d lin g a n d u tilise d for
grow th, th e su rp lu s b e in g c o n v e rte d in to s ta rc h .
H . G. R .
Rôle of pyrenoids in algæ and of vacuoles in plastids of higher
plants and in fungi. S. R . B ose (Bot. Gaz., 1943, 104, 633— 638).—
I n Chlorophyceee h a v in g p y re n o id s s ta rc h is sy n th e sise d a ro u n d th e
p yrenoids. I n sta rc h -fre e d ia to m s oil is first fo rm ed a ro u n d th e
py ren o id s. G re en fila m en ts of Spirogyra in th e v e g e ta tiv e sta g e
a cc u m u la te s ta r c h b u t n o t oil. W h e n g row n o n m e d ia c o n ta in in g
f a tty a cid s a n d glycerol, h o w ev er, oil is sy n th e sise d a ro u n d th e
p y re n o id s a n d w ith in th e s ta rc h sh e a th . In u n h e a lth y fila m e n ts a n d
in th o se u n d e rg o in g d ecom p , oil is fo rm ed from s ta r c h a ro u n d th e
p y re n o id s b o th in sid e a n d a ro u n d th e s ta r c h sh e a th . I n p la n ts
lacking p y re n o id s p in k is h v a cu o les w ith in th e p la s tid s p ro b a b ly
c o n ta in th e e n zy m es co n ce rn ed in th e sy n th e sis of food reserves.
A fa in t p in k is h s ta in is o b se rv ed in th e c e n tre s o f p y re n o id s.
A. G. P .
Synthetic activity of [plant] embryo. I. Formation of ascorbic
acid and carotenoids in etiolated wheat seedlings. H . K . B a rre n scheen, J . P a n y , a n d E . S rb (Biochem. Z., 1942, 310, 285— 291).—•
T he ascorbic a cid c o n te n t o f v a rio u s k in d s of w h e a t g ra in is a p p ro x .
16 fig. p e r g. o f d r y g ra in . A fte r g e rm in a tio n , th e e m b ry o c o n ta in s
a t le a st 10 tim e s th is a m o u n t. I n som e w h e ats, th e re d u ce d form
of ascorbic acid, a n d in o th e rs th e d e h y d ro -fo rm , p re d o m in a te s.
T he c a ro te n e c o n te n t of v a rio u s w h e a ts is 8-0— 8-4 ug- P e r B- of
dry g ra in . T h e ra tio of c a ro te n e to x a n th o p h y ll in re s tin g seeds is
approx. 1. A fte r g e rm in a tio n in th e d a rk , th e c a ro te n o id c o n te n t
increases to a p p ro x . 273 pg. p e r g. of d r y e m b ry o a n d th e r a tio of
carotene to x a n th o p h y ll in cre ases to a p p ro x . 1 -5. A fte r s h o r t illu m in ­
ation, th e re is a n in c re a se in c aro ten o id s, m a in ly c a ro te n e , a n d a
corresponding in c re a s e in th e a m o u n t o f c h lo ro p h y ll. W h en 7-d ay
seedlings a re illu m in a te d for 7 h r ., th e c h lo ro p h y ll c o n te n t in creases
from 0 to 350 pg. p e r g. of d r y seedling.
J . N . A.
Synthetic activity of embryos, n . Carotenoid and chlorophyll
formation in etiolated wheat germ. K . H . B a rren sc h e en , J . P a n y ,
and E . Srb. i n . Méthylation of guanidoacetic acid [glycoeyaminej
«> creatine in etiolated wheat germ. P art I. K . H . B a rren sc h e en
and J . P a n y . IV. P art H. D . G ig a n te (Biochem. Z., 1942, 310,
P H Y S IO L O G Y .
706
335— 343, 344— 349, 350— 354).-—I I . T h e th e o re tic a l im p o rta n c e of
th e in cre ase in N H , c o n te n t w ith c o n st, a m id e - a n d a m in o -ac id -N ,
w h ic h o ccu rs as g e rm in a tio n pro ceed s, is d iscussed. T h e I-com b in in g p o w e r of lig h t p e tro le u m e x tra c ts , w hich is a m e a su re of
c a ro te n o id fo rm a tio n , is u n c h a n g e d d u rin g g e rm in a tio n a n d e x p o su re
to lig h t. P ro to c h lo ro p h y ll is n o t in v o lv e d a s a p re c u rso r of c h lo ro ­
p h y ll in w h e a t g erm .
I I I . E tio la te d w h e a t g e rm sy n th e sise s c re a tin e from g u a n id o ­
a c e tic a cid a t o p tim a l p H 7. T h y ro x in e e n h a n c e s th e effect.
IV . A m e th o d is d e sc rib e d for d e te rm in a tio n of c re a tin e in p la n t
e x tra c ts (cf. C., 1944, P a r t 4). G ly cin e is n o t in v o lv e d in m e th y la tio n
o f g u a n id o a c e tic acid in w h e a t g erm . C o n tra ry to th e fin d in g s of
D a v e n p o rt et al. (A ., 1938, I I I , 320), g u a n id o a c e tic acid is a p p re c ia b ly
a d so rb e d on p e rm u tite , a n d c a n n o t b e se p a ra te d fro m c re a tin e in th is
m a n n e r.
P . G. M.
Heritable relation of wax content and green pigmentation of lint in
upland cotton. C. M. C o n ra d a n d J . W . N eely (J. Agric. Res.,
1943, 66, 307— 312).— T h e F l p o p u la tio n w a s in te rm e d ia te green
■with w a x c o n te n t b e tw ee n t h a t of th e p a r e n ts (green- a n d w h itelin t). G re en l in t a n d h ig h w a x c o n te n t w e re closely a sso c ia te d in
sa m p le s fro m th e b a ck c ro ss F 2, a n d F 3 p h e n o ty p e s.
R. H . H.
F at content of diatoms. T. B a rg (Ber. dent. bot. Ges., 1943, 61,
13— 27).— F a t p ro d u c tio n in d ia to m s is m o re m a rk e d in u n s u ita b le
e n v iro n m e n ts, w hich m a y in c lu d e p re sen c e of su g a r. F a t com ­
m o n ly a c c u m u la te s in th e cell lu m e n a n d in th e case of Pinmilaria
viridis a n d Nilzschia putrida m a y fill J o f th e a v a ila b le vol. D u rin g
ra p id f a t fo rm a tio n no a c c u m u la tio n of o th e r cell c o n s titu e n ts o c cu rs :
v a cu o les becom e d e fo rm e d a n d cell sa p d is a p p e a rs fro m affected
cells. S u c h cells a re n o t p lasm o ly sa b le a n d d o n o t s ta in w ith
n e u tra l-re d . In p la s tid -b e a rin g d ia to m s f a t is form ed m a in ly w ith in
th e p la s tid . I n Pinnularia a n d Synedia, e x tra -p la s tid f a t is form ed.
T h e d is trib u tio n a n d site of fo rm a tio n o f f a t in n u m e ro u s species a re
e x a m in e d .
A. G. P .
Evidence for carotenoid-sensitised photosynthesis in the diatom
Nitzschia clostcrium. H , J . D u tto n a n d W . M. M a n n in g (A titer. J .
Bot., 1941, 28, 516— 526).— Q u a n tu m y ield s of p h o to s y n th e s is ( 0 2
ev o lv ed p e r q u a n tu m a b so rb ed ) a re d e te rm in e d in v io le t, re d , blue,
a n d g re en lig h t. A t 5461 a n d 4358 A. a p p ro x . 5 0 % o f th e to ta l
lig h t a b s o rp tio n is effected b y c a ro te n o id p ig m e n ts ; a t 4960 a . th e
p ig m e n ts a cc o u n te d for 9 0 % of th e lig h t a b so rb e d . S uch a b so rb e d
lig h t is u tilisa b le in p h o to sy n th e s is .
A t h ig h lig h t in te n s itie s
a b so rp tio n b y c h lo ro p h y ll a lo n e suffices to p ro d u c e a m ax . r a te of
p h o to sy n th e s is . C a ro te n o id p h o to sy n th e s is p ro b a b ly in v o lv e s th e
sa m e en zy m e sy s te m a s does t h a t b y c h lo ro p h y ll.
A . G. P .
Products of photosynthesis. H . B u rs tro m (Arkiv Bot., 1943, 30,
B, N o. 8, 7 pp.).- —Y o u n g w h e a t lea v es d o n o t a ssim ila te N O ,'
in d a rk n e ss ; th is is n o t d u e to la c k o f c a rb o h y d ra te . I n m a tu r e
leaves th e p r im a ry p ro d u c ts o f p h o to sy n th e s is a re su g a rs a n d p ro te in s
(or th e ir p re c u rso rs). I n p ro te in fo rm a tio n th e N -fre e s tr u c tu r a l
u n its a re fo rm ed a t th e e x p en se of o r in s te a d of su g a rs. A t low
in te n s itie s of lig h t fo rm a tio n o f s u g a r a n d of p ro te in p ro c ee d in d e ­
p e n d e n tly , p ro b a b ly th ro u g h s e p a ra te p h o to c h e m ic a l m e c h a n is m s ;
a t h ig h lig h t in te n s itie s w h ich do n o t lim it a ssim ila tio n of CO ,
p ro te in s y n th e sis lim its su g a r fo rm a tio n .
A . G. P .
Carbon assimilation and respiration of large polyploid [plants].
M. G. S t i lf e l t (Arkiv Bot., 1943, 30, A, N o. 12, 15 p p .).— C ells of
p o ly p lo id fo rm s of se v e ra l species a n d h y b rid s a re la rg e r in size
a n d in nos. th a n in dip lo id s. P o ly p lo id s h a v e th ic k e r leaves,
sm a lle r su rfa ce a re a p e r u n i t fresh w t., a n d h ig h e r w a te r c o n te n t.
A ssim ilatio n a n d re s p ira tio n p e r u n i t fresh w t. a re sm a lle r th a n in
dip lo id s. A ssim ilatio n b y p o ly p lo id s p e r u n i t d r y w t. a n d lea f
a re a is n o t a p p re c ia b ly d iffe re n t fro m t h a t o f d ip lo id s.
A . G. P .
Energy yield during assimilation of carbon dioxide. C. K o p p
(Biochem. Z., 1942, 310, 191— 206).— D a ta a re g iv en fo r re s p ira tio n
a n d a ssim ila tio n o f C 0 2 b y Chlorella pyrenoidosa d u rin g ir ra d ia tio n
w ith w h ite lig h t o f in te n s ity 300— 53,300 lu x a t 10°, 20°, a n d 30°.
W ith low lig h t in te n s ity , a ssim ila tio n is p ra c tic a lly th e sa m e a t
eac h te m p ., b u t w ith in c re a se in in te n s ity , m a x . a ssim ila tio n is
firs t a tta in e d a t th e h ig h e r te m p . M ax. a ssim ila tio n o c cu rs a t 10°,
20°, a n d 30° w ith lig h t in te n s itie s o f 12,000, 24,000, a n d 28,000
lu x , re sp e c tiv e ly . R e s p ira tio n a n d a ssim ila tio n a re also d e te rm in e d
a t 10° a n d 20° d u rin g ir ra d ia tio n w ith lig h t of A 650 mp. T h e
a m o u n t of e n e rg y c o n v e rte d in to c h em ical e n e rg y is g r e a te s t a t 10°.
M o st o f th e s u n lig h t ir r a d ia tin g th e a lg a is re fle cte d o r tra n s fo rm e d
in to h e a t, b u t a t low in te n s ity th e u tilisa tio n , calc, fro m th e a m o u n t
a b so rb e d b y th e alga, is a p p ro x . 5 0 % .
J . N . A.
Presence of growth-inhibiting substances in potato tubers and the
production of growth-promoting substances in wound surfaces.
T . H e m b e rg (Arkiv Bot., 1943, 30, B, N o. 7, 8 p p .). — D u rin g th e
e x tra c tio n of a u x in fro m p o ta to p eel a n e th e r- a n d w a te r-so l.
g ro w th -in h ib itin g s u b s ta n c e w as o b ta in e d a n d s e p a ra te d fro m a u x in
b y i ts slow er diffusion th ro u g h a g a r. T h e p ro p o rtio n of t h e in h ib ito r
in t h e p o ta to in c re a se d w ith t h a t of a u x in d u rin g s p ro u tin g . A cid
g ro w th -p ro m o tin g s u b s ta n c e s d ev elo p a t th e c u t su rfa c e of tu b e r s
A
707
I I I — x x v ii, P L A N T
C O N S T IT U E N T S .
Preparation of crystalline ascorbic acid from walnut extracts.—
o n e x p o su re to a ir a n d in c re a se as th e su rfa c e d ries. A n e u tra l
g ro w th -p ro m o tin g su b s ta n c e , w hich does n o t give th e A vena te s t,
is sim u lta n e o u s ly form ed.
A. G. P .
See A ., 1944, I I I , 548.
Effects of growth-regulating substances on a parthenocarpic fruit.
H . E . C lark a n d K . R . K e rn s (Bot. Gaz., 1943, 104, 639— 644).—
I I I , 547.
P in e a p p le p la n ts w ere sp ra y e d w ith a -n a p h th y la c e tic a cid a f te r th e
d iffe re n tia tio n of floral p rim o rd ia . H ig h co n cn s. of th e g ro w th s u b s ta n c e in c re a se d th e size a n d w t. o f rip e f r u it b u t n o t th e no. of
fr u itlc ts , a n d also in cre ased th e size of p eduncles, w h ic h w ere d ifficult
to se p a ra te from th e fru it. W ith th e h ig h co n cn . of g ro w th s u b s ta n c e used (0-05% ) rip e n in g of th e f r u it w as d e la y e d a n d th e
g ro w th of slips a n d su c k e rs p a r tly in h ib ite d . L ow concns. of
a -n a p h th y la c e tic acid s tim u la te d th e g ro w th of d o rm a n t slip bu d s.
A. G. P .
Growth factors necessary for culture of carrot tissues. P . N obec o u rt (Compt. rend., 1942, 215, 376— 378).— G lucose a n d 8-indolyla c e tic acid a re n e ce ssa ry fa c to rs in th e m ed iu m p re v io u sly de sc rib e d
(A., 1937, I I I , 498). N e ith e r j3-indolylpropionic a cid n o r tr y p to p h a n
c a n re p la c e /J-indoly lace tic acid, w h ilst c y ste in e h y d ro c h lo rid e is
d isp e n sa b le .
H . G. R .
Physiological action of metals at a distance. The buckwheat test,
a highly sensitive trace indicator of radioactive elements. W .
S c h m id t (Ber, dent. bot. Ges., 1943, 61. 75— 80).— I n b u c k w h e a t
seed lin g s a n e g a tiv e c u rv a tu re w as p ro d u c e d b y R a p laced n e a r
a n d a p o sitiv e c u r v a tu r e w h en p lac ed a t a d ista n c e (3 m .). U sa lts
h a v e a sim ila r a c tio n . T h e effect is larg e ly d u e to j3 -rad iatio n .
C u rv a tu re p ro d u c e d in seedlings g row n in Z n c o n ta in e rs is p ro b a b ly
d u e to ra d io tro p ic effects.
A. G. P .
Liberation of virus, together with materials that inhibit its pre­
cipitation with antiserum, from solid leaf residues of tomato plants
suffering from bushy stunt. F . C. B aw d cn a n d N . W . P irie {Brit.
J . exp. Path., 1944, 25, 68— 80).— A fte r th e sa p h a s b e e n ex p ressed
from m inced to m a to lea v es in fe c te d w ith to m a to b u sh y s t u n t v iru s,
th e solid re sid u es c o n ta in a s m u ch v iru s a s th e sa p . T h e v iru s can
b e lib e ra te d b y tr e a tin g th e re sid u es w ith try p s in a n d th e n p a ssin g
th ro u g h a ro lle r m ill. E x tr a c ts of th e m illed fib re c o n ta in som e
v iru s c o m b in ed w ith c h ro m o p ro te in to fo rm a n o n -p p tg . a n tig e n .
X X V I I .— P L A N T
C O N S T IT U E N T S .
Spectrographic detection of elements in plants. R. J. Amb ro sis (Rev. Fac. Cienc. Quim., La Plata, 1942, 17, 231— 237).—
T h e a sh e s of 14 fru its a n d v e g e ta b le s c o n ta in e d A l, M n, Cu, Mg, Ca,
B a, F e, K , Zn, Si, P , N a, Sr, a n d N i.
F . R . G.
Phytochemical study of PotentUla anserina and P. argentea. M.
W o lfre d a n d L. F isc h e r (Amcr. J . Pharm., 1944, 116, 184— 189).—
A ir-d rie d p o w d e red P. anserina a n d P . argentea h a v e th e follow ing
re sp e c tiv e c o n s titu e n ts : to ta l a sh 3-09 a n d 1-99; re d u c in g su g a r
2-79 a n d 3-44; sucrose 1-20 a n d 1-57; s ta r c h 3-30 a n d 3-79; p e n to ­
sa n s 8-34 a n d 13-9; p ro te in 0-19 a n d 9-0; ta n n in 10-76 a n d 3-1;
c ru d e fibre 15-42 a n d 18-08% . A lkaloids a re a b se n t, b u t glucosides
a re d e te c ta b le . T o rm e n to l, m .p. 225— 226°, w as iso late d in re sp ec ­
tiv e y ield s of 0-12 a n d 0-08% , b u t d id n o t y ield u re th a n e d e riv a tiv e s.
B o th d ru g s c o n ta in m ix ed ta n n in s w h ic h y ield p y ro g a llo l a n d p y ro c a te c h o l on p y ro ly sis, p ro to c a te c h u ic acid a n d p h lo ro g lu c in o l on
a lk a li fusion, a n d gallic acid, cllagic acid, glucose, a n d a re d
p h lo b a p h e n o n h y d ro ly sis b y dil. HC1 a t 100°.
P . G. M.
Phytochemistry of Argemone hispida. T . O. S oine a n d O. G isvold
(J . Amcr. Pharm. Assoc,, 1944, 33, 185— 188).— T h e follow ing w ere
iso la te d fro m th e g ro u n d , m ix ed , a ir-d rie d stem s, leaves, seed pods,
a n d ro o ts : ste ro l fra c tio n , m .p . 115— 124°, [a]f? + 1 1 2 -7 9 ° in CHC13
(a c e ta te , m .p . 113— 119°; d ib ro m id e , m .p . 103— 116°); a ste ro lin ,
m .p. 263— 264° (decom p.) (a c e ta te , m .p. 164— 164-5°), h y d ro ly se d
to a ste ro l, m .p . 136° (a c e ta te , m .p . 124— 126°), a n d a su g a r (osazone,
m .p . 2 0 7 °); a n alkaloid, C 17H 13_ 13(O H )(O C H 3)3N , m .p . 23S°, [a]?,4
— 77-47° in CHC13 (benzoate, m .p . 124— 125°), sol. in e th e r ; a n
a lk a lo id , h a v in g a c atec h o l g ro u p in g a n d in so l. in e th e r ; a n alkaloid,
C 17H 13(O C H 3),N ,0 -5 H 2O, m .p. 152-5— 153°, [a ft4 -2 1 4 -2 2 ° in e th y l
alcohol, -1 8 7 - 9 3 ° in CHC13 (pierate, m .p . 242— 2 45°; styphnate,
m .p. 247— 2 49°; melhiodide, m .p .273— 274° (decom p.)], s o l.in e th e r ;
a n alk a lo id fra c tio n , m .p . 84— 124°, in so l. in e th e r.
F . O. H .
Triterpene group. XI. Non-saponifiable matter of Lactucarium
germanicum.— See A ., 1944, I I , 270.
Constitution of belmacamgenin and belmacamdin.— See A., 1944,
I I , 271.
Monoterpene alcohols and acids present as esters in French oil of
lavender.— See A ., 1944, I I , 267.
A lcohols, h y d ro carb o n s, a n d oxides of th e sesq u iterp en e series fro m
F re n c h oil of lav e n d er.— See A ., 1944, I I , 268.
708
Vitamin-#! content of the millets Eleusine coracana, Sorghum
vulgare. whole wheat, and rice stored underground.— See A., 1944,
Total extraction of free auxin and auxin precursor from plant tissue.
G. S. A v ery , ju n ., J . B erger, a n d B. S h a lu c h a (Am er. J. Bot., 1941,
28, 596— 607).— T h e " m u ltiso lv e n t " m e th o d (alcohol, CHC13,
w a ter) of e x tra c tin g a u x in from d o r m a n t m aize e n d o sp e rm yielded
th e e q u iv . (Avena te s t) of 7 m g. of in d o ly la c e tic acid p e r kg. By
re p e a te d e x tra c tio n w ith a lcohol for 27 w eeks 2-7 m g. w as obtained
a n d sim ila r t r e a tm e n t w ith w a te r y ield e d 5 m g. B y h e a tin g a
su sp en sio n o f th e tissu e a t p H 9— 10 for 15 m in . a t 100° a yield of
60— 70 m g. re su lte d , p ro b a b ly d u e to h y d ro ly sis of th e precursor
of a u x in u n d e r a lk a lin e c o n d itio n s. T h u s 9 0 % of th e to ta l auxin
o ccu rs as in a c tiv e p re c u rso r. T h e p re c u rso r is sol. in w a te r b u t
n o t in e th y l e th e r, ben zen e, lig h t p e tro le u m , or CHC13, is slightly
sol. in alcohol, d io x a n , a n d p y rid in e , a n d v e ry sol. in m ethanol.
I t s m ol. w t. is less th a n 13,000.
A . G. P.
Fish poisons from Ichthyomethia piscipula. I. A. R ussell and
E . A. K a c z k a (J. Amer. Chetn. Soc., 1944, 66, 548— 550).— T h e rootb a rk o r ro o t-w o o d of I. piscipula (L .), A . H itc h c ., y ield to w ater,
m e th y l alcohol, a c e to n e , o r e th y l alcohol re sin s w hich a re toxic to
fish. L ig h t p e tro le u m e x tra c ts first a m ix tu re , w h en ce rem o v al of
w a x b y e th e r y ield s ro teilo n e, a n d th e n ichthynone, C ,3H 20O 7, m.p.
203— 204°, a 0, w h ic h c o n ta in s 2 OM e b u t no alcoholic o r phenolic
O H , c a n n o t b e d e h y d ra te d , y ield s a dibromide, m .p . 234— 235°,
hydrazone, m .p . 215— 217°, phenylhydrazone, m .p . 195— 200° (dcc o m p .), a n d tetrahydro-com p o u n d , m .p . 233— 234°, a n d is fa ta l to
goldfish in w a te r a t 1 : 106.
R . S. C.
Total and thiocarbimide sulphur content of rape seed at various stages
of maturity. E . A n d re a n d M. K o g an e-C h arlcs (Compt. rend., 1942, 215,
327— 328).-—T o ta l S d ecreases w ith in c re a s in g m a tu r ity of th e seed
a s th e oil c o n te n t in creases : th io c a rb im id e -S c o m p rise s about
3 % of th e t o ta l S. 7— 13% of th e to ta l S w hich is n on-thiocarbim ide-S is v o la tile a n d is re m o v e d w ith th e oil d u rin g solvent
e x tra c tio n o f th e seeds.
H . G. R.
Fats and phosphatides in grass.— See B ., 1944, I I I , 163.
Sulphhydryl groups of wheat flour.— See B ., 1944, I I I , ISO.
Proteins of various tree seeds. A. P . L u n d a n d W . M. S andstrom
(J. Agric. Res., 1943, 66, 349— 355).— A corns a re low in protein
c o n te n t, iro n w o o d seeds h ig h er, a n d elm seeds v e ry high.
w a ter-so l., saline-sol., alcohol-sol., alk ali-so l., a n d re sid u a l
e ach seed m eal a re re co rd e d . A m e ric an elm a n d ironw ood
c o n ta in a lb u m in , g lo b u lin , a n d g lu te lin , a c o rn s o n ly g lu te lin .
in d iv id u a l a m in o -ac id c o n te n ts of th e p ro te in s a re re p o rte d .
R. H.
The
N of
seeds
The
II.
Hypericin, the photodynamic pigment of Hypericum perforatum.
H . B ro c k m a n n , F . P o h l, K . M aier, a n d M. N . H a sc h a d (Annalen,
1942, 553, 1— 52).— C o lo rim etric d e te rm in a tio n s show t h a t hypericin
is p re s e n t in all p a r ts of H. perforatum b u t chiefly in th e yellow
p e ta ls. I t s co n cn . is th e sa m e in th e lea v es a n d ste m s of young
a n d m a tu re p la n ts . I t is p re s e n t in sm a lle r a m o u n t in H. hirsulum
a n d H. crispum. I t is p re s e n t in so lu tio n in th e d a rk re d cell sap
of p H a b o u t 4-6, its so lu b ility , w h ic h g re a tly exceeds t h a t of the
iso la te d p ig m e n t, b e in g a sc rib e d to th e sim u lta n e o u s p resen ce of
b asic p la n t m a te ria ls . P u re h y p e ric in is insol. in f a tt y oils which
c an e x tr a c t i t fro m th e p la n t. N o in d ic a tio n s of th e presen ce of
f u r th e r sim ila r p ig m e n ts in Hypericum h a v e b e en o b se rv ed . Small
co n cn . of p ig m e n t a n d s h o r t irra d ia tio n cau se haem olysis of re d blood
c o rp u scles a fte r som e tim e w h e rea s th is o ccu rs d u rin g irra d ia tio n
if h ig h e r concns. a n d lo n g er ir ra d ia tio n a re em p lo y ed . A d m in istra ­
tio n of h y p e ric in to w h ite m ice o r r a ts follow ed b y e x p o su re to light
c au ses ra p id fall in b o d y te m p , follow ed b y d e a th . (See also A.,
1 9 4 4 ,1 1 ,3 0 0 .)
H . W.
Sterls of Calycanthus floridus.— See A ., 1944, I I , 301.
Alkaloids from Zephyranthes texana , Cooperia pedunculata, and
other Amaryllidacese and their toxicity to Phymatotrichum omniYorum. G. A. G re a th o u se a n d N . E . R ig ler (Amer. J . Bot., 1941, 28,
702— 704).— T h e p re sen c e of ly co rin e is d e m o n s tra te d in Z. texana
a n d C. pedunculata. T h e l a t t e r also c o n ta in s a second alkaloid,
p ro b a b ly i/i-lycorine. L y co rin e p re v e n ts th e g ro w th o f Phymato­
trichum omnivorum. I n ro o ts a n d b u lb s of A m aryllidaceae alkaloids
a re lo ca ted larg e ly in e x te rio r tis su e a n d o c cu r in a m o u n ts sufficient
to e x p la in th e im m u n ity of th e p la n ts to a tt a c k b y P. omnivorum.
A . G. P.
Alkaloids of lycopodium. V. Lycopodium obscurum, L.— See
A ., 1944, II, 281.
Chemical examination of root of Centaurea behen.— See A., 1944,
I I , 284.
Quinua (Chenopodium quinoa).— See B ., 1944, I I I , 181.
IN D E X
Talley, P. J . , 092.
Tan, C. C., 702.
Taylor, A ., G65.
Taylor, A. R ., 702.
Taylor, A. W ., G99.
Taylor, F . H . L ., 032.
Taylor, G. L ., 631.
Taylor, H . C., ju n ., G58.
Taylor, H . L ., G71.
Taussig, A. E ., 703.
Taussig, F . J ., 6G9.
Tees, W . L., G83.
Thaïe, T ., 652.
Theodore, E . H ., 648.
Theorcll, H ., 689.
Thertig, A ., 05 4/
Thim ann, K . V ., G92.
Thomas, A. R ., ju n ., G78.
Thompson, H . C., ju n ., 629.
Thompson, J . W ., 666.
Thompson, R . C., 665.
Thomson, H . W ., 638.
Thomson, S ., 079.
Thorn, G. W ., 630.
T hornton, T. F ., 667.
Tingstam , S ., 687.
Tiselius, A ., 700.
Toomey, J . A ., 641, 704.
Toreson, W . E ., 638.
T orney, A. S., 647.
T ra p p , E ., 698.
T ravassos, J ., 702.
T rav ell, J ., 640.
T reves, N ., 667.
T rom ly, R . G., 625.
T u n tu ri, A ., G47.
U n n a , K ., 6 5 8 .
V allance , J . M., 684.
V alle, J . R ., 681.
V allejo, A., 702.
V an D einse, F ., 700.
V an R ooyen, C. E ., 702.
V an T hoai, N ., 691.
V an W agencn, W . P ., 645.
V aughan, J . M., 631.
V ildosola, E ., 681.
V iscontini, M., 700.
V itagliano, G. R ., 678.
V oegtlin, C., 667.
V oth, H . W ., 653.
V oth, P . D ., 705.
W a c h tel , E ., 657.
W addell, W . W ., ju n ., 698.
W ahrsinger, P. B ., 626.
W ake, N. L ., 675.
B R IT IS H
Q
O F
A U T H O R S ’
W aksm an , S . A ., 692.
W aler, G., 668.
W alker, F ., 657.
W alker, N ., 691.
W allace, E. W ., 663.
W allace, H ., 6G3.
W alshe, F . M. R ., 660.
W arburg , O ., 690.
W ard, G. E ., 696.
W a rk a n y , J ., 673.
W arrcn , F . L ., 658, 665.
W arre n , S ., 678.
W atk in so n , J ., 667.
W a tso n , C. J ., 658.
W a tt, J ., 680.
W a tts, N . P ., 679.
W augh, D . F ., 653.
W augh, T . R ., 635.
W ay m o u th , C., 676.
W eaver, E . M. F ., 648.
W echsler, I. S ., 643.
W cinglass, A. R ., 563.
W einhouse, S ., 676.
W eir, D. R ., 631.
W eir, J . M., 702.
W eissm an, N ., 635.
W elch, C. S ., 656.
W elch, H ., 678.
W elsh, J . H ., 653.
u i n q u e n n i a l
A
III.
W cnsley, A. C., 678.
W heeler, C., 680.
W heeler, L. M., 681.
W hip p le, G. H ., 634.
W h ite, J ., 666.
W h iteh ead , B. W ., 69S.
W h iteh o rn , J . C., 646.
W h itta k e r, } ., 660.
W ieland, H ., 677.
W iener, A. S ., 632.
W iener, M., 679.
W ikler, A ., 646.
W ilbur, E . L., 627.
W ille tt, E . L., 650.
W illiam s, E . F ., ju n ., 656.
W illiam s, P. C., 655, G83.
W illiam s, R. H ., 653.
W illiam s, W . L., 602.
W illis, R . A., 051.
W illm an , J . P ., 681.
W illson, J . R ., 659.
W ilm crs, M. J . , 698.
W im satt, W . A ., 627.
W in n ick , T ., 690.
W in ter, L. B ., 657.
W in ters, L. M., 626.
W itts, L . J ., 701.
W itzberger, C. M., G93.
W olf, E ., 651.
C H E M IC A L
T h e c o m p le te In d e x ( A u th o r s ’ n a m e s ,
d is trib u tio n .
N A M E S,
I n d e x ,
W olfe, J . M., 029.
W olfe, O ., 651.
W olfrcd, M., 707.
W olkin, J ., 613.
W olm an, I. J ., 656.
W ood, A. J ., 699.
W ood, H . M., 682.
W ood, J . R ., 085.
W oodm an, D ., 674.
W oods, A. C., 619.
W oods, R . R ., 634.
W oolley, D. W ., 673.
W ragge, W . B ., 690.
W rig h t, G. P ., 697.
W rig h t, J ., 695, 096.
W ü st, H ., 691.
W yss, O. A. M., 642.
Y a s k in , J . C., 617.
Y oum ans, W . B ., 630.
Y oung, E . G., 631, 695.
Y oung, V. M., 699.
Y oung, W . F ., 659, 678.
Y u d k in , J ., 650.
Z am check , N ., 612.
Zener, F . B ., 681.
Zim m erm an, H . M., 661.
Zipf, G. K ., 640.
ABSTRACTS
1 9 3 2 - 1 9 3 7
1 9 6 4 p a g e s ; S u b je c ts , 1 5 8 4 p a g e s ) is n o w
re a d y
fo r
T h e p r i c e o f t h e w h o l e w o r k is £ 4 - 3 - 6 p o s t f r e e t o m e m b e r s o f t h e S o c i e t y o f
C h e m ic a l I n d u s tr y o r F e llo w s o f th e C h e m ic a l S o c ie ty ( £ 4 - 1 0 - 0 f o r th o s e re s id in g a b r o a d )
o r £ 1 0 to n o n -m e m b e rs .
T H E
S u b s c rip tio n s s h o u ld b e s e n t to
B U R E A U
56
C heques
s h o u ld
be
cro ssed
“ a /c
O F
V ic to r ia
C H E M IC A L
S treet,
Q u in q u e n n ia l
cheques draw n
on
L o n d o n ,
I n d e x ."
a
A B S T R A C T S
S .W .l
R e m itta n c e s
fr o m
R e g is te r e d A c c o u n t.
abroad
m u st
be
m ade
by
J U D A C T A N
A N A L Y T IC A L
R E A G E N T S
W IT H
A C T U A L
B A T C H
A N A L Y S IS
E ach
ACTUAL
’S’* ’fr**
’fr* 4*
‘f rf *■$“!• •$*•?■•%
■+* •*••£.»
B a tc h
s u b je c te d
JU D A C T A N
BATCH
to
M B n B S W E B B em B M ®
¡A M M O N IU M
A N A L Y S IS
j
CHLORIDE
N H ,Cl
INDEPENDENT
Á .R .
Mol. W t. 53-50
A N A L Y S IS
ACTUAL BATCH ANALYSIS
¿Not merely maximum Impurity value*)
Bitch No. 10758
Reaction
— pH 5.4 Thlocyanate (SON)
Non-volatile Matter...0.008% Copper (Cu) .........
Sulphate (80*)........ 0.005% Lead (Pb) ............
Nitrate (NOx) - ...... 0.00005% Iron (Fe).......... «...
Phoephate (PO*) «....0.0005% Tarry Matter........
Silicate (SIO*) ....... 0.001% Arsenic <A8*0*) .....
b e fo re
.0.0005%
.0.0001%
.0.00005%
.0.00005%
.No reaction
..
la b e l
is
p rin te d
0*2
p .p .m
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L a b o r a to r ie s
a lo n o , b u t a lt o o n t h e c o n fir m a to r y A n a ly tic a l C e r tifica t» lu u » d b y in d « p en d « n t
C o n su lta n t* o f in te r n a tio n a l r e p u te
Y ou
a re
a c tu a l
T H E
in v ite d
b a tc h
to
c o m p a re
a n a ly s is
G E N E R A L
C hem ical
w ith
th e
th e
C H E M I C A L
M an u factu rers,
P r in t e d
in
G r e a t B r it a in
g u a ra n te e d
above
by
by
th e
s p e c if ic a tio n s
of
any
c o m p e tin g m a k e r in th is c o u n tr y o r a b r o a d
p u ritie s
&
P H A R M A C E U T I C A L
Judex
R ic h a r d C l a y
W o rk s,
and
S udbury,
C O .
M iddlesex
C o m p a n y , L t d ., B u n g a y , S u f f o l k .
LTD