Pivot Verbs in Malay: A Corpus

言語情報学研究報告３
コーパス言語学における構文分析
⋡ ᰴ
ቇ㐳᜿ᜦ
ᳰ┵ 㔐ᶆ
3
⸒⺆ㆇ↪ࠍၮ⋚ߣߔࠆ⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ᜚ὐ
Ꮉญ ⵨ม
5
߹߃߇߈
ᢕ⾐ 㓁৻㇢
9
ਛ࿖⺆
૶ᓎേ⹖̌૶̍߇ߣࠆਥ⺆ߩ⹺⍮⺰⊛⸃㉼
ਃቛ ⊓ਯ
11
⃻ઍർ੩⺆ߩേ⹖ಽ㘃ߣ̌ᡞ̍ߣ̌೼̍ߩ౒⿠㑐ଥߦ
㗇⮮ ⑲᮸
29
ጊᩮ ผሶ
45
દ⮮ ᄢテ
65
ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߩ COD ᭴ᢥ
ᱜ଻ ാ
79
ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߩ⁁ᘒ⹖ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⻉໧㗴
㡻ᴛ ᵗᔒ
111
Pivot Verbs in Malay: A Corpus-Based Study
㊁ర ⵨᮸
131
⍹੗ ᐽᲞ
157
ᵻ੗ ජ⚓ሶ
179
㒙಴Ꮉ ୃཅ
199
⑺ጊ ⌀৻
219
ዊᎹ ᥙ㆏
237
ዊ⮮ ⚔⒤
249
ࠃࠅല₸⊛ߥ⸒⺆⎇ⓥࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆ࠦ࡯ࡄ
⚿ၔ ஜᄥ㇢㧘ᧁ⿧ ീ㧘
271
ࠬ㐿⊒
㗇⮮ ᱞᢥ
ߟ޿ߡ
̌EVENT㧝+ᑲᓧ+EVENT㧞̍ߦ߅ߌࠆ̌ᑲ̍ߩࡊࡠࡈ
ࠔࠗ࡞ᯏ⢻
̌ⵍ̍ߣ⥄ὼฃりᢥߦ㑐ߔࠆ৻⠨ኤ
ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆
⧷⺆
ਇᄌൻ⹖㧔೨⟎⹖࡮೽⹖㧕ߦࠃࠆࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯⴫⃻ߩ⠨
ኤ ̆ሶଏߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦၮߠߊ⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇ⊛ⷞὐ߆ࠄ
ߩ⠨ኤ̆
ೋᦼㄭઍ⧷⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆ๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺ ̆Shakespeareߩ႐
ว̆
ࡠࠪࠕ⺆
‫ޟ‬ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ㧗േ⹖ਇቯ⹖‫߁޿ߣޠ‬᭴ᢥߦ߅ߌࠆേ⹖ߦ
ߟ޿ߡ ̆ᣢ ሽࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߆ࠄߩ࠺࡯࠲ߦၮߠ޿ߚౣ⸃
㉼̆
ࡠࠪࠕ⺆↵ᕈฬ⹖ⶄᢙਥᩰ࡮ኻᩰᒻߩࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻ߦ
㑐ߔࠆࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ⎇ⓥ ̆࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ࠺࡯࠲ߣ
ߒߡ̆
ࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߩ pora ߣ౒⿠ߔࠆേ⹖ਇቯᒻߩ૕ߦߟ޿ߡ
̆ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ↪޿ߚᢙ㊂⊛⠨ኤ̆
ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ⺆
ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆ᭴ᢥߩ⒳㘃ߣߘߩ㗫ᐲ
ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆
⚝ᒁ
⾗ᢱ
2003 ᐕᐲ⸒⺆ቇ⃰ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ⸒⺆ቇࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻৻ⷩ
291
⻠Ṷળ㧔2003㨪2004 ᐕᐲ㧕
292
⎇ⓥળ㧔2002 ᐕᐲ╙ 1 ࿁㨪2004 ᐕᐲ╙ 4 ࿁㧕
292
಴ ‛
301
287
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‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ޢ‬0Q㧔㧕
ቇ㐳᜿ᜦ
ᳰ┵˴㔐ᶆ
㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇቇ㐳㧕
2002 ᐕᐲ߆ࠄ㐿ᆎߐࠇߚᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߩ‫ޟ‬21 ਎♿ COE ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ‫ߪޠ‬㧘ᚒ߇࿖ߩᄢቇߦ㧘
਎⇇ᦨ㜞᳓Ḱߩ⎇ⓥᢎ⢒᜚ὐ㧔Center of Excellence㧕ࠍቇ໧ಽ㊁Ფߦᒻᚑߒ㧘⎇ⓥ᳓Ḱߩ
޿ߞߘ߁ߩะ਄ߣ਎⇇ࠍ࡝࡯࠼ߔࠆഃㅧ⊛ߥੱ᧚ߩ⢒ᚑࠍ߼ߑߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ᧄޕ‬ቇߪ㧘‫ੱޟ‬
ᢥ⑼ቇ‫ޟߣޠ‬ቇ㓙࡮ⶄว࡮ᣂ㗔ၞ‫ ߩޠ‬2 ߟߩቇ໧ಽ㊁ߦߘࠇߙࠇ 1 ઙߩ↳⺧ࠍⴕ޿㧘ੱᢥ
⑼ቇߢߪ‫⺆⸒ޟ‬ㆇ↪ࠍၮ⋚ߣߔࠆ⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ᜚ὐ‫ޠ‬㧘ቇ㓙࡮ⶄว࡮ᣂ㗔ၞߢߪ‫ޟ‬ผ⾗ᢱࡂ
ࡉ࿾ၞᢥൻ⎇ⓥ᜚ὐ‫߇ޠ‬ណᛯߐࠇࠆߣ޿߁ߔ߫ࠄߒ޿⚿ᨐࠍ߃߹ߒߚ‫ᧄޕ‬ቇᄢቇ㒮࿾ၞᢥ
ൻ⎇ⓥ⑼ߩ㧘୘ᕈ޽ࠆ⎇ⓥᢎ⢒ߩࡐ࠹ࡦࠪࡖ࡝࠹ࠖ߇㜞ߊ⹏ଔߐࠇߚߎߣࠍሜߒߊᕁ޿߹
ߔ‫ࠄࠇߎޕ‬ੑߟߩ᜚ὐߪ㧘⸒⺆⎇ⓥߣ࿾ၞᢥൻ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆ਎⇇⊛ߥᢎ⢒⎇ⓥ᜚ὐࠍ⋡ᜰ
ߘ߁ߣߔࠆᧄቇߩ዁᧪᭴ᗐߩਥⷐߥផㅴജ࡮ਔベߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬᜚ὐᵴേߩ
㐿ᆎ߆ࠄ 1 ᐕඨࠍ⚻ㆊߒ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩ᜚ὐߩᵴേߪ㧘ߔߢߦᄢ߈ߥᚑᨐߣᵄ෸ലᨐࠍ↢ߺ
ߛߒߟߟ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
‫⺆⸒ޟ‬ㆇ↪ࠍၮ⋚ߣߔࠆ⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ᜚ὐ‫ߪޠ‬㧘
‫ޟ‬TUFS ⸒⺆ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇࠆࠗࡦ
࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ࠍᵴ↪ߒߚ 17 ⸒⺆ߩᄙ⸒⺆࠙ࠚࡉᢎ᧚ࠍ㐿⊒ߒߡ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ߎࠇߪᖱႎᎿቇ
ߩၮ⋚ߩ਄ߦ⸒⺆ቇߣ⸒⺆ᢎ⢒ቇࠍ⛔วߐߖߚ‫⺆⸒ޟ‬ᖱႎቇ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᣂߒ޿ቇ໧㗔ၞ߆ࠄ
ߩ⎇ⓥߢ޽ࠅ㧘᜚ὐᒻᚑߩਛᔃ⊛ߥቇⴚ⊛ᚑᨐߢߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬᜚ὐࠍోቇ⊛⷗࿾߆ࠄᡰេߔࠆ
ߚ߼ߦ㧘ቇ㐳⋥ዻߩ‫ޟ‬21 ਎♿ COE ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓㆇ༡ቶ‫ߩߎޕߔ߹޿ߡߒ⟎⸳ࠍޠ‬ㆇ༡ቶߪ㧘
ቇ㐳㧘೽ቇ㐳㧘⎇ⓥ⑼㐳㧘᜚ὐ࡝࡯࠳࡯ࠍߪߓ߼㧘ᄢቇ㒮ࠍᡰ߃ࠆቇㇱߥࠄ߮ߦࠕࠫࠕ࡮
ࠕࡈ࡝ࠞ⸒⺆ᢥൻ⎇ⓥᚲߩ㐳㧘ߐࠄߦ੐ോዪ㐳એਅ੐ോዪᐙㇱ߆ࠄ᭴ᚑߐࠇ㧘ㇱዪᮮᢿߢ
߆ߟ੐ോዪ࡮ᢎຬ߇ᢥሼㅢࠅ৻૕ߣߥߞߚ⚵❱ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ㆇ༡ቶߪ㧘᜚ὐߩᡰេߩߚ߼ߦቇౝ
⻉⚵❱㑆ߩㅪ៤૕೙ࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘✚⸘ 300 ᐔ☨ߦ߅ࠃ߱ࠬࡍ࡯ࠬߩឭଏ߿࿷ᄖ⺞
ᩏ⎇ⓥᣏ⾌ߥߤߩቇౝ੍▚ភ⟎ࠍߪߓ߼ߣߔࠆᡰេࠍⴕߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
੹ᓟ߽ߐࠄߦផㅴࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߩᣇ‫♖߇ޘ‬ജ⊛ߦࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦขࠅ⚵ߺ㧘ᄢ߈ߥ⎇ⓥᚑᨐ
ࠍ޽ߍ㧘⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ᜚ὐ߆ࠄᰴ਎ઍߩࠊ߇࿖ߩ⸒⺆⎇ⓥߣᄖ࿖⺆ᢎ⢒ࠍᜂ߁ੱ᧚߇ᄙᢙヘ
಴ߐࠇࠆߎߣࠍ㗿ߞߡ߿ߺ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬21 ਎♿ COE ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩᚑഞߩߚ߼ߦ㧘ᧄቇߩซᥓ
ࠍ⚿㓸ߒ㧘ᄢቇో૕ߣߒߡදജߒߡࠁߊᚲሽߢߔ‫ޕ‬
2004 ᐕ 6 ᦬ 10 ᣣ
͘!4!͘
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‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ޢ‬0Q㧔㧕
⸒⺆ㆇ↪ࠍၮ⋚ߣߔࠆ⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ᜚ὐ
Center of Usage-Based Linguistic Informatics (UBLI)
Ꮉญ˴⵨ม
㧔COE ᜚ὐ࡝࡯࠳࡯㧕
⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ
ᖱႎᎿቇߩၮ⋚ߩ਄ߦ⸒⺆ቇߣ⸒⺆
⸒⺆ᢎ⢒ቇ
ᢎ⢒ቇࠍ᦭ᯏ⊛ߦ⛔วߒ㧘
‫⺆⸒ޟ‬ᖱႎቇ‫ޠ‬
ᄖ࿖⺆ᢎ⢒
ߣ޿߁ᣂߚߥቇ໧ಽ㊁ߩ਎⇇⊛ߥ⎇ⓥ
䈱ല₸ൻ
᜚ὐࠍഃᚑߔࠆߎߣ߇㧘ߎߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ
࠻ߩ⋡⊛ߢߔ‫ߥࠬ࡟࠳࡯ࡏޕ‬ᄙ⸒⺆ᤨઍ
ߦ౉ߞߚ⃻࿷㧘⸒⺆ᢎ⢒ߦ߅޿ߡ߽ᖱႎ
ᛛⴚߦⵣߠߌߐࠇߚᄙ⸒⺆ e-learning ࠪ
⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ
ࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ᭴▽ߒ㧘㜞ᐲߢല₸⊛ߥᢎ⢒ࠍ
ⴕߥ߁ߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ࠇ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ COE ⸘↹ߢߪ㧘4 ߟߩ⎇ⓥ⃰߇⚵
ᖱႎᎿቇ
⸒⺆ቇ
ᄖ࿖⺆ᢎ⢒
ᄖ࿖⺆ᢎ⢒
䈱వ┵ൻ
䈱㜞ᐲൻ
❱ߐࠇ㧘ฦ⃰ߪ✕ኒߥㅪ៤ࠍߣࠅߟߟ⎇
ⓥ߇ㅴ߼ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
⎇ⓥ⚵❱
⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ⃰
⸒⺆ቇ⃰
⸒⺆ᢎ⢒ቇ⃰
ᖱႎᎿቇ⃰
⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ⃰ߪ⸒⺆ᖱႎቇߩ⎇ⓥో૕ࠍ⛔᜝ߒ㧘COE ⸘↹ߦ߅޿ߡਛᔃ⊛ߥᓎഀࠍᜂ߁
⎇ⓥ⃰ߢߔ‫⺆⸒ߦߣ߽ߩ⃰ߩߎޕ‬ቇ⃰㧘⸒⺆ᢎ⢒ቇ⃰㧘ᖱႎᎿቇ⃰ߩ㧟ߟߩ⃰߇ᒻᚑߐࠇ㧘
୘‫ߩޘ‬ኾ㐷ಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆ⎇ⓥߩ߶߆ߦ㧘⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ⊛⎇ⓥࠍផㅴߔࠆߚ߼ߩၮ␆⎇ⓥࠍⴕ
ߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
⎇ⓥ⚵❱ߩో૕ࠍ⛔᜝ߔࠆߩߪ㧘21 ਎♿ COE ߩ੐ᬺㅴᜂᒰ⠪ߩ߁ߜߩ㧣ฬ߆ࠄߥࠆ⛔
͘!6!͘
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᜝⃰ߢ㧘ᐕᰴ⸘↹ߩㆀⴕߦ㑐ࠊࠆ㊀ⷐߥᗧᕁ᳿ቯߪ⛔᜝⃰ળ⼏ߢߥߐࠇ߹ߔ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬ฦ⃰
ߩㅪ៤߇ࠃࠅ✕ኒߦߥࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ㅪ⛊߽⃰⸳⟎ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ㅪ⛊⃰ߩળ⼏߽㗫❥ߦ㐿߆
ࠇ㧘ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩㅴ᝞߇߅੕޿ߦႎ๔ߐࠇ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
⛔᜝⃰㧦 ࿷㑆 ㅴ㧘㜞၂ ᢅඳ㧘ᢕ⾐ 㓁৻㇢㧘⦼㊁ ⠹ม㧘ፄጯ ⌀ℙ㧘
ቝ૒⟤ ߹ࠁߺ㧘Ꮉญ ⵨ม
ㅪ⛊⃰㧦 ᶆ↰ ๺ᐘ㧘㤥Ỉ ⋥ବ㧘ᶏ㊁ ᄙᨑ㧘ศ౷ ᦺሶ㧘૒㊁ ᵗ㧘
ᨋ ବᚑ
౨㗡ߦ߽ㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ߎߩ COE ⸘↹ߦࠃߞߡഃᚑߐࠇࠆᣂߚߥቇ໧ಽ㊁ߢ޽ࠆ⸒⺆
ᖱႎቇߪ㧘ᖱႎᎿቇߩၮ⋚ߩ਄ߦ⸒⺆ቇߣ⸒⺆ᢎ⢒ቇࠍ⛔วߒߚቇ໧ಽ㊁ߢߔ‫⺆⸒ޕ‬ᖱႎ
ቇߩᦨ߽⋡ߦߺ߃ࠆᚑᨐߪ㧘17 ߩ⸒⺆ࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻਄ߩ⸒⺆ቇ⠌ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ㧘
‫ޟ‬TUFS ⸒⺆ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞‫ޕߔߢޠ‬
TUFS ⸒⺆ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞(TUFS Language Modules)
http://www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp/modules/index.html
TUFS ⸒⺆ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߪ 2003 ᐕ 4 ᦬ 25 ᣣߦౝㇱ౏㐿߇ᆎ߹ࠅ㧘ሼฏߩୃᱜ߿⺋ᬀߩ⸓
ᱜ߇ⴕߥࠊࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ᦨߕ߹ޕ‬ೋߦᄖㇱ౏㐿ߐࠇߚߩߪ㧘IPA㧔International Phonetic Alphabet㧘
࿖㓙㖸ჿሼᲣ㧕ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߢߔ‫౏ߡ޿⛯ޕ‬㐿ߐࠇߚߩ߇⊒㖸ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߢ㧘2003 ᐕ 9 ᦬ߦ
৻᜼ߦ㧘࠼ࠗ࠷⺆㧘ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ⺆㧘ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆㧘ࡐ࡞࠻ࠟ࡞⺆㧘ࡠࠪࠕ⺆㧘ਛ࿖⺆㧘ᦺ㞲⺆㧘
ࡕࡦࠧ࡞⺆㧘ࡈࠖ࡝ࡇࡁ⺆㧘ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ⺆㧘ᣣᧄ⺆ߩ 11 ⸒⺆߇౏㐿ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ߘߒߡ 2003 ᐕ 12 ᦬ 12 ᣣߦ㧘ᓟߢㅀߴ߹ߔ࿖㓙ળ⼏ߩ㐿௅ߦวࠊߖߡ㧘ળ⹤ࡕࠫࡘ࡯
࡞߇ 17 ߩోߡߩ⸒⺆ߢ౏㐿ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
͘!7!͘
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TUFS ⸒⺆䊝䉳䊠䊷䊦䈱䋱䋷⸒⺆
⧷⺆
ਛ࿖⺆
䊄䉟䉿⺆
ᦺ㞲⺆
䊐䊤䊮䉴⺆
䊝䊮䉯䊦⺆
䉴䊕䉟䊮⺆
䉟䊮䊄䊈䉲䉝⺆
䊘䊦䊃䉧䊦⺆
䊐䉞䊥䊏䊉⺆
䊨䉲䉝⺆
䊤䉥䉴⺆
䉦䊮䊗䉳䉝⺆
䊔䊃䊅䊛⺆
ᣣᧄ⺆
䉝䊤䊎䉝⺆, 䊃䊦䉮⺆
ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߣㅢ⸒⺆⊛⊒ᗐ
TUFS ⸒⺆ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߪ੹߹ߢߦߥ޿ᣂߒ޿࠲ࠗࡊߩ࠙ࠚࡉᢎ᧚ߢߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬ฬߩߣ߅ࠅ㧘
‫⊒⊛࡞࡯ࡘࠫࡕޟ‬ᗐ‫ߦޠ‬ၮߠ޿ߡ૞ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬TUFS ⸒⺆ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߢߪ㧘⸒⺆ቇ⠌ߪ
⊒㖸㧘ળ⹤㧘ᢥᴺ㧘⺆ᒵߩ㧠ߟߩࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߦಽ⸃ߐࠇ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߪ޽ࠆ⒟ᐲ
߹ߢ੕޿ߦ⁛┙ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ో૕ߣߒߡ৻ߟߩ߹ߣ߹ࠅࠍ߽ߞߚ⸒⺆ቇ⠌ᢎ᧚ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆߣ⠨
߃߹ߔ‫⺆⸒ࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬ቇ⠌߇৻ߟߩ⛔วߐࠇߚ৻૕ᕈߩ޽ࠆ༡ߺߢ޽ࠆߎߣߪ⸒߁߹ߢ߽޽
ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫࡞࡯ࡘࠫࡕߒ߆ߒޕ‬ൻߦࠃߞߡ㧘‫ߦ↱⥄ޠ߽ߢࠄ߆࡞࡯ࡘࠫࡕߩߤޟ‬ᅢ߈ߥߣߎࠈ
߆ࠄ⸒⺆ቇ⠌ࠍᆎ߼ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߎߣߪ㧘ዋߥߊߣ߽࠺ࡔ࡝࠶࠻ߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ߤࠇߘޕ‬
ߎࠈ߆ᡷ⸓߿ୃᱜ߇ኈᤃߥߎߣߪࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ᢎ᧚ߩࡔ࡝࠶࠻ߣ⸒߃ࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬
ߣߎࠈߢ TUFS ⸒⺆ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߦࠃࠅ㧘ࠃࠅ⥄↱ߥቇ⠌⸳⸘߇น⢻ߦߥࠆࠊߌߢߔ߇㧘
ቇ⠌ߩ㆐ᚑᐲ߿೔㆐ᐲࠍ⍮ࠆߦߪ㧘߿ߪࠅ૗ࠄ߆ߩ⛔৻⊛ߥ‛Ꮕߒ߇ᔅⷐߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ߎޕ‬
ߩ COE ⸘↹ߢߪ㧘ߐࠄߦ৻ᱠㅴࠎߢ㧘TUFS ⸒⺆ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ࠍ↪޿ߚ㧘᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ⁛
⥄ߩ⸒⺆⢻ജ⸥ㅀࡕ࠺࡞ࠍㅊ᳞ߒ㧘዁᧪⊛ߦ৻ߟߩ⛔৻⊛ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍឭ᩺ߔࠆ੍ቯߢߔ‫ޕ‬17
ߩ⸒⺆ߦࠊߚߞߡ㧘޽ࠆ⒟ᐲ߹ߢ౒ㅢߦ⸒⺆⢻ജࠍ⸥ㅀߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߦߥࠇ߫㧘ਛ╬࡮
㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆ⸒⺆ᢎ⢒ߦ৻ᤨઍࠍ↹ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫ࠞ࡝ࡔࠕ߿ࡄ࠶ࡠ࡯࡛ޕ‬
ߢߪߎࠇ߹ߢᄙ⸒⺆ߦ౒ㅢߩ⸒⺆⢻ജ⸥ㅀߩ⎇ⓥ߇࿾㆏ߦⴕߥࠊࠇߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆߛߌߦ㧘ᣣ
ᧄߢ߽ห᭽ߩข⚵ߺߦ㧘੹㧘⌕ᚻߔࠆߎߣߪᄢᄌ㊀ⷐߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
ᄙ⸒⺆ߦࠃࠆ෺ᣇะࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞
৻ߟߩหߓᢎ᧚ࠍ޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥ⸒⺆ߢቇ߱ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚࠄߤ߁ߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ࠍࠇߘޕ‬ታ⃻ߒ
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ࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ߩ߇ TUFS ⸒⺆ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߩᄙ⸒⺆ ߢߔ‫ࠈߎߣߩ੹ޕ‬㧘⧷⺆ߣࡕࡦࠧ࡞⺆ߣ
ਛ࿖⺆㧔❥૕ሼ㧕ߩࠊ߆ࠆੱ߇㧘ᣣᧄ⺆ߩ⊒㖸ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߣળ⹤ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ࠍቇ⠌ߢ߈ࠆ
ࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟ߽ߐࠄߦࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߩᄙ⸒⺆ൻࠍផߒㅴ߼ߡ޿߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
ࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻਄ߩ⚛᧚ߪขࠅ߆߃߇ߣߡ߽◲නߢߔ‫ޕ‬TUFS ⸒⺆ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞߽หߓߢ
ߔ‫߇᧚⚛⺆⸒ߕ߹ޕ‬૞ᚑߐࠇ㧘ᰴߦߘࠇ߇࠙ࠚࡉൻߐࠇ߹ߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬ታ㓙ߦᢎ᧚߇૶↪ߐ
ࠇ㧘⹏ଔ߇ᚯߞߡߊࠆߣ㧘߽ߣߩ⸒⺆⚛᧚ߦୃᱜ߿ᡷ⸓߇ട߃ࠄࠇ㧘ᣂߚߥࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ᢎ
᧚ߣߒߡ↢߹ࠇ߆ࠊࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
╙㧝࿁⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ࿖㓙ળ⼏
21 ਎♿ COE ߇ណᛯߐࠇࠆߣߔߋߦ㧘࿖㓙ળ⼏ߩḰ஻߇ㅴ߼ࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬2002 ᐕᧃߦળ
⼏ߩベㇳࠍ᳿ቯߒ߹ߒߚ‫ ߡߒ߁ߎޕ‬2003 ᐕ 12 ᦬ 13㨯14 ᣣߩਔᣣߦ㧘᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇߢ╙
㧝࿁⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ࿖㓙ળ⼏(The First International Conference On Linguistic Informatics)߇㐿௅
ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ᓥ᧪߆ࠄ⸒⺆ℂ⺰ߣࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲⑼ቇ߇⸒⺆ᢎ⢒߿⸒⺆⠌ᓧߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ߈ߚߎߣ
ߪ๟⍮ߩߎߣߢߔ‫ࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߎࠇࠄਃߟߩ⎇ⓥ㗔ၞߩ⛔วߣද௛ߪᔅߕߒ߽ⴕࠊࠇ
ߡ߈ߡ޿߹ߖࠎ‫ ߩߎޕ‬COE ⸘↹߇⋡ᜰߔߩߪߘࠇࠄߩቇ໧㗔ၞߩ᦭ᯏ⊛ߥ⛔วߢߔ‫ޕ‬
⸒⺆ᖱႎቇߩഃᚑߦࠃࠅ㧘ᓥ᧪ߩ⸒⺆ቇߣᔕ↪⸒⺆ቇߩᚑᨐߪᖱႎᎿቇߩၮ⋚ߩ਄ߦ⛔
วߐࠇ߹ߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬࿖㓙ળ⼏ߢߪ⸒⺆ᖱႎቇߣ޿߁ᣂߒ޿⛔ว⊛ቇ໧㗔ၞߩ⃻⁁ࠍ⹺⼂ߒ㧘
዁᧪ߩน⢻ᕈࠍ⠨߃߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ળ⼏ߪਃߟߩ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦ߆ࠄߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
㧝㧚ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲⸒⺆ቇ࡮࡮࡮࡮ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲⑼ቇߣ⸒⺆ቇߩද௛ߩน⢻ᕈ
㧞㧚ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ⸒⺆ቇ࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ⸒⺆ቇߩ⃻⁁
㧟㧚ᔕ↪⸒⺆ቇ࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߣ⸒⺆ℂ⺰ߣߩ㑐ㅪᕈ
ળ⼏ߦߪᶏᄖ߿࿖ౝߩ⎇ⓥᯏ㑐ࠃࠅᄙᢙߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ࠍ߅᜗߈ߒ㧘2 ᣣ㑆ߢᑧߴ 300 ฬߩ಴
Ꮸ⠪߇޽ࠅ㧘ᵴ⊒ߥ⼏⺰߇੤ࠊߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ᧄޕ‬ቇ߆ࠄ߽ᢎຬߣᄢቇ㒮↢߇ⶄᢙߩႎ๔ࠍⴕ
޿߹ߒߚ‫⺆⸒ޕ‬ᖱႎቇߣ޿߁⛔ว⊛ቇ໧ಽ㊁ߪ㧘ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲⸒⺆ቇ㧘ᢥ₂ቇ㧘ᣇ⸒ቇ㧘
ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ⸒⺆ቇ㧘⺆↪⺰㧘ᔕ↪⸒⺆ቇ㧘e-learning ߥߤߩᄙጘߦࠊߚࠆ⎇ⓥಽ㊁ߣ㑐ㅪߒ߹
ߔ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬ળ⼏ߩෳട⠪߇ߘࠇߙࠇߩႎ๔߿⼏⺰ߩౝኈࠍℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘੐೨ߦ੍
Ⓜ㓸ࠍ಴ ߒߡળ⼏ߦ⥃ߺ߹ߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ળ⼏ႎ๔㓸ࠍㅢߒߡ㧘⸒⺆ᖱႎቇߩ⵿㊁ߩᐢߐࠍ
⹺⼂ߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘ߘߩ⃻⁁ߣ⺖㗴߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥࠆߎߣߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
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‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ޢ‬0Q㧔㧕
߹߃߇߈
ᢕ⾐ 㓁৻㇢
㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᢎ᝼㧕
ᧄႎ๔㓸‫⺆⸒ࠬࡄ࡯ࠦޡ‬ቇߦ߅ߌࠆ᭴ᢥಽᨆ‫᧲ߪޢ‬੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮 21 ਎♿ COE ࡊ
ࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ‫⺆⸒ޟ‬ㆇ↪ࠍၮ⋚ߣߔࠆ⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ᜚ὐ‫⺆⸒ߩޠ‬ቇ⃰ߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢ‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ
⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ ߩޢ‬3 ౠ⋡ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ‫ޕ‬6 ⸒⺆㧘16 ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ⸒⺆ቇ⎇ⓥࠍ߹ߣ߼ߚ߽ߩ
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ౝኈߪ㧘᭴ᢥ㧘ࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻㧘ᘒ㧘ᴺ㧘ᩰ㧘೨⟎⹖㧘⺆㗅㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ㐿⊒㧘ߣᄙጘ
ߦࠊߚߞߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ోߡᢥ᭴ᚑߩਛᔃߢ޽ࠆേ⹖ࠍਛᔃߣߒߚㅀㄉ㧔predicate㧕ߦ⋥⚿ߒ
ߚ⎇ⓥߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߦౝኈࠍ᭎ⷰࠍߒߡߺࠃ߁‫ޕ‬
వߕ㧘ਛ࿖⺆⎇ⓥߣߒߡ྾⺰ᢥ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਃቛ⊓ਯߪ૶ᓎേ⹖‫ߩޠ૶ޟ‬ਥ⺆ߩࡊࡠ࠻࠲ࠗ
ࡊ߇▵ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ㧘㗫ᐲࠍ৻ߟߩ㊀ⷐߥᩮ᜚ߣߒߡ⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇ⊛ⷰὐ߆ࠄಽᨆࠍߒߡ޿
ࠆ‫ޕ‬㗇⮮⑲᮸ߪ‫ޟ‬V ࿷ L‫ޠ‬㧔Vേ⹖㧘L႐ᚲߩฬ⹖ฏ㧕ߩᒻࠍขࠆേ⹖ߢ㧘
‫ޟ‬࿷‫ߩޠ‬೨⟎߇
಴᧪ߥ޿߽ߩߣ㧘‫ޟ‬࿷‫ߩޠ‬೨⟎߇น⢻ߢ߆ߟ‫ޟ‬ᛠ‫ޠ‬᭴ᢥߦᄌ឵น⢻ߥ߽ߩߣࠍ඙೎ߒ㧘೨
⠪ࠍᄌൻ߇೨ឭߣߥߞߚ⚿ᨐ⋧㧘ᓟ⠪ࠍേ૞߇೨ឭߣߥߞߚ⚿ᨐ⋧ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ጊᩮผሶ
ߪઍേ⹖ߣߐࠇࠆ‫ޟ‬ᑲ‫ࠍޠ‬ಽᨆߒ㧘േ⹖ߩઍⴕࠃࠅ߽ේ࿃ߩ 'XGPVߣ⚿ᨐߩ 'XGPV ࠍ❬ߋ
ᯏ⢻⺆⊛ߥ௛߈ࠍ㊀ⷞߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬દ⮮ᄢテߪ೨⟎⹖‫ⵍޟ߁઻ࠍޠⵍޟ‬േᢥ‫⥄ޟߣޠ‬ὼฃり
ᢥ‫ࠍߣޠ‬Ყセߒ㧘೨⠪ߩᗵᖱ⊛⦡ᓀࠍ⹤⠪ߩⷞὐ࡮┙႐ߣ޿߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄ⺑᣿ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᰴߦ㧘ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߦߟ޿ߡߩਃ⺰ᢥߣߒߡ㧘ᱜ଻ാߩ‫ޟ‬COD ᭴ᢥ‫⎇ޠ‬ⓥ㧘㡻ᴛᵗᔒߩ
‫⁁ޟ‬ᘒ⹖‫ޠ‬ಽᨆ㧘㊁ర⵨᮸ߩ‫ޟ‬pivot േ⹖‫ޠ‬ಽᨆ߇޽ࠆ‫⺰৻╙ޕ‬ᢥߩ࠹࡯ࡑߪ↢ᚑᢥᴺߢ
‫ޟ‬㔍ᤃ᭴ᢥ‫ޠ‬㧔tough construction㧕ߣ޿ࠊࠇࠆ߽ߩߢ㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩታ଀ࠍ߽฽߼ߡᄙ᭽ߥ੐
଀ࠍಽᨆߒߡ޿ࠆ‫╙ޕ‬ੑ⺰ᢥߪฬ⹖ߣേ⹖ߩਔ⠪ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ‫⁁ޟ‬ᘒ⹖‫ࠍޠ‬㧘േ⹖ߩ೨ᓟߢ
ߩ㆑޿㧘‫ޟ‬ធ⟎⹖‫᦭ߩޠ‬ήߦࠃࠆ㆑޿ߥߤߦࠃࠅಽᨆߒߚ߽ߩߢ㧘ຠ⹖ಽ㘃ߦ߽㑐ଥߒߡ
޿ࠆ‫╙ޕ‬ਃ⺰ᢥߪਥ⺆߇േ⹖ߩᏀฝߦ⃻ࠇ߁ࠆ‫ޟ‬pivot േ⹖‫ޟࠍޠ‬㊀ߐ‫⹤ޟߣޠ‬㗴ᕈ‫ߩޠ‬
ਔ⠪ࠍਛᔃߦᝪ߃ߡ✎ኒߦಽᨆߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⧷⺆ߩੑ⺰ᢥߣߒߡߪ㧘⍹੗ᐽᲞߩ‫ޟ‬ਇᄌൻ⹖‫ޠ‬ಽᨆࠍሶଏߩ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߩ⾗ᢱߦࠃߞߡ
ⴕߞߚ߽ߩߣ㧘ᵻ੗ජ⚓ሶߩ Shakespeare ᚨᦛࠍ⾗ᢱߣߔࠆ‫ޟ‬๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺ⎇ⓥ‫ޕࠆ޽߇ޠ‬
೨⠪ߪ‛ℂⓨ㑆ࠍ⴫ߔ೨⟎⹖⴫⃻ࠍᐢ⟵ߩ‫ࠍޠ࡯ࠔࡈ࠲ࡔޟ‬㎛ߣߒߡಽᨆߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓟ⠪
ߪ๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺߩ૶↪ᢥ⣂ࠍਤᔨߦ⺞ᩏߒ㧘ߣࠅࠊߌ൘๔ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖ߣߣ߽ߦᄙ↪ߐࠇࠆ
ߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ࡠࠪࠕ⺆ಽᨆߩਃ⺰ᢥߪ৻ߟ߇ᩰᒻ㧘ੑߟ߇૕ߦ㑐ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ ޕ‬㒙಴Ꮉୃཅߪ
‫ޟ‬ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ + േ⹖ਇቯ⹖‫ࠍޠ‬ಽᨆߒ㧘ᕁ⠨࡮ᗵᖱࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖߇಴ߡ߈߿ߔߊ㧘‫ޟ‬೔㆐㧘ᘒ
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ᐲ⴫᣿‫ߩޠ‬േ⹖ߢߪቢੌ૕㧘‫⁁ޟ‬ᘒ㧘ᕁ⠨⴫᣿‫ߩޠ‬േ⹖ߢߪਇቢੌ૕ߢ޽ࠆߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⑺ጊ⌀৻ߪ‫↵ޟ‬ᕈฬ⹖ⶄᢙਥᩰ࡮ኻᩰᒻߩࠁࠇ‫ߩޠ‬㗫ᐲᢙ⸘▚ࠍᎿᄦߒߡ௑ะࠍಽᨆߒࠃ
߁ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ዊᎹᥙ㆏ߪฬ⹖ “pora” ߣ౒⿠ߔࠆേ⹖ਇቯᒻߩ૕ࠍಽᨆߒᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹ߣ
ᢥቇ૞ຠߢߩ㗫ᐲߩ㆑޿ࠍᜰ៰ߒ㧔೨⠪ߢߪቢੌ૕߇ 74.2%㧘ᓟ⠪ߢߪਇቢੌ૕߇ 73.3%㧕㧘
వⴕ⎇ⓥࠍୃᱜߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ⺆ಽᨆߩዊ⮮⚔⒤ߪࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ⺆ߩേ⹖᭴ᢥဳ৻⥸ߩ㗫ᐲߣേ⹖“VQWEJGT”ߩ
⋥ធ⋡⊛᭴ᢥߣ㑆ធ⋡⊛᭴ᢥ㧔à-N㧕ߩ㗫ᐲࠍ⺞ߴઁേᕈಽᨆߩߚ߼ߩၮ␆⺞ᩏࠍㅴ߼ߡ
޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆ߩ⚿ၔஜᄥ㇢㧘ᧁ⿧ീ㧘㗇⮮ᱞᢥߪ‫ࠬࡄ࡯ࠦ⺆ࡦࠗࡍࠬޟ‬㐿⊒‫ࡍࠬࠅࠃߦޠ‬
ࠗࡦ⺆⎇ⓥߩߚ߼ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬಣℂ࠷࡯࡞ߩ㐿⊒ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘࠺࡯࠲ߦᒻᘒ⚛ᖱႎࠍട
߃㧘ಽᨆࡒࠬߩୃᱜࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ⸳⸘ߒ㧘଀ᢥᬌ⚝ߩ⋭ജൻࠍឭ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
એ਄㧘ᢥ᭴ᚑߩਛᩭߦ㑐ଥߒߚ⒳‫⺆⸒ߩޘ‬᭴ㅧ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥࠆ‫ࠅࠃߦ⺆⸒ޕ‬೑↪ߒ߁ࠆ
ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩⷙᮨ߽⒳㘃߽⇣ߥߞߡ޿ࠆߒ㧘໧㗴ߩ⸳ቯ㧘ಽᨆߩ೔㆐ᐲߦ߽᭽‫޽߇ߩ߽ߥޘ‬
ࠆ߇ߘࠇߙࠇ⼾߆ߥน⢻ᕈࠍ⒁߼ߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ㅢ⺒ߦࠃࠅಽ߆ࠆ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟߪ౒ㅢ࠹࡯ࡑࠍࠃ
ࠅ㒢ቯߒ㧘ኻ⽎⸒⺆ᢙࠍჇ߿ߒ㧘⎇ⓥ⊒⴫ࠍࠃࠅቯᦼൻ಴᧪ࠇ߫ℂᗐ⊛ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ࡄ࡯ࠦޕ‬
ࠬߩᄙߊߩታ଀ߩ⺞ᩏߦࠃࠅ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥࠆߩߪ⸒⺆ߩേ⊛౒ᤨᘒߛߌߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬ή㒢ߩᄙ
᭽ᕈࠍឭ␜ߔࠆࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍᢛℂߒ߹ߣ߼਄ߍࠆߚ߼ߦᦝߥࠆℂ⺰㕙ߩᢛ஻ߩᔅⷐᕈ߇᣿
ࠄ߆ߦߥࠆߣ޿߁ߩߪታ଀ߦធߔࠆ⠪ߩታᗵߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙ߩᢥ⣂ߩᄙ᭽ᕈߪ⻉ⷐ⚛ߩ੍᷹
ߒ߇ߚ޿✢⁁⊛⚿วߩน⢻ᕈߦࡅࡦ࠻ࠍਈ߃ߡߊࠇࠆ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬න⚐ߥੱᎿ⊛૞଀㧔ߟ߹ࠅ㧘
Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩੱᎿ⊛ᢥ⣂૞ᚑ㧕ߦࠃߞߡߪᓧࠄࠇߥ޿߽ߩߥߩߢߪߥ߆ࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬
ᦨᓟߦߥࠆ߇㧘ᧄႎ๔㓸ߩᩏ⺒ߪᶆ↰๺ᐘ㧘㤥Ỉ⋥ବ㧘ਃቛ⊓ਯ㧘ᱜ଻ാ㧘ቬች༑ઍሶ㧘
ਛỈ⧷ᒾ㧘ᢕ⾐㓁৻㇢߇޽ߚࠅ㧘✬㓸ߪᶆ↰㧘㤥Ỉ㧘ᢕ⾐߇ᜂᒰߒߚ‫ޕ‬
2004 ᐕ 4 ᦬ 29 ᣣ㧘ᐭਛߦߡ
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㧝㧚ਛ࿖⺆
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‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ޢ‬0Q㧔㧕
૶ᓎേ⹖̌Փ̍߇ߣࠆਥ⺆ߩ⹺⍮⺰⊛⸃㉼
ਃቛ㩷 ⊓ਯ㩷
䋨᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄖ࿖⺆ቇㇱഥᢎ᝼䋩㩷
㪈㪅䈲䈛䉄䈮㩷
⃻ઍਛ࿖⺆ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘૶ᓎ᭴ᢥࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ૶ᓎേ⹖ߦߪઍ⴫⊛ߥ߽ߩߣߒߡ̌ি̍
̌䅽̍
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ฬ⹖
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䅽ˋি Դ
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Ԙ
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߇㧘ߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕߎࠇࠄ߇ᢎ⢒ߩೋ⚖Ბ㓏ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘޿ࠊ߫࠮࠶࠻ߢឭ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆὐ
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‫ޡ‬ᡷ⸓ ਛ࿖ߩ㔎‫ޢ‬ਛᎹᱜਯ࡮ᓢ৻ᐔ㧘⊕Ꮲ␠㧘ᐕ㧘㗁‫ޕ‬
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‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖⺆ೋ⚖࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ ർ੩ߩ㘑[ᡷቯ ]‫⧷᧛ᧁޢ‬᮸࡮ዊ㊁⑲᮸࡮㒸⬂㧘⊕Ꮲ␠㧘ᐕ㧘㗁‫ޕ‬
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㨄㧗]িˋ䅽ˋՓ_㧗㨅㧗㨂㧦
‫ޟ‬㨄߇㨅ࠍ㨂ߐߖࠆ‫ޠ‬
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ὐ߇޽ࠆࠃ߁ߥශ⽎ࠍਈ߃߇ߜߛ߇㧘ߎߩ㧟ߟߩ૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩਛߢ㧘̌Փ̍ࠍ↪޿ߚ૶ᓎ᭴
ᢥ㧔એਅ㧘̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߣ๭߱㧕ߪ㧘߹ߞߚߊᕈ⾰ߩ⇣ߥߞߚ߽ߩߢ㧘ᢎ⢒ߩ႐ߦ߅޿
ߡ㧘਄⸥ߩࠃ߁ߦ̌Փ߽̍৻✜ߦឭ␜ߔࠆߩߪ㕖Ᏹߦ໧㗴߇ᄢ߈޿‫ޕ‬ዊⓂߢߪ̌Փ̍૶ᓎ
᭴ᢥߩߎߩਃ⠪ਛߢߩ․⇣ᕈࠍ㧘ߘߩਥ⺆ߦ┙ߟᚑಽߩಽᨆࠍㅢߓߡ␜ߒߚ޿‫ޕ‬
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ዊⓂߪ̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩਥ⺆ߩᕈ⾰ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘Ყセኻᾖߩ⷗࿾߆ࠄ㧘߹
ߕ࠮࠶࠻ߢឭ␜ߐࠇࠆߎߣߩᄙ޿̌ি̍ࠍ↪޿ߚ૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߦߟ޿ߡ⠨߃ߡߺࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߩࠃ
߁ߥ߽ߩ߇ౖဳ⊛ߥ̌ি̍ࠍ↪޿ߚ૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ੱࠍ⴫ߔฬ⹖ฏ߇ਥߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᗧ๧⊛ߦߪ㧘̌㨄̍ߪ㧘ઁ⠪̌㨅̍ߦኻߒߡ㧘ⴕὑ̌㨂̍ࠍ
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ߎࠇߦኻߒߡ㧘̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩ଀ࠍ᭽‫ߥޘ‬Ꮏౕᦠߥߤ߆ࠄᜪߞߡߺࠆߣ㧘ߘߩ଀ᢥߦ
ߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߦ⇣ߥߞߚ௑ะ߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆ‫̌ߦ⥸৻ޕ‬Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩౖဳߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ଀ᢥߣߪ
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߇᧪ࠆ଀ߪ㧘Ꮏౕᦠߥߤߢߪߏߊࠊߕ߆ߒ߆⷗ߟ߆ࠄߥ޿‫̌ޕ‬㨄̍ߦߪੱએᄖߩ੐‛߿಴
᧪੐߇᧪ࠆ଀߇࿶ୟ⊛ߦᄙ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘߎߢ㧘ታ㓙ߩ⸒⺆੐ታߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥᒻߢ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ
ߩ߆㧘̌㨄̍ߦ┙ߟᚑಽߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩ߇ᄙ޿ߩ߆ࠍ㧘ዊⓂߢߪ⃻ઍਛ࿖⺆ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ
ߦၮߠ޿ߡ⺞ᩏߒ㧘એਅߦߘߩ⚿ᨐࠍㅀߴࠆ‫⺞ߩߎޕ‬ᩏߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ㧘ਛ࿖⺆ߩ̌Փ̍૶ᓎ
᭴ᢥߣߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ੐ᘒࠍㅀߴࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ᭴ᢥߥߩ߆ߣ޿߁ታ㓙ߩᆫ߇⷗߃ߡߊࠆߪߕ
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㪊㪅⺞ᩏ䈜䉎䉮䊷䊌䉴䈮䈧䈇䈩㩷
੹࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߢߪ㧘․ߦࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩᢥ૕ߩᏅ⇣ߦ⇐ᗧߒ㧘એਅߩ㧟⒳ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ⺞ᩏኻ
⽎ߣߒߡ↪޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
=?ญ⺆㧦
‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ࣫Ҁষ䇁䇁᭭‫࣫ޢ‬Ҁ䇁㿔ᄺ䰶䇁㿔ᬭᄺⷨお᠔ˈ ᐕ
ർ੩ࠍ㧢ߟߩ࿾඙ߦಽߌ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩ࿾඙߆ࠄ㧘⡯ᬺ࡮ᐕ㦂࡮᳃ᣖߩ⇣ߥࠆ⸘ ੱߩ
ੱࠍ᛽಴ߒ㧘㧢ߟߩ⹤㗴ߦߟ޿ߡࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ࡯ࠍⴕ޿㧘ߘߩ⥄↱࿁╵ߩ⊒⸒ࠍߘߩ߹߹ᔘ
ታߦ⸥㍳ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫޿⸒ޕ‬㑆㆑޿ߥߤ߽ߘߩ߹߹⸥㍳ߒߚ㧘⥄ὼ⊒⹤ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߢ޽
ࠆ‫ߡߒߦ࡞ࠗࠔࡈ࠻ࠬࠠ࠹ޕ‬ว⸘߅ࠃߘ ਁሼߩಽ㊂ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
=?ዊ⺑㧦ർᣇ♽૞ኅߩ૞ຠࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ
ᢥቇ૞ຠߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߣߒߡ㧘ࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻਄ߦ౏㐿ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆർᣇ♽૞ኅߩ૞ຠࠍ෼
㓸ߒ㧘࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ࡈࠔࠗ࡞ൻᓟ㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߣߒߡ೑↪ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ว⸘߅ࠃߘ ਁሼߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
=?ᣂ⡞㧦
‫࣫ޡ‬Ҁ᮹᡹‫࣫ޡޢ‬Ҁᰮ᡹‫ ޢ‬ᐕ %&41/
ႎ㆏ᢥ૕ߩ㗴᧚ߣߒߡ‫࣫ޡ‬Ҁ᮹᡹‫࣫ޡޢ‬Ҁᰮ᡹‫ ߩޢ‬%&41/ ࠍ೑↪ߒ㧘߁ߜ‫࣫ޡ‬Ҁ᮹᡹‫ޢ‬
ߩ ᐕ ᦬ಽߩో⸥੐ࠍ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ࡈࠔࠗ࡞ൻߒߚ‫ޕ‬ว⸘߅ࠃߘ ਁሼߩಽ㊂ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ಽ㊂㧔߅ࠃߘ ਁ㨪 ਁሼ㧕
㧘ᤨઍ㧔 ᐕઍ㨪 ᐕ㧕㧘࿾ၞ㧔ർ
੩㧕ߩ㧟ὐߣ߽߶߷౒ㅢߢ㧘໑৻ᢥ૕ߩߺ߇⇣ߥࠆࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩ಴
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ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߪਥߦᦠ㕙⺆ߦ߅޿ߡ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߣ޿߁᭴ᢥߩᢥ૕⊛․ᓽ߇ታ
⸽ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
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ߔࠆߦ㓙ߒߡ㧘਄⸥=?ߩർᣇ♽૞ኅߩ૞ຠࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬
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ǍԴϡᰃϔϾ֫Ҏǎˈ
Ǎ᭛ᄺϢҎ⫳ǎ
ˈ
Ǎ߬᜻㢇ǎˈ
Ǎ⯈Ҏǎ
ˈ
Ǎ᮴Ҏୱ
䞛ǎˈǍ䇕↨䇕‫ڏ‬໮ᇥǎˈǍׂᬍৢথ㸼ǎˈǍϔञᰃ☿✄ϔञᰃ⍋∈ǎ˄ϔ˅ˈǍ⃉⊛ዞᤚᔃ
〡ǎ
˄⥽˅ˈ
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˄Ѡ˅ˈ
Ǎবᔶ䆄ǎ
ˈ
Ǎ᳾ᴹϪ⬠ǎ
˄᳾˅ˈ
Ǎ℠ҭǎˈ
Ǎ咘䞥ᯊҷǎˈ
Ǎⱑ䫊ᯊҷǎˈ
⥟ᇣ⊶ĩǍǎ
Ǎ៬⽣ǎ
ߎࠇࠄ㧢ฬߩ૞ኅߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘⃻ઍᢥቇผߩㄉౖ߿࠙ࠚ࠶ࡉࠨࠗ࠻ߢ㧘ߘߩ૞ຠ߇ർ੩⺆
ߢၫ╩ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣߺߥߒߡ᭴ࠊߥ޿૞ኅߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⏕⹺ߒ㧘ಽᨆኻ⽎ߣߒߡߩ⸒⺆᧚
ᢱߣߒߡㆬࠎߛ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᤨઍ⊛ߦ߽⃻ઍߩർ੩⺆ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚߚ߼㧘
⠧⥢ߩࠃ߁ߥ㧘ή⺰ർ੩⺆ߩ૶޿ᚻߢߪ޽ࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘ᤨઍ⊛ߦ߿߿㆚ࠆ૞ኅߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘
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࡯࠼ᓟ㧘࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ᢛᒻߒߚ‫ޕ‬
㪋㪅଀ᢥ䈱ᬌ⸛㩷
ߐߡታ㓙ߩᢥቇ૞ຠਛߩ㧘̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥ̌㨄㧗Փ㧗㨅㧗㨂̍ߩ̌㨄̍ߦ૏⟎ߔࠆᚑಽ
ࠍᬌ⸛ߒߡߺࠆ‫ޕ‬
ታ㓙ߩᬌ⸛ߦవ┙ߞߡ㧘̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩਛ߆ࠄ߹ߕ㧘ᰴߩ㧞ߟߩ࠲ࠗࡊߩ߽ߩࠍ㧘ዊ
Ⓜߢߪᬌ⸛ኻ⽎߆ࠄᄖߔߎߣߣߒߚ‫ߦ৻╙ޕ‬㧘૶ᓎࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖̌Փ̍ߢߪ޽ࠆ߇㧘᭽‫ߥޘ‬
᭴ㅧ਄ߩℂ↱߆ࠄ㧘
̌㨄̍߇ߥ޿߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ଃϔՓ៥ᓔᖗⱘџᰃཌྷѣњDŽ˄᳾˅
଀߃߫ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ̌ⱘ̍᭴ㅧߩౝㇱߦ↢⿠ߒߡ޿ࠆ႐วߦߪ̌㨄̍߇᭴ㅧ਄ߘ߽ߘ߽ߥ޿
ߎߣ߇޽ࠆ‫੹ߪࠄࠇߎޕ‬࿁ߩ⠨ኤኻ⽎ᄖߢ޽ࠆ‫╙ޕ‬ੑߦ㧘̌䖭̍ߦઍ⴫ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥᜰ␜
ઍ⹖߇̌㨄̍ߦ૏⟎ߒߡ޿ࠆ႐วߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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5
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̌䖭̍ߥߤߪฬ⹖ᕈᚑಽߛߌߢߥߊേ⹖ᕈᚑಽ߽ᜰ␜ߢ߈ࠆߩߪ๟⍮ߩ੐ታߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
̌㨄̍
߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥᚑಽߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠍಽᨆߔࠆ੹࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߢߪ㧘ᜰ␜ઍ⹖ߢߪߘߩᧄ᧪ߩᚑಽࠍ․
ቯߢ߈ߥ޿ߚ߼㧘੹࿁ߩ⠨ኤኻ⽎ᄖߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ߔࠆߣ㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬౝߢߩ̌㨄̍ߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߥಽᏓࠍߥߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁⚿ᨐ߇ᓧࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
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=#?̌㨄̍㧩ੱࠍ⴫ߔฬ⹖ฏ߿ੱ⒓ઍ⹖
਄⸥ߩࠃ߁ߦ૶ᓎേ⹖̌ি̍ߢߪߎߩ࠲ࠗࡊ߇ᄙ޿ߎߣ߇੍᷹ߐࠇࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘
̌Փ̍
ߩ႐วߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߦዋߥ޿‫ߕ߹ޕ‬㧘ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ଀ࠍ⠨߃ߡߺࠆ‫ޕ‬
ҪᛇՓ㞾Ꮕ᳈ᛸᗦϔѯDŽ
˄ⱑ˅
Ҫチ࡯Փ㞾ᏅⳌֵ䖭ϔ⚍DŽ
˄ⱑ˅
Ҫሑ䞣Փ㞾Ꮕⱘࡼ԰Ңᆍ໻ᮍˈ
˄⠌˅
ߎࠇࠄߪ⴫㕙⊛ߦߪߎߩ=#?㘃ߦ⹥ᒰߔࠆ߇㧘
ߢߪഥേ⹖̌ᛇ̍㧘
ߢ߽೽⹖̌チ
࡯̍̌ሑ䞣̍ߩࠃ߁ߥ⺆ฏ߇฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫⺆ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ฏߪߘߩᗧ๧߆ࠄߒߡ㧘૶ᓎߩ࿃
ᨐㅪ㎮⥄૕ࠍផߒㅴ߼ࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ㧘⚿ᨐᲑ㓏ࠍ⹤ߒᚻ߇ታ⃻ߐߖࠆᣇะߦ௛߈߆ߌߡ޿ࠆ
ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ᣿␜ߔࠆ⺆ฏߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬឵⸒ߔࠇ߫㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ⺆ฏ߇޽ࠆ߆ࠄߎߘㅒߦ̌Փ̍
૶ᓎ᭴ᢥࠍᚑ┙ߐߖࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣ߽⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߩߢ㧘ౖဳ⊛ߥ=#?㘃ߣߪ
⠨߃ߥ޿߶߁߇ࠃ޿ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ߢߪߎࠇࠄ߽ࠞ࠙ࡦ࠻ߒߡ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ԴᏆ㒣Փཌྷ䴲ᐌೄᚥњDŽ
˄⠌˅
䇈ᅲ䆱ˈԴՓ៥䴲ᐌϡᛝᖿDŽ˄Ҏ˅
ԴՓ៥ᛇ䍋ϔϾҎDŽ
˄⥽˅
ߎࠇࠄߩ଀߇਄⸥ߩࠃ߁ߥ࿃ᨐㅪ㎮ࠍផߒㅴ߼ࠆ௛߈ࠍᜬߟ⺆ฏࠍᜬߚߥ޿㧘޿ࠊ߫ήᮡ
ߩᢥߣ⸒߃ߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ታ㓙ߦߪߎߩࠃ߁ߥ଀ߪߘߩᢙ߇ዋߥ޿‫ޕ‬
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ᰴߪ㧘ੱߘߩ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ੱߩ⴫ᖱ࡮⸒േ࡮ᘒᐲߥߤ㧘ߘߩੱߩ․ᓽࠍ⴫ߔฬ⹖ฏ߇
̌㨄̍ߦ૏⟎ߒߡ޿ࠆ႐วߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㗕Ҏᛳ▔ⱘ䴶ᆍՓҪ⃷ᝄDŽ
˄ⱑ˅
䙷Ͼ䄺ᅬⱘ䯂䆱Փ៥ⶹ䘧Ѯ㑶≵᳝ᲈ䴆៥ӀDŽ
˄ϔ˅
ᴢ᜻⊝ⱘḋᄤ໮ᇥՓ㗕ϸষ䬛䴭њϔѯDŽ
˄咥˅
ߎߩ=$?㘃㧘ߐࠄߦߪ਄⸥ߩ=#?㘃ߩ߁ߜήᮡߩ଀ߪ㧘ߘߩ⴫ߔᗧ๧߆ࠄ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘
̌㨄̍
ߪ̌㨅̍ߦኻߒߡਥ૕⊛ߦ௛߈߆ߌߩⴕὑࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆേ૞ਥ㧔agent㧕ߢߥ޿ߎߣߪ᣿ࠄ
߆ߢ޽ࠆ‫=ޕ‬$?㘃ߩ߶߁߇ࠃࠅℂ⸃ߒ߿ߔ޿߇㧘ੱߩ⴫ᖱ࡮⸒േ࡮ᘒᐲߥߤ߇⥄ࠄ̌㨅̍
ߦ௛߈߆ߌߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬੐ታߣߒߡߪㅒߦ㧘̌㨅̍߇ߘߩࠃ߁ߥੱߩ⴫ᖱ࡮⸒േ࡮
ᘒᐲߥߤࠍ⷗ߚࠅ⡞޿ߚࠅߒߡ㧘
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ߢ㧘ߚ߹ߚ߹
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ߩ̌㨄̍ߪ̌Դ̍ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘
̌㨅̍ߩ‫ޟ‬ᓐᅚ‫ߪޠ⑳ޟ߿ޠ‬㧘
̌Դ̍
ߩᝄࠆ⥰޿ࠍ⷗ࠆߥࠅߒߡ⍮ⷡߒ㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐ̌㨅̍ߦᔃℂᄌൻ߇⿠߈ߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߔޕ‬
ߥࠊߜ㧘̌㨅̍ߩ߶߁߆ࠄ̌㨄̍ࠍ⍮ⷡߒ㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐ̌㨅̍ߦᔃℂᵴേ߇⿠ߎߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘
ߎࠇߪTaylor߇̌Agent-like Stimulus̍ߣ๭߽߱ߩߦ⹥ᒰߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
The noise startled me.
ߩ̌the noise̍߇ߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘Gu ߩએਅߩᜰ៰ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᢥߢߪേ
૞ਥߩേ૞ߦኻߔࠆᒝ޿ᗧᔒࠍ⴫ߔㅪ↪ୃ㘼⺆ࠍ↢⿠ߐߖࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿ߎߣ߽㧘
̌㨄̍
߇േ૞ਥߢߥ޿ߎߣߩற⸽ߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
CᇣᯢՓҪᬒᓗњॳᴹⱘ䅵ߦDŽ
Dᇣᯢമ‫އ‬ഄՓҪᬒᓗњॳᴹⱘ䅵ߦDŽ
޿ߕࠇߦߖࠃ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ㘃ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘̌㨅̍߇̌㨄̍ࠍ⷗ࠆߥࠅ⡞ߊߥࠅߒߡ⍮ⷡߔ
ࠆߣ޿߁ᐢ޿ᗧ๧ߢߩ಴᧪੐߇⿠ߎߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ὐࠍ⏕⹺ߒߡ߅߈ߚ޿‫ޕ‬
=%?৻⥸ߩฬ⹖ฏ
ᰴߦ̌㨄̍ߦ㧔ੱએᄖߩ㧕৻⥸ߩฬ⹖ฏ߇⟎߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆ଀ࠍ⷗ߡߺࠆ‫ޕ‬
⬁ㅵЎњҔМ৻ˈᕫᡓ䅸䙷ᇕֵՓҪࡼњᖗˈ᠔ҹҪ≵㟡ᕫ⚻ᥝᅗˈᡞᅗ䫕೼њᢑ᭫䞠DŽ
˄ᡒ˅
䙷ѯᄫՓҪᖗ⚺ᛣхDŽ˄ⱑ˅
ⳟᕫߎᴹˈ䖭␌៣ՓҪӀᕜᓔᖗˈᕜ݈༟DŽ˄ࡼ˅
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ℷजᯊߚˈ䄺ᆳ೼䮼䖍ⱘᇣ᠓䯈䞠❂ߛ䴶ˈ䴶∸ⱘ⇨ੇՓҎ‫ס‬ᛳ҆ߛDŽ˄Ѡ˅
߱໣䞠ˈ(ᴹᡒ៥㟙㟙ᯊˈこⴔⱑᑩ咥⚍ⱘ㹀㸷ˈ咥㡆ⱘ㚠ᏺ㺭ᄤˈ⫼ϔᴵ咥㓌ᏺᠧњ
ϔϾ乚㒧ˈ䖬ᢢњϔϾ咥Ⲃⱘᇣࣙˈ䖭ѯ咥㡆Փ៥㟙㟙㛑䅸ߎཌྷᴹDŽ˄᳾˅
䖭⾡乘ᛳՓҪ⌥䑿থ⛁ˈ㛝᧣ᯢᰒࡴᖿњDŽ˄ⱑ˅
៥䖭ϔさ✊ࡼ԰ՓҪϔ᚞ˈ⳼Ꮘⴔⴐⳟⴔ៥˄䖛˅
亲㸠⫳⌏䰸њ᳝Ӭ८ⱘ᡹䝀໪ˈ䖬Փཌྷ᳝ϔ⾡㞾䈾ᛳ˗Փཌྷ㾝ᕫᇍҎҎ᳝⫼˗Փཌྷ㾝ᕫ
㞾Ꮕᰃ೑ᆊ೼㊒⼲䴶䉠੠亢㣗ᮍ䴶ⱘϔϾҷ㸼DŽ
ぎ
ཛཇӀЎℸ䖬ਉњ䍋ᴹˈѝ䆎ⱘ㒧ᵰՓᬙџᔶ៤њ᳝໮ᇥৡཛཇ᳝֓޴Ͼ㒧ሒⱘᓔᬒᗻ
㒧ᵘDŽ˄䆌˅
䖭⾡䙁䘛Փ៥㗗૆ᄺᠻ✻ⱘ‫އ‬ᖗ᳈ࡴമᅮњDŽ
˄᳾˅
ߎࠇࠄߩฬ⹖ฏߦߪߔߴߡ૗ࠄ߆ߩ಴᧪੐߇⿠ߎߞߚߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇฽ᗧߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߢߪ̌㨄̍ߪᚻ⚕ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ᚻ⚕ࠍ⺒ࠎߛ߆ࠄߎߘᓐߪᔃࠍേ߆ߐࠇߚߩߢ޽ߞߡ㧘
ߘߎߦߪ‫ޟ‬ᓐ߇ᚻ⚕ࠍ⺒ࠎߛ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬಴᧪੐߇ሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫
ޕ‬㧘
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‫ޟ‬㤥⦡‫ޠ‬
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ߢߪ㈬ࠍ‫ޟ‬㘶ࠎߛ‫ࠄ߆ޠ‬ᤄߩ੐
ࠍᕁ޿಴ߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޟߩ
ޕ‬േ૞‫ޠ‬㧘
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ߘߩฬ⹖ฏ⥄૕߇૗ࠄ߆ߩⴕὑࠍ⴫ߔ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫߽ߡ޿߅ߦߎߎޕ‬㧘̌㨄̍ߪᒻᑼ਄ߪฬ
⹖ฏߢ߽㧘૗ࠄ߆ߩᐢ޿ᗧ๧ߢߩ಴᧪੐߇೨ឭߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ⏕⹺ߒߡ߅߈ߚ޿‫ޕ‬
=&?േ⹖ฏ㧘ᒻኈ⹖ฏ
ߎߩ㘃ߩ̌㨄̍ߪᒻᑼ߆ࠄ߽ㅀ⹖ᕈᚑಽߛ߆ࠄ㧘૗ࠄ߆ߩേ૞ⴕὑߥߤ߇⊒↢ߒߚߎߣ
ࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ཌྷⱘ㕢БҡᮻՓҎࡼᖗˈԚᏆ㒣༅এњᯎⲯⱘ儙࡯DŽ
˄ⱑ˅
䖭ᆊЏҎⱘࢸ䇼੠⏙⋕Փ៥ᕜ᳝དᛳDŽ
˄ࡼ˅
ཌྷⱘ࡯⇨ৃⳳ໻ˈཌྷ䙷ϔ᥼Փ៥ϔሕ㙵തಲࠄᑞϞDŽ
˄ࡼ˅
៥⊼ᛣࠄ㉇݄੠催ᰟⱘ℠ଅϡᮁⳌѦ⊼㾚ˈԚ៥≵᳝ϔ⚍ႝས੠ϡᖿˈৠໄ℠ଅՓ៥Ӏ
↣ϾҎⴐЁ䛑‫ܙ‬⒵⏅ᚙDŽ
˄ࡼ˅
⠌⠌ⱘߎᏂՓ៥㦋ᕫњⷁ᱖ⱘ㞾⬅੠㾷ᬒDŽ˄ࡼ˅
䖭ѯ䄺ᆳⱘϡⶹ⮆‫׺‬ՓཇҎऩ䑿೼䖭ϾජᏖⱘ໰ᰮᕬᕞ᳝њϔ⾡ᅝܼᛳDŽ
˄⠌˅
៥ϡ‫ݡ‬ಲ䙓ཌྷⱘ㾚㒓ˈ䖬੠ཌྷ䇈ѯᆊᐌ⧤џˈ᥹ⴔˈ៥ᛇ៥ᇍཌྷュϔϟˈ䖭ϔュՓཌྷⱘ
㜌ᄨゟࠏᡁ᳆њǃℾ᭰њˈԐュ䴲ュˈԐુ䴲ુDŽ
˄乊˅
঺໪ˈ៥гᏠᳯϡ‫ݡ‬㾕ࠄԴӀˈⳟࠄԴӀᑊϡՓ៥ᛝᖿˈ⡍߿ᰃᛇࠄԴӀᰃ೼ⳃ៥ⱘṶ
‫ܓ‬DŽ
˄Ҏ˅
੠ҪѠહⱘ㾕䴶᳈Փ៥থぬˈҪѠહϞЁᄺᯊ֓ᰃϾԧ儘‫ع‬ໂⱘᇣӭᄤˈ䴲ᐌ୰⃶ᨨ䎇
੠ᡩᦋ䪙⧗ˈ᳒㴝㘨᭄ሞ៥Ӏ䙷ϾऎЁᄺ⫳䖤ࡼӮ䪙⧗ᡩᦋ‫ݯݴ‬DŽ˄䆌˅
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߫߃଀ޕ‬ᓐᅚ߇⑳ࠍ᛼ߒ
ߚߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘
ߢߪῳⷫ߇಴ᒛߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᒻኈ⹖ฏ߇⴫ߔᗧ๧ࠍ಴᧪੐ߣᝒ߃ࠆߩ
ߪ⧯ᐓ໧㗴߇޽ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿߇㧘ዊⓂߢߪ଀߃߫
ߢߪᓐᅚ߇⟤ߒ޿⁁ᘒߢ޽ࠆߎߣ㧘
ߔߥࠊߜ⧷⺆ߩ be േ⹖⊛ߥᝒ߃ᣇߣߒߡߩ಴᧪੐ߣ⠨߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
='?▵㧔ਥ⺆㧗ㅀ⺆㧕
ᦨᓟߦ㧘ਥ⺆ߣㅀ⺆ࠍ઻ߞߚ▵߇̌㨄̍ߦ૏⟎ߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ϸԡ㗕໾໾さ✊ᴹ䆓ˈՓᓴ᯹‫ܗ‬དϡ༛ᗾDŽ˄б˅
Ҫ䰾ϔѯৠџࠄ㞾⬅Ꮦഎˈ乚༈䅼Ӌ䖬ӋˈՓ໻ᆊфࠄϔѯ֓ᅰⱘ⍋䋻DŽ
˄ⱑ˅
Ҫ䖬᠈њϔϾ↯㒓㒛ⱘᡸ㘇ˈ䙷⥽ᛣ‫ࢦܓ‬೼ϟᏈϞˈՓҪᭈϾҎᰒᕫৃᗰᏈᏈⱘDŽ
˄ⱑ˅
Ҫϡ䆄ᕫ೼ા‫ܓ‬㾕䖛ཌྷӀˈ᠔᳝䖭ѯ䴶ᄨ঴೼ϔ䍋ˈՓҪߚ䕼ϡ⏙DŽ
˄咥˅
ҪӀ䗑∖ཌྷˈ㗠ཌྷ᮶ϡᢦ㒱гϡ㒭ҪӀㄨḜˈՓҪӀ∌䖰໘೼ᘤᚻ੠‫׺‬ᗴПЁDŽ
˄咥˅
䖭ϾཇҎདᢑ⚳ˈϔষ⠭啓❣ᕫР咥ˈՓཌྷⱘ㢅ᆍ᳜䉠໻Ў‫ޣ‬㡆DŽ
˄㪆˅
㸫Ϟℷ䖯㸠Āᄺ䳋䫟᳡ࡵ᮹āⱘ⌏ࡼˈᅷӴ䔺ⱘ໻୛ু੠ᇥ‫ܜ‬䯳哧ো䯳䗴៤ⱘ୻౷䱤
䱤ഄӴ䖯㚵ৠ䞠ˈՓ偀ᵫ⫳ⱘ㘇ᴉ᳝ϔϾ㸫Ϟᕜ⛁䯍ⱘॄ䈵DŽ˄⠌˅
‫ܓ‬ᄤ乎亢ᠧ䖛ᴹⱘ⧗ᘏᰃ亲䍞Ҫキゟⱘԡ㕂ˈՓҪϡᕫϡৢ䗔ӄ䑿᥹⧗ˈҪӀᏆ㒣Ңϔ
ᓔྟキⱘᆊ䮼ষⱘԡ㕂ᖿᠧߎ㚵ৠњDŽ
˄⠌˅
䜦㡆Ϟњཌྷⱘ㜌ˈՓཌྷⳟϞএᕜ᳝޴ߚᶨၮDŽ
˄⠌˅
៥᳝ϔ㔤੪ଵ䈚੠ϔ㔤䗳⒊੪ଵˈ៥ᐌ᧲䫭ˈՓ੪ଵੇ䘧ϔภ㚵⍖DŽ
˄⍂˅
ĀԴ㗕䇈䖭⾡䆱ˈ
ā៥Ӹᖗഄ䇈ˈ
ĀՓ៥⮯㢺DŽā
˄⍂˅
᭰᭰᯹䲼⍌⍺њ⊹ೳˈ⋫‫ޔ‬њὐ᠓݀ುⱘ♄ᇬˈՓජᏖ⛩✊ϔᮄDŽ
˄⍂˅
ᆊ䞠ϔߛձᮻˈ䙷⾡❳ᙝⱘ‫ޠ‬х੠䱣ᛣህ‫ڣ‬៥Ҟᮽᠡ⾏এˈ᠔᳝㸷⠽⫼ક䛑೼㗕ഄᮍˈ
Փ៥ᛳࠄϔ⾡ᵒ偄੠㟦䗖DŽ˄乊˅
೼亲ᴎϞ៥ᕫњᰩࡼ⮙ˈ৤Ͼ≵ᅠˈཌྷӀ㒭៥ⲪϞ↯⇃ˈ⏙⧚⿑⠽ˈྟ㒜䙷М↋ࢸˈ䛑
Փ៥ϡདᛣᗱ䍋ᴹDŽ˄ぎ˅
ᇍ݊ԭಯᇍ໿ཛⱘẔᶹⲬ䯂г᮴ᬊ㦋ˈ᠓䯈ϔϾ㉫剕ⱘ∝ᄤ䖬⫼ᵕЎϡ෾ⱘ䇁㿔㕲
䖅њߚሔ䭓ϔ乓ˈՓߚሔ䭓Ң䙷Ͼ᠓䯈ߎᴹৢᖗᚙकߚᙊࡷDŽ˄Ҏ˅
ᇣྮ䰓ྼ㾕њ៥ህ⫼᠟ᣛࠂ㜌ˈՓ៥ᕜᰃ䲒෾DŽ
˄᳾˅
᳝݇䖭༈䭓থˈ䳔㽕㸹‫ܙ‬䇈ˈࠡ䴶㱑✊⾗њˈৢ䴶䖬ᕜ㣖ⲯˈՓ៥㟙㟙‫ڣ‬Ͼࠡ⏙ⱘ䘫㗕ˈ
ⳟϞএ߿᳝亢䷉˗ㄝࠄࠗ‫ܝ‬њˈҪবᕫᴈᅲ᮴ढDŽ
˄Ѡ˅
̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߦ߅ߌࠆߎࠇࠄߩ̌㨄̍ߩಽᏓ߆ࠄ㧘ߎߩ᭴ᢥߦߟ޿ߡߩ૗߇ࠊ߆ࠆߢ
޽ࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬
㪌㪅▵䈫䈚䈩䈱㵰㪯㵱䈱䊒䊨䊃䉺䉟䊒ᕈ㩷
⚿⺰߆ࠄㅀߴࠇ߫㧘ዊⓂߢߪ㧘਄⸥='?㘃ߩ‫߇ޠ▵ޟ‬㧘ਛ࿖⺆ߩ̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩਥ⺆
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╙৻ߦ㧘̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩ̌㨄̍ߩਛߢߪ▵߇᧪ࠆ߽ߩ߇ᢙ㊂⊛ߦᄙ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽
ࠆ‫੹ߪࠇߎޕ‬࿁ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ᣿ࠄ߆ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦ߁ࠃࠆ߆ࠊ߫ࠇ⷗ࠍ⴫ߩ
ޕ‬㧘
̌㨄̍߇▵߆ࠄߥࠆ଀ߪ ଀޽ࠅ㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬਛߩ̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩ✚ᢙ ଀ߩ⚂ ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻ࠍභ߼ࠆ‫̌ޕ‬ি̍ߣߩኻᲧ߆ࠄᄙ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᕁࠊࠇ߇ߜߥੱ⒓ઍ⹖╬ߩ
ੱࠍ⴫ߔฬ⹖ฏߪ㧘ᯏ᪾⊛ߦࠞ࠙ࡦ࠻ߒߡ߽ ଀ߢ㧘ߒ߆߽ߘߩౝߦߪ㧘࿃ᨐ㑐ଥࠍ⵬
ഥߔࠆ⺆ฏ߇ᢥਛߦ฽߹ࠇߡ޿ߡኻ⽎ᄖߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ଀߽ዋߥߊߥߊ㧘ᱷࠆήᮡߩ଀ߪߎ
ࠇࠃࠅᦝߦዋߥߊߥࠆߎߣߪ㧘೨ㅀߒߚߣ߅ࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
╙ੑߦ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ▵߇̌㨄̍ߦ┙ߟ࠲ࠗࡊߪ㧘ߘ߽ߘ߽ᧄ᧪⊛ߦ̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩᧄ
⾰⊛ߥ㕙ࠍౕ⃻ൻߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ὐߦ߅޿ߡ㧘᭴ㅧ⥄૕߇᭴ᢥߩࡊࡠ࠻࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍ૬ߖᜬ
ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
▵߇̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩ̌㨄̍ߩ૏⟎ߦ⟎߆ࠇࠆߣߪ㧘଀߃߫
ߩ଀ࠍ↪޿ߡ␜ߖ߫㧘
ϸԡ㗕໾໾さ✊ᴹ䆓ˈ Փ
X
ᓴ᯹‫ܗ‬
“Փ”
དϡ༛ᗾDŽ
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ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘⛔⺆⊛ߦ“Փ”ߩ೨ߩ૏⟎ߦ㧘ਥ⺆̌ϸԡ㗕໾໾̍ߣㅀ⺆̌さ✊ᴹ䆓̍ࠍ஻߃ߚ
㧘“Փ”ߩᓟߩ̌㨂̍
▵ᒻᑼ߇᧪ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫▵ߢߎߎޕ‬ਛߩਥ⺆ࠍ̌㧿̍㧘ㅀ⺆ࠍ̌㨂̍
ࠍߘࠇߣ඙೎ߔࠆߚ߼̌㨂̍ߣߔࠆߣ㧘ߎߩ࠲ࠗࡊߪ㧘
ϸԡ㗕໾໾ さ✊ᴹ䆓ˈ Փ
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ᓴ᯹‫ܗ‬
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㧿㧗㨂㧗̌Փ̍㧗㨅㧗㨂
ߣ⴫␜ߢ߈ࠆ‫̌ߩߎޕ‬㧿㧗㨂̍߇▵㧔clause㧕ߢ޽ࠆߩߣห᭽ߦ㧘̌㨅㧗㨂߽̍▵ࠍ᭴ᚑ
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=clause?㧗“Փ”㧗=clause?
ߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ᗧ๧⊛ߦߪ㧘▵ߪ৻⥸ߦ಴᧪੐㧔event㧕ࠍ⴫ߔ‫ޕ‬
̌clause̍ߪ‫̌ޟ‬㧿̍߇̌㨂̍ߒ
ߚ㧔ߥߞߚ㧕‫߁޿ߣޠ‬㧘̌clause̍ߪ‫̌ޟ‬㨅̍߇̌㨂̍ߒߚ㧔ߥߞߚ㧕‫ޕࠆ޽ߢߣߎ߁޿ߣޠ‬
ࠃߞߡ
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=event?CAUSE =event?
ߣ޿߁੐⽎᭴ㅧࠍౕ⃻ൻߒߚ߽ߩߦઁߥࠄߥ޿‫ߩߎޕ‬㑐ଥߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ␜ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⛔⺆࡟ࡌ࡞㧦㧿㧗㨂㧗 “Փ”㧗㨅㧗㨂
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ᗧ๧࡟ࡌ࡞㧦=event?CAUSE =event? 㧔੐⽎᭴ㅧ㧕
૶ᓎ㧔causatives㧕ߣߪߘ߽ߘ߽㧘㧞ߟߩ಴᧪੐ߩ࿃ᨐㅪ㎮㧔causal chain㧕ࠍ⴫ߔ‫ߥߔޕ‬
ࠊߜ㧘ේ࿃ߣߥࠆ಴᧪੐㧔causing event㧕߇⿠ߎࠅ㧘⚿ᨐߣߥࠆ಴᧪੐㧔caused event㧕ࠍ
ᒁ߈⿠ߎߔߣ޿߁੐ᘒߢ޽ࠆ‫૶ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᓎ⊛੐ᘒߪ㧘
ߩࠃ߁ߥ੐⽎᭴ㅧߢ⴫␜ߔ
ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߇㧘ߎߩ੐⽎᭴ㅧࠍ㧘ᭂ߼ߡᔘታߦ⛔⺆᭴ㅧߦ౮௝ߒߚ߽ߩ߇
ߢ޽ࠅ㧘
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ߩ਎⇇ߢ੐ᘒ߇⊒↢ߔࠆ㗅ߦߘߩ߹߹⛔ว᭴ㅧ਄ߢਗߴߡ޿ࠆὐߢ㧘⸒⺆ߩᜬߟ㘃௝ᕈ
㧔iconicity㧕ߣ޿߁৻㕙ߦ߽ว⥌ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫◲ޕ‬ẖߦ⸒߃߫㧘૶ᓎേ⹖̌Փ̍ߪ㧘
‫ޟ‬
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߇̌㨂̍ߒߚ㧔ߥߞߚ㧕‫ޠ‬㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐ‫̌ޟ‬㨅̍߇̌㨂̍ߒߚ㧔ߥߞߚ㧕‫߁޿ߣޠ‬㧞ߟߩ಴᧪
੐ࠍ࿃ᨐㅪ㎮਄⚿߮ߟߌࠆ㧘޿ࠊ߫ធ⛯⹖⊛ߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩਥ⺆ߩవ㗡ㇱಽߦ̌಴Ў̍̌⬅Ѣ̍ߩࠃ߁ߥធ⛯⹖߇↢⿠ߒ㧘⺋↪㧘
޽ࠆ޿ߪ㕖Ᏹߦ․ᱶߥᒻᑼߣߣࠄ߃ࠄࠇ⼏⺰ߐࠇߡ߈ߚᒻ߽㧘̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥ߇ේ࿃ߣ⚿
ᨐࠍ⴫ߔੑߟߩ▵ࠍ⚿߱᭴ᢥߢ޽ࠅ㧘̌Փ̍ߪធ⛯⹖⊛ߥ௛߈ࠍߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠇ߫㧘ߏ
ߊ⥄ὼߥ⸃㉼ࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ੑߟߩ▵ߩ㑆ߩ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥࠍ㧘ᓟ▵వ㗡ߦធ⛯⹖̌Փ̍
߇⟎߆ࠇ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆߛߌߢߥߊ㧘ߐࠄߦ೨▵ߩవ㗡ߦ߽̌಴Ў̍̌⬅Ѣ̍ߩࠃ߁ߥធ⛯⹖
߇⟎߆ࠇ㧘࿃ᨐ㑐ଥࠍ৻ጀ᣿␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠇ߫㧘ߎࠇࠄߪ૗ࠄ․ᱶߥ⃻⽎ߢߪߥ
޿‫ޕ‬
⬅Ѣⴐ䬰䙂ԣњҪⱘঠⴐˈՓҪ㜌Ϟ᳔ৢⱘ䙷⚍㘾ᯢ⼲ᗕ⍜䗱⅚ሑDŽ⠌
া಴䙷໽ⱘ⠻Ꮬϡ䆌៥乚೷令ˈՓ៥㾝ᕫҪᕜৃᙊDŽ⍂
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ߐߡ㧘೨⸥
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߃߆ߚ߆ࠄ⊒ᗐࠍㅒォߐߖߡߺࠃ߁‫ߩߎޕ‬᭴ᢥߪ㧘
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6ᩊ⼱㧘䌎㧘5KPIJ╬ࠍෳᾖ‫ޕ‬
7催ˈ䙶╬ࠍෳᾖ‫ޕ‬
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[E]▵㧗̌Փ̍㧗㨪
ᖂᖂⱘ‫ޝ‬亢਍೼䑿ϞˈՓ៥ᛳࠄ䴲ᐌ㟦᳡DŽ
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[D]േ⹖ฏ㧗̌Փ̍㧗㨪
᥹ࠄҪⱘᴹֵˈՓ៥ᕫࠄњᅝᝄDŽ
[C]ฬ⹖ฏ㧗̌Փ̍㧗㨪
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䖭Ͼ⬉ᕅՓ៥ᛇ䍋њスᑈᯊҷⱘ⫳⌏DŽ
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[B]ฬ⹖ฏ(ੱߩ․ᓽ)㧗̌Փ̍㨪
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ࡔࡦࡃ࡯ [A]ฬ⹖ฏ(ੱ)㧗̌Փ̍㨪
ҪՓ៥ᛳࠄ༅ᳯDŽ
='?ߩ㧘▵߇̌㨄̍ߦ૏⟎ߔࠆ଀߇㧘੐⽎᭴ㅧࠍߘߩ߹߹ᔘታߦ⛔⺆᭴ㅧߦ౮௝ߒߚ㧘
ਛ࿖⺆ߩ̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߣ޿߁᭴ᢥߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝ߩࡊࡠ࠻࠲ࠗࡊߢ޽ࠆ‫⺑ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޕ‬᣿ߢ
ㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᗧ๧⊛ߦߪᱷࠆ=&?߆ࠄ=#?߽ߘߩ̌㨄̍ߪ಴᧪੐ࠍ⴫ߔߩߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘='?
ψ=&?ψ=%?ψ=$?ψ=#?ߣㅴ߻ߦᓥߞߡ㧘ߘߩ಴᧪੐ߔߴߡࠍ⛔⺆᭴ㅧߦ౮௝ߔࠆߩߢߪߥ
ߊ㧘ߘߩਛߢ⹺⍮⊛㓙┙ߜ㧔prominence㧕ߩ޽ࠆᚑಽߩߺ߇ขࠅ಴ߐࠇ㧘ઁߩᚑಽߪ⢛᥊
ൻߐࠇߡߘ߉⪭ߣߐࠇߡ޿ߊ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬਄⸥=%?ߩ଀̌䖭Ͼ⬉ᕅՓ៥ᛇ䍋њスᑈᯊҷⱘ⫳⌏DŽ
̍
ߢߪ㧘ᤋ↹ࠍ⷗ߚ⚿ᨐ㧘⥄ಽߩሶଏᤨઍߩ↢ᵴࠍᕁ޿಴ߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ේ࿃ߦߪ‫߇⑳ޟ‬ᤋ
↹ࠍ⷗ߚ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬಴᧪੐߇㓝ࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߛ߇㧘ਛߢ߽ේ࿃ߣߒߡᦨ߽⋥ធ⊛㧘᳿ቯ⊛ߦ㑐
ਈߔࠆ‫ޟ‬ᤋ↹‫߇ޠ‬೨᥊ൻߐࠇ㧘ߘࠇ߇‫߇⑳ޟ‬ᤋ↹ࠍ⷗ߚ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬಴᧪੐ో૕ࠍઍ⴫ߒߡ޿
ࠆ‫=ޕ‬#?ߩ଀̌ҪՓ៥ᛳࠄ༅ᳯDŽ̍ߢߪ㧘ᓐ߇૗߆߭ߤ޿ߎߣ߿ߺߞߣ߽ߥ޿ߎߣࠍߒߡ㧘
ߘߩ⚿ᨐߘࠇࠍ⷗ߚ⑳߇ᓐߦᄬᦸߒߚ㧘ߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥ੐ᘒ߇৻଀ߣߒߡᗐቯߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ේ࿃
ߪ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽‫ޟ‬ᓐ߇߭ߤ޿ߎߣࠍߒߚ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬಴᧪੐ߘߩ߽ߩߥߩߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߘߩਛߢ߽
ᦨ߽⋥ធ⊛㧘᳿ቯ⊛ߦ㑐ਈߔࠆ‫ޟ‬ᓐ‫߇ޠ‬ขࠅ಴ߐࠇ㧘ߘࠇ߇ⵣߦ޽ࠆ಴᧪੐ో૕ࠍઍ⴫ߒ
ߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬㧘⹤⠪ߩ⹺⍮ߩὶὐ߇ᒰߚߞߚᚑಽߩߺ߇⸒⺆ᒻᑼൻߐࠇ㧘ߘ
ࠇ߇ታ㓙ߦߪ಴᧪੐ో૕ࠍᜰ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫࡯ࡒ࠾࠻ࡔߪࠇߎޕ‬㧔឵༙metonymy㧕ߦേᯏઃ
ߌࠄࠇߚ᭴ᢥߩ᜛ᒛߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
㪎㪅ℂ⺰⊛ၮ⋚䈮䈧䈇䈩㩷
ߐߡ㧘ਥ⺆ߩ='?ψ=&?ψ=%?ψ=$?ψ=#?ߣㅴ߻᜛ᒛߦ㧘ዊⓂߢߪ⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇ⊛⷗࿾߆ࠄ
⸃㉼ࠍട߃ࠆ߇㧘ߎߎߢߪ߹ߕߎߎߢߩ⼏⺰ߩ೨ឭߣߥࠆℂ⺰⊛ၮ⋚ߦߟ޿ߡ⸃⺑ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ࡔ࠻࠾ࡒ࡯ߣߪ㧘‫ޟ‬ㅢᏱ㨄ࠍᜰ␜ߔࠆ⴫⃻߇㨄ߣኒធߦ㑐ଥߔࠆ㨅ࠍᜰ␜ߔࠆߩߦ↪޿
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ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߢ⽎⃻ޠ‬㧘ߎࠇ߇නߥࠆୃㄉ⊛ߥ⃻⽎ߢߪߥߊ㧘ᣣᏱ⸒⺆ߦ஍࿷ߔࠆੱ㑆ߩၮᧄ⊛
ߥ⹺⍮⢻ജߩ⃻ࠇߢ޽ࠆὐߪ㧘᭽‫⹺ߥޘ‬⍮⸒⺆ቇߩవⴕ⎇ⓥ߇ᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆㅢࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㨄ߣ㨅ߩ㑆ߩ㓞ធᕈߦߪਥߦએਅߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
౉ࠇ‛ߢਛりࠍ␜ߔ ࠽ࡌ߇ᾚ߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔φ࠽ࡌߩਛり߇㧕
ᓐᅚߪᵗ᦯࠳ࡦࠬࠍᢛℂߒߚ‫ޕ‬㧔φᵗ᦯࠳ࡦࠬߩਛߩ⴩㘃ࠍ㧕
㤥᧼ࠍᶖߔ‫ޕ‬
㧔φ㤥᧼ߦᦠ߆ࠇߚሼࠍ㧕
ో૕ߢㇱಽࠍ␜ߔ 㔚⃿߇ಾࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔φ㔚⃿ߩࡈࠖ࡜ࡔࡦ࠻߇㧕
ࡔࠟࡀ߇ᦅߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧔φࡔࠟࡀߩ࡟ࡦ࠭߇㧕
⑳ߪࠈ߁ߘߊࠍ็߈ᶖߒߚ‫ޕ‬
㧔φࠈ߁ߘߊߩἻࠍ㧕
⥄ォゞ߇ࡄࡦࠢߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔φ⥄ォゞߩ࠲ࠗࡗ߇㧕
⵾૞⠪ߢ↥‛ࠍ⴫ߔ
ᦨㄭ߹ߚ᧛਄ᤐ᮸ࠍ⺒ߺᆎ߼ߚ‫ޕ‬
㧔φ᧛਄ᤐ᮸ߩᧄࠍ㧕
⑳ߪ㧵㧮㧹ࠍ⾈ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
㧔φ㧵㧮㧹ߩࡄ࠰ࠦࡦࠍ㧕
ේ࿃ߢ⚿ᨐࠍ␜ߔ ╩ࠍขࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔φᦠ߈ᆎ߼ࠆ㧕
⚿ᨐߢේ࿃ࠍ␜ߔ ࡙࠾ࡈࠜ࡯ࡓࠍ⣕ߋ‫ޕ‬
㧔φㆬᚻ↢ᵴࠍ߿߼ࠆ㧕
ㄭ㓞‛ߢਥ૕ࠍ⴫ߔ ᜰើ⠪ߪߘߩࠢ࡜࡝ࡀ࠶࠻ࠍ╉ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧔φࠢ࡜࡝ࡀ࠶࠻ᄼ⠪ࠍ㧕
ࠞ࠷ਦ߇㘩޿ㅏߍߒߚ‫ޕ‬㧔φࠞ࠷ਦࠍ㘩ߴߚቴ߇㧕
ߎࠇࠄߦߪ߹ߛᲧセ⊛ᢥ⣂ଐሽᐲߩ㜞޿㧘⺆↪⺰⊛ⷐ⚛ߩᄙ޿⴫⃻߽ዋߥߊߥ޿‫߆ߒޕ‬
ߒਛߦߪ㧘ᣣᏱ⴫⃻ߦᶐㅘߒߡ߽ߪ߿ᜰ៰ߐࠇߥ޿㒢ࠅࡔ࠻࠾ࡒ࡯⊛⴫⃻ߛߣߪ᳇ߠ߆ߥ
޿߽ߩ߽޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ታ㓙ߦߪ㨄ߣ㨅ߩㄭ㓞ᕈߦߪ᭽‫ࠅ޽߇ߩ߽ߥޘ‬㧘਄⸥ߩಽ㘃ߦߔߴߡ
߇౉ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬ታ㓙㧘એਅߩ଀߆ࠄࠊ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ห৻ߩ੐ᘒࠍ⴫ߔߩߦ㧘ห৻ߩ
േ⹖߇⇣ߥࠆ⋡⊛⺆ࠍㆬᛯߔࠆ⃻⽎ߪ᏷ᐢߊ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ߇㧘ߎࠇߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘಴᧪੐ߩਛߩ
ߤߩ㕙ߦ⹺⍮ߩὶὐ߇ᒰߡࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ߆ߩ㆑޿ߦၮߠ޿ߡ⇣ߥߞߚ⋡⊛⺆߇ㆬ߫ࠇߡ޿
ࠆߩߢ޽ߞߡ㧘ᐢ޿ᗧ๧ߢߪࡔ࠻࠾ࡒ࡯ߩ⸒⺆߳ߩ෻ᤋߢ޽ࠆߣ⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߪߢࠄࠇߎޕ‬
ห৻ߩ಴᧪੐ߩࡈ࡟࡯ࡓౝߩ⇣ߥࠆዪ㕙ࠍ೨᥊ൻߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
8
⷏᧛ࠍෳᾖ‫ޕ‬
ἑᚭࠍෳᾖ‫ޕ‬
10 ‫ޟ‬ẇ⍹ߪ߅߽ߒࠈ߆ߞߚࠃ‫߽ߡ߃⸒ߣޠ‬㧘ࡔࠕ࡝࡯ߩ૞ߞߚࠤ࡯ࠠࠍᜰߒߡ㧔TAYLOR㧕
‫ޟ‬㧫ࡔࠕ࡝
࡯ߪ߅޿ߒ߆ߞߚࠃ‫ߪߩ޿ߥ߃⸒ߣޠ‬㧘ẇ⍹߇ዊ⺑ኅߢ૞ຠߣኈᤃߦ⚿߮ߟߊߣ޿߁⊖⑼੐ౖ⊛⍮⼂ߩᡰ߃߇޽
ࠆߎߣߦ߶߆ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬
11 ଀
㨪
ߪᴢࠃࠅ‫ޕ‬
9
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CI locked the door.
DI locked the room.
C᳓ࠍᴣ߆ߔ‫ޕ‬
Dḡࠍᴣ߆ߔ‫ޕ‬
E㘑ํࠍᴣ߆ߔ‫ޕ‬
CҪ೼䙷‫ܓ‬㝣䔺䕈ਸ਼DŽ
DҪ೼䙷‫ܓ‬㝣䔺ਸ਼DŽ
CҪ≵ᠷᠷᄤህߎএњDŽ
DҪ≵ᠷ㸷᳡ህߎএњDŽ
CԴ㒭Ҫࠞњ㣍ᵰⲂ৻DŽ
DԴ㒭ҪࠞϾ㣍ᵰ৻DŽ
એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥࡔ࠻࠾ࡒ࡯ߩ㧘ߘߩ․ߦᢥᴺߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆ⃻⽎ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘LANGACKER
߇ឭ໒ߒߚߩ߇‫ޟ‬ᵴᕈൻ㗔ၞ‫ޠ‬
㧔active zone㧕ߣ޿߁⠨߃ᣇߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⹺⍮ᢥᴺߢߪ㧘⺆ฏ߇⋥ធᜰ␜ߔࠆ߽ߩࠍ‫ޠ࡞ࠗࠔࡈࡠࡊޟ‬㧔profile㧕㧘߹ߚ㧘޽ࠆ߽ߩ
ߩ߁ߜ㧘ᚲਈߩ㑐ଥߦᦨ߽⋥ធ⊛㧘᳿ቯ⊛ߦ㑐ਈߔࠆㇱಽߩߎߣࠍ‫ޟ‬ᵴᕈൻ㗔ၞ‫ޠ‬㧔active
zone㧕ߣ๭߱‫߫߃଀ޕ‬ᰴߩ଀ߢ⠨߃ߡߺࠆ‫ޕ‬
CI picked up the phone.
DThe phone rang.
̌phone̍ߪߎߩ޿ߕࠇߦ߅޿ߡ߽‫ޟ‬㔚⹤ᯏ‫ߢޠ‬㧘ߎࠇ߇ߎߎߢߩࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߣߎࠈ߇
Cߣ
Dߢߪ㧘㔚⹤ᯏߩߤߩㇱಽ߇ㅀ⺆േ⹖߇⴫ߔࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߦ㑐ਈߔࠆ߆ߣ
޿߁ὐߦ߅޿ߡ⇣ߥࠆ‫
ޕ‬Cߢߪ‫ޟ‬ขࠅ਄ߍࠆ‫⋥߽ᦨߦࠬ࠮ࡠࡊޠ‬ធ⊛㧘᳿ቯ⊛ߦ㑐ਈ
ߔࠆߩߪ‫ޟ‬ฃ⹤ེ‫ߢޠ‬㧘
Dߢߪ‫ޟ‬㡆ࠆ‫⋥߽ᦨߦࠬ࠮ࡠࡊޠ‬ធ⊛㧘᳿ቯ⊛ߦ㑐ਈߔࠆߩ
ߪ‫ޟޕࠆ޽ߢޠ࡞ࡌޟ‬ฃ⹤ེ‫ߩࠇߙࠇߘ߇ޠ࡞ࡌޟߣޠ‬ᢥߩᵴᕈൻ㗔ၞߢ޽ࠆ‫ࡒ࠾࠻ࡔޕ‬
࡯⃻⽎ߪ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᵴᕈൻ㗔ၞߣࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߩਵ㔌㧔active-zone/profile discrepancy㧕
ߢ޽ࠆߣಽᨆߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔LANGACKER㧔LANGACKER㧕㧕߹ߚ଀߃߫㧘
She heard the piano.
I finally blinked.
ߢ㧘
ߢߪࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߪ‫߇ߛޠࡁࠕࡇޟ‬㧘ታ㓙ߦ⡞޿ߚߩߪ‫ߩࡁࠕࡇޟ‬㖸‫߇ࠇߎߢޠ‬
ᵴᕈൻ㗔ၞ㧘
ߢߪࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߪ‫߇ߛޠ⑳ޟ‬㧘߹߫ߚ߈ߒߚߩߪ‫ࠅ޽ߢޠߚ߱߹ޟ‬㧘
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ߎࠇ߇ᵴᕈൻ㗔ၞߣߥࠆࠊߌߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߐߡ㧘એ਄ߩⷰὐ߽ขࠅ౉ࠇߡࡔ࠻࠾ࡒ࡯⃻⽎ࠍౣ⸃㉼ߒߡߺࠆߣ㧘଀߃߫
࠽ࡌ߇ᾚ߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߩࠃ߁ߥ଀ߢߪ㧘⹺⍮⊛㓙┙ߜߩ㜞޿߽ߩ㧔࠽ࡌ㧕߇ࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߣߒߡ⸒⺆ൻߐࠇࠆ߇㧘
ߘࠇ߇ታ㓙ߦߪࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ㧔ᾚ߃ࠆ㧕ߦ᳿ቯ⊛ߦ㑐ਈߔࠆᵴᕈൻ㗔ၞ㧔࠽ࡌߩਛߩᢱℂ㧕ࠍ
ᜰ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⃻⽎ࠍࡔ࠻࠾ࡒ࡯ߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㪏㪅䊜䊃䊆䊚䊷䈫䈚䈩䈱ਥ⺆㵰㪯㵱㩷
ߐߡ㧘ਛ࿖⺆ߩ̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩਥ⺆̌㨄̍ߪ㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⸃㉼ߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߛࠈ߁
߆‫ޕ‬
ࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߣᵴᕈൻ㗔ၞߪ㧘޿ߕࠇ߽ฬ⹖ᕈᚑಽ㧔ࡕࡁ㧕ߢߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߣ޿߁
ߎߣߪߥ޿ߪߕߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪߢߎߎޕ‬㧘ࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞㧩ฬ⹖ᕈᚑಽ㧘ᵴᕈൻ㗔ၞ㧩಴᧪੐ߣ޿
߁㑐ଥࠍᗐቯߒߡߺࠃ߁‫ޕ‬឵⸒ߔࠇ߫㧘⸒⺆ᒻᑼߣߒߡߪฬ⹖ฏߛ߇㧘ߘࠇߪታ㓙ߦߪേ
⹖ฏ⊛ౝኈ㧘಴᧪੐ࠍᜰߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁⃻⽎ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
LANGACKER߿◉ේߩ᜼ߍࠆ଀߆ࠄߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⃻⽎ߦ⹥ᒰߔࠆ߽ߩࠍએਅߦ
᜼ߍߡߺࠆ‫ޕ‬
CHe began dinner.
DHe began eating dinner.
CThe orchestra started the next song.
DThe orchestra started playing the next song.
CThe author finished a new book.
DThe author finished writing a new book.
CDad went back to his paper.
DDad went back to reading his paper.
CShe tried the little gold key in the lock.
DShe tried to put the little gold key in the lock.
CThat book is easy.
DTo read that book is easy.
CSuch a contract is dangerous.
DTo make such a contract is dangerous.
CMonopoly is fun.
12 ߎߩᵴᕈൻ㗔ၞߩ⃻⽎ࠍ฽߼㧘ߘߩઁߩ᭽‫ࠍ⽎⃻ߥޘ‬㧘ࠃࠅ৻⥸⊛ߥ⹺⍮⢻ജ߆ࠄ࡜ࡀࠞ࡯߇ಽᨆߒߡ޿ࠆߩ
߇‫ޟ‬ෳᾖὐ᭴ㅧ‫ޠ‬㧔reference point construction㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪ⚦⹦ޕ‬LANGACKERࠍෳᾖ‫ޕ‬
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DTo play Monopoly is fun.
ߎࠇࠄߩ଀ߢC߇⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ੐ᘒߪ㧘ታ㓙ߦߪDߢㅀߴࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ߡߞࠃޕ‬C
ߩᢥߩਅ✢ㇱߩฬ⹖ฏߪ㧘ታ㓙ߦߪേ⹖ฏߢ⴫ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍ㧔ࡔ࠻࠾ࡒ࡯⊛ߦ㧕
ᜰ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ታ㓙㧘࡜ࡀࠞ࡯ߪ㧘LANGACKERߦ߅޿ߡ㧘‫ࠅ➅ޟ‬਄ߍ᭴ᢥ‫ࠍޠ‬㧘಴᧪੐ߩෳਈ⠪
ߢ಴᧪੐ࠍ⴫ߔࡔ࠻࠾ࡒ࡯ߣ⷗ࠆಽᨆࠍឭ᩺ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㑐ㅪㇱಽࠍᰴߦᒁ↪ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
In a sentence like (24)a, for instance, the “raised” nominal (Jones) stands metonymically for
the clausal event (Jones sue us) that participates directly in the main-clause relationship (be
unlikely).
(24)a.Jones would be unlikely to sue us.
(LANGACKER)
߹ߚ㧘ᣣᧄ⺆ߢ߽㧘
ᐢፉߪᭉߒ߆ߞߚߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬
ߣ⸒ߞߚ႐ว㧘ߎߩᢥߪ⺆↪⺰⊛ߥᢥ⣂ଐሽᐲ߇㜞ߊߥࠆ߇㧘‫ޟ‬ᐢፉ‫ߪߣޠ‬࿕᦭ฬ⹖ߣߒ
ߡߩᜰ␜ኻ⽎ߢߪߥߊ㧘଀߃߫ᐢፉߦᣏⴕߦⴕߞߚߣ޿߁಴᧪੐ࠍᜰߔߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߐߡ㧘ਛ࿖⺆ߩ̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩਥ⺆̌㨄߽̍ߎߩࠃ߁ߥℂ⺰⊛⷗࿾߆ࠄߩ⸃㉼߇น⢻
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩ
ޕ‬㧘
̌㨄̍߇ฬ⹖ᕈᚑಽߢ޽ࠆ=%?㘃㧘=$?㘃㧘=#?㘃ߦߟ޿ߡ⏕⹺ߒߡߺࠃ߁‫ޕ‬
=%?㘃㧦ฬ⹖ฏ㧗̌Փ̍㧗㨪 ߩ଀
䖭ߎ៣Փ㾖ӫ䴲ᐌᛳࡼDŽ
ϹḐⱘ‫ݯ‬䆁ՓৠᄺӀ໻໻๲ᔎњ㑾ᕟᗻDŽ
ϔഎ໻⮙Փᇣ⥟䑿ԧ䴲ᐌ㰮ᔅDŽ
=$?㘃㧦ฬ⹖ฏ(ੱߩ․ᓽ)㧗̌Փ̍㨪 ߩ଀
Ҫⱘ䆱Փ៥ᛳࠄᕜ҆ߛDŽ
ཌྷ䙷䅸ⳳⱘ㧘୘ᛣⱘ㸼ᚙՓ៥ᕜᛳࡼDŽ
ᴥ䭓ⱘᗕᑺՓᴥ⇥Ӏ༅ᳯDŽ
=#?㘃㧦ฬ⹖ฏ(ੱ)㧗̌Փ̍㨪 ߩ଀
ҪՓ៥ᛳࠄ༅ᳯDŽ
=%?㘃ߪ৻⥸ߩฬ⹖ฏߩ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫̌ߪߢ
ޕ‬䖭ߎ៣̍ߢ‫⦼ޟ‬ዬࠍ⷗ߚ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬಴᧪੐ࠍ㧘
ߢߪ̌ϹḐⱘ‫ݯ‬䆁̍ߢ‫ޟ‬෩ߒ޿ァ੐⸠✵ࠍฃߌߚ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬಴᧪੐ࠍ㧘
ߢߪ̌ϔ
എ໻⮙̍ߢ‫ޟ‬ᄢ∛ࠍᖚߞߚ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬಴᧪੐ࠍ㧘ࡔ࠻࠾ࡒ࡯⊛ߦᜰ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫=ޕ‬$?㘃ߢߪ
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⹺⍮⊛㓙┙ߜ߇ੱ㑆ߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆ੐ᨩߦ⒖ⴕߒߡ޿ࠆ‫̌ߪߢ
ޕ‬Ҫⱘ䆱̍߇‫ޟ‬ᓐߩ⹤ࠍ
⡞޿ߚ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬಴᧪੐ࠍ㧘
ߢߪ̌ཌྷ䙷䅸ⳳⱘ㧘୘ᛣⱘ㸼ᚙ̍ߢ‫ޟ‬ᓐᅚߩ⴫ᖱࠍ⷗ߚ‫ޠ‬
ߣ޿߁಴᧪੐ࠍ㧘
ߢߪ̌ᴥ䭓ⱘᗕᑺ̍ߢ‫᧛ޟ‬㐳ߩᘒᐲࠍ⷗ߚ‫ޠ‬
㧔߹ߚߪߘߩࠃ߁ߥᘒ
ᐲࠍฃߌߚ㧕ߣ޿߁಴᧪੐ࠍ㧘ห᭽ߦࡔ࠻࠾ࡒ࡯⊛ߦᜰ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫=ޕ‬#?㘃ߩ㧘ੱ⒓ઍฬ
⹖ߦઍ⴫ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥੱࠍ⴫ߔฬ⹖ฏ߇̌㨄̍ߦ᧪ࠆ଀ߪ೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦዋߥ޿‫ߩ
ޕ‬
̌Ҫ̍߇ߎߩᢥߦ߅޿ߡౕ૕⊛ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥᵴᕈൻ㗔ၞࠍᜰߔ߆ߪᢥ⣂ߦࠃࠆߩߢ৻⟵⊛
ߦߪ᳿ቯߢ߈ߥ޿߇㧘଀߃߫‫ޟ‬ᓐ߇૗߆߭ߤ޿㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪή᭽ߥߎߣࠍߒߡ㧘⑳߇ߘࠇࠍ
⷗ߚ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪߘߩ߭ߤ޿઀ᛂߜࠍฃߌߚ‫ߥ߁ࠃ߁޿ߣޠ‬಴᧪੐߇ᗐቯߢ߈ࠃ߁‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᗧ๧ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘
ߩ='?㘃ψ=#?㘃ߩㅪ⛯૕ߪ㧘᭴ᢥ⥄૕ߪ৻⽾ߒߚ੐⽎᭴
ㅧࠍ⴫ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘੐⽎᭴ㅧࠍో૕⊛ߦᦨ߽ᔘታߦ⛔⺆᭴ㅧߦ౮௝ߒߚ='?㘃߆ࠄᆎ߹ߞߡ㧘
=#?㘃ߦ޿ߌ߫޿ߊ߶ߤ㧘޿ࠊ߫⹺⍮⊛㓙┙ߜߩ㜞޿ㇱಽߛߌ߇ᱷߐࠇߘߩઁߩㇱಽߪ⸒
⺆ᒻᑼ߆ࠄߘ߉⪭ߣߐࠇߡ޿߈㧘ᦨᓟߦߪⶄ㔀ߥ಴᧪੐ߦᦨ߽᳿ቯ⊛ߦ㑐ਈߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠੱޟ‬
ߛߌࠍࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߒߡਥ⺆ߣߒߡᱷߒ㧘ߘࠇ߇ᵴᕈൻ㗔ၞߢ޽ࠆ಴᧪੐ో૕ࠍࡔ࠻࠾ࡒ
࡯⊛ߦᜰ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆᒻᑼߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ㧘૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩਥ⺆߇ߚߣ߃න⚐ߥฬ⹖ฏߩ႐ว߽㧘ߘࠇߪേ૞ਥߢߪߥߊ㧘
޽ࠆ⒳ߩ಴᧪੐ࠍ⴫ߔߣ޿߁⠨߃ߘߩ߽ߩߪ㧘ਛ࿖ߢߩవⴕ⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡ߽⸒෸ߐࠇߡ޿
ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬ᴢߪએਅߩࠃ߁ߦㅀߴࠆ‫ޕ‬
ԴՓ៥ᕜЎ䲒
䖭䞠ⱘĀԴāᰃᣛҎৡᮑDŽৃᰃབᵰ៥ӀҨ㒚ԧӮϔϟˈ֓Ӯ㾝ᕫ䖭䞠ϔᅮᰃĀԴā԰њᶤ
ӊџᚙˈ಴㗠ĀՓ៥ᕜЎ䲒ā
˄↨䕗ĩԴ䖭ḋ԰Փ៥ᕜЎ䲒˅DŽҢ䖭䞠ৃҹⳟߎࡼ䆡ĀՓā䗴
হⱘ⡍⚍ˈᅗϔ㠀㽕∖ࠡ䖍ᰃ㸼џӊⱘ䆡䇁DŽ
̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩਥ⺆߇ฬ⹖ฏߩ႐วߦኻߔࠆ㕖Ᏹߦ㍈޿ᜰ៰ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ዊⓂߪ㧘ߎߩࠃ
߁ߥవ㚟⊛ߥ⊒ᗐߦኻߒ㧘ታ㓙ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߆ࠄ⸘㊂⊛ߥⵣߠߌࠍ㧘߹ߚ⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߩℂ⺰
߆ࠄวℂ⊛߆ߟ⛔৻⊛ߥ⸃㉼ࠍᣉߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㪐㪅੹ᓟ䈱⺖㗴㩷
ߐߡ㧘ੑߟߩ಴᧪੐ߩ࿃ᨐㅪ㎮ߣߒߡߩ૶ᓎ᭴ᢥࠍ᭴ㅧൻߔࠆ㓙㧘೨ᓟߩ಴᧪੐ࠍߘߩ
߹߹ធ⛯ߔࠆߩ߇̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩࡊࡠ࠻࠲ࠗࡊߢ㧘ߘߎ߆ࠄ৻ㇱߩᢥߢߪ೨ඨߩ಴᧪੐
߇⸒⺆ൻߐࠇࠆ㓙޿ࠊ߫૛ಽߥㇱಽ߇ߘ߉⪭ߣߐࠇߡ㧘ߘߩ಴᧪੐ߦ᳿ቯ⊛ߦ㑐ਈߔࠆෳ
ਈ⠪ߩߺ߇⸒⺆ᒻᑼൻߐࠇࠆߎߣࠍㅀߴߚ‫ޕ‬
ߘࠇߢߪ೨ඨߩ಴᧪੐ߩਛߢߤߩࠃ߁ߥෳਈ⠪߇૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩਥ⺆ߣߒߡ⸒⺆ᒻᑼൻߐ
ࠇ߁ࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆‫ࠆߥ߆޿ޕ‬ෳਈ⠪ߢ߽㧘ห╬ߦ⹤⠪ߩᵴᕈൻ㗔ၞߣߥࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆߩ
ߛࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬GIVÓNߦᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ㑐ㅪߩ⃻⽎߇␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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a.The garden was so beautiful, that as a result Mary swooned.
b.?The garden caused Mary to swoon.
a.Tom was so handsome, that as a result Mary swooned.
b.Tom caused Mary to swoon.
ߎࠇߪ⧷⺆ߩ଀ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߦ߅޿ߡ㧘੐ᘒߩෳਈ⠪ߣߒߡ㧘ߔߴߡߩ߽ߩ߇ห᭽
ߦᵴᕈൻ㗔ၞߣߪߥࠄߥ޿ߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬੐ᘒߩෳਈ⠪ߩਛߢߪੱ㑆߇೨᥊ൻߐࠇ߿ߔ޿
௑ะߪ޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆߒ㧘ߎࠇߪਛ࿖⺆ߩ̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߩਥ⺆ߦ߅޿ߡ='?߆ࠄ=#?ߦⴕ
ߊߦᓥߞߡੱ㑆߇ㆬ߫ࠇࠆ௑ะ߇޽ࠆߎߣߣ৻⥌ߒߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ਛ࿖⺆ߩ̌Փ̍૶ᓎ᭴ᢥߦ
߅޿ߡߤߩࠃ߁ߥᚑಽ߇೨᥊ൻߐࠇࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ߆㧘੹ᓟߩᬌ⸛⺖㗴ߣߒߚ޿‫ޕ‬
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂㩷
㣗ᰧNj䆎Ā㟈Փā㒧ᵘnj
ˈǍ䇁⊩ⷨお੠᥶㋶(क)ǎˈˈଚࡵॄк佚.
催᳈⫳Nj
ĀՓāⱘϝ⾡⫼⊩njˈǍ∝䇁䇁⊩䯂乬䆩䇈ǎ
ˈˈቅϰᬭ㚆ߎ⠜⼒.
䌎ᰧ⦆Njϸ⾡㸼㟈ՓНহᓣⱘᓖৠ㗗ᆳĩĀՓāᄫহ੠Āᡞāᄫহnj
ˈIACL- Conference.
ᴢЈᅮǍ⦄ҷ∝䇁হൟǎ
ˈଚࡵॄк佚.
䙶⽣НNj䆎ᛣӮЏ䇁ĀՓāᄫহnjˈ䙶⽣НǍ䇁⊩䯂乬᥶䅼䲚ǎˈˈ␪࣫ᬭ㚆
ߎ⠜⼒.
ᴼ亢⏙Nj䇜䇜ՓࡼহnjˈǍ䇁㿔᭛ᄫᄺǎ㄀ᳳˈ
੗਄๺ሶ‫૶ޟ‬ᓎߪੑߟߩEVENT㑆ߩ㑐ᢙ߆㧫‫ޠ‬㧘
‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᢥൻ⎇ⓥ‫╙ޢ‬ภ㧘
ጤ↰ᙗᐘ‫ޟ‬ĀՓā㧘̌Ҹ̍ߣ૶ᓎ᭴ᢥ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖⺆ቇ‫ޢ‬ภ㧘
ᧁ᧛⧷᮸‫ޟ‬ਛ࿖⺆ࡧࠜࠗࠬߩ᭴ㅧൻߣࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝ൻ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖⺆ቇ‫ޢ‬ภ㧘
‫⛯ޡ‬ਛ࿖⺆ၮᧄ⺆ࡁ࡯࠻‫ޢ‬
㧘ᄢୃ㙚ᦠᐫ.
ヨ᳓ఝ‫ޠ૶ޟ‬㧘
⷏᧛⟵᮸‫ޟ‬឵༙ߣᢥᴺ⃻⽎‫ޠ‬㧘⷏᧛⟵᮸✬‫⹺ޡ‬⍮⸒⺆ቇΣ㧦੐⽎᭴ㅧ‫ޢ‬㧘㧘᧲
੩ᄢቇ಴ ળ.
ἑᚭ⾫৻‫ޢࠢ࠶࡝࠻࡟ߩ⼂⹺ޡ‬㧘ᶏ㡆␠.
ᩊ⼱ᣇ⦟‫ࠬࠗࠜࡧޟ‬㧦ᣣᧄ⺆࡮⧷⺆‫ޠ‬㧘‫⻠ޡ‬ᐳᣣᧄ⺆ቇ ᄖ࿖⺆ߣߩኻᾖΣ‫ޢ‬㧘᣿ᴦ
ᦠ㒮.
◉ේବ๋‫ⴕޟ‬ὑߣⴕὑߩኻ⽎ߩ឵༙⊛㑐ଥߦߟ޿ߡߩ৻⠨ኤ‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ޡ‬ታ〣⧷ᢥቇ‫ޢ‬0Q㧘
ᬢಫᩕ‫ޡ‬ᣣᧄ⺆ߣਛ࿖⺆ߩ૶ᓎ⴫⃻ߦ㑐ߔࠆኻᾖ⎇ⓥ‫ޢ‬
㧘ߊࠈߒ߅಴ .
CROFT, W.1991: Syntactic Categories and Grammatical Relations: The Cognitive Organization of
Information. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
GIVÓN, T.1975: “Cause and Control: On the Semantics of Interpersonal Manipulation”, in:
J.P.KIMBALL (ed.), Syntax and Semantics. Volume4, 59-89. Academic Press.
GU, Y. 2002: “On the event structure of the causative predicate shi in Mandarin Chinese”, The 11th
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目次ページに戻る。
Annual Conference of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics.
Kemmer, S. and A. Verhagen 1994: “The grammar of causatives and the conceptual structure of
events”, Cognitive Linguistics.Volume5-2: 115-156.
LANGACKER, R.W.1984: “Active Zones”, in LANGACKER, R.W.1991: Concept, Image, and
Symbol: The Cognitive Basis of Grammar. 189-201. Mouton de Gruyter.
LANGACKER, R.W.1993: “Reference-point constructions”, in LANGACKER, R.W.2000:
Grammar and Conceptualization. 171-202. Mouton de Gruyter.
SINGH, M.1992: “An Event-Based Analysis of Causatives”, CLS.28:515-529
TAYLOR, J.R.1989: Linguistic Categorization, Clarendon.
TAYLOR, J.R.2002: Cognitive Grammar, Oxford University Press.
VENDLER, Z.1984: “Agency and Causation”, Midwest Studies in Philosophy.Ϋ:371-384
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‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ޢ‬0Q㧔㧕
⃻ઍർ੩⺆ߩേ⹖ಽ㘃ߣ̌ᡞ̍ߣ̌೼̍ߩ
౒⿠㑐ଥߦߟ޿ߡ
㗇⮮ ⑲᮸
㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
ߎߩ⎇ⓥߩ⋡⊛
⎇ⓥߩౝኈ
㔚ሶࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߆ࠄᓧࠄࠇߚ 8505 ୘ߩ̌೼̍ࠍ฽߻ᢥߩ߁ߜ, ̌ᷛ䇁䌈೼๭Ϟ̍1‫ࡠࠬޟ‬
࡯ࠟࡦ߇ოߦ⾍ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧔⥟䖬 1957 ߩ଀ᢥ㧕ߩࠃ߁ߥേ⹖㧔V㧕ߩ⋥ᓟߦ̌೼̍߇⟎
߆ࠇ, ߐࠄߦߘߩ⋥ᓟߦ႐ᚲࠍ⴫ߔฬ⹖ฏ㧔L㧕߇⟎߆ࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥ̌V ೼ L̍ߣ޿߁ᒻࠍߣ
ࠆ 588 ୘ߩᢥߦ⃻ࠇࠆ 105 ୘ߩ⇣ߥࠆേ⹖ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡ⎇ⓥࠍㅴ߼ߚ‫ޕ‬
̌೼̍ߣ޿߁⺆߇⃻ࠇ߁ࠆ 4 ߟߩⅣႺߣߘࠇߙࠇߩᯏ⢻ࠍ⏕⹺ߒߚᓟ, േ⹖ࠍ, ̌೼̍
ߣߩ౒⿠㑐ଥߦࠃࠅ, Va1, Va2, Vb1, Vb2 ߩ 4 ߟߦಽ㘃ߒߚ‫ޕ‬V ߣ̌೼ L̍ߣ߇‫ޟ‬ේ࿃‫ߣޠ‬
‫⚿ޟ‬ᨐ‫ߩޠ‬ᗧ๧㑐ଥߢ⚿߮ߟ޿ߚ̌V ೼ L̍ߣ޿߁ᒻࠍߣࠆേ⹖ߩ߁ߜ, ᤨ㑆೽⹖̌೼̍
ࠍ೨⟎ߐߖࠄࠇߥ޿േ⹖ࠍ Va2, ᤨ㑆೽⹖̌೼̍ࠍ೨⟎น⢻ߢ, ߆ߟ̌ᡞ̍᭴ᢥߦᄌ឵น⢻
ߥേ⹖ࠍ Vb2 ߣߒߚ‫ ߩߎޕ‬Va2㧘Vb2 ߪ‫⚿ޟ‬ᨐ⋧‫⺆߁޿ߣޠ‬ᒵ⊛ࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ࠍ߽ߜ, ᧄⓂ
ߢߪ, Va2 ߪ‫ޟ‬ᄌൻ‫߇ޠ‬೨ឭߣߥߞߚ⚿ᨐ⋧ࠍᜬߜ, Vb2 ߪ, േ૞߇೨ឭߣߥߞߚ⚿ᨐ⋧ࠍ
ᜬߟߣਥᒛߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
૶↪ߒߚࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ
੹࿁૶↪ߒߚࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߪ, ‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ࣫Ҁষ䇁䇁᭭‫ޢ‬㧔એਅ‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕ߢ, 㔚ሶ࠺࡯࠲ൻߐࠇ
ߡ޿ࠆ 1816478 ሼߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ↪޿ߚ‫ߪࠬࡄ࡯ࠦߩߎޕ‬, ⡯ᬺ㧘ᐕ㦂㧘ᕈ೎ߥߤᄙ᭽ߥർ
‫ޕޟ‬
‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ߢޠ?ޟ‬
੩⺆⹤⠪߇⥄ࠄඨ↢ࠍ⁛⊕ߔࠆߣ޿߁ᒻᑼߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪ‫ޟ‬,‫ޠ‬㧘
⚳ࠊߞߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩࠍ 1 ߟߩᢥߣߒ, ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߆ࠄ̌೼̍ࠍ฽߻ᢥࠍ 8505 ୘ࠍᓧߚ‫ޕ‬
వⴕ⎇ⓥߣᧄⓂߩ┙႐
⃻ઍਛ࿖⺆ߩᢥᴺ⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡ, ̌V ೼ L̍ߣ޿߁ᒻᑼߪ, ‫ޟ‬േᘒ‫⟵ޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬㕒ᘒ‫⴫ࠍ⟵ޠ‬
ߒ, ᄙ⟵⊛ߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒ࠊࠇࠆ㧔ᴢЈᅮ 1985㧘ᐔ੗ 1987㧘ጊญ 1999㧕
‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
1
એਅ, ଀ᢥਛߢߪ̌V ࿷ L̍ߩࠃ߁ߦ, േ⹖ V ߦߪᵄ✢ࠍᒁ߈, ႐ᚲࠍ⴫ߔฬ⹖㧔ฏ㧕L ߦߪਅ✢ࠍᒁ޿ߡ⴫ߔ
ߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
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(1) [a.] ϔϾϟज, Ҫ䛑ത೼ᵓ߇Ϟᐂ៥ᑆ⌏DŽ
㧔‫ޟ‬㕒ᘒ‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬: ᴢЈᅮ 1985 ߩ଀ᢥ㧕
‫ޟ‬ᓐߪඦᓟߕߞߣ⣶ដߌߦᐳߞߡ⑳ߩ઀੐ࠍᚻવߞߡߊࠇߚ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔‫ޟ‬േᘒ‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬: ጊญ 1999 ߩ଀ᢥ㧕
[b.] Ҫ䍄ࠄ៥䴶ࠡᖂᖂϔュത೼≭থϞDŽ
‫ޟ‬ᓐߪ⑳ߩ⋡ߩ೨߹ߢ߿ߞߡߊࠆߣ, ࠾࠶ࠦ࡝╉ߞߡ࠰ࡈࠔ࡯ߦ⣶ࠍ߅ࠈߒߚ‫ޠ‬
(2) [a.] ៥䍄䖯Ӯ䆂ᅸⳟ㾕ཌྷത೼≭থϞDŽ㧔‫ޟ‬㕒ᘒ‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬: ጊญ 1999 ߩ଀ᢥ㧕
‫߇⑳ޟ‬ળ⼏ቶߦ౉ࠆߣ, ᓐᅚ߇࠰ࡈࠔ࡯ߦ⣶ࠍ߅ࠈߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߇⋡ߦ౉ߞߚ‫ޠ‬
㧔‫ޟ‬േᘒ‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬: ᴢЈᅮ 1985 ߩ଀ᢥ㧕
[b.] 䇈ᅠ䆱Ҫ֓ത೼њᵓ߇Ϟᐂ៥ᑆ⌏DŽ
‫ޟ‬ᓐߪ⸒޿⚳ࠊࠆߣ⣶ដߌߦ⣶ࠍ߅ࠈߒߡ⑳ߩ઀੐ࠍᚻવߞߡߊࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
‫ޠ‬
వⴕ⎇ⓥߢߪ, ਄ߩ଀ᢥߩࠃ߁ߦ, หߓേ⹖߇േᘒߣ㕒ᘒߩੑߟߩᗧ๧ࠍ⴫ߖࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ
߆ࠄ, ̌V ೼ L̍᭴ᢥߘࠇ⥄りߦߘߩⷐ࿃߇ẜࠎߢ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃, ‫ޟ‬㕒ᘒ‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ޟ‬േᘒ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᗧ
๧ߩ㆑޿ߩⷐ࿃ࠍേ⹖ߢߪߥߊ, ̌V ೼ L̍ߣ޿߁᭴ㅧߦ᳞߼ࠆࠊߌߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ޟ‬㕒ᘒ‫⟵ޠ‬㧘
‫ޟ‬േᘒ‫ߡ޿ߟߦ⟵ޠ‬, ጊญ 1999 ߢߪ, ‫ࠆ޽ޟ‬႐ᚲߦ߅޿ߡ, േ૞߇ቢੌߒߚ
ᓟߦᱷࠆ, 㕒⊛ߥ‫⁁ޟ‬ᘒ‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬႐ว‫ࠍޠ‬㕒ᘒ⟵ߣߒ, ‫ࠆ޽ޟ‬႐ᚲߦ߅ߌࠆ⍍㑆ቢੌ⊛ߥ
‫ޟ‬േ૞‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬႐ว‫ࠍޠ‬േᘒ⟵ߣߔࠆ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒߡ, ᐔ੗ 1987 ߢߪ, 㕒ᘒ⟵ߣߪ‫ޟ‬੐‛
߇޽ࠆ㕒ᱛ⁁ᘒߢ L ߦ૏⟎ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߒ⴫ࠍߣߎޠ‬, േᘒ⟵ߣߪ‫ޟ‬േ૞ߩ઀ᚻᚗ޿ߪേ૞ߩ
ฃߌᚻ߇േ૞ߩ⋥ធߩ⚿ᨐ L ߦ೔㆐޽ࠆ޿ߪᱷሽߔࠆ‫ߣߔ⴫ࠍߣߎޠ‬ㅀߴࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߒ߆ߒ, ᐔ੗ 1987 ߢᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ, ̌V ೼ L̍ߣ޿߁᭴ㅧ߇‫ޟ‬㕒ᘒ‫ޟ߽ߣޠ‬േ
ᘒ‫߽ߣޠ‬⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߩߪ, േ⹖ߩᄙ⟵ᕈߦ⿠࿃ߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
㧔
‫ޟ‬㕒ᘒ‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬: ᐔ੗ 1987 ߩ଀ᢥ㧕
(3) кᠨ೼ഄϞਸ਼‫ߪᧄޟޕ‬࿾㕙ߦ߶߁ߞߡ޽ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
‫ߪᧄޟ‬࿾㕙ߦᛩߍᝥߡߚ‫ޠޕ‬㧔
‫ޟ‬േᘒ‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬:ᐔ੗ 1987 ߩ଀ᢥ㧕
(4) кᠨ೼ഄϞњDŽ
ᧄⓂߢߪ, ̌V ೼ L̍ߣ޿߁᭴ㅧ߇‫ޟ‬㕒ᘒ‫ޟ߽ߣޠ‬േᘒ‫㉼⸃߽ߣޠ‬น⢻ߥߩߪ, േ⹖ߩᄙ
⟵ᕈߦ⿠࿃ߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ‫⥟ޕ‬䖬 1957 ߢߪ, ̌V ೼ L̍ߩ᭴ᢥ⊛ߥᗧ๧ࠍ‫ޟ‬േ૞ߩേ૞ਥ޽
ࠆ޿ߪേ૞ߩฃߌᚻ߇ߘߩേ૞ߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ޽ࠆ࿾ὐߦ೔㆐ߒߚߎߣࠍ⴫ߔ㧔㸼⼎ࡼ԰ⱘ
ᮑџ៪ফџ಴ࡼ԰ⱘ㒧ᵰ䖒ࠄҔМഄ⚍DŽ
㧕‫ߣޠ‬ቯ⟵ߔࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪ, ߎߩቯ⟵ࠍᛚߌߡ, ‫ޟ‬V
ߩ⴫ߔേ૞࡮ⴕὑ߇ේ࿃ߣߥࠅ, ߘߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ, ಴᧪੐ߩਥ૕޽ࠆ޿ߪቴ૕߇, L ߦሽ࿷
ߔࠆ‫ߣߩ߽ޠ‬⠨߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
̌8 ೼ .̍᭴ㅧਛߩ̌೼̍ߩຠ⹖ಽ㘃ߦߟ޿ߡ
ጊญ 1999 ߢߪ̌V ೼̍ࠍ৻ߟߩേ⹖㧔ⶄวേ⹖㧕ߣߒ, ̌V ೼ L̍ࠍ L ࠍ⾠⺆ߣߒߚേ
⾠᭴ㅧߣ⠨߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
̌V ೼̍ࠍ৻ߟߩേ⹖ߣߒߡ⠨߃ࠆߥࠄ߫, ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ, V ߣ̌೼̍ߣߩ
㑆ߦฬ⹖ฏ߇޽ࠆᒻᑼߣߩㄭૃᕈߪุቯߐࠇߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
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(5) ៥⾡њ޴ỉ㦞㢅‫ܓ‬೼
೼䰶ᄤ䞠DŽ
˄㣗㒻⏍ 1982 ߩ଀ᢥ㧕
‫ߪ⑳ޟ‬૗ᩣ߆ߩ⩵ߩ⧎ࠍᐸߦᬀ߃ߚ‫ޕ‬
‫ޠ‬
೼咥ᵓϞDŽ
‫ޟ‬ᓐߪฬ೨ࠍ㤥᧼ߦᦠ޿ߚ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔㣗㒻⏍ 1982 ߩ଀ᢥ㧕
(6) Ҫ‫ݭ‬њϾৡᄫ೼
଀ᢥ(5)㧘(6)ਛߩฬ⹖ฏ̌㦞㢅‫̍ܓ‬
‫̌ߣޠ⧎ߩ⩵ޟ‬ৡᄫ̍
‫ޟ‬ฬ೨‫ߪޠ‬, ߘࠇߙࠇ೨ߩേ⹖̌⾡̍
‫ޟ‬ᬀ߃ࠆ‫̍ݭ̌ߣޠ‬
‫ߦޠߊᦠޟ‬ኻߒߡߪേ૞ߩኻ⽎ߢ޽ࠅ, ߹ߚᓟߩേ⹖̌೼̍ߦኻߒߡߪ
ਥ⺆ߣߒߡੑ㊀ߩᓎഀࠍᜂߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠆࠁࠊ޿ߪࠄࠇߎޕ‬ㅪേᢥߩਛߩ․ᱶߥ᭴ㅧߢ޽ࠆ౗
⺆ᢥߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
V ߩ⋥ᓟߦ⟎߆ࠇࠆ̌೼̍ߩຠ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡߪቯ⺑ߪߥ޿㧔LAMARRE 2003㧕ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇, ᧄ
Ⓜߢߪ, ౗⺆ᢥߣߩㄭૃᕈࠍᩮ᜚ߦ, ̌V ೼ L̍ਛߩ̌೼̍ࠍಎേ⹖㧔co-verb㧕ߣ⠨߃, ੑ
ߟߩേ⹖ฏ߇ㅪ⛯ߒߚ᭴ㅧ㧔േ⹖ㅪ⛯᭴ㅧ㧕ߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇߪ, ቅ┙⺆ߩ⛔⺆᭴ㅧ৻⥸ߩࡕ࠺࡞ߣว⥌ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ፄጯ 2003 ߢߪ, ਛ࿖⺆ࠍ฽߻ቅ┙
⺆ߩ⛔⺆᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞ߣߒߡ, એਅߩࠃ߁ߥ‫ޟ‬ቅ┙⺆ߩ㎮⁁⛔⺆᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞‫ޠ‬2ࠍឭ␜ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
Pred ߪㅀ⺆ࠍ⴫ߒ, ⊕౞ߪ⵬⺆3ࠍ⴫ߔ‫ޕ‬
࿑ 1: ቅ┙⺆ߩ㎮⁁⛔⺆᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞
ፄጯ 2003 ߦࠃࠇ߫, േ⹖ߣ⾠⺆ߣߩᩰ㑐ଥࠍ೨ឭߣߒߥ޿ߎߣߦߟ޿ߡ, એਅߩࠃ߁ߦㅀ
ߴࠆ‫ޕ‬
േ⹖ߣ⵬⺆, ⛔⺆਄ߩᡰ㈩࡮ଐሽߩ㑐ଥߢߪߥߊ, ߹ߚ․ቯߩᩰ㑐ଥߦ೙⚂ߐࠇ
ࠆߩߢ߽ߥߊߡ, ⋧੕ߦᗧ๧⊛ߥ⵬ቢ㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᧄⓂߢߪ, ̌೼̍ߣേ⹖ߣߩ૏⟎㑐ଥ߆ࠄ, ᒰ⹥േ⹖ߩಽ㘃ࠍⴕ߁ߚ߼ߦ, ፄጯ 2003 ߩ
േ⹖ㅪ⛯᭴ㅧࠍਛ࿖⺆ߩၮᧄ⊛ߥ⛔⺆᭴ㅧߣߒߡ઒ቯߔࠆ‫ࠅࠃߦߣߎࠆߔ߁ߎޕ‬, ⇣ߥࠆ
ᯏ⢻ࠍᜬߟ̌೼̍ߦߟ޿ߡⶄ㔀ߥຠ⹖ಽ㘃ࠍ࿁ㆱߒߡ, ໧㗴ߣߥࠆേ⹖ࠍ⸥ㅀߔࠆߎߣ߇
น⢻ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߦ᜼ߍࠆ‫ޟ‬ਥേ⹖‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ޠ⹖੺ޟ‬㧘
‫ᤨޟ‬㑆೽⹖‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ޟ‬ಎേ⹖‫ߪ⺆ⴚ߁޿ߣޠ‬, ̌೼̍
ߣേ⹖ߣߩ૏⟎㑐ଥߣߘߩᯏ⢻ࠍ⴫ߔⴚ⺆ߣߒߡ↪޿ࠆߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
̌೼̍߇ਥേ⹖ߣߒߡᢥਛߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠇ߫, ਥ⺆૏⟎ߦ⃻ࠇࠆฬ⹖ฏ߇̌೼̍ߩ⋥ᓟߩ
L ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⴫ߔ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
2
3
ೋ಴ߪ MINEGISHI2001‫ޕ‬
ᧄⓂߢ‫⋧ߦߩ߽ࠆߔߣޠ⺆⾠ޟ‬ᒰߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
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(7) ̌೼̍ = ਥേ⹖: ៥ϔⳈህ೼
೼ᆊ䞠༈DŽ ‫ޟ‬㧔⑳ߪ㧕ߕߞߣኅߩਛߦ޿ߚ‫ޠޕ‬㧔
‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
̌೼̍߇੺⹖ߣߒߡᢥਛߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠇ߫, േ૞࡮ⴕὑߩⴕࠊࠇࠆⓨ㑆⊛࡮ᤨ㑆⊛ߥ▸࿐
ࠍ⴫ߔ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
(8) ̌೼̍ = ੺⹖:
೼Ϫ⬠Ϟপᕫњࠡ㣙ⱘ៤㒽̖̖ 㧔ⓨ㑆⊛ߥ▸࿐ࠍ⴫ߔ㧕
[a.] ཇᥦᏆ㒣೼
‫ޟ‬ᅚሶࡃ࡟࡯࠴࡯ࡓߪ਎⇇ߢߔߢߦ਄૏ߩᚑ❣ࠍ߅ߐ߼̖̖‫ޠ‬㧔‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
[b.] ៥Ӏህ೼
೼ϗ᳜ѠकѠোᓔњϔϾ⧁‫ܓ‬DŽ
㧔ᤨ㑆⊛ߥ▸࿐ࠍ⴫ߔ㧕
‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
‫ޟ‬ᚒ‫ ᦬ ߪޘ‬ᣣߦ㓸߹ࠅࠍ㐿޿ߚ‫ޠޕ‬㧔
̌೼̍߇ᤨ㑆೽⹖ߣߒߡᢥਛߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠇ߫, ̌೼̍ߩ⋥ᓟߩേ⹖߇⴫ߔേ૞߇ㅴⴕਛ
ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⴫ߔ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬
೼ᄺдDŽ ‫ޟ‬ੑੱߩሶଏߪߣ߽ߦീᒝਛߛ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔
‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
(9) ̌೼̍ = ᤨ㑆೽⹖: ϸϾᄽᄤ䛑೼
̌೼̍߇ಎേ⹖ߣߒߡᢥਛߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠇ߫, V ߩ⴫ߔേ૞࡮ⴕὑ߇ේ࿃ߣߥࠅ, ߘߩ⚿ᨐ
ߣߒߡ, േ૞ߩേ૞ਥ޽ࠆ޿ߪേ૞ߩኻ⽎߇, L ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⴫ߔ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
(10) ̌೼̍= ಎേ⹖: ᄽᄤᬒ೼䖭Ͼᄺ᷵ᠬ‫ܓ‬᠔ᬒ೼कЁᠬ‫ܓ‬᠔䞠DŽ
‫ޟ‬㧔ሶଏࠍ㧕ߎߩቇᩞߩ⸤ఽᚲߦ߅޿ߚ, චਛߩ⸤ఽᚲߦ߅޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
‫ޠ‬
ᧄⓂߩ⋡⊛ߪ, ಎേ⹖ߣߒߡ↪޿ࠄࠇߚ̌೼̍ߦߟ޿ߡ, ᭴ᢥห჻ߩ㑐ଥ4ࠍⷰኤߔࠆߎ
ߣߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(15) ᭴ᢥ 1: NP1 + V + ೼ + NP2.
(16) ᭴ᢥ 2: NP0 + ᡞ + NP1 + V + ೼ + NP2.
᭴ᢥ 1 ࠍߣࠆേ⹖ߪേ⹖ߣ޿߁ᄢ߈ߥ㘃ߩਛߢ߽ᢙߦ೙㒢߇޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ⅣႺߦ⃻ࠇ߁ࠆേ
⹖ߪ,৻ㇱߩേ⹖ߦ㒢ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬᭴ᢥ 1 ߦ⃻ࠇࠆേ⹖߽᭴ᢥ 2 ߣ޿߁ⅣႺߦ↢⿠ߒ߁ࠆേ⹖ߣ
↢⿠ߢ߈ߥ޿േ⹖߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᧄⓂߢߪߎࠇࠄ̌೼̍ߩᓟ⟎ߩน⢻࡮ਇน⢻㧘᭴ᢥ 1 ߆ࠄ᭴ᢥ 2 ߳ߩᄌ឵ߩน⢻࡮ਇน
⢻ߩ㆑޿ࠍߘࠇߙࠇߩേ⹖ߦ࿕᦭ߩ⺆ᒵࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ߦ᳞߼, ̌೼̍ࠍᓟ⟎น⢻ߥേ⹖ߩ⺆
ᒵࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ࠍ⚿ᨐ⋧㧔resultative㧕ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⸽᣿ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߎߢ޿߁
‫⺆ޟ‬ᒵࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻‫ޠ‬
ߣߪ, Comrie1976 ߇⸒߁ߣߎࠈߩേ⹖ߩ̌inherent aspectual̍㧘
4
ߎߎߢⷰኤߔࠆ᭴ᢥ 1㧘᭴ᢥ 2 એᄖߦ߽, ̌೼̍ࠍ੺⹖ߣߒߡ↪޿ߚ᭴ᢥ 0 ࠍ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
᭴ᢥ 0: NP0 + ೼ + NP1 + V1 + NP2.
ߎߩ᭴ᢥ 0 ߦߪ, ోߡߩേ⹖߇↢⿠ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߢ, ⎇ⓥߩኻ⽎ߣߪߒߥ޿‫ޕ‬
೼៥᡹㗗䖭ϾПࠡ៥гϡⶹ䘧DŽ
(11) Va1: ህ೼
‫⹜ޟ‬㛎ߩ↳ㄟߺࠍߔࠆ೨ߦߪ, ⑳ߛߞߡ⍮ࠄߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
‫ޠ‬
‫∛ߩ⋵ޟ‬㒮ߩਛߢ, ߭ߣࠅᱫࠎߛ‫ޠ‬
(12) Va2: ̖̖೼ওए䰶䞠༈ଞ᳝ϔϾҎ⅏њ,̖̖
(13) Vb1: ೼ᄺ᷵Ꮉ԰ѠकϔᑈDŽ‫ޟ‬ቇᩞߢ 21 ᐕ㑆௛޿ߚ‫ޠޕ‬
೼䙷䞠✻њⳌ⬭њᕅDŽ ‫ޟ‬ᚒ‫ߢߎߘߪޘ‬, ౮⌀ࠍ᠟ߞߚ, ⸥ᔨ᠟ᓇࠍߒߚ‫ޠ‬
(14) Vb2: ៥Ӏ೼
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Dowty1972 ߩ⸒߁ߣߎࠈߩ ̌verb aspect̍㧘
̌aspectual properties of verbs̍, ߣหߓᗧ๧ߢ↪
޿ࠆ‫ࠅ߅ߣߩ⺆↪ߩߎޕ‬, Dowty1972 ߢߪ, ࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ᕈ߇േ⹖ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇߦኻߒߡ, Comrie1976 ߢߪ, ̖̌ inherent aspectual (i.e. semantic aspectual) properties of
various classes of lexical items, and see how these interact with other aspectual oppostions, either
prohibiting certain combinations, or severely restricting their meaning.̍ ߣㅀߴࠆߣ߅ࠅ, ޿ࠈ
޿ࠈߥ▸⇵ߩ⺆ߦ࿕᦭ߩࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ᕈ߇޽ࠅ, ߘࠇࠄ߇⋧੕ߦ૞↪ߒ޽߁ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ, ࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ᕈߩᚲ࿷ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ⼏⺰߇޽ࠆ‫⎇ᧄޕ‬ⓥߢߪᢥో૕ߩࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻
ᕈߪ, ⺆ߩ࿕᦭ࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ᗧ๧ߩ⋧੕૞↪ߩ⚿ᨐߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬ᢥో૕ߩࠕࠬࡍ
ࠢ࠻ᕈࠍ⍮ࠆߚ߼ߦߪ, ߹ߕേ⹖ߩ⺆ᒵࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ࠍ᣿⏕ߦߒߡ߅ߊߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߛߣ⠨߃
ࠆ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥߩኻ⽎ࠍ᭴ᢥ 1㧘᭴ᢥ 2 ߦ߅ߌࠆ, േ⹖ߣ̌೼̍ߣߩ౒⿠㑐ଥߦ㒢ቯߒ, േ⹖ࠕࠬ
ࡍࠢ࠻ࠍ⸥ㅀߒߡ޿ߎ߁ߣ޿߁⹜ߺߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄߕ߹ߣ߭ޕ‬Ⓜߢߪᢥߩࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ᕈߦ㑐ߒߡ
ߪ⼏⺰ߩኻ⽎ᄖߣߒߚ޿‫ޕ‬
̌8 ೼ .̍ߦ↢⿠น⢻ߥേ⹖ߣߘߩ⺆ᒵࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻
̌8 ೼ .̍ߦ↢⿠ߢ߈ߥ޿േ⹖㘃
േ૞࡮ⴕὑߦ㑐ࠊࠆᤨ㑆㊂ࠍ⴫ߔᤨ㊂⾠⺆̌ᯊ䞣ᆒ䇁̍ߣߩ౒⿠㑐ଥ߆ࠄേ⹖ࠍಽ㘃ߒ
ߚ⎇ⓥߦ, 偀ᑚ᷾ 1981 ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬偀ᑚ᷾ 1981 ߢߪ, 㕖ᜬ⛯ᕈേ⹖ Va ߣᜬ⛯ᕈേ⹖ Vb ߣ޿
߁ 2 ߟߩേ⹖ߩ࠲ࠗࡊឭ␜ߔࠆ‫ߕ߹ޕ‬㕖ᜬ⛯ᕈേ⹖ Va ߣᜬ⛯ᕈേ⹖ Vb ߣߩኻ┙ࠍ⷗ߡ޿
ߊ‫ޕ‬偀ᑚ᷾ 1981 ߢߪ, Vb േ⹖ࠍᤨ㊂⾠⺆ߩ⴫ߔᗧ๧ߥߤߦࠃࠅ, ߐࠄߦ, Vb1㧘Vb21㧘Vb22
ߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߦಽ㘃ߐࠇࠆ߇, ᧄⓂߢߪ Vb േ⹖ߣ޿߁৻ߟߩ࠲ࠗࡊߣߒߡᛒ߁ߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
偀ᑚ᷾ 1981 ߇ᜰ៰ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ, േ⹖ߣ̌ᯊ䞣ᆒ䇁̍㧔= T㧕ߣߩ㑐ଥߢߪ, Vb േ⹖ߪ, ᭴
ᢥ A㧘B㧘C ߦ╬ߒߊ↢⿠น⢻ߢ, ߎߩὐߢ, 㕖ᜬ⛯ᕈേ⹖ Va ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ‫ޕ‬Va ߪ T ߣߩ㑐
ଥߢ⸒߃߫, ᭴ᢥ C ߩᒻߒ߆ሽ࿷ߒߥ޿‫߫߃଀ޕ‬㧔એਅߪ偀ᑚ᷾ 1981 ߦ᜼ߍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ
଀ᢥߢ޽ࠆ㧕,
(17) ᭴ᢥ A
(a.) *⅏ϝ໽ (Va + T)
(b.) 䖭ᴀкⳟϝ໽(Vb + T) ‫ޟ‬㧔ߎߩᧄߪ㧕ਃᣣ㑆⺒߻‫ޠޕ‬
(18) ᭴ᢥ B
(a.) *Ҫ⅏њϝ໽ (Va њ + T)
(b.) 䖭ᴀкⳟњϝ໽ (Vb њ + T)
‫ޟ‬㧔ߎߩᧄߪ㧕ਃᣣ㑆⺒ࠎߛ‫ޕ‬
‫ޠ‬
(19) ᭴ᢥ C
(a.) Ꮖ㒣⅏њϝ໽њ (Va њ + T + њ) ‫ޟ‬ᓐߪᱫࠎߢ 3 ᣣߦߥࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
(b.) Ꮖ㒣ⳟњϝ໽њ (Vb њ + T + њ)
‫ߪᧄߩߎޟ‬ਃᣣ㑆⺒ࠎߛ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔T = േ૞߇⛮⛯ߔࠆᤨ㑆㊂㧕
‫ߢࠎ⺒ߪᧄߩߎޟ‬ਃᣣߦߥࠆ‫ޠ‬
㧔T = േ૞⚳⚿ᓟߩᤨ㑆㊂㧕
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․ߦ, Vb േ⹖߇᭴ᢥ C ߦ⃻ࠇࠆ႐วߦߪ, ᤨ㊂⾠⺆ߩ⸃㉼ߪ, ‫ޟ‬േ૞߇⛮⛯ߔࠆᤨ㑆㊂‫ޠ‬
ߣ‫ޟ‬േ૞⚳⚿ᓟߩᤨ㑆㊂‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ੑㅢࠅߩ⸃㉼߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒߡ, Va േ⹖ߪ, േ
⹖ߩ⴫ߔേ૞ߩ⛮⛯ߔࠆㆊ⒟ࠍᜬߚߥ޿ߚ߼ߦ, ᤨ㊂⾠⺆ߪੑ⟵⊛ߦ⸃㉼ߐࠇߕ, ‫ޟ‬േ૞
⚳⚿ᓟߩᤨ㑆㊂‫ޕࠆ޽ߢߩ޿ߥߖ⴫߆ߒޠ‬
ߐࠄߦ Va േ⹖߇⛮⛯ߔࠆㆊ⒟ࠍᜬߚߥ޿ߎߣߪ, ᤨ㑆೽⹖̌೼̍㧘ࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ഥ⹖̌ⴔ̍
ߣߩ㑐ଥߢ߽㕖ᜬ⛯ᕈേ⹖ Va ߣᜬ⛯ᕈേ⹖ Vb ߣߩኻ┙ߪⷰኤน⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
(20) *Ҫ೼⅏‫ޟޕ‬ᓐߪᱫߦߟߟ޽ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔Chen 1978 ߩ଀ᢥ㧕
㧔Va േ⹖ߩ଀㧕
(21) Ҫ೼ુ‫ޟޕ‬ᓐߪᵅ޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬㧔Chen 1978 ߩ଀ᢥ㧕
㧔Vb േ⹖ߩ଀㧕
(22) *Ҫ೼ᅶख़䞠⅏ⴔਸ਼DŽ
‫ޟ‬ᓐߪቴ㑆ߢᱫࠎߢ޿ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬㧔Va േ⹖ߩ଀㧕
(23) Ҫ೼ᅶख़䞠ુⴔਸ਼‫ޟޕ‬ᓐߪቴ㑆ߢᵅ޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔Vb േ⹖ߩ଀㧕
8C േ⹖ߩ႐ว
Va1 േ⹖ߣߪ, 偀ᑚ᷾ 1988 ߢ᜼ߍࠆ‫ޟ‬ዻᕈ‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬േ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
‫ޟ‬㨪ߣᕁ߁‫ޠ‬㧘
̌ⶹ䘧̍
‫ޟ‬⍮ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘
̌ᤝ
ֱ̌䆕̍
‫ޠࠆߔ⸽଻ޟ‬㧘
̌ᛳ㾝̍
‫ޟ‬ᗵߓࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘
̌㾝ᕫ̍
ᩌ̍‫ޟ‬ផ᷹ߔࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘
̌↩Ϯ̍‫ޟ‬තᬺߔࠆ‫ޟߚߞ޿ߣߤߥޠ‬ዻᕈ‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬േ⹖ࠍ฽߻‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇࠄߩേ⹖ߪ, േ⹖߇⴫ߔ‫ޟ‬ዻᕈ‫߇ޠ‬₪ᓧߐࠇߚߥࠄ߫, ߘߩዻᕈ߇ᄬࠊࠇࠆߎߣߪߥ
ߊ, ᤨ㑆ゲߣߪή㑐ଥߥേ⹖⟲ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇࠄߩേ⹖ߦ̌೼̍ࠍᓟ⟎ߒ, ̌Va1 ೼ L̍ߩᒻࠍ↪޿ߡ, V ߩ⴫ߔേ૞࡮ⴕὑ߇ේ࿃ߣ
ߥࠅ, ߘߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ, േ૞ߩേ૞ਥ޽ࠆ޿ߪേ૞ߩኻ⽎߇, L ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⴫⃻ߢ߈
ߥ޿‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
(24) *៥ⶹ䘧೼ए䰶䞠‫߇⑳ޟޕ‬૗߆ࠍ⍮ࠆߎߣߢ∛㒮ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᗧ๧ߢ‫ޕ‬
ห᭽ߦ, ֱ̌䆕̍ߣ޿߁േ⹖ߢ߽,
(25) ϔ໽ডℷֱ䆕೼∈䞠⊵ֽᇣᯊ ̖
‫৻ޟ‬ᣣߦ, ߘࠇߢ߽, ᳓ߦ 2 ᤨ㑆ߪߟ߆ߞߡ޿ߚߎߣࠍ଻⸽ߔࠆ‫ޠ‬
㧔‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
ߩࠃ߁ߦ, ৻⷗ߔࠆߣ, ̌V ೼ L̍ߣ޿߁ᒻࠍߣߞߡ޿ࠆ߇, ታ㓙ߦߪ, V ߣ̌೼ L̍ߣߩ㑆
ߦ, ଀ᢥ(26)ߩࠃ߁ߦ, ฬ⹖ᕈᚑಽࠍ⟎ߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈, ᢥߩ᭴ㅧ⥄૕߇⇣ߥࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
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(26) ϔ໽ডℷֱ䆕Ҫ೼
೼∈䞠⊵ֽᇣᯊ ̖
‫৻ޟ‬ᣣߦ, ߘࠇߢ߽, ᓐ߇᳓ߦ 2 ᤨ㑆ߪߟ߆ߞߡ޿ߚߎߣࠍ଻⸽ߔࠆ‫ޠ‬
ߎࠇࠄߩേ⹖ߪ, ᧄⓂߢᛒ߁̌V ೼ L̍ߣߪ᭴ㅧ⊛ߦ⇣ߥࠆ‫̌⷗৻ޕ‬Va1 ೼ L̍ߩᒻࠍߒߡ
޿ߡ߽, ߘߩ̌೼̍ߪ, ੺⹖޽ࠆ޿ߪਥേ⹖ߣߒߡߩ̌೼̍ߣߒ߆ℂ⸃ߐࠇߥ޿‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬
̌៥ⶹ䘧೼ए䰶䞠‫ߪߢ̍ޕ‬, ̌೼̍߇ಎേ⹖ߣߒߡᢥਛߦ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ, V ߩ⴫ߔേ૞࡮ⴕὑ߇ේ࿃ߣߥࠅ, ߘߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ, േ૞ߩേ૞ਥ޽ࠆ޿ߪ
േ૞ߩኻ⽎߇, L ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⴫⃻ߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
8D േ⹖ߩ႐ว
Vb1 േ⹖ߣߪ, ̌ુ̍
‫ޟ‬ᵅߊ‫ޠ‬㧘
̌ଅ̍
‫ޟ‬᱌߁‫ޠ‬㧘
̌ৗ̍
‫ޟ‬㘩ߴࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘
᪺̌̍
‫ޠࠆߔߎޟ‬㧘
̌ᤵ̍
‫ࠈ߭ޟ‬
߁‫ࠆࠁࠊ޿ߩߤߥޠ‬േ૞േ⹖㧔action verb㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᄙߊߩ႐ว, ߎࠇࠄ Vb1 േ⹖߽̌Vb1
೼ L̍ߣ޿߁᭴ᢥ 1 ߩᒻߪ૞ࠄߥ޿‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
(27) *Ҫુ೼ॼ᠓䞠DŽ
(28) *Ҫଅ℠ଅ೼ᅶख़䞠‫ޕ‬
(29) *低ᄤৗ೼Ѩ䘧ষ亳ූ䞠‫ޕ‬
(30) *ᄫ᪺೼咥ᵓϞ‫ޕ‬
(31) *』〫ᤵ೼ഄ䞠‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ, Vb1 ߩ⴫ߔേ૞࡮ⴕὑ߇ේ࿃ߣߥࠅ, ߘߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ, േ૞ߩേ૞ਥ޽ࠆ޿
ߪേ૞ߩኻ⽎߇, L ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⴫⃻ߢ߈ߥ޿ߚ߼ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
᭴ᢥ 1 ߦ̌ᡞ̍ࠍ઻ߞߚ᭴ᢥ 2 ߦߟ޿ߡ⠨߃ߡߺࠆߣ, Vb1 ߪᲧセ⊛̌ᡞ̍ࠍ઻߁ᢥࠍ᭴
ᚑߔࠆߎߣߪኈᤃߢ޽ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
‫⦄ޡ‬ҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
ᡞ䭓ජુ‫צ‬њ‫ޟޕ‬ቃ⟤ᅚߪ㐳ၔࠍᵅ޿ߡୟߒߚ‫ޠޕ‬㧔
(32) ᄳ㕢ཇᡞ
ᡞ & 䇗ଅ៤ ( 䇗њ‫ޟޕ‬ᓐߪ C ⺞ࠍ E ⺞ߢ᱌ߞߚ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔‫∝ޡ‬䇁‫ޢ‬㧕
(33) Ҫᡞ
ᡞ低ᄤৗњ‫␲߅ޟޕ‬Უߐࠎߪ㘾ሶࠍ㘩ߴߚ‫ޠޕ‬㧔
‫⦄ޡ‬ҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
(34) ཊཊᡞ
(35) Ҫᡞ
ᡞ咥ᵓ᪺њ‫ޟޕ‬ᓐߪ㤥᧼ࠍᶖߒߚ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔
‫⦄ޡ‬ҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
ᡞ㉾ᤵᅠњ‫ࠍ♮ߪࠎߐ޿ߓ߅ޟޕ‬ᜪ޿⚳߃ߚ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔‫∝ޡ‬䇁‫ޢ‬㧕
(36) 㗕໻⠋ᡞ
ߒ߆ߒ, Vb1 ߪ, ᭴ᢥ 1 ߦ̌ᡞ̍ࠍ઻ߞߚ᭴ᢥ 2 ߦߪᚑ┙ߒߥ޿‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
(37) *ᡞҪુ೼ॼ᠓䞠DŽ
(38) *ᡞҪଅ℠ଅ೼ᅶख़䞠DŽ
(39) *ᡞ低ᄤৗ೼Ѩ䘧ষ亳ූ䞠DŽ
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(40) *ᡞᄫ᪺೼咥ᵓϞDŽ
(41) *ᡞ』〫ᤵ೼ഄ䞠DŽ
Vb1 േ⹖߇᭴ᢥ 2 ߦᚑ┙ߒߥ޿ߩߪ, Vb1 ߩ⴫ߔേ૞ߣ L ߩ⴫ߔ႐ᚲߣ߇, ේ࿃ߣ⚿ᨐߣ޿
߁㑐ଥߢℂ⸃ߢ߈ߥ޿ߚ߼ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߒ߆ߒ, Vb1 േ⹖ߦ߽, ଀ᄖ⊛ߦ̌Vb1 ೼ L̍ࠍᚑ┙ߐߖࠆേ⹖߇޽ࠆ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ᢥߢߪ,
Vb1 ߩ⴫ߔേ૞ߣ L ߩ⴫ߔ႐ᚲߣ߇, ේ࿃ߣ⚿ᨐߣ޿߁㑐ଥߢℂ⸃ߐࠇࠆࠊߌߢߪߥߊ,
಴᧪੐ߩਥ૕߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥᆫߢ L ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆ߆ࠍㅀߴߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޟࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ሽ࿷ߩ᭽
ᘒ‫ࠆߔ⃻⴫ࠍޠ‬ᢥߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
(42) ᔧᯊ៥Ӏԣ೼⏙ढ໻ᄺ䞠䖍 ̖
‫ߩߘޟ‬㗃, ⑳ߚߜߪᷡ⪇ᄢቇߩਛߦ૑ࠎߢ޿ߚ‫ޠ‬㧔‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
਼ၯ 2002 ߢߪ, ̌⫳⌏̍
‫ޠߔࠄ᥵ޟ‬㧘
̌ሙԣ̍
‫ޟ‬૑߻‫ޠ‬㧘
̌ᆘሙ̍
‫ޟ‬りࠍነߖࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘
̌⫳䭓̍
‫ޟ‬ᚑ㐳
ߔࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘
̌ԣ̍
‫ޟ‬૑߻‫߁޿ߣޠ‬േ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡ, ߘߩ․ᓽࠍ, ߘߩⴕὑߦࠃߞߡ੐‛ߦߪ᣿ࠄ߆
ߥ⒖േ߿ᄌൻ߇⿠ߎࠄߥ޿಴᧪੐ߢ޽ࠆߣߒ, ଀ᢥ(43)ߣ(44)ߪၮᧄ⊛ߦหߓᗧ๧ࠍ⴫ߔ
ߣᜰ៰ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
(43)㩷 ԣ೼࣫Ҁ‫(ޕ‬V ೼ L)‫ޟ‬ർ੩ߦ૑߻‫ޠ‬
(44)㩷 ೼࣫Ҁԣ‫(ޕ‬೼ LV)‫ޟ‬ห਄‫ޠ‬
ᧄⓂߢߎࠇࠄߩേ⹖߇଀ᄖߣ⠨߃ࠆߩߪ, ߎࠇࠄߩേ⹖ߩ႐วߦߪ, ̌V ೼ L̍ߣ޿߁ᒻࠍ
ߣߞߡ޿ߡ߽, ̌೼̍ߩᯏ⢻ߪಎേ⹖ߢߪߥߊ, ੺⹖ߣℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬
଀ᢥߢߪ, ̌V ೼ L̍ߣ޿߁ᒻᑼࠍߒߡ޿ߡ߽, L ߪ, V ߩ⴫ߔേ૞ߩⴕࠊࠇࠆⓨ㑆⊛࡮ᤨ㑆
⊛ߥ▸࿐ࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠅ, V ߩ⴫ߔേ૞ࠍㅢߓߡ, ޽ࠆ੐‛ࠍ L ߦ૏⟎ߐߖࠆߎߣ
ࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㕖ᜬ⛯ᕈേ⹖ߣߪ⠨߃ࠄࠇߥ޿േ⹖ߩ߁ߜߢ, ̌V ೼ L̍ߩᒻࠍߣࠆേ⹖ߦߪ, ⨹Ꮉ 1985
ߢᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ̌キ̍
‫ޠࠆ޿ߡߞ┙ޟ‬㧘
̌䑆̍
‫ޠࠆ޿ߢࠎ߇߾ߒޟ‬㧘
̌䒎̍
‫ޟ‬ᮮߦߥࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘
̌䎾̍
‫ޠߊߕ߹ߑ߭ޟ‬㧘̌䎈̍‫ޟ‬⣻ㅡ޿ߦߥࠆ‫⁁ߥ߁ࠃߩޠ‬ᘒࠍ⛽ᜬߔࠆേ⹖5߇޽ࠆ‫߫߃଀ ޕ‬,
(45) ৠᄺӀキ೼䙷‫̖ ܓ‬
5
‫↢ޟ‬ᓤߚߜߪ޽ߘߎߦ┙ߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޠ‬
⨹Ꮉ 1985 ߢߪ̌キ̍㘃ߩേ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡᰴߩࠃ߁ߦㅀߴࠆ‫ޕ‬
ਛ࿖⺆ߩ̌キ̍㘃ߩേ⹖ߪ, ᄌൻ߿ㆊ⒟ࠃࠅ߽⁁ᘒ㧔̌キ̍ߥࠄ┙࠶࠹ࠗ࡞ߣ޿߁⁁ᘒ㧕ࠍ⴫ߔߩ߇ၮᧄ⊛ߥᗧ๧
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ߎࠇࠄߩേ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡ, ᑢᶢ 1997 ߢߪ̌೼ LV̍ߩᒻߢ߽, ̌V ೼ L̍ߩᒻߢ޽ߞߡ߽, ๮
㗴⊛ߥᗧ๧ߪᄌࠊࠄߥ޿ߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(46) ᇣᴢ೼
೼≭থϞതⴔDŽ‫ߦ࡯ࠔࡈ࠰ߪࠎߊ᧘ޟ‬ᐳߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
(47) ᇣᴢത೼≭থϞDŽ
‫ޟ‬ห਄‫ޠ‬
ߎߩߎߣߪ, ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ⒖േߩ᭽ᘒࠍㅀߴࠆേ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡ߽, ห᭽ߩᜰ៰߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
(48) ␌㸠ⱘ䯳ӡ䍄೼໻偀䏃ϞDŽ ‫ࡕ࠺ޟ‬㓌ߪᄢㅢࠅࠍᱠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
(49) ៥ⱘ໻ྍྍ, 䎥೼៥ࠡ༈њDŽህҎᆊ㒧ီ, ៥䖬≵㒧ီਸ਼DŽ
‫ޟ‬ᐕ਄ߩᆂߪ⑳ࠃࠅవߦ, ⚿ᇕߒߚ, ⑳߇߹ߛ⚿ᇕߒߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߦ‫ޠޕ‬㧔
‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
⒖േߩ᭽ᘒࠍ⴫ߔ႐วߦ߽, ሽ࿷ߩ᭽ᘒࠍ⴫ߔ႐วߣห᭽ߦ,̌೼ LV̍ߩᒻߢ޽ߞߡ߽,̌V
೼ L̍ߩᒻߢ޽ߞߡ߽, ๮㗴⊛ߥᗧ๧ߪᄌࠊࠄߥ޿‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
‫ࡕ࠺ޟ‬㓌ߪᄢㅢࠅࠍᱠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
೼໻偀䏃Ϟ䍄ⴔDŽ
(50) ␌㸠ⱘ䯳ӡ೼
೼៥ࠡ༈䎥ⴔDŽ‫ޟ‬ᐕ਄ߩᆂߪ⑳ߩ೨ࠍ⿛ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
(51) ៥ⱘ໻ྍྍ೼
ߎࠇࠄߩേ⹖߽, ̌V ೼ L̍ߣ޿߁ᒻࠍߣߞߡ޿ߡ߽, ̌೼̍ߩᯏ⢻ࠍಎേ⹖ߢߪߥߊ, ੺
⹖ߣℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆ‫଀ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ᢥߢߪ, ̌V ೼ L̍ߣ޿߁ᒻᑼࠍߒߡ޿ߡ߽, V ߩ⴫ߔേ૞ࠍ
ㅢߓߡ, ޽ࠆ੐‛ࠍ L ߦ૏⟎ߐߖࠆߎߣࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߒߚ߇ߞߡ, ᭴
ᢥ 1 ߦ̌ᡞ̍ࠍ઻ߞߚᒻᑼߢ޽ࠆ᭴ᢥ 2 ࠍ૞ࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
‫ߪ⑳ޟ‬ቇ↢ࠍኰߦ૑߹ࠊߖߚ‫ޕ‬
‫ޠ‬
ᡞᄺ⫳ԣ೼ᆓ㟡DŽ
(52) *៥ᡞ
(53) *ᓴ㗕Ꮬᡞ
ᡞৠᄺキ೼䮼ষDŽ‫ޟ‬ᒛవ↢ߪቇ↢ࠍ౉ࠅญߦ┙ߚߖߚ‫ޕ‬
‫ޠ‬
ߎࠇࠄߩേ⹖߇᭴ᢥ 2 ߦᚑ┙ߒߥ޿ߩߪ, V ߩ⴫ߔേ૞߇, ޽ࠆ੐‛ࠍ L ߦ૏⟎ߐߖࠆේ࿃
ߣߪߥࠅᓧߥ޿߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
̌8 ೼ .̍ߦ↢⿠น⢻ߥേ⹖㘃
8C േ⹖ߩ႐ว
Va2 േ⹖ߣߪ偀ᑚ᷾ 1988, ᧁ᧛ 1997 ߢ̌ব࣪̍േ⹖ߣߒߡ᜼ߍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ̌⅏㧘ᮁ㧘϶̍
ߥߤߩേ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Va2 േ⹖ߪ, ‫ޟ‬ᄌൻ‫⺆߁޿ߣޠ‬ᒵ․ᓽࠍᜬߟ‫ޟ߁⸒ߢߎߎޕ‬ᄌൻ‫ߣޠ‬
ߪ, ޽ࠆ⁁ᘒ߆ࠄ೎ߩ⁁ᘒ߳ߩ⒖ⴕߢ޽ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬, ̌⅏̍ߣ޿߁േ⹖ߪ‫ޠࠆ޿ߡ߈↢ޟ‬
⁁ᘒ߆ࠄ‫⁁ޠ޿ߥ޿ߡ߈↢ޟ‬ᘒ߳ߩ⒖ⴕࠍ⴫ߒߡ߅ࠅ, ᤨ㑆೽⹖̌೼̍ࠍ೨⟎ߔࠆߎߣ߇
ߢ߈ߕ, ࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ഥ⹖̌ⴔ̍ࠍᓟ⟎ߢ߈ߥ޿ߎߣ߆ࠄ, ߘߩ⒖ⴕߪ⍍㑆⊛ߦⴕࠊࠇࠆߣ
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ℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Va2 േ⹖ߪ᭴ᢥ 1 ߦ↢⿠ߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ߇, ᭴ᢥ 2 ߦ⃻ࠇࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
㧔
‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
(54) ᳔ৢϔᆊᄤ䛑⮙೼䙷‫ܓ‬њDŽ‫ᦨޟ‬ᓟߦߪ, ৻ኅోຬߘߎߢ∛᳇ߦߥߞߚ‫ޠޕ‬
‫ޟ‬ᓐᅚߪᱫࠎߛ, ੱ᳃∛㒮ߢᱫࠎߛ‫ޠޕ‬㧔
‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
(55) ཌྷ⅏њ⅏೼Ҏ⇥ए䰶њDŽ
(56) *៥ᡞ
ᡞ⠊҆⅏೼ए䰶DŽ
‫ߪ⑳ޟ‬ῳࠍ∛㒮ߢᱫߥߖߚ‫ޕ‬
‫ޠ‬
਄ߢ᜼ߍߚ̌キ̍ߥߤߩേ⹖ߢߪ, ಴᧪੐ߩਥ૕߇ L ߦ߅޿ߡേ⹖ߩ⴫ߔേ૞ࠍⴕߞߡ޿
ࠆߩߢ޽ࠅ, ߘߩᢥਛߩ̌೼̍ߩᯏ⢻ߪ੺⹖⊛ߢ޽ࠅ, ಴᧪੐ߩਥ૕ߦ⁁ᘒᄌൻߪ⿠ߎࠄ
ߥ޿‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒߡ, Va2 ߇᭴ᢥ 1 ਛߦ↢⿠ߔࠆ႐วߦߪ, ̌೼̍ߩᯏ⢻ߪ, ಎേ⹖ߣߒߡ
ℂ⸃น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬਄ߩ଀ᢥ(54)㧘(55)ߢߪ, ̌⮙̍㧘
̌⅏̍ߣ޿߁േ⹖ߩ⴫ߔⴕὑ߇ේ࿃ߣߥ
ߞߡ಴᧪੐ߩਥ૕߇⁁ᘒߩᄌൻࠍ⿠ߎߒ, ߘߩ⁁ᘒᄌൻߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ, ಴᧪੐ߩਥ૕߇ L
ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Va2 േ⹖߇᭴ᢥ 2 ࠍᒻᚑߢ߈ߥ޿ߩߪ, ಴᧪੐ߩਥ૕߇േ⹖ߩ⴫ߔⴕὑߩ᦭⽿⠪ߢߪߥ
޿߆ࠄߛߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
‫ޠ‬
(57) ៥⅏њ⠊҆‫ߪ⑳ޟޕ‬ῳࠍ੢ߊߒߚ‫ޕ‬
(58) ៥϶њᄽᄤ‫ߪ⑳ޟޕ‬ሶଏࠍㅅሶߦߒߚ‫ޠޕ‬
ߎࠇࠄߩ଀ᢥ߇⴫ߔ಴᧪੐ߩਛߢ, ᢥ㗡ߩฬ⹖ฏߪേ૞ࠍⴕ߁േ૞ਥߣߪ⠨߃ࠄࠇߕ, ߹
ߚߘߩ಴᧪੐ߩේ࿃ߣߥࠆ᦭⽿⠪ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢ߽ߥ޿‫ߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬, ߎࠇࠄߩേ⹖
ߦ̌ᡞ̍ࠍ઻ߞߡᢥࠍ૞ࠆߎߣߪ৻⥸ߦ࿎㔍ߢ޽ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
‫ߪ⑳ޟ‬ῳࠍᱫߥߖߚ‫ޕ‬
‫ޠ‬
ᡞ⠊҆⅏њDŽ
(59) *៥ᡞ
ᡞᄽᄤ϶њDŽ
‫ߪ⑳ޟ‬ሶଏࠍㅅሶߦߒߚ‫ޕ‬
‫ޠ‬
(60) *៥ᡞ
8D േ⹖ߩ႐ว
‫ޟ‬ขࠅઃߌࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘
̌ᅝᥦ̍
‫ޟ‬㧔ੱຬߥߤࠍ㧕㈩⟎ߔࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘
̌ᨚ̍
‫ޟ‬ਗߴࠆ‫ޠ‬
㧘
Vb2 േ⹖ߣߪ, ̌ᅝ̍
‫ޠߊ⟎ޟ‬㧘̌᧕̍
‫ޠߊ⟎ޟ‬㧘̌ᣖ̍
‫ޟ‬ដߌࠆ‫ߦ߁ࠃߩޠ‬, േ૞ߩߪߚࠄ߈߆ߌࠍฃߌߡ޽
̌ᬒ̍
ࠆ‛߇ઁߩ߽ߩߦઃ⌕ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⴫ߔ‫ޕ‬
⨹Ꮉ 1985㧘ਃቛ 1994 ߦᜰ៰ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ ਛ࿖⺆ߩേ⹖ߦߪ, േ૞ߩㆊ⒟ߩዪ㕙ߣേ૞
ቢੌᓟߩ⚿ᨐ⁁ᘒߩᜬ⛯ߩዪ㕙ߣࠍ৻ߟߩേ⹖ߩ⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧ߣߒߡᜬߟേ⹖߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Vb2
േ⹖ߣߪ, ߘ߁ߒߚੑዪ㕙േ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬, ⨹Ꮉ 1985 ߢߪ, ̌こ̍ߦ㑐ߒߡએਅߦੑ
ߟߩ⸃㉼߇น⢻ߥੑዪ㕙േ⹖ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
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(61) 䙷ӊ੠᳡ཌྷこњञ໽‫ޕ‬㩷
‫ߩߘޟ‬๺᦯ࠍ⌕ࠆߩߦ㐳޿ᤨ㑆߆߆ߞߚ‫ޠޕ‬㧔േ૞ߩㆊ⒟ߩዪ㕙ࠍ⴫ߔ⸃㉼㧕
‫ߩߘޟ‬๺᦯ࠍ㐳޿ᤨ㑆⌕ߡ޿ߚ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔േ૞ቢੌᓟߩ⚿ᨐ⁁ᘒߩᜬ⛯ߩዪ㕙ࠍ⴫ߔ⸃㉼㧕
Vb2 ߇ੑߟߩዪ㕙ࠍᜬߟേ⹖ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ, ̌೼̍߇ಎേ⹖ߣߒߡᢥਛߦ↪޿ࠄࠇ, V ߩ
⴫ߔേ૞߇ේ࿃ߣߥࠅ, ߘߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ, ޽ࠆ੐‛߇ L ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⴫ߔ̌V ೼ L̍
㧔᭴
ᢥ 1㧕
ߣ޿߁ᒻߦ↢⿠น⢻ߢ޽ࠅ, ห᭽ߦ, V ߩ⴫ߔേ૞߇ේ࿃ߣߥࠅ, ߘߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ, ޽
ࠆ੐‛㧔NP1㧕ࠍ L ߦሽ࿷ߐߖࠆߎߣࠍ⴫ߔ̌NP0 ᡞ NP1 V ೼ L̍ߣ޿߁᭴ᢥ 2 ߦ↢⿠
ߢ߈ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
᭴ᢥ 1㧔NP1 V ೼ L㧕ߩ႐ว
‫ߪߚߥ޽ޟ‬, ࠞࡃࡦߩਛߦ౉ࠇߥߐ޿‫ޠޕ‬
㧔
‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
(62) Դᬒ೼кࣙ䞠DŽ
(63) 㗕䰜⬭೼ഄ䞠ⳟ⪰DŽ
‫ޟ‬㒸ߐࠎߪ⇌ߦᱷߞߡⅶࠍ⷗቞ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔
‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
(64) ៥ⱘ㒗дᴀ㨑೼ᆊ䞠њDŽ‫✵ߩ⑳ޟ‬⠌Ꮽࠍኅߦ⟎߈ᔓࠇߚ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
᭴ᢥ 2㧔NP0 ᡞ NP1 V ೼ L㧕ߩ႐ว
‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
ᡞ㞾㸠䔺‫ܓ‬ᬒ೼ᑩϟDŽ‫ޟ‬㓏ࠍ਄߇ߞߚᓟ, ⥄ォゞࠍਅߦ⟎޿ߚ‫ޠޕ‬㧔
(65) Ϟὐҹৢᡞ
‫ޟ‬ᓐߪᓐᅚࠍߘߎߦᱷߒߚ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
(66) Ҫህᡞཌྷ⬭೼䙷‫ܓ‬њDŽ
(67) ཌྷᡞ
ᡞкࣙ㨑೼亲ᴎϞଞDŽ‫ߪ⑳ޟ‬㘧ⴕᯏߦ㕲ࠍ⟎߈ᔓࠇߚ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫ޢ‬㧕
േ⹖ߩ⺆ᒵࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ߦߟ޿ߡ
એਅߩ⴫ߪ, ᧄⓂߢ‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫⺞ࠍޢ‬ᩏߒߚ⚿ᨐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Va1 ߪ਄ߢᜰ៰ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ, ᧄⓂߢ
ขࠅ਄ߍߚ̌V ೼ L̍ߣߪᗧ๧ߣ᭴ㅧ߇⇣ߥࠅ, ̌V ೼ L̍ߩᒻࠍߣࠆᢥߩᢙ߽ዋߥ޿‫ޕ‬
Va2 ߇⃻ࠇࠆᢥߩᢙߪ 30 ߢ, േ⹖ߩ⒳㘃߽ 10 ୘ߣዋߥߊᗵߓࠄࠇࠆ߇, ߘ߽ߘ߽, ߎߩ㘃
ߦ฽߹ࠇࠆേ⹖ߩᢙ߇ዋߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ਅߩ⴫ߢ․ᓽ⊛ߥߩߪ, Vb1 േ⹖߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆᢥߩᢙߪ 272 ߣᄙ޿ߩߛ߇, േ⹖ߩ⒳㘃ߣ
ߒߡߪ 22 ୘ߣ㕖Ᏹߦዋߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄߪࠇߎޕ‬Ⓜߢ᜼ߍߚ Vb1 ߦߪሽ࿷㧘⒖േ
ߩ᭽ᘒࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖߇฽߹ࠇߡ߅ࠅ, ߘߩᢙ߇㒢ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬Ყߴ
ࠆߣ, Vb2 ߪ⃻ࠇࠆᢥߩᢙߪ 271 ߢ޽ࠅ, Vb1 ߣᄌࠊࠄߥ޿ߩߛ߇, േ⹖ߩ⒳㘃ߪ 75 ୘ߣ㕖
Ᏹߦ⼾ንߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ᢥߩᢙ
(Va1)
േ⹖ߩ⇣ߥࠅᢙ
(15)
(8)
Va2
30
10
Vb1
272
22
Vb2
271
75
⴫ 1: േ⹖㘃ဳߣᢥߣേ⹖ߩᢙ
ߎߎߢߪ, Vb2 േ⹖ߩ⺆ᒵࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛ߒߡ޿ߊߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢขࠅ಴
ߒߚ Vb2 േ⹖ߪ, 偀ᑚ᷾ 1981 ߇ឭ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ̌ᣖ̍㘃േ⹖ߣ৻⥌ߒ, ᤨ㊂⾠⺆ T ߪ, ̌ᣖ̍
㘃േ⹖ߣห᭽ߦ, ޽ࠆⴕὑ߇ේ࿃ߣߥࠅ, ޽ࠆ⁁ᘒࠍߟߊࠆ, ߘߩ⚿ᨐ⁁ᘒߩᜬ⛯ᤨ㑆ࠍ
⴫ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
‫ޟ‬㧔ߘߩ⛗ߪ㧕㐳޿ᤨ㑆߆߆ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
(68) 䙷ᐙ⬏ᣖњञ໽њDŽ
ߎߩ଀ᢥߢߪ, ⛗߇̌ᣖ̍‫߁޿ߣޠࠆߌ߆ޟ‬േ૞ࠍㅢߓߡ, ߤߎ߆ߩ႐ᚲߢ̌ᣖ̍‫ߞ߆߆ޟ‬
ߡ޿ࠆ‫⁁߁޿ߣޠ‬ᘒߦߥࠅ, ᤨ㊂⾠⺆ߪ, ߘߩ⁁ᘒߩᜬ⛯ᤨ㑆ߦߟ޿ߡㅀߴߡ޿ࠆߣ⸃㉼
ߢ߈ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬, ⚿ᨐዪ㕙ߩᤨ㑆㊂ࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒߡ,
หߓ Vb േ⹖ߢ߽, Vb1 േ⹖ߪ⚿ᨐዪ㕙ࠍᜬߚߥ޿ߩߢ, ⚿ᨐዪ㕙ߢߩᜬ⛯ᤨ㑆㊂ߪ⴫ߖߥ
޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Vb2 േ⹖ߣห᭽ߦ᭴ᢥ 1 ߦᚑ┙น⢻ߥേ⹖ Va2 ߪ, ޽ࠆ⁁ᘒ߆ࠄ೎ߩ⁁ᘒ߳ߩᄌൻࠍ⴫
ߒ, ߘߩ⒖ⴕߪ⍍㑆⊛ߦⴕࠊࠇࠆߎߣࠍ೨ߦㅀߴߚ‫ᤨޕ‬㊂⾠⺆ T ߩ⸃㉼ߪ, Vb2 ߣห᭽ߦ,
⚿ᨐዪ㕙ߢߩᜬ⛯ᤨ㑆㊂ߣ⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
(69) Ꮖ㒣⅏њϝ໽њ (Va њ+ T + њ) 㧔଀ᢥ(19)a ࠍౣឝ㧕
‫ޟ‬ᓐߪᱫࠎߢ 3 ᣣߦߥࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
߹ߚ᠈㗔᱊ 1991㧘߬ϔП 1999㧘᪞⚃ 1999 ߦ߅޿ߡᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ, ႐ᚲࠍ⴫ߔ
ฬ⹖ฏ L ࠍᢥ㗡ߦ⟎ߊሽ⃻ᢥߦ߅޿ߡ, ̌V ⴔ̍㧘̌V њ̍ߣ੤឵ࠍ⸵ߔേ⹖⟲߇޽ࠆ‫ߎޕ‬
ߩേ⹖⟲ߪ, ᧄⓂߢขࠅ಴ߒߚ Vb2 േ⹖ߣ৻⥌ߔࠆ‫̌ߩߎޕ‬њ̍ߣ̌ⴔ̍ߩ੤ઍ⃻⽎ߪ, Vb2
േ⹖ߪേ૞ߩㆊ⒟ߩዪ㕙ߣേ૞ቢੌᓟߩ⚿ᨐߩዪ㕙ߣࠍ⴫ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆੑዪ㕙േ⹖ߢ
޽ࠆߎߣߦ⿠࿃ߔࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬,
‫ޠޕߚࠇ߆⟎߇⨥߅ߦ᧍ޟ‬
(70) ḠϞᬒњϔᵃ㤊DŽ
‫ޕࠆ޽ߡ޿⟎߇⨥߅ߦ᧍ޟ‬
‫ޠ‬
(71) ḠϞᬒⴔϔᵃ㤊DŽ
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߬ϔП 1999 ߪ, ଀ᢥ(70)ߢߪ, ⸒ᄖߦേ૞ਥ߇޿ࠆߎߣ߇ᗵߓࠄࠇ, ଀ᢥ(71)ߢߪ߽ߪ߿േ
૞ਥߩሽ࿷ࠍᗵ⍮ߢ߈ߥ޿ߣᜰ៰ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߎߢ, േᘒ㧘㕒ᘒߣ޿߁ⴚ⺆ࠍዉ౉ߒ, ߘࠇߙࠇേ૞ਥ߇ᗐቯߢ߈ࠆዪ㕙ࠍേᘒ㧘ߘ
߁ߢߪߥ޿ዪ㕙ࠍ㕒ᘒߣቯ⟵ߔࠆߥࠄ߫, ଀ᢥ(70)ߣ଀ᢥ(71)ߪ, ߘࠇߙࠇേᘒߩ಴᧪੐㧘
㕒ᘒߩ಴᧪੐ߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ੑߟߩ಴᧪੐ߩ޽޿ߛߦߪ㑐ㅪ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬േᘒߩ
಴᧪੐ߪ, 㕒ᘒߩ಴᧪੐ࠃࠅ೨ߦ⿠ߎࠅ, 㕒ᘒߩ಴᧪੐ߩ‫ޟ‬ේ࿃‫ࠅߥߣޠ‬, 㕒ᘒߩ಴᧪੐ߪ,
േᘒߩ಴᧪੐ࠃࠅᓟߦ⿠ߎࠅ, േᘒߩ಴᧪੐ߩ‫⚿ޟ‬ᨐ‫޿⸒ޕࠆߥߣޠ‬឵߃ࠇ߫, 㕒ᘒߩ಴
᧪੐ߪേᘒߩ಴᧪੐ߩᑧ㐳਄ߦ޽ࠅ, േᘒߩ಴᧪੐ߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡሽ࿷ߔࠆ಴᧪੐ߣߒߡቯ
⟵ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ቯ⟵ߪ Comrie1976 ߩᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ⚿ᨐ⋧ߩቯ⟵ߣว⥌ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
In the perfect of result, a present state is referred to as being the result of some past situation:
(Comrie 1976)
਄ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦ Va2㧘Vb2 ߣ߽᭴ᢥ 1̌NP1 V ೼ L̍ߣ޿߁ᒻᑼߦ↢⿠ߒߡV ߩ⴫ߔേ૞࡮
ⴕὑ߇ේ࿃ߣߥࠅ, ߘߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ, ಴᧪੐ߩਥ૕߇ L ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⴫ߒ߁ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬
ߎߣ߆ࠄ Va2㧘Vb2 ߪ౒ㅢߦ‫⚿ޟ‬ᨐ⋧‫⺆߁޿ߣޠ‬ᒵࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ࠍᜬߟߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬
᭴ᢥ 2̌NP0 ᡞ NP1 V ೼ L̍ߦߟ޿ߡ⷗ࠆߣ, Va2 ߪ, ߎߩ᭴ᢥߦ↢⿠ਇน⢻ߛ߇, Vb2
ߪน⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬㆑޿ߪ, ේ࿃੐⽎ߣߥࠆേ⹖ߩዻᕈߦ⿠࿃ߔࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪ, Va2 ߪ
‫ޟ‬ᄌൻ‫߇ޠ‬೨ឭߣߥߞߚ⚿ᨐ⋧ࠍᜬߜ, Vb2 ߪ, േ૞߇೨ឭߣߥߞߚ⚿ᨐ⋧ࠍᜬߟߣ⠨߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᧄⓂߦ߅ߌࠆ⠨ኤߪ, ߥ߅ᧂᾫߥࠕࠗ࠺ࠖࠕߩᲑ㓏ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਥᒛߪචಽߥⵣઃߌࠍᜬߞ
ߚ‫ߡߒߣޠ⺰ޟ‬ቢᚑߒߚ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿‫੹ޕ‬ᓟ, ⻉⾫ߦࠃࠆߏഥ⸒ࠍ޿ߚߛߌࠇ߫ᐘ޿ߢ޽
ࠆ‫ޕ‬
଀ᢥ಴ౖᢥ₂
‫ޡ‬ᔧҷ‫࣫ޢ‬Ҁ䇁㿔᭛࣪໻ᄺ䇁㿔ᬭᄺⷨお᠔㓪Ǎᔧҷ࣫Ҁষ䇁䇁᭭ǎ࣫Ҁ䇁㿔᭛࣪໻
ᄺߎ⠜⼒
‫⦄ޡ‬ҷ‫ޢ‬ᵫᴣ‫ܝ‬ㄝ㓪Ǎ⦄ҷ∝䇁ࡼ䆡໻䆡‫݌‬ǎ࣫Ҁ䇁㿔ᄺ䰶ߎ⠜⼒
‫∝ޡ‬䇁‫ޢ‬ᄳ⨂ㄝ㓪Ǎ∝䇁ࡼ䆡⫼⊩䆡‫݌‬ǎଚࡵॄк佚
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
CHEN CHUNG-YU 1978: Aspectual Features of the Verb and the Relative Positions of the Locatives,
Journal of Chinese Linguistics 6.
COMRIE, B. 1976: Aspect. Cambridge University Press.
DOWTY, D.R. 1972 Studies in the logic of verb aspect and time reference in English. Studies in
͘!52!͘
目次ページに戻る。
Linguistics 1. Dept. of Linguistics, University of Texas at Austin.
JAMES H-Y. TAI 1975: On Two Functions of Place Adverbial in Mandarin Chinese, Journal of
Chinese Linguistics 2-3.
JAMES H-Y. TAI 1985: Temporal Sequence and Chinese Word Order, In John Haiman (ed.),
Iconicity in Syntax, Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
MINEGISHI MAKOTO. 2001 Southeast Asian Languages: A Case for the Caseless?, Working Papers
of International Symposium on Non-nominative Subjects.
YASUHIRO SHIRAI 1998: Where the Progressive and the Resultative Meet Imperfectve Aspect in
Japanese, Chinese, Korean and English, Studies in Language 22:3.
⨹Ꮉᷡ⑲ 1985: ‫ߣ̍ⴔ̌ޟ‬േ⹖ߩ㘃‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖⺆‫ޢ‬NO.306.
ᐔ੗๺ਯ 1987: ‫ޟ‬㕒ᘒേ⹖ߦ㑐ߔࠆᐞߟ߆ߩ໧㗴 ֣֣ ਥߦ̌V ೼̍ᒻᑼߣߩ㑐ㅪߦ߅޿
ߡ֣֣‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖⺆ቇ‫ ╙ޢ‬234 ᦼ.
દේᄢ╷ 1982: ‫ޟ‬ㅴⴕࠍ⴫ߔ‫ޟ‬೼‫ޠߡ޿ߟߦޠ‬㧘‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖⺆ቇ‫ޢ‬229 ภ.
ᧁ᧛⧷᮸ 1997: ‫̌ޟ‬ব࣪̍๺̌ࡼ԰̍‫ޠ‬㧘૛㕄⧔ઁ✬‫ޡ‬ᯅᧄ⪦ᄥ㇢♿ᔨਛ࿖⺆ቇ⺰㓸‫ޢ‬㧘ౝ
ጊᦠᐫ.
LAMARRE CHRISTINE 2002: ‫ޣޟ‬V+೼+႐ᚲ⹖‫ߩޤ‬᭴ᢥ⊛ᗧ๧ౣ⠨ ᴡർౙᎺᣇ⸒㧘19 ਎♿ᧃ
ߩർ੩⺆ߣ⃻ઍᮡḰ⺆ߩ⋧㆑ࠍਛᔃߦ‫ޠ‬
㧘ਛ࿖⺆᧲ࠕࠫࠕ⎇ⓥળ 㕍ጊቇ㒮ᄢቇ 12 ᦬ 15
ᣣ ⊒⴫࡟ࠫࡘࡔ.
LAMARRE CHRISTINE 2003: ‫⁁ޟ‬ᘒᄌൻ㧘᭴ᢥᄌൻ㧘ߘߒߡ⸒⺆ᐓᷤ: ਛ࿖⺆ߩ‫ޣ‬V + ೼ + ႐
ᚲ‫ޤ‬᭴ᢥߩࠤ࡯ࠬ‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ޡ‬㐿▻‫ޢ‬Vol.22.
᪞⚃ 1999: ‫ޟ‬ਛ࿖⺆ߩ⚿ᨐ⋧㧔resultative㧕ߣࡄ࡯ࡈࠚࠢ࠻㧔perfect㧕 ֣֣‫ޟ‬੕឵น⢻‫ޠ‬
ߥ̌V ⴔ̍ߣ̌V њ̍ࠍਛᔃߦ֣֣‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖⺆ቇ‫ޢ‬246 ภ.
⋝ứ 1997: ‫ޟޟ‬೼໻䯾ԣ‫ޟߣޠ‬ԣ೼໻䯾‫ޠޠ‬㧘ᄢᴡౝᐽᙗᢎ᝼ㅌቭ⸥ᔨ⺰ᢥ㓸ೀⴕળ‫ޡ‬ᄢᴡ
ౝᐽᙗᢎ᝼ㅌቭ⸥ᔨ ਛ࿖⺆ቇ⺰ᢥ㓸‫᧲ ޢ‬ᣇᦠᐫ.
ፄጯ⌀ℙ 1986: ‫ߩ⺆࡞࡯ࡔࠢޟ‬േ⹖ㅪ⛯ߦ߅ߌࠆ/baan/ߩᗧ⟵ߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޠ‬㧘‫᧲ޡ‬੩ᄢቇ⸒⺆
ቇṶ⠌ '86‫ޢ‬㧘᧲੩ᄢቇᢥቇㇱ.
ፄጯ⌀ℙ 2002: ‫ޟ‬ᒻᘒ㘃ဳ⺰ߩᒻᑼࡕ࠺࡞ൻ‫ޠ‬㧘‫⺆⸒ࠞ࡝ࡈࠕ࡮ࠕࠫࠕޡ‬ᢥൻ⎇ⓥ‫ޢ‬64 ภ.
ፄጯ⌀ℙ 2003: ‫ޟ‬േ⹖ㅪ⛯ߩ⸒⺆ℂ⺰਄ߩᗧ⟵‫ޠ‬
㧘ਛ࿖⺆᧲ࠕࠫࠕ⻉⺆⎇ⓥળ 㕍ጊቇ㒮ᄢ
ቇ 5 ᦬ 18 ᣣ ⊒⴫࡟ࠫࡘࡔ.
ਃቛ⊓ਯ 1994: ‫݇ޟ‬Ѣ̌ⴔ̍㸼⼎ⱘ䇁⊩ᛣН‫ޠ‬㧘
‫┙⋵ޡ‬ᣂẟᅚሶ⍴ᦼᄢቇ⎇ⓥ♿ⷐ‫ޢ‬No. 31.
㧔ਅ㧕‫ޠ‬
‫ޡ‬ᢎ⢒࿖⺆‫ޢ‬53/54.
ᅏ↰㕏㓶 1978:‫⎇ߩ࠻ࠢࡍࠬࠕޟ‬ⓥࠍ߼ߋߞߡ 㧔਄㧕
⼝੗໑మ 2000: ‫̌ޟ‬೼ㄝ̍
̌ㄝⴔ̍
̌೼ㄝⴔ̍ ֣֣ ̌೼̍ߣ̌ⴔ̍ߩᢥᴺ⊛ᗧ๧ߣ⺆↪⺰‫ޠ‬
㧘
‫ੱޡ‬ᢥቇႎ‫ ╙ޢ‬311 ภ.
㋈ᧁ⋥ᴦ 1956: ‫ޟ‬ਛ࿖⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆ૏⟎ߩᜰ␜ߣᒝ⺞ߩࡓ࡯࠼ߣߩ㑐ଥߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖⺆
ቇ‫ޢ‬
㧘╙ 57 ภ.
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਼ၯ 2002: ‫ޟ‬ਛ࿖⺆ߩ̌V ೼ L̍᭴ᢥߦߟ޿ߡ ֣֣ ̌೼ LV̍᭴ᢥߣߩ㑐ㅪࠍਛᔃߦ‫ޠ‬㧘
ᣣᧄਛ࿖⺆ቇળ㑐᧲ᡰㇱ଀ળ ߅⨥ߩ᳓ᅚሶᄢቇ 4 ᦬ 20 ᣣ ⊒⴫࡟ࠫࡘࡔ.
ጊญ⋥ੱ 1999: ‫̌ޟ‬V ೼+L̍᭴ᢥߩઁേᕈߦߟ޿ߡ ֣֣⺆ᒵ᭎ᔨ᭴ㅧߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ֣֣‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖⺆ቇ‫ ╙ޢ‬246 ᦼ.
㩷
᠈⌽ϔ⪺ 咘⊇⸶ 1988: ‫ޟ‬ᯊ䯈乎ᑣ੠∝䇁ⱘ䇁ᑣ‫ޠ‬, ‫ޡ‬೑໪䇁㿔ᄺ‫ ╙ޢ‬1 ᦼ.
᠈㗔᱊ 1991: ‫⦄ޟ‬ҷ∝䇁ᣕ㓁ԧ̌ⴔ̍ⱘ䇁Нߚᵤ‫ޠ‬, 䚉᱊ᬣਥ✬‫ޡ‬бकᑈҷⱘ䇁⊩ᗱ㗗‫ޢ‬,
࣫Ҁ䇁㿔ᄺ䰶ߎ⠜⼒.㩷
㣗㒻⏍㩷 1982㪑㩷 Nj䆎ҟ䆡ⷁ䇁Ā೼+໘᠔ānj㪃㩷 Ǎ䇁㿔ⷨおǎ╙ 1 ᦼ㪅㩷
ᮍṙ㩷 2000㪑㩷 NjҢ V“ⴔāⳟ∝䇁ϡᅠܼԧⱘࡳ㛑⡍ᕕnj㪃㩷 Ё೑䇁᭛ᴖᖫ⼒㓪㩷 Ǎ䇁⊩ⷨお੠᥶
㋶㩿б㪀ǎ㪃㩷 ଚࡵॄк佚㪅㩷
䛁❭㩷 1986㩷㪑㩷 Nj
ĀᬒࠄḠᄤϞā
Āᬒ೼ḠᄤϞāĀᬒḠᄤϞānj㪃㩷 ǍЁ೑䇁᭛ǎ㄀ 1 ᳳ㪅㩷
䞥ゟ䨿㩷 1993㪑㩷 Nj
Āᡞ OV ೼ 㪣”ⱘ䇁Нǃহ⊩ǃ䇁⫼ߚᵤnj㪃㩷 Ǎ䇁㿔ⷨおǎ㄀ 5 ᳳ㪅㩷
ᴢЈᅮ㩷 1985㪑㩷 Njࡼ䆡ⱘࡼᗕࡳ㛑੠䴭ᗕࡳ㛑nj㪃㩷 Ǎ∝䇁ᄺдǎ㄀ 1 ᳳ㪅㩷
߬ᅕ⫳㩷 1985㪑㩷 Nj䆎Āⴔāঞ݊Ⳍ݇ⱘϸϾࡼᗕ㣗⭈nj㪃㩷 Ǎ䇁㿔ⷨおǎ㪃㩷 ㄀ 2 ᳳ㪅㩷
߬ᅕ⫳㩷 1985㪑㩷 Njࡼ䆡ⱘ䇁Н㣗⭈㪑㩷“ࡼ԰āϢĀ⢊ᗕānj㪃㩷 Ǎ∝䇁ᄺдǎ㄀ 1 ᳳ㪅㩷
߬ϔП㩷 1999㪑㩷 Nj࣫Ҁষ䇁ЁⱘĀⴔā
nj㩷 ࣫Ҁ໻ᄺЁ᭛㋏lj䇁㿔ᄺ䆎ϯNJ㓪ྨӮ㓪Ǎ䇁㿔ᄺ䆎
ϯ㩿㄀ѠकѠ䕥㪀ǎ㪃㩷 ଚࡵॄк佚㪅㩷
偀ᑚ᷾㩷 1981㩷 Njᯊ䞣ᆒ䇁੠ࡼ䆡ⱘ㉏nj㪃㩷 ljЁ೑䇁᭛NJ㄀ 2 ᳳDŽ㩷
偀ᑚ᷾㩷 1988㩷 Nj㞾Џࡼ䆡੠䴲㞾Џࡼ䆡nj㪃㩷 ljЁ೑䇁㿔ᄺ᡹NJ㄀ 3 ᳳDŽ㩷
⥟䖬㩷 1957㪑㩷 Nj䇈Ā೼ā
nj㪃㩷 ljЁ೑䇁᭛NJ㩷 2 ᳜ো㪅㩷
⥟䖬㩷 1980㪑㩷 Nj‫ݡ‬䇈䇈Ā೼ā
nj㪃㩷 lj䇁㿔ᬭᄺϢⷨおNJ㩷 ㄀ 3 ᳳ㪅㩷
ᕤЍ㩷 1992㪑㩷 Nj∝䇁䞠ⱘĀ೼āϢĀⴔ㩿ထ㪀”nj㩷
ᓴ㪲䌸䋲㪴㩷1997㪑㩷 Nj䆎‫އ‬ᅮĀ೼ L+VP”៪ĀVP+೼ L”ⱘ಴㋴nj㪃㩷 Ǎ䇁㿔ᬭᄺϢⷨおǎ㄀ 2 ᳳ㪅㩷
䍉䞥䫁㩷 1995㪑㩷Nj⦄ҷ∝䇁㸹䇁ԡ㕂ϞⱘĀ೼ā੠Āࠄāঞ݊ᔅ࣪ᔶᓣĀgde”nj㪃㩷ǍЁ೑䇁㿔
ᄺ᡹ǎ㄀ 7 ᳳ㪅㩷
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ઃ㍳
Va1
ֱ䆕‫ޠࠆߔ⸽଻ޟ‬
㧘ᛳ㾝‫ޟ‬ᗵߓࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘㾝ᕫ‫ޟ‬㨪ߣᕁ߁‫ޠ‬㧘ⶹ䘧‫ޟ‬⍮ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠ‬
㧘㾕‫ޠࠆ߃⷗ޟ‬㧘
ᤝᩌ‫ޟ‬ផ᷹ߔࠆ‫ޠ‬
㧘↩Ϯ‫ޟ‬තᬺߔࠆ‫ޠ‬
㧘⌏‫ޠࠆ߈↢ޟ‬
Va2
⮙‫∛ޟ‬᳇ߦߥࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘䭓‫ޟ‬ᄢ߈ߊߥࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘㟁‫ޠࠆߥߊߐߊޟ‬㧘থ⫳‫ޠࠆߕ↢ޟ‬㧘⅏‫ޟ‬ᱫߧ‫ޠ‬㧘⯿
⮾‫ޟ‬㤗∽⁁ᘒߦߥࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘ᰩ‫ޟ‬᳇߇㆙ߊߥࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘៤䭓‫ޟ‬ᚑ㐳ߔࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘⫳‫ޠ߻↢ޟ‬㧘⫳䭓‫ޟ‬ᚑ㐳ߔ
ࠆ‫ޠ‬
Vb1
㧘ᓔ‫ޟ‬ㆇォߔࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘䎳‫ޠߊⴕߡ޿ߟߦߣ޽ޟ‬㧘
䎥‫ޠࠆ⿛ޟ‬
㧘䍄‫ޟ‬ᱠߊ‫ޠ‬
䑆‫ޠ߻߇߾ߒޟ‬㧘䎾‫ޠߊߕ߹ߑ߭ޟ‬㧘ത‫ޟ‬ᐳࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘䎈‫ޟ‬⣻߫޿ߦߥࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘キ‫ޠߟ┙ޟ‬㧘䒎‫ޟ‬ኢ
ߘߴࠆ‫ޠ‬
ሙԣ‫ޟ‬૑߹߁‫ޠ‬㧘ԣ‫ޟ‬૑߻‫ޠ‬㧘Ⲭ䏲‫ޟ‬Ꮍߊ߁‫ޠ‬㧘㘮Ӯ‫ޟ‬㓸߹ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘ߎ⫳‫ޠࠆࠇ߹↢ޟ‬
⌕䴆‫ޠࠆࠇ⃻ࠄ߆ߕߩ߅ޟ‬㧘⫳⌏‫↢ޟ‬ᵴߔࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘⌕ࡼ‫ޟ‬ᵹേߔࠆ‫ޠ‬
⠅‫ޟ‬ᗲߔࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘ᠧ‫ޟ‬ᛂߟ‫ޠ‬㧘ⳟ‫ޠࠆ⷗ޟ‬㧘খࡴ‫ޟ‬ෳടߔࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘
Vb2
ᅝ‫ޟ‬ขࠅઃߌࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘ᅝᥦ‫ޟ‬㧔ੱຬߥߤࠍ㧕㈩⟎ߔࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘ᨚ‫ޟ‬ਗߴࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘ᬒ‫ޠߊ⟎ޟ‬㧘᧕‫ޠߊ⟎ޟ‬㧘
ᣖ‫ޟ‬ដߌࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘݇‫ޟ‬㐽ߓㄟ߼ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘῾‫ޟ‬ᮮߚ߃ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘ᆘᠬ‫ޠࠆߔ⸤ޟ‬㧘ᓎゟ‫ޟ‬ᑪ⸳ߔࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘㘮
‫ޟ‬㓸߼ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘⬭‫ޟ‬ᱷߒߡ߅ߊ‫ޠ‬㧘㨑‫߈⟎ޟ‬ᔓࠇࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘ᦝ‫ޠ߻߽ޟ‬㧘‫ޠߊᦠޟݭ‬㧘⫼‫ޠࠆ޿↪ޟ‬㧘
㉬‫ޠࠆߪޟ‬㧘㺙‫ޟ‬ᝪ߃ઃߌࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘ᨕ‫ޟ‬㧔ᜰవߢ㧕᛼ߔ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޠߊߟߺ߇ߒޟآ‬
㓋‫ޟ‬㧔㊎ߢ㧕ߣ߼ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘䏽‫ޠ߻〯ޟ‬㧘໘‫ޠߊ߅ޟ‬㧘‫ޟޥ‬㓸߼ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘ᨁ‫ޠࠆߌ߆ߞ߭ޟ‬㧘‫ޟצ‬ㅒߐ
߹ߦߔࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘ᥝ‫ޠߔߣ⪭ޟ‬㧘৞‫ࠄ߱ޟ‬ਅߍࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘ฉ‫ޠߋߐ߰ޟ‬㧘ᇍ‫ޠࠆߌߟߞߊޟ‬㧘ߚ‫ޟ‬ಽߌ
ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘ߚᬷ‫ޟ‬ಽߌਈ߃ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘㓱‫ޠ߁❔ޟ‬㧘ᬍ‫ޟ‬ᄌ߃ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘Ⲫ‫ޠࠆߖ߱߆޿ⷒޟ‬㧘䍊‫ޟ‬ㅊ޿߆ߌ
㧘⬏‫ޟ‬ឬߊ‫ޠ‬
㧘⏋‫ޟ‬ᷙߗࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘᣸‫ޟ‬᛼ߒว߁‫ޠ‬
㧘䆄‫ᦠޟ‬
ࠆ‫ޠ‬
㧘☠‫ޟ‬ᵈ߉ㄟ߻‫ޠ‬㧘㢅‫ޟ‬ᶖ⾌ߔࠆ‫ޠ‬
߈⇐߼ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘།‫ޠ߻ߐߪޟ‬㧘ࡴ‫ޟ‬วࠊߖࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘ᓎ‫ޟ‬ᑪߡࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘व‫ޟ‬᛼ߐ߃ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘⚖‫߆ࠄࠊ߿ޟ‬
ߊߥࠆ߹ߢᾚࠆ‫ޠ‬
㧘㉬㊞‫ޠࠆ⾍ޟ‬
㧘ඟ‫ޟ‬ၒ߼ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘᣾‫ޟ‬േ߆ߔ‫ޠ‬
㧘ᠥ‫ޟ‬㧔ജߥߤࠍ㧕ᵈߋ‫ޠ‬
㧘ⴵ
‫ޠࠆ⌁ޟ‬㧘䫕‫ޠࠆߌ߆ࠍ߉߆ޟ‬㧘䌈‫ࠅ⾍ޟ‬ઃߌࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޠࠆ߼ߣޟذ‬
㧘‫ޠࠆ߹ߤߣޟ⬭ذ‬
㧘ᠬ‫⸤ޟ‬
㧘ఢ‫ޠࠆ߃߆ߟޟ‬㧘⸌‫ޟ‬უߔ‫ޠ‬㧘㩀‫ޟ‬ၒ⫋ߔࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘
ߔࠆ‫ޠ‬
㧘य़‫ޟ‬㊀ߺࠍട߃ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘य़㓽‫ޠࠆ߼❗ޟ‬
ᠢ‫ޟ‬ೝߔ‫ޠ‬㧘ᬃ‫ޟ‬ᡰ߃ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘ᩲ‫ޠࠆ߆ߟ߱ޟ‬㧘᫹‫ޠࠆីޟ‬㧘ᦎ‫ޟ‬ᷙߗࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘ᦎᴖ‫ޟ‬ᷙߗࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘⊵
‫ޟ‬ẃߌࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘⺄‫ޠࠆ߆ߟ߱ޟ‬㧘䫎‫ޟ‬ᢝߊ‫ޠ‬㧘ᠨ‫ޟ‬ᝥߡࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘㵡ড়‫ߌ⸃ޟ‬ว߁‫ޠ‬㧘䆒‫ޠࠆߌ⸳ޟ‬㧘
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̌'8'06㧝ᑲᓧ'8'06㧞̍ߦ߅ߌࠆ̌ᑲ̍ߩ
ࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ᯏ⢻
ጊᩮ ผሶ
㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
᭎ⷐ
⃻ઍਛ࿖⺆ߦߪ㧘ઍേ⹖ᯏ⢻ࠍᨐߚߔߣ৻⥸⊛ߦ⹺⼂ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ̌ᓘ̍ߣ޿߁േ⹖߇޽
ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘
̌'8'06㧝8 ᓧ'8'06㧞̍ߦઍ⴫ߐࠇࠆᢥߦ߅޿ߡ̌8̍ߣߒߡ↢⿠ߔࠆ̌ᓘ̍
ߪ㧘ઁߩ․ቯߩേ⹖ࠍઍⴕߒߡ޿ࠆߣߪߺߥߖߕ㧘⇣ߥࠆᯏ⢻ࠍᨐߚߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ
ࠆ㧔଀߃߫̌Ҫ᪺ⴔ☿᷈ैϡ⚍㳵ˈাᕔ㞾Ꮕ᠟Ё䙷Ͼᇘߎ‫ܝ‬㡦ⱘ᠟⬉ㄦϞ⚍ˈᓘᕫϔሟᄤ
Ҏܼュњ̍㧕‫ߪ⺰ᧄޕ‬㧘ߎߩ⒳ߩ̌ᓘ̍߇̌'8'06㧝̍ో૕ࠍේ࿃੐⽎ߣߒߡࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߒ㧘
⚿ᨐ੐⽎ߢ޽ࠆ̌'8'06㧞̍߳❬ߍࠆߣ޿߁ᯏ⢻⺆ߦૃߚᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡ޿ࠆߣᜰ៰ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ߘߒߡ̌ᓘ̍ߪߘߩᗧ๧ߩṫ⊕ᕈ߆ࠄ㧘̌8̍ߣߒߡ↢⿠ߔࠆേ⹖ߩਛߢࡊࡠ࠻࠲ࠗࡊ⊛ߥ
േ⹖ߢ޽ࠆߣ઒ቯߒ㧘⚂ ਁሼߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ࠺࡯࠲ࠍኻ⽎ߦಽᨆࠍⴕߞߚ‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬ᨐ㧘
̌ᓘ̍
ߩࡊࡠ࠻࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍᡰᜬߔࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ⚿ᨐࠍᓧߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘
̌ᓘ̍߇ࡊࡠ࠻࠲ࠗࡊߣߥࠆ⢛
᥊ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߩ㓏ጀ᭴ㅧߣ㧘.CPICEMGT㧔㧕ߩឭ᩺ߔࠆࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࡕ࠺࡞
ߩ᭎ᔨࠍએߞߡ⠨ኤߔࠆߎߣ߽⹜ߺߚ‫ޕ‬
⢛᥊
̌8̍ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆേ⹖ߩṫ⊕ᕈ
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̌'8'06㧝̍ߩᕈ⾰
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̌'8'06㧝8 ᓧ'8'06㧞̍ߦ⹥ᒰߔ
̌8̍ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆേ⹖ߩⶄวࡀ࠶࠻
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໧㗴ឭ⿠
̌ᓘ̍ߪ⺆Ḯߢ޽ࠆ‫ޟ‬ᚻߦᜬߞߡㆆ߱㧘޿ߓࠆ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᗧ๧ࠍ⴫ߔ৻ᣇ㧘ઁߩേ⹖ࠍઍ
ⴕߔࠆߣ޿߁㧘޿ࠊࠁࠆઍേ⹖↪ᴺࠍ᦭ߔࠆߣ⹺⼂ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޡ߫߃଀ޕ‬ዊቇ㙚ਛᣣㄉౖ‫ޢ‬
෸߮‫ޡ‬ਛᣣᄢㄉౖ‫ߪߢޢ‬㧘
̌ᓘ̍ߦߟ޿ߡ‫ߩઁޟ‬േ⹖ߩઍࠊࠅࠍߟߣ߼ࠆ‫⺑ߣޠ‬᣿ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘
⋧ේઁ
ߢߪ̌᧲̍ߦኻߒߡ‫ޟ‬
̌ᑲ̍ߦૃߚઍേ⹖ᯏ⢻‫⺑߁޿ߣޠ‬᣿ࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ࠆ㧔
̌ᓘ̍
⥄૕ߪ㗄⋡ߣߒߡ᜼ߍࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ޿㧕
‫̌ߦ߆ߒߚޕ‬ᓘ̍ߪ㧘޿ߊߟ߆ߩേ⹖ߩᗧ๧ࠍઍⴕߔ
ࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ޡ‬ਛᣣᄢㄉౖ‫ߩߎߪޢ‬⒳ߩᯏ⢻ߣߒߡ޿ߊߟ߆ߩ଀ࠍ᜼ߍߡ޿ࠆ㧔ਣ
᜝ᒐౝߪᧄ᧪ߩേ⹖㧕
㧦ᓘ‫خ‬佁ˋ䖭Ͼ㸼ണњˈԴᣓএি䩳㸼ࣴᓘׂ⧚དњ৻ˋᓘᨀ䍄
ϔ᥼ൗഒˋᘏ㽕ᓘⷨおߎϔϾ㒧ᵰᴹ‫
ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㨪
ߦ߅ߌࠆ̌ᓘ̍ߪ㧘޽ࠆ․ቯߩേ
⹖ߩᗧ๧ࠍઍⴕߒߡ޿ࠆߣߪߺߥߒ㔍޿‫ޕ‬
㗕ṕ≵ୱˈⳈ䇈㚗⮐ˈᓘᕫ䙷Ͼᅶ᠋ϡ催݈ˈ䇈ԴṕЏӏⳟϡ䍋ҎଞˈህᨨњᵃᄤDŽ䇜
℠ᑈᑩ
Ҫֽᣛⴔ䙷ѯ❳Ҏ໻ໄ䇈ュˈᓘᕫ᳡ࡵਬ䖯ሟᴹᦤ䝦ˈ䇈कѠ⚍њˈ߿Ҏ㽕ӥᙃDŽ߬䝦
啭‫⇥ݰ‬԰ᆊ
Ҫ᪺ⴔ☿᷈ैϡ⚍㳵ˈাᕔ㞾Ꮕ᠟Ё䙷Ͼᇘߎ‫ܝ‬㡦ⱘ᠟⬉ㄦϞ⚍ˈᓘᕫϔሟᄤҎܼュњDŽ
䪕‫ޱ‬ᇣ䚥೼໻ὐ䞠
䙧ᅛᔎさ✊㳂῾᮴↨ഄਐњ䍋ᴹˈᓘᕫ߿Ҏ䛑᳝ѯ㥿ৡ݊཭DŽ৊‫ܚ‬㿔䏃䖍ⱘ᳜҂
ᄭ㡇㧡ത೼Ҫⱘ᠓䯈䞠ϡ䍄ˈુુ୐୐ⱘˈᓘᕫ䍉ᤃ⍯ㅔⳈ≵᳝ࡲ⊩DŽ݇ҕቅ亢ᲈ╂
ৃᰃཌྷ‫أأ‬ᇍҪ⫳⌏Ё䖭ӊ䞡㽕ⱘџ䞛পњϔ⾡ᡍ߸ⱘᗕᑺˈᓘᕫҪᖗ䞠ᕜϡ⮯ᖿDŽ䏃
䘹咘৊೼⾟亢Ё京㨑
ᓥߞߡ̌ᓘ̍ߩߎߩ⒳ߩᯏ⢻ߪ㧘නߦേ⹖ࠍઍⴕߔࠆᯏ⢻ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
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㨪
ߩ଀ᢥߦߪਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߦേ૞ਥ૕ࠍ⴫ߔⷐ⚛߇ሽ࿷ߖߕ㧘੐⽎ࠍ⴫ߔⷐ⚛㧔ਅ✢
ㇱ㧕߇ߘߩ૏⟎ࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ଀ᢥߪߔߴߡ᭽ᘒ⵬⺆㧔᳜߬ढ 㧕߆ࠄߥ
ࠆ᭴ᢥߢ޽ࠅ㧘᭽ᘒ⵬⺆ߩㇱಽߪਥㅀࡈ࡟࡯࠭ᒻᑼߦࠃߞߡ੐⽎ࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔એਅ㧘ߎߩ
̌'8'06̍ߪ੐⽎ࠍ⴫ߒ㧘ฝਅߩᢙሼߪੑߟߩ
ࠃ߁ߥᢥࠍ̌'8'06㧝8 ᓧ'8'06㧞̍ߣ⸥ߔ‫ޕ‬
̌'8'06̍߇⇣ߥࠆ੐⽎ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߔ㧕
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᧪੐෶ߪ޽ࠆേ૞ⴕὑ߇㧘޽ࠆ⚿ᨐࠍᒁ߈⿠ߎߒߚߎߣࠍ⴫ߔߣߒߡ૶ᓎᕈࠍ⹺߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
૶ᓎߪ௛߈߆ߌࠆ஥㧔:㧕ߩ௛߈߆ߌߣ㧘௛߈߆ߌࠍฃߌࠆ஥㧔;㧕ߩേ૞࡮૞↪࡮⁁ᘒᄌൻ
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̌ᑲ̍⥄りߩᗧ๧ߪṫ
⊕⊛ߢ޽ࠅ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߤޟ‬ේ࿃੐⽎ߦࠃࠆ௛߈߆ߌ߆‫⸒ߪߡ޿ߟߦޠ‬෸ߒߡ߅ࠄߕ㧘ߎࠇߦߟ
޿ߡߪ̌ᓘ̍ߦవⴕߔࠆਥㅀࡈ࡟࡯࠭㧔ਅ✢ㇱ㧕ߩㇱಽߦࠃߞߡ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ⷞޕ‬ὐࠍᄌ߃
̌ᕫ̍
ࠇ߫㧘
̌ᓘ̍߇㧘వⴕߒߡ↢⿠ߔࠆਥㅀࡈ࡟࡯࠭ో૕ࠍේ࿃੐⽎ߣߒߡࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߒ㧘
ᓟᣇߩ⚿ᨐ੐⽎߳❬ߍࠆߣ޿߁㧘ᯏ⢻⺆ߦૃߚᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
৻ᣇ̌ᓘ̍એᄖߩേ⹖߽̌'8'06㧝8 ᕫ'8'06㧞̍ߩ̌8̍ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ㧦
ᴢ䭓ᶣ⢴⢴ഄᳱҪৢ㝄Ϟ䏶њϔ㛮ˈ䏶ᕫҪ䑿ᄤ৥ࠡᠥњϟএDŽṕᰧໄ䪇Ꮉ⥟
䄺䔺ோோিⴔˈিᕫҎᖗ䞠থᜠˈぎ⇨ЁԐТ᳝ϔ⾡䅽Ҏᚆᛸⱘໄ䷇೼⒥ࡼDŽ䇜℠⛁
亢
Āᤲ⏷ˈ៥ⱘ‫ܓ‬ଞʽā剡ᔺቅᆊ䞠ⱘাᕫુњˈુᕫ࿬Ӏ‫ܓ‬䛑䰾ⴔᥝ⊾DŽ⥟ᅝᖚᇣ剡
ᑘ
ߒ߆ߒ̌8̍ߪ਄ㅀߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᯏ⢻⺆ߦૃߚᓎഀࠍᨐߚߔߎߣࠍ⠨ᘦߔࠆߣ㧘
̌䏶̍
̌ি̍
̌ુ̍ߩࠃ߁ߥേ⹖ࠃࠅ߽㧘ᗧ๧ߩṫ⊕ൻߒߚ̌ᓘ̍ߩࠃ߁ߥേ⹖ߩᣇ߇̌8̍ࠍߟߣ߼
ࠆേ⹖ߣߒߡࠃࠅౖဳ⊛ߢ޽ࠆߣផ᷹ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᴡ਄㧔㧕߽‫̖ޟ‬㧔ᗧ๧߇ṫ⊕ൻߔࠆߎ
ߣߢ㧕ᯏ⢻⺆ߣߒߡߩᗧ๧ࠍᣂߒߊ₪ᓧߔࠆ̖‫ߣޠ‬ㅀߴߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘
‫ޟ‬ᗧ๧ߩṫ⊕ൻ‫ߣޠ‬
‫ޟ‬ᯏ⢻⺆ൻ‫⋧ߪߣޠ‬ኻᔕߔࠆ㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬એ਄߆ࠄ㧘ᧄ⺰ߪએਅߩࠃ߁ߥ઒
⺑ࠍ┙ߡࠆ‫ޕ‬
઒⺑
̌ᓘ̍ߪ̌'8'06㧝8 ᓧ'8'06㧞̍ߩ̌8̍ߣߒߡ↢⿠ߔࠆേ⹖ߩਛߢ㧘ࡊࡠ
࠻࠲ࠗࡊ⊛ߥേ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⎇ⓥ▸࿐
ಽᨆኻ⽎
ᧄ⺰߇ಽᨆߩኻ⽎ߣߒߡណ↪ߒߚߩߪ㧘 ᐕએ㒠ߩਛ࿖ᒰઍዊ⺑ߢ㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ࠺࡯࠲
ߩⷙᮨߪ㧘✚⸘ ਁሼߢ޽ࠆ=࠺࡯࠲Ḯߦ㑐ߔࠆ⹦⚦ߪᏎᧃෳᾖ?‫ޕ‬
ಽᨆ▸࿐
ᧄ⺰ߪ㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ࠺࡯࠲߆ࠄ̌ᓘ̍ߩ↢⿠⁁ᴫࠍ⸥ㅀߒ㧘ߘࠇߦኻߒߡ⠨ኤࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ
ߦࠃߞߡ㧘ታ㓙ߩ⸒⺆⃻⽎ߦ߅ߌࠆ̌ᓘ̍ߩᯏ⢻ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣࠍ⹜ߺࠆ‫ߡߞࠃޕ‬㧘
ᧄ⺰߇ᦨ⚳⊛ߦ␜ߔߩߪ㧘
̌ᓘ̍ߩᯏ⢻ߩታ㓙ߣߘߩ௑ะߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ಽᨆ߅ࠃ߮⠨ኤߩ
1
ᧄ⺰ߩ޿߁‫'̌ޟ‬8'06㧝̍ࠍේ࿃੐⽎ߣߒߡࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߔࠆ‫ߪߣޠ‬㧘੐⽎⴫⃻
'8'06㧝ࠍේ࿃ߣߒߡ㓙┙ߚ
ߖࠆߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
2
ṫ⊕ൻ
bleachingߣߪ㧘ฬ⹖߿േ⹖ߥߤߩౝኈ⺆߇㧘ᱧผ⊛ߥᄌൻߦࠃߞߡഥ⹖߿೨⟎⹖ߥߤߩࠃ߁ߥᢥᴺ⊛
ᯏ⢻ࠍᨐߚߔⷐ⚛߳ߣᄌൻߒߡ޿ߊᢥᴺൻߩㆊ⒟ߩ߁ߜ㧘ᧄ᧪ߩౕ૕⊛ߥౝኈࠍᜬߟ⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧߇᛽⽎ൻ࡮৻⥸
ൻߒߡ޿ߊᗧ๧ᄌൻࠍᜰߒߡ⸒߁
ㄞ䇯
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ኻ⽎ߣߒߡߪ㧘̌'8'06㧝8 ᓧ'8'06㧞̍ࠍ⴫ߔฦᢥࠍᦨᄢߩන૏ߣቯ߼ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ಽᨆᣇᴺ
઒⺑ࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ ߟߩࡐࠗࡦ࠻
ᧄ⺰ߪ઒⺑ࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘̌ᓘ̍߇̌8̍ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆઁߩേ⹖ߣᲧセߒߡ㧘ᅤ૗ߦᯏ
⢻⺆ߦㄭ޿௛߈ࠍߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣࠍ⹜ߺࠆ‫ౕޕ‬૕⊛ߦߪ㧘એਅߩ㧟ߟߩ
ࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߦߟ޿ߡ⺞ߴࠆߎߣߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
Ԙ̌ᓘ̍ߩṫ⊕ᕈ
ԙ̌ᓘ̍߇ࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߩኻ⽎ߣߔࠆ̌'8'06㧝̍ߩᄙ᭽ᕈ
Ԛ̌ᓘ̍ߩ↢⿠ᢙ
Ԙࠍᬌ⸽ߩࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߣߔࠆߩߪ㧘਄ㅀߒߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ޟ‬ᗧ๧ߩṫ⊕ൻ‫ޟߣޠ‬ᯏ⢻⺆ൻ‫ߪߣޠ‬
⋧ኻᔕߔࠆ㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆߣߺߥߖࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ԙࠍᬌ⸽ߩࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߣߔࠆߩߪ㧘̌8̍ࠍߟ
ߣ߼ࠆേ⹖ߪ㧘ࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߔࠆኻ⽎ߢ޽ࠆ̌'8'06㧝̍߇ᄙ᭽ߢ޽ࠆ߶ߤ㧘ࠃࠅᯏ⢻⺆⊛
ߥ௛߈ࠍߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ԛࠍᬌ⸽ߩࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߣߔࠆߩߪ㧘↢⿠ᢙߪ
̌'8'06㧝̍ߩᄙ᭽ᕈࠍ෻ᤋߔࠆ৻ߟߩ⃻⽎ߣ⸒߃ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
̌'8'06㧝8 ᓧ'8'06㧞̍ߦ⹥ᒰߔࠆᒻᑼ
એ਄ߩ㧟ߟߩࡐࠗࡦ࠻ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߦ޽ߚߞߡ㧘߹ߕ̌'8'06㧝8 ᓧ'8'06㧞̍ߦ⹥
ᒰߔࠆᒻᑼࠍቯ⟵ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ಽᨆኻ⽎ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ࠺࡯࠲߆ࠄ㧘̌'8'06㧞̍ࠍ⴫ߔᒻ
ᑼߪߤߩ↪଀ߦ߅޿ߡ߽ਥㅀࡈ࡟࡯࠭ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߚ㧔ᧄ⺰ߩ޿߁ਥㅀࡈ࡟࡯࠭
̌0282̍ߣߪ㧘නᢥ߅ࠃ߮ⶄᢥࠍ฽߻㧕‫̌ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬8 ᕫ'8'06㧞̍ߪ̌8 ᕫ0282̍ߣ޿
߁ᒻᑼߢᢥਛߦ↢⿠ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘̌'8'06㧝̍ࠍ⴫ߔᒻᑼߦߪ㧘ਥㅀࡈ࡟࡯࠭㧘േ⹖ฏ
㧔߹ߚߪᒻኈ⹖ฏ㧕
㧘ฬ⹖ฏ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣ߽ಽ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬એ਄߆ࠄ̌'8'06㧝8 ᓧ'8'06㧞̍
ߦ⹥ᒰߔࠆᢥဳߪᄢ߈ߊಽߌߡ̌02828 ᓧ0282̍
̌828 ᓧ0282̍̌028 ᓧ0282̍ߩ
ਃ⒳ߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㢣㕞ᖬᔶഄিњ䍋ᴹˈᛍᕫ᳡ࡵᇣྤⳈ㗏ⱑⴐDŽ↩⎥ᬣϡᅰ䞡䗶
Ңⳕජᴹњϔ䯳ཇᄺ⫳ˈཌྷӀ೼ṙජⱘ㸫༈ⓨ䇈ⓨ㸫༈࠻ˈ᧲ᕫ䖭ϾᇣජᏖ‫ڣ‬䍊䲚ϔ
ḋ⛁䯍DŽ৊‫ܚ‬㿔㢅✲
ሑㅵ䖭⃵খ㾖ᓘᕫӫҎᖗ㒾㒋хˈԚ䖭ᇍҪӀᰃᖙ㽕ⱘDŽ䏃䘹ᑇ޵ⱘϪ⬠
䖭Ͼ䞡໻ⱘথ⦄ˈᆇᕫതゟϡᅝⱘᴼ㕸䖲㓁޴ᰮϞ䛑≵ⴵད㾝DŽ৊‫ܚ‬㿔䍄䖯໰ᰮ
Դᑊϡডᛳ䖭㙵⇨ੇˈԚཌྷⱘ䖭⾡҆⛁ᓘᕫԴᕜぬDŽ㥿㿔㑶ᷥᵫ
ҪӀᔧᑈ䴽ੑᯊ㚃ᅮ䛑≵᳝᭭ࠄˈ䖭䴽ੑコᓘᕫҪӀ㞾Ꮕгⴐⴕⴕㄝ⅏ˈϔㅍ㥿ሩDŽ催
㸠‫ع‬ϔϾҎⱘ೷㒣
䖭⬾᳝䍷ⱘ㸼ⓨ䗫ᕫ໻ᆊ໻ュϡℶDŽ‫ރ‬偹ᠡଞʽ
䖭Ё䯈៥ӀϔⳈୱ⥟‫ع‬ᵫⱘ੪ଵˈ݊ᅲ៥Ꮖ㒣᳝޴໽≵᳝ӥᙃདˈ䖲㓁क޴໽াⴵಯѨ
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Ͼᇣᯊˈ䖭⾡⢊‫᧲މ‬ᕫ៥䴲ᐌ⮆Уˈ༈ᯣ㛥㚔⊼ᛣ࡯䲒ҹ䲚ЁDŽ⋾ዄЁ೑䎇⧗Ṻ䲒೚
ᵫ༛೼䮼ষⳟⴔ䖭ѯˈҪ䖬ⳟ㾕㹕೚੠䲙ྍЎ㒷кӸᖗ㨑⊾ˈড໡䇈Ң≵㾕䖛໽ϟ᳝䖭
М⢴ᖗⱘ⠊↡DŽ䖭হ䆱䇈ᕫᵫ༛ᖗ䞠↨䩜ᠢ䖬⮐DŽ߬䝦啭ᆖᆲ℠ଅ
ҪӀࠡ䴶এ᥹ϟ䴶ⱘ℠䆡ैᘏᰃᠥϾぎˈॳഄ䏣ℹⱘ℠ໄ᧲ᕫ៥ᖗᜠᛣхDŽᓴ䋸҂
дᛃ⅏ѵ
Ҫⱘഺⱑⱘᗕᑺˈ‫צ‬ᛍᕫ䙷ѯ㺙ौᎹᆑ८ഄュњDŽ䰜ᖴᅲकܿቕⱘહહ
ߪ̌02828 ᓧ0282̍ߦ޽ߚࠆ↪଀ߢ޽ࠅ㧘
㨪
ߪ̌828 ᕫ0282̍
ߦ޽ߚࠆ↪଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߡ޿߅ߦ
ޕ‬ਥ⺆ߩਛᔃ⺆ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆ̌䴽ੑ̍
̌㸼ⓨ̍ߪ㧘৻⥸
⊛ߥേ⹖ߣᕈ⾰߇⇣ߥࠅ㧘ઁേ⹖ߣฬ⹖ߩᕈ⾰ࠍ౗ߨ஻߃ߚฬേ⹖㧔ᴅ 㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߒޕ‬
߆ߒฬേ⹖߽ㅀ⺆ᕈߩⷐ⚛ߢ޽ࠅ㧘߿ߪࠅ੐⽎ࠍ⴫ߔߣ⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠆߚ߼
ߩࠃ߁ߥ
଀߽̌'8'06㧝8 ᕫ'8'06㧞̍ࠍ⴫ߔ̌828 ᕫ0282̍ߦዻߔߣߺߥߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘
㨪
ߪ̌028 ᕫ0282̍ߦ޽ߚࠆ↪଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߡ޿߅ߦ
ߜ߁ߩߎޕ‬ਥ⺆ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆ̌02̍
㧔ਅ✢ㇱ㧕ߪ㧘వⴕߔࠆᢥ⣂ߦ߅޿ߡ⴫⃻ߐࠇߚ੐⽎ࠍᜰߒ␜ߔฬ⹖ฏߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬
ߦ߅޿ߡਥ⺆ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆ̌02̍ߪ㧘ฬ⹖̌℠ໄ̍
̌ᗕᑺ̍߇ㅀ⺆ᕈߩⷐ⚛̌ॳഄ䏣
ℹⱘ̍
̌Ҫⱘഺⱑⱘ̍ߦࠃߞߡୃ㘼ࠍฃߌ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆฬ⹖ฏߢ޽ࠆ‫ߡߞࠃޕ‬㧘ߎࠇࠄߩฬ⹖
ฏߪ޿ߕࠇ߽੐⽎ࠍ⴫⃻ߔࠆߣ⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠆߚ߼㧘̌'8'06㧝̍ࠍ⴫ߔ̌02̍ߣߺߥߔ‫ޕ‬
ታ㓙ߩ⸒⺆⃻⽎ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘
̌'8'06㧝̍ߦ޽ߚࠆਥㅀࡈ࡟࡯࠭̌0282̍߇̌8̍ߣหߓᢥ
ਛߦ↢⿠ߖߕ㧘వⴕߔࠆᢥਛߦ↢⿠ߔࠆ႐ว߇޽ࠆ㧦
䖭ӊџᴀϡᰃ≵᳝ᤑಲⱘԭഄˈԚᰃ៥ࠡྏै໻ુ䍋ᴹDŽᓩᕫϜ↡࿬ˈ໻ྼᄤ䛑䎥ᴹ
њˈ䯂៥˖ԴҔМᛣᗱ㔶DŽ⥟ᇣ⊶៥ⱘ䰈䰇ϸ⬠
䍉⬆ッ䆺ҪᯊˈҪг೼ッ䆺䍉⬆DŽᓘᕫ䍉⬆ᖗЁᛁ᛻ˈӓԯϔϾ⢃њ䫭䇃ⱘᄽᄤϡᬶ
䴶ᇍ㞾Ꮕⱘᆊ䭓DŽ㥿㿔⁔佭ߥ
ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ႐วߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘ਅ✢ㇱߩ̌0282̍ߪ̌8̍ߩࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߩኻ⽎ߢ޽ࠆߣ
⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߣ
ߡߞࠃޕ‬ห᭽ߦ
ߩࠃ߁ߥ଀߽㧘̌'8'06㧝8 ᕫ'8'06㧞̍ࠍ
⴫ߔ̌02828 ᓧ0282̍ߦዻߔߣߺߥߔ‫ޕ‬
ᧄ⺰ߪ㧘એ਄ߩ᧦ઙࠍ஻߃ࠆ↪଀ࠍ̌'8'06㧝8 ᓧ'8'06㧞̍ߦ⹥ᒰߔࠆ߽ߩߣߺߥߒ㧘
ಽᨆߩኻ⽎ߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߥ߅㧘
̌028 ᓧ0282̍ߩᒻᑼߦ޽ߚࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡ㧘਄ㅀߩ
㨪
એᄖߦ
㨪
ߩࠃ߁ߥ଀߽⷗ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ↪଀ߦ߅޿ߡਥ⺆ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆ̌02̍ߪ‫⚻ޟ‬㛎ਥ
'ZRGTKGPEGT‫ޠ‬ᚗ޿ߪ‫ޟ‬േ૞ߩਥ૕㧔#IGPV㧕
‫ࠅ޽ߢޠ‬੐⽎ߢߪߥ޿‫ߡߞࠃޕ‬㧘ߎߩ⒳ߩ↪
଀ߪ̌'8'06㧝8 ᕫ'8'06㧞̍ߦߪ⹥ᒰߒߥ޿߽ߩߣߺߥߔ‫ޕ‬
᱃㮽㗕∝⇨ᕫఈ૛ચ஺ˈ᠟㛮乸ᡪˈϔᯊ䯈䆱г䇈ϡ乎⬙њDŽ䰜ᖴᅲ߱໣
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ᔧ៥ᡞ㞾Ꮕᛇⱘਞ䆝ཌྷˈཌྷг১ᕫ㜌㲟ⱑϔ䰉䴦ϔ䰉ˈఈ䞠ੱੱഄ䇈˖
Āⳳ䰽ଞDŽāԭ
ढ⌏ⴔ
䍉೑ᔎᗹᕫఈ㾦Ϟ䍋њ⊵DŽԩ⬇໮ᔽⱘеᴥ
ҪᆇᕫઅӀⱑ䗑њҪञ໽ʽṕᰧໄሒᏈ
േ⹖ߩṫ⊕ᕈ
઒⺑ࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ╙৻ߩࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߣߒߡ㧘
̌ᓘ̍ߩṫ⊕ᕈࠍ᜼ߍߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ὐࠍ᣿ࠄ߆
ߦߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ㧘వߕ̌'8'06㧝8 ᕫ'8'06㧞̍ߩ̌8̍ߣߒߡ↢⿠ߔࠆേ⹖ࠍ⺞ߴߚ਄ߢ㧘
ߘࠇࠄߩേ⹖ߩṫ⊕ᕈࠍᲧセߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ߪ⺰ᧄޕ‬㧘േ⹖ߩṫ⊕ᕈࠍ‫ޟ‬ᗧ๧߇ṫ⊕⊛ߥ
േ⹖‫ޟߣޠ‬ᗧ๧߇㕖ṫ⊕⊛ߥേ⹖‫ߩޠ‬ੑߟߩ࡟ࡌ࡞ߦಽߌߡቯ⟵ߒ㧘̌8̍ߣߒߡ↢⿠ߔࠆ
േ⹖ࠍಽ㘃ߔࠆߎߣߣߔࠆ㧦
Ԙᗧ๧߇ṫ⊕⊛ߥേ⹖ ̆ ᭽ᘒࠍ⴫ߐߥ޿േ⹖‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘ౕ૕⊛ߥേ૞ⴕὑ߇᭎ᔨߦ
⋥ធ⚿߮ߟ޿ߡ޿ߥ޿േ⹖‫̌߫߃଀ޕ‬ᆇ̍̌১̍
̌䘐̍ߥߤ‫ޕ‬
ԙᗧ๧߇㕖ṫ⊕⊛ߥേ⹖ ̆ ᭽ᘒࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘⋥ធ⊛ߦ⍮ⷡߢ߈ࠆౕ૕⊛ߥ
േ૞ⴕὑࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖‫̌߫߃଀ޕ‬ュ̍̌ુ̍
̌ⳟ̍ߥߤ‫ޕ‬
ಽᨆ⚿ᨐ
̌8̍ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆേ⹖ߩṫ⊕ᕈ
ಽᨆߩ⚿ᨐ㧘
̌'8'06㧝8 ᕫ'8'06㧞̍ߩ̌8̍ߣߒߡએਅߩࠃ߁ߥേ⹖߇↢⿠ߔࠆߎߣ߇
ಽ߆ߞߚ㧦
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ߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ㧦
3
↢⿠ᢙ߇ 20 ୘ᧂḩߩേ⹖ߪ㧘ಽᨆߩኻ⽎ᄖߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬
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࿑ ̌8̍ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆേ⹖ߩṫ⊕ᕈ
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̌'8'06㧝̍ߩᒻᑼ
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ࠆᲧ₸߇ᦨ߽㜞޿‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬ኻߒߡฬ⹖ฏ߹ߚߪേ⹖ฏ㧔ᚗ޿ߪᒻኈ⹖ฏ㧕ߢ޽ࠆᲧ₸ߪૐ
޿‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ฬ⹖ฏߣേ⹖ฏ㧔ᚗ޿ߪᒻኈ⹖ฏ㧕ߣࠍᲧセߔࠆߣ㧘ฬ⹖ฏߩᲧ₸ߩᣇ߇⧯ᐓ
㜞޿ߣ޿߁௑ะ߇ߺࠄࠇߚ=ಽᨆ⚿ᨐߩ⹦⚦ߪᏎᧃߩ⾗ᢱ ࠍෳᾖ?‫ޕ‬
࿑‫'̌ޓ‬8'06㧝̍ߩᒻᑼߩᲧ₸
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ㅀߔࠆߎߣ㧘߹ߚ̌8̍ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆേ⹖ߩṫ⊕ᕈߩ㆑޿ߦࠃߞߡ㧘౒⿠ߔࠆ̌'8'06㧝̍ߩ
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4
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㒢ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߚ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ᗧ๧߇㕖ṫ⊕⊛ߥേ⹖߇̌8̍ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆ႐ว㧘
̌'8'06
㧝̍ߦߪਥߦએਅߩ
ߟߩ௑ะ߇⷗ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
=?̌8̍ߣߒߡ↢⿠ߔࠆേ⹖ߣห৻ߩേ⹖߇ㅀ⺆ߩ᭴ᚑⷐ⚛ߣߥࠅ㧘⁁⺆߆ࠄߩୃ㘼ࠍฃ
ߌߚࠅ㧘ᚗ޿ߪ⵬⺆ࠍ઻߁㧦
Ѡ୰਀ৢ௃њϔໄˈгϡ䇈䆱ˈ㖬ⴔϾ㙽㝔೼ሟ䞠ⳟᴹⳟএˈⳟᕫ៥ᖗ䞠ϗϞܿϟDŽԭ
ढ⌏ⴔ
⥝㢀੠⥝⦆ѦⳌⳟⳟˈさ✊⽕ϡԣᤖⴔఈュ䍋ᴹˈュᕫⴐ⊾䛑ߎᴹњDŽԩ⬇໮ᔽⱘ
еᴥ
ϡⶹҢા‫ܓ‬জ‫ߎݦ‬њϸϾᆊӭˈҪӀϔᑊ⫼こⴔⲂ䵟ⱘ㛮䏶Ҫˈ䏶ᕫҪ߮ҢഄϞᬃᩥ
䍋䑿জ‫צ‬ϟএˈ߮ҢഄϞᬃᩥ䍋䑿জ‫צ‬ϟএĂĂDŽṕᰧໄ⮆ᚿⱘҎ
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ਛߩㅀ⺆ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆേ⹖߽หߓߊ̌ⳟ̍
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=?̌8̍ߣߒߡ↢⿠ߔࠆേ⹖ߦኻߒߡਅ૏⺆ߦ޽ߚࠆേ⹖߇㧘ㅀ⺆ߩ᭴ᚑⷐ⚛ߦߥࠆ㧦
Ҫᗑ✊‫ދ‬ュ䍋ᴹˈュᕫ៥‫ݙ‬ᖗথ↯DŽṕᰧໄሒᏈ
ߚሔ䭓‫⓴ދ‬ഄ‫ޱ‬㾚ⴔ⯺催պᶹਬˈⳈⳟᕫҪϡ㞾೼䍋ᴹˈᡞⴐ⴯⿏৥߿໘DŽ⥟᳨Ҏ
㥿ќ↦
ᥠᶰⱘ䅽Ҏᡞᇣӭ䅵ᤚ䍋ᴹˈᬒ೼䜦㔌䖍ˈ佁ϡ㒭Ҫৗˈ∈ϡ㒭Ҫୱˈাᰃ䅽Ҏϡ‫ذ‬ഄ
᧙ࡼ䜦㔌䞠ⱘ䜦ˈ᧙ᕫ䜦佭ಯ⑶ˈ佟ᕫᇣӭ䅵ઔુౢিˈ䘡ഄᠧ⒮DŽ㥿㿔䜦⼲
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ᕈ߇ૐ޿߶ߤ౒⿠ߔࠆ̌'8'06㧝̍ߩᄙ᭽ᕈ߽ૐ޿ߣ޿߁௑ะ߇ߺࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
଀ᄖߣߒߡ㧘̌ᠧ̍ߪౕ૕⊛ߥ᭽ᘒࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖ߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕ㧘౒⿠ߔࠆ̌'8'06㧝̍ߩᄙ
᭽ᕈ߇㜞޿‫'̌߫߃଀ޕ‬8'06㧝̍ߩౝኈ߇
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ҪӀ਀ࠄ៥䖭ḋ䇈ˈϔϟᄤ䛑ϡュњˈ䛑ⴕⴔⴐ⴯ⳟ៥ˈⳟњϔӮ‫ˈܓ‬こ㢅㹀㸷ⱘҎ䍄
䖛ᴹˈВ䍋᠟ᴹˈϔᏈᥠᠧϟᴹˈᠧᕫ៥ⱘ㘇ᴉவவⳈડDŽԭढ៥≵᳝㞾Ꮕⱘৡᄫ
᳝ᯊϡⶹાԡᖗᚙህさ✊ϡདњˈϞᴹѠ䆱ϡ䇈ˈⳈ᥹ህ᠛偀䫤໻㘇ࠂᄤˈᠧᕫҪ⍩
⊾Ѹ⌕ˈࠄњᄺ᷵㜌Ϟ䖬⬭ⴔ᠟ॄᄤDŽ⥟᳨៥ᰃԴ⠌⠌
䲼䍞ϟ䍞໻ˈ䍞ϟ䍞㋻ˈᠧᕫ㸠Ҏ୬ϡ䖛⇨ˈ໻㸫ᇣᏋгህ䏃ᮁ㸠ҎDŽ߬㒡Ẵ㗕մ
䞥䩳㔽
ϔϾ៬຿⫼㞾㸠䔺ᠧ⇨ㄦ᣼Ͼ㒭⌕‫ܝ‬њ㸔ⱘ⣾ᠧ⇨ˈ⇨ఈᦦ䖯ӸষⱘⲂϟˈϔϟ᥹ϔϟˈ
ᠧᕫ↣া⣾⌥䑿থ⍼ˈ佅⒵༌ᓴˈĂDŽ⥟᳨ⳟϞএᕜ㕢
ᇍҬ䒆೼䪕㔥ϟⱘ઼݉ˈ៥ህᇘ䖛এϔϾᑓষ⦏⩗⫊ˈ䞠䴶ⲯ⒵њ㔫ϱ䩝ˈᠧᕫ䙷Ҏ
೼㔥ᄤৢ䴶శశি૸DŽ⥟ᇣ⊶䴽ੑᯊᳳⱘ⠅ᚙ
䖭ḋˈ៥ህ㹿ᠧ៤⦄㸠ড䴽ੑˈ⢫㚚ࣙ໽ডᇍ↯ЏᐁDŽᡍ៥ˈᠧ៥ˈᠧᕫ៥ফϡњᯊˈ
៥䎥ಲᴥ䒆䍋ᴹDŽ‫ރ‬偹ᠡϔⱒϾҎⱘकᑈ
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̌8̍ߣߒߡ↢⿠ߔࠆേ⹖ߩਛߢ㧘↢⿠ᢙ߇ એ਄ߩേ⹖ߪ⸘ ୘ߢ޽ࠆ㧦
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‫'̌ޟ‬8'06㧝̍ߩᄙ᭽ᕈ‫ޠ‬
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േ⹖ߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯㓏ጀ
߹ߚ㧘ಽᨆ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ̌'8'06㧝̍ߪ̌8̍߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦⴕࠊࠇߚߩ߆ࠍౕ૕⊛ߦคㅀߔࠆߎ
ߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߚ‫'̌ߡߞࠃޕ‬8'06㧝̍ߩ᭴ᚑⷐ⚛ߢ޽ࠆㅀ⺆ߪ㧘
̌8̍ߩਅ૏᭎ᔨߦᒰߚࠆᗧ๧
ࠍ⴫ߔߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬㑐ଥࠍࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯㓏ጀߩ᭎ᔨࠍએߞߡᝒ߃ࠆߣ㧘̌'8'06㧝̍ߩㅀ⺆
ߪ̌8̍ߩਅ૏ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯㧘ߟ߹ࠅ̌8̍ߦ൮฽ߐࠇࠆ੐଀ߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑ ߪ㧘6C[NQT㧔㧕
߇േ⹖ߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߩ㘃೎ࠍࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯㓏ጀߦࠃߞߡ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ=ᣣᧄ⺆ߩ⸃⺑ߪ㧘
ㄞ
ߦࠃࠆ⸶ࠍ↪޿ߚ?‫ޕ‬
࿑
ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ൻߩੑߟߩゲ㧔േ⹖ߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯㧕
DO
‫ޜࠆߔޛ‬
MAKE
‫ޛ‬㨪ߦߔࠆ‫ޜ‬
CAUSE
‫ޛ‬㨪ࠍ߽ߚࠄߔ‫ޜ‬
BECOME
‫ޛ‬㨪ߦߥࠆ‫ޜ‬
COOK
‫ޛ‬ᢱℂࠍߔࠆ‫ޜ‬
KILL
‫ޛ‬Ვߔ‫ޜ‬
BOIL
‫ޛ‬ᾚࠆ‫ޜ‬
EXECUTE
‫ޛ‬ᱫೃࠍၫⴕߔࠆ‫ޜ‬
MURDER
‫ޛ‬Ვੱࠍߔࠆ‫ޜ‬
ASSASSINATE
‫ޛ‬ᥧᲕߔࠆ‫ޜ‬
࿑ ߆ࠄಽ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘਄૏ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߦዻߔേ⹖ߪ㧘ߘࠇࠃࠅ߽ਅ૏ߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߦ
ዻߔേ⹖ࠍߐࠄߦ᛽⽎ൻ㧘৻⥸ൻߒߚࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬ኻߒߡ㧘ࠃࠅਅ૏ߦዻߔ
ࠆേ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ߶ߤ㧘ߘߩ਄૏㓏ጀߩ᭴ᚑࡔࡦࡃ࡯ࠃࠅ߽ዻᕈߩᢙ߇ᄙߊߥࠅ㧔ศ᧛ 㧕
ࠃࠅౕ૕⊛ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘㓏ጀ᭴ㅧߦ߅޿ߡ਄૏ߢ޽ࠆ߶ߤ൮฽ߔࠆਅ૏ᚑຬߪᄙߊ㧘ਅ
૏ߢ޽ࠆ߶ߤዋߥ޿ߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
̌8̍ߩṫ⊕ᕈߣ̌'8'06㧝̍ߩᄙ᭽ᕈ߇⋧㑐㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆߩߪ㧘
̌8̍ߪṫ⊕ᕈ߇㜞޿߶ߤࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯㓏ጀߩ਄૏ߦ૏⟎ߒ̌'8'06㧝̍ߩㅀ⺆ߣߥࠅ߁ࠆਅ
૏ᚑຬࠍᄙᢙ൮฽ߒ㧘ㅒߦṫ⊕ᕈ߇ૐ޿߶ߤࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯㓏ጀߩਅ૏ߦ૏⟎ߒ㧘൮฽ߔࠆਅ
૏ᚑຬ߽ዋߥ޿ߚ߼ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
̌ᠧ̍ߪᗧ๧߇㕖ṫ⊕⊛ߥേ⹖ߦዻߔࠆߦ߽㑐ࠊ
ࠄߕ㧘౒⿠ߔࠆ̌'8'06㧝̍ߩᄙ᭽ᕈ߇㜞޿ߣ޿߁⃻⽎߇ߺࠄࠇࠆߩߪ㧘ߎߩേ⹖߇ᄙ⟵⺆
5
ศ᧛
ߪ㧘‫࡯࡝ࠧ࠹ࠞޟ‬㓏ጀߣ޿߁ߩߪ੐଀㑆ߩ㑐ଥࠍ‫ߚ⷗ࠄ߆❑ޡ‬㧔paradigmatic㧕‫߃ᝒߣⷰ࡯࡝ࠧ࠹ࠞޢ‬
ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ߣޠ‬ㅀߴߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ߢ޽ࠅ㧔䍉ᵄ 㧕൮฽ߔࠆਅ૏ᚑຬ߇Ყセ⊛ᄙ޿ߚ߼ߢ޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
̌ᓘ̍ߪ̌8̍
ߣߒߡ↢⿠ߔࠆേ⹖ߩਛߢᗧ๧ߩṫ⊕ᕈ߇ᦨ߽㜞޿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦዻߔߚ߼㧘̌8̍ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆ
േ⹖ߩਛߢࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯㓏ጀߩᦨ਄૏ߦ૏⟎ߒ㧘ᦨ߽ᄙߊߩਅ૏ᚑຬࠍ൮฽ߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ
̌ᓘ̍
ࠆ‫'̌ࠆߔ⿠౒ޕ‬8'06㧝̍ߩᄙ᭽ᕈ߇㜞ߊ㧘਌ߟ̌8̍ߣߒߡߩ↢⿠ᢙ߇ᦨᄙߢ޽ࠆߩߪ㧘
ߩߎߩᕈ⾰߇෻ᤋߐࠇߚ⚿ᨐߢ޽ࠆߣ⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
̌8̍ߩࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ᯏ⢻
਄ㅀߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘̌8̍ߪ̌'8'06㧝̍ߩㅀ⺆ࠍ੐଀ߣߒߡ൮฽ߔࠆ㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆߚ߼㧘̌8̍
ߪ‫ޟ‬㘃‫ޠ‬㧘ߘࠇߦኻߒߡ̌'8'06㧝̍ߩㅀ⺆ߪ‫ޟ‬⒳‫⋧ߦޠ‬ᒰߔࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫̌ߡߞࠃޕ‬8̍߇̌'8'06
㧝̍ߩㅀ⺆ࠍᜰߔߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ㧘਄૏᭎ᔨߢ޽ࠆ‫ޟ‬㘃‫߇ޠ‬ਅ૏᭎ᔨߢ޽ࠆ‫ޟ‬⒳‫ࠍޠ‬ᜰߔߎ
ߣߦߥࠅ㧘ߎߩ㑐ଥߪࠪࡀࠢ࠼ࠠ࡯㧔U[PGEFQEJG㧕ߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆߣߺߥߖࠆ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ߎߩ
ࠪࡀࠢ࠼ࠠ࡯ߩ㑐ଥ߇ᚑࠅ┙ߟߎߣߢ̌8̍߇̌'8'06㧝̍ࠍࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻
ߦߥࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ߦߢߔޕ‬ㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᗧ๧ߩ᛽⽎ᐲߩᭂ߼ߡ㜞޿̌ᓘ̍ߪ㧘ᄙߊߩਅ૏
ᚑຬࠍ൮฽ߒߡ޿ࠆߣߺߥߖࠆ‫̌ߡߞࠃޕ‬ᓘ̍ߪ㧘ᄙ᭽ߥേ⹖㧔ฏ㧕ߣߩ㑆ߦࠪࡀࠢ࠼ࠠ
࡯ߩ㑐ଥࠍᚑࠅ┙ߚߖࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ㧘ಽᨆ⚿ᨐ߇␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ
̌'8'06㧝̍ߩਥߥᒻᑼߪਥㅀࡈ࡟࡯࠭ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬න⁛ߩേ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ̌8̍߇㧘̌8̍ߦኻߒߡ
‫ޟ‬⒳‫⋧ߦޠ‬ᒰߔࠆേ⹖㧔ฏ㧕ࠍㅀ⺆ߣߔࠆਥㅀࡈ࡟࡯࠭ో૕ࠍࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎ
ߣߪ㧘ࠪࡀࠢ࠼ࠠ࡯ߩ㑐ଥߦട߃ߡ㧘ㇱಽ߇ో૕ࠍᜰߔࡔ࠻࠾ࡒ࡯㧔OGVQP[O[㧕ߩ㑐ଥ߇
ᚑࠅ┙ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠆ‫̌ߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬8̍߇̌'8'06㧝̍ࠍࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߔࠆᯏ⢻ߪ㧘
ࠪࡀࠢ࠼ࠠ࡯ߣࡔ࠻࠾ࡒ࡯ߣ޿߁ੑ⒳㘃ߩᲧ༙߇ੑ㊀ߦ௛ߊߎߣߢታ⃻ߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
̌8̍ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆേ⹖ߩⶄวࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ
એ਄ߩ⠨ኤࠍ〯߹߃ߡ㧘
̌'8'06㧝8 ᓧ'8'06㧞̍ߩ̌8̍ߣߒߡ↢⿠ߔࠆേ⹖ߩࡊࡠࡈࠔ
ࠗ࡞ᯏ⢻ࠍ✚วߔࠆߣ㧘࿑ ߩࠃ߁ߥⶄวࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍ᭴ᚑߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
6
䍉ᵄ
ߪ㧘ᄙ⟵⺆ߩ଀ߣߒߡ̌ᠧ̍ࠍ᜼ߍߡ޿ࠆ‫̌ߚ߹ޕ‬ᠧ̍ߪҋ⦄ҷ∝䇁䆡‫݌‬Ҍߦ߅޿ߡ ⒳ߩᗧ๧㗄
⋡߇᜼ߍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
7
ࠪࡀࠢ࠼ࠠ࡯(ឭ༙)ߪ㧘൮฽㑐ଥ(㘃ߣ⒳ߩ㑐ଥ)ߦၮߠ޿ߡォ⟵(ᗧ๧ߩ࠭࡟)߇⿠ߎࠆᲧ༙ߢ㧘਄૏᭎ᔨߢਅ૏
᭎ᔨࠍᜰߒߚࠅ㧘ਅ૏᭎ᔨߢ਄૏᭎ᔨࠍᜰߔ߽ߩࠍ⸒߁(ㄞ 2002)‫ޕ‬
8
☭ጊ
ߪ㧘ࡔ࠻࠾ࡒ࡯
឵༙ߦߟ޿ߡએਅߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧦ੑߟߩ੐‛ߩᄖ⇇ߦ߅ߌࠆ㓞ធᕈ㧘޽
ࠆ޿ߪੑߟߩ੐‛࡮᭎ᔨߩᕁ⠨ౝ㧘᭎ᔨ਄ߩ㑐ㅪᕈߦၮߠ޿ߡ㧘৻ᣇߩ੐‛࡮᭎ᔨࠍ⴫ߔᒻᑼࠍ↪޿ߡ㧘ઁᣇߩ
੐‛࡮᭎ᔨࠍ⴫ߔߣ޿߁Ყ༙‫ޕ‬
9
ߎߩⶄวࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߪ㧘Langacker(1987)䈱ឭ᩺䈜ࠆࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࡕ࠺࡞ߩ᭎ᔨ䈮ၮ䈨䈐᭴▽䈚䈢䉅䈱䈪䈅䉎䇯
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࿑ ⶄวࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ
8‫ޛ‬੐⽎ࠍࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߔࠆᯏ⢻‫ޜ‬
ౕ૕ൻ
ᓘ
᜛ᒛ
̌১̍
̌ᛍ̍
̌⇨̍
̌ᆇ̍ߥߤ
᜛ᒛ
̌ⳟ̍
̌ュ̍
̌ુ̍
̌ৗ̍ߥߤ
㜞
ૐ
‫ޛ‬ṫ⊕ᕈ‫ޜ‬
̌'8'06㧝̍ࠍࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߔ
̌ᓘ̍ߪ㧘
̌'8'06㧝8 ᕫ'8'06㧞̍ߩ̌8̍ߣߒߡ↢⿠ߒ㧘
ࠆᯏ⢻ࠍᨐߚߔേ⹖ߩ৻⒳ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑ ߩ̌8‫ޛ‬੐⽎ࠍࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߔࠆᯏ⢻‫ߪ̍ޜ‬㧘ߎߩ
ࠃ߁ߥᯏ⢻ࠍ᦭ߔࠆേ⹖ߩ㧘৻⥸⊛ߥࠬࠠ࡯ࡑࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘྾ⷺߢ࿐߹ࠇߡ޿
ࠆേ⹖ߪ㧘᛽⽎⊛᭎ᔨߢ޽ࠆࠬࠠ࡯ࡑࠍౕ૕ൻ㧔KPUVCPVKCVKQP㧕ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߔߴߡ
ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߩᚑຬߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ਛߢ߽̌ᓘ̍ߪᦨ߽ᯏ⢻⺆ߦㄭ޿௛߈ࠍߔࠆേ⹖ߣ⸒߃̌8̍
ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆേ⹖ߩࡊࡠ࠻࠲ࠗࡊߣߺߥߐࠇࠆߚ߼㧘ᄥ✢ߩ྾ⷺߢࡑ࡯ࠢߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑ਅ
ߩ‫ޟ‬ṫ⊕ᕈ‫ߪޠ‬㧘ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߩᚑຬߩᗧ๧ߩṫ⊕ᕈࠍ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
̌ᓘ̍ߣ̌১̍̌ᛍ̍̌⇨̍̌ᆇ̍ߥߤߩേ⹖ߪ㧘ᗧ๧߇ṫ⊕⊛ߢ޽ࠆὐߢ㘃ૃߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߒ߆ߒ㧘
̌ᓘ̍ߪ୘‫ߩޘ‬ᢥ⣂ߦࠃߞߡ⴫ߔᗧ๧߇⇣ߥࠆേ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘
̌১̍
̌ᛍ̍
̌⇨̍
̌ᆇ̍
ߥߤߩേ⹖ߪߎߩࠃ߁ߥ․ᓽࠍ᦭ߐߥ޿‫ߡߞࠃޕ‬㧘ਔ⠪ߪዪㇱ⊛ߦ㘃ૃߒߡ޿ࠆ߇หᤨߦ
ዪㇱ⊛ߦ⋧㆑ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫̍ⳟ̌ߚ߹ޕ‬
̌ュ̍
̌ુ̍
̌ৗ̍ߥߤߩേ⹖ߪᗧ๧߇㕖ṫ⊕⊛
ߥേ⹖ߢ޽ࠆߚ߼㧘ߎߩὐߢߪ̌১̍
̌ᛍ̍
̌⇨̍
̌ᆇ̍ߥߤߩേ⹖ߣ⋧㆑ߒߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ਔ⠪
ߣ߽ਅ૏ᚑຬߦ޽ߚࠆേ⹖㧔ฏ㧕ࠍ᦭ߔࠆὐߢߪ㘃ૃߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬㧘ਔ⠪߽ዪㇱ
⊛ߦ㘃ૃߒߡ޿ࠆ৻ᣇߢ㧘ዪㇱ⊛ߦ⋧㆑ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬ጊ᪸㧔㧕ߪ⺆ᒵߩᗧ๧ࠞ
࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘
‫ߩ࡯࡝ࠧ࠹ࠞޟ‬ᚑຬߪ㧘ߔߴߡ߇ห╬ߩ⾗ᩰߢߘߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߦᏫዻߔ
ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ߘߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߩਛᔃ⊛ߥᚑຬ߆ࠄ๟ㄝ⊛ߥᚑຬ߹ߢᲑ㓏⊛ߥࠣ࡟࠺ࠖࠛ
ࡦࠬࠍ߽ߞߡಽᏓߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩ࡯࡝ࠧ࠹ࠞޕ‬ᚑຬߪ㧘㘃ૃᕈߩ࡝ࡦࠢࠍ੺ߒߡࡊࡠ࠻࠲ࠗࡊ
ߣߒߡߩౖဳ⊛ߥᚑຬ߹ߢᲑ㓏⊛ߦ㑐ㅪઃߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߣޠ‬ㅀߴߡ޿ࠆ‫⷗ߩߎޕ‬ᣇߦၮߠ
ߊߣ㧘
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ਛᔃߦ㧘
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ߦࠃࠆㅪ㎮ࠍᚑߒߡ᜛ᒛߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ߩࠄࠇߎߡߒߘޕ‬േ⹖ߪ㧘
‫'̌ޟ‬8'06㧝̍ࠍࡊࡠࡈ
ࠔࠗ࡞ߔࠆᯏ⢻ࠍᨐߚߔേ⹖‫ࠍ࡯࡝ࠧ࠹ࠞߩߟ৻ߦߣ߽ࠍࡑ࡯ࠠࠬ߁޿ߣޠ‬ᚑߒⶄวࡀ࠶
࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍ᭴ᚑߒߡ޿ࠆߣߺߥߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴
ಽᨆ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ㧘
̌᧲̍ߪ̌ᓘ̍ߣห᭽ߦ㧘
̌8̍ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆേ⹖ߩਛߢṫ⊕ᕈ߇ᦨ߽㜞޿ࠣ
࡞࡯ࡊߦዻߒ㧘਌ߟ౒⿠ߔࠆ̌'8'06㧝̍ߩᄙ᭽ᕈ߽㜞޿ߎߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘↢⿠ᢙ
ߪ̌ᑲ̍ࠃࠅ߽㗼⪺ߦዋߥ޿ߣ޿߁⚿ᨐߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߪߦࠇߎޕ‬㧘એਅߩੑߟߩน⢻ᕈ߇⠨߃
ࠄࠇࠆ㧦
Ԙ േ⹖ߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߩ㓏ጀ᭴ㅧߦ߅޿ߡ㧘
̌᧲̍ߪ̌ᓘ̍ߦ൮฽ߐࠇࠆਅ૏ᚑຬߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ԙ ̌។̍ߣ̌ᑲ̍ߪᯏ⢻਄૑ߺಽߌࠍߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘
̌᧲̍߇൮฽ߔࠆਅ૏ᚑຬߩ߶߁߇̌ᑲ̍
ߩਅ૏ᚑຬࠃࠅ߽ዋߥ޿‫ޕ‬
੹࿁ߩಽᨆ߆ࠄߪ㧘એ਄ੑߟߩน⢻ᕈߩ߁ߜ޿ߕࠇ߇⃻ታߩ⸒⺆⃻⽎ࠍᱜ⏕ߦᝒ߃ࠆ߽
ߩߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ὐࠍ⸃᣿ߔࠆߎߣߪ㧘੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߢ޽ࠆ
ߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ㧘
̌䇈̍ߪᗧ๧߇㕖ṫ⊕⊛ߥേ⹖ߢ޽ࠆߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕ㧘↢⿠ᢙ߇㜞ߊ ૏ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
̌'8'06㧝̍ߩᒻᑼ߇ਥㅀࡈ࡟࡯࠭ߢ޽ࠆ↪଀ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘̌䇈̍ߣ౒⿠ߔࠆ̌'8'06㧝̍ߩㅀ
⺆ࠍⷰኤߔࠆߣ㧘ߘߩᱴߤ߇̌䇈̍ᚗ޿ߪ̌䇈̍ߩਅ૏⺆ߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ㧦
Ҫ㄀ϔ⃵䇋៥ˈህ䇈Āᛳ㾝ⳳདāˈ䇈ᕫ៥᳝⚍㜌㑶ᖗ䏇DŽ䍉‫ⱘ⴯ⴐ⳼ޱ‬೷䆲ᷥ
㗠ৢˈ⏏ᵱࡴ৊ˈᡞĀ᭛‫ܓ‬āϞᗢМ䇈ⱘˈ㽕᧲ҔМ䖤ࡼњˈ亢亢䲼䲼ᦣ䗄ϔ⬾ˈ䇈
ᕫ䌿ᆊ㗕໿ཛ៬៬ܶܶˈབ᚞ᓧП右DŽ䰜ᓎࡳ䕬䕇ᡞ‫ܓ‬㚵ৠбো
߹ߚ̌'8'06㧝̍ߩᒻᑼ߇ฬ⹖ฏߢ޽ࠆ႐ว㧘ߘߩฬ⹖ฏߪߔߴߡ̌䖭䆱̍̌䖭হ䆱̍̌ϔ
⬾䆱̍
̌ϔᐁ䆱̍ߥߤ㧘వⴕߔࠆᢥ⣂ߦ߅޿ߡ⴫⃻ߐࠇߚ⊒⹤㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ⊒⹤ߒߚⴕὑࠍᜰ
ߒ␜ߔ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ㧦
ϛ⠋ै䯂˖
Ā䞠䰶ሟЁ䙷੠ᇮᰃ䇕˛ā䖭䆱䇈ᕫ໻ӭܼ㊞⍖DŽ‫ރ‬偹ᠡ䰈䰇ܿऺ
Ā߿ᄸゟ៥䮾ᇣ䲼ਔˈᄽᄤ௯ˈᖗ♉੠ট䇞䛑ᰃ㒃⋕ⱘˈ䖭Ӯ‫ܓ‬ህߚㄝˈӸᖗਤDŽԴϡ
䅽ᇣ㢇੠ᇣ䲼⥽ˈ៥Ӏᇣ䲼ಲএ䛑ુ៤⊾ҎњDŽāϔᐁ䆱䇈ᕫ೼ᑻⱘ޴ԡ䛑ᤎለሀDŽ⥟᳨
߬᜻㢇
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ̌䇈̍߇̌8̍ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆ႐ว㧘౒⿠ߔࠆ̌'8'06㧝̍߇⴫ߔᗧ๧ߩᄙ᭽ᕈߪૐ
޿ߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫߽ߦࠇߘޕ‬㑐ࠊࠄߕ̌䇈̍ߩ↢⿠ᢙ߇ઁߩ㕖ṫ⊕⊛ߥേ⹖ࠃࠅ߽㗼⪺ߦ㜞޿ߩ
ߪ㧘ታ㓙ߩᢥ⣂߿⁁ᴫߦ߅޿ߡ㧘
̌'8'06㧝䇈ᕫ'8'06㧞̍߇⴫ߔ‫ⴕߩ⹤⊒ࠆ޽ޟ‬ὑߩ⚿ᨐ㧘
޽ࠆ⁁ᘒᄌൻ߇ᒁ߈⿠ߎߐࠇߚ‫߇⃻⴫߁޿ߣޠ‬㜞㗫ᐲߢ಴⃻ߔࠆߚ߼ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᓥߞߡ̌䇈̍ߩ↢⿠ᢙߩᄙߐߪ㧘ߘߩṫ⊕ᕈ߿౒⿠ߔࠆ̌'8'06㧝̍ߩᄙ᭽ᕈࠍ෻ᤋߒߡ޿
ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘⺆↪⺰⊛ߥⷐ⚛߇ᒝߊᓇ㗀ߒߡ޿ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬એ਄߆ࠄ㧘ࡊࡠ࠻࠲ࠗࡊ
ᕈࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣ߈㧘̌8̍ࠍߟߣ߼ࠆേ⹖ߦࠃߞߡߪ↢⿠ᢙ߇ߘߩࡊࡠ࠻࠲ࠗࡊᕈࠍ್ᢿߔࠆ
ⷐ⚛ߣߪߥࠄߥ޿ὐߦ⇐ᗧߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
⋧ේ⨃㧘⨹Ꮉᷡ⑲㧘ᄢᎹቢਃ㇢㧘᧖᧛ඳᢥ✬ 1995‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖⺆㘃⟵⺆ߩ࠾ࡘࠕࡦࠬ䇻 ᧲ᣇᦠᐫ
ᴡ਄⹿૞ 1996‫⹺ޡ‬⍮⸒⺆ቇߩၮ␆䇻 ⎇ⓥ␠
☭ጊᵗ੺ 1997Njᘠ↪ฏߩ૕♽⊛ಽ㘃㧙㓝༙࡮឵༙࡮ឭ༙ߦၮߠߊᘠ↪⊛ᗧ๧ߩᚑ┙ࠍਛᔃ
ߦ㧙nj
㧘䇺ฬฎደᄢቇ࿖⺆࿖ᢥቇ䇻 ฬฎደᄢቇ࿖⺆࿖ᢥቇળ
☭ጊᵗ੺ 2001Njᄙ⟵⺆ߩⶄᢙߩᗧ๧ࠍ⛔᜝ߔࠆࡕ࠺࡞ߣᲧ༙nj
㧘䇺⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇ⺰⠨䇻 䈵䈧䈛
ᦠᚱ
ጊ᪸ᱜ᣿ 2000‫⹺ޡ‬⍮⸒⺆ቇේℂ䇻 ߊࠈߒ߅಴ ศ᧛౏ብ 1995‫⹺ޡ‬⍮ᗧ๧⺰䈱ᣇᴺ䋭⚻㛎䈫േᯏ䈱⸒⺆ቇ䇻 ੱᢥᦠ㒮
࡚ࠫࡦ࡮㧾࠹ࠗ࡜࡯⪺䋬ㄞᐘᄦ⸶ 1996‫⹺ޡ‬⍮⸒⺆ቇߩߚ߼ߩ ┨䇻 ♿દ࿡ደᦠᐫ
ᴢЈᅮ 1986‫⦄ޡ‬ҷ∝䇁হൟ䇻 ଚࡵॄк佚
᳜߬ढㄝ 2001‫ޡ‬ᅲ⫼⦄ҷ∝䇁䇁⊩๲䅶ᴀ䇻 ଚࡵॄк佚
ᬢಫᩕ 1989‫ޡ‬ᣣᧄ⺆䈫ਛ࿖⺆䈱૶ᓎ⴫⃻䈮㑐䈜䉎ኻᾖ⎇ⓥ䇻 䈒䉐䈚䈍಴ 䍉ᵄ 2001‫∝ޡ‬䇁䇁㿔ᄺ䇻 ᳱढߎ⠜⼒
ᴅᖋ❭ 1982‫ޡ‬䇁⊩䆆Н䇻 ଚࡵॄк佚
Langacker, R. W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Vol. ĉ. Stanford: Stanford University
Press.
Taylor, John R. 1995. (Second Edition) Linguistic Categorization: Prototypes in Linguistic Theory.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ᗲ⍮ᄢቇਛᣣᄢㄉౖ✬➏ಣ✬ 1996‫ޡ‬ਛᣣᄢㄉౖ㩷 Ⴧ⸓╙ੑ 䇻 ᄢୃ㙚ᦠᐫ
ㄞᐘᄦ✬ 2002‫⹺ޡ‬⍮⸒⺆ቇ䉨䊷䊪䊷䊄ㄉౖ䇻 ⎇ⓥ␠
ർ੩䊶໡ോශᦠ㙚䋯ዊቇ㙚䋭౒ห✬㓸 2002‫ޡ‬ਛᣣㄉౖ╙ 䇻 ዊቇ㙚
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૶↪㔚ሶ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻
z 䰓ජ㧦䯆䆱䯆䇈㡃တ࿕ሐᮃ᮹䆄߬‫⫳ܜ‬㡎ᴃϢ‫⳴ڀ‬៦ৄᇎ䰓ජ䇈փᄱ䋸ẟ⥟
z ∴㥝㧦Դᰃϔᴵ⊇ᴹᴹᕔᕔ䅽Ṻこ䍞Դⱘᖗѥ⸈໘⛁гད‫ދ‬гད⌏ⴔህད
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এᕜ㕢㕢Ҏ䌴៥㩭∫㥃⍂ߎ⍋䴶‵ⲂҎࡼ⠽ߊ⣯䖛ᡞⰒህ⅏乑Џϔ⚍ℷ㒣≵᳝∌
༅៥⠅ԴϡᰃϔϾ֫Ҏ៥ᰃĀ⣐āᵝ✊ϡկぎЁᇣྤ⯈Ҏ៉✊᮴ⶹ߬᜻㢇᮴Ҏୱ
䞛㒭៥乊ԣ䆌⠋
z ⥟ᇣ⊶㧦᳾ᴹϪ⬠៥㞾Ꮕ໰㸠䆄℠ҭᇏᡒ᮴ঠᴖ᭛䲚咘䞥ᯊҷϛᇓᇎⱑ䫊ᯊ
ҷ៥ⱘ䰈䰇ϸ⬠䴽ੑᯊᳳⱘ⠅ᚙবᔶ䆄៬⽣㑶ᢖ໰༨
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ԯ៥ⱘ㗕Ꮬ៥ᰃ‫⇥ݰ‬üüеϟѨᑈ䆄ᖚᴢⳌ㰢ᴢᑓ⨲⬋ҎⴐЁⱘཇҎᗔᗉ䞥䫂ࠊ
䗴ໄ䷇ᓊᅝ㸫Ꮦ䆄ᢧ⠛䯆䆄᳟ট⊏⮙ᬥҎ㟈ᴢ⦪㟈〚⍯к㟈㧻ѥ‫ۦ‬кュষᐌᓔ
㤊ᵃଚᎲ߱ᔩПᇣⱑ㦰ଚᎲ߱ᔩПᩌ剐ᤝ努ⱘҎ⽁⠊䱊֥ㄨҎ䯂༪㜞᳜gℷ᳜ṫὖ
ᛳ䇶⏋≠ԯ‫ڣ‬ᭆ䮼ຕ⬏е‫ⲯ⥟ܮ‬ढ݇Ѣ⠊ᄤࡼ⠽ᅝ⼹ব䪙ᄫⱘᯊ‫׭‬ᄭᄬ㵊ᇍ᳜
ᷥԯ⅟ԯ⾗乊䆄Ѩഫ㮣⷇䇈䆱䇏к⼎ᇣྍकܿ⫳᮹к䕲ᆈк䖯ቅϰ䯆Ҏüüҹℸ
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㟲Ӯᇣᴰ৥ᕔⱘ⌾⓿⫳⌏䴲⊩фपϡည៥Դৢᙨϔ䕜ᄤુ⊷ⱘᇣ⣿
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ⱘᚆ៮Ϣ᭛ᄺⱘৃ㛑ᗻᡒФ⍜䌍݁䆄京䗱ⱘ㢅༈Ꮢ
z 䰜ᖴᅲ㧦ⱑ呓ॳಯྍᄤṚᄤ㗕໾༅䞡कܿቕⱘહહ༁ᡬᒋᆊᇣ䰶᳔ৢϔ⃵ᬊ㦋ϕ
ᄫ䏃ষϗ⠋ೳഄüü↡҆ᇣ⊇䖍ቅ⋾ᇸҷ㸼䕊џᖗџ䞡䞡↯㤌㤌ⱘ䝌ᴣ‫ܓ‬ᠧᄫᴎ
஦஦ડ⬄ು⷇༈䆄⷇⣂ᄤゟ䑿㆛ಲ佪ᕔџഄなᮽ᰼‫ܨ‬㗕∝ࠄ㗕ⱑᴼᷥ㚠ৢএ໰
П䱣ᛇ᳆ᑌ⽣ᕕ᳡߱໣ֵӏफ࣫ᆼ⦡⦴ᆇ㕲ᕤᆊುϝ㗕∝ᮙԈ䗕Դϔᴳቅ἖㢅
儐⾻ᄤФ㱩‫ܓ‬㄀ϔߔ㟨⹫䳲‫ⱘ⚖♓ܝ‬ᮽ᰼ϸϾ᳟টеᴥᵷᵫ᳆ḹ♃ㄐ⣾ⱘ୰
࠻ぱಞ㓓ഄ䕅䕬ᄤᅶ偀㔫໻ন
z 䰜ᶧ㧦⾕Ҏ⫳⌏᮴໘ਞ߿⸈ᓔ
z 䪕‫ޱ‬㧦जৢ ዪ% ජ໿ྏᇣ䚥೼໻ὐ䞠Ϫ⬠∌䖰᳝໮䖰ⳕ䭓᮹䆄ᆖᆲႺ࿹Ⴚ࿹ᷥϟ
䯆䆱‫خ‬Ҏẝ㢅൯ᇣḐᢝ㽓㥿໿ᇣ咘㉇ⱘᬙџಯᄷ℠ᅝᖋ⚜ⱘᰮϞ઺ˈ佭䲾㄀कѠ
໰ᇍ䴶䮼໪㾖⧗
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z 䙧টṙ㧦
‫ޝ‬䪕ㄐቅ‫ޞ‬ϔ᳆䇶ⶹ䷇៥Ӏⱘ‫ݯ‬䭓䚉⇣‫ܘ‬ᓳ᥂⚍䙷Ѩ䗑䍊䯳ӡⱘཇ݉Ӏ⚳໊
z 㥿㿔㧦ᢛᣛ䪤䜦⼲䗣ᯢⱘ㑶㧱र⁔佭ߥ㑶㴫㑶ᷥᵫ‫ܓ‬ᄤⱘᬠҎϝकᑈࠡⱘϔ⃵䭓䎥
↨䌯⠯៥ⱘ᳟ট⥟ᷥ๲㴫㰿༛䇜Ꮬٙ䍞ᴹ䍞ᑑ咬䲒ᖬ䙷ᏺⴔষ㔽᥹ਏⱘ⠅
z ↩⎥ᬣ㧦⫳ੑ㗏⌚ϡᅰ䞡䗶㸔⦆⦥㑶໘ᮍ
z ‫ރ‬偹ᠡ㧦ϔⱒϾҎⱘकᑈଞʽ䫎㢅ⱘቤ䏃䳒ЁҎ䍄䖯ᲈ亢䲼⠅ПϞ䰈䰇ܿऺ᭫ᆦ೒
ᏖѩҎ⠽⷇༈䇈䆱᳿᮹໣࿗ࠄᑩ᳝≵᳝㔾˛催ཇҎ੠ཌྷⱘⷂϜ໿ዛᢰⱘҷӋ
z ↯ᖫ៤㧦Ҁ䚞ᇣ䬛亢ᚙ㨑㢅ᯊ㡖জ䗶৯㘾ᯢ䇃߱⏵ફবᴔ䘖
z ԭढ㧦೼㒚䲼Ё੐୞䆌ϝ㾖प㸔䆄ϔϾഄЏⱘ⅏Ϫџབ⚳স‫݌‬⠅ᚙℸ᭛⤂㒭ᇥཇᴼ᷇
៥㛑৺Ⳍֵ㞾ᏅੑЁ⊼ᅮ⊇䖍ⱘ䫭䇃⼪‫ܜ‬䐺䐺䏇䏇ⱘ␌៣៬ᷫ⦄ᅲϔ⾡剰㸔ṙ㢅
⌏ⴔϔбܿ݁ᑈकܿቕߎ䮼䖰㸠ҪӀⱘ‫ܓ‬ᄤಯ᳜ϝ᮹џӊ⅏ѵভ䗄៥≵᳝㞾Ꮕⱘ
ৡᄫᕔџϢߥ㔮໣ᄷৄ亢‫✊ي‬џӊϸϾҎⱘग़৆⠅ᚙᬙџ䲒䗗ࡿ᭄
z 䰚⍯㧦䗴࣪៥⠅៥⠌
z ߬ᘦ㧦ⱑ⍵咥ⱘ䲾⢫᮹ⱘ㊂亳䋿ఈᓴ໻⇥ⱘᑌ⽣⫳⌏
z ߬㒡Ẵ㧦Ѡᑺṙ㪆᷇Ҏᆊ⣐⚳䖤⊇ⱘḼໄ∈䖍ҎⱘઔФᬙџ㢅㸫㪆ࠥ⏨☿剐㧅亢
᱃㗕մ䞥䩳㔽៥ⱘಯकီᑚᄸᴥ㳒ⳝ㳒ⳝヨ㗩‫ݰ‬
z ߬ᖗ℺㧦Ҏ⫳ϔⶀᢅ⣿䯆䆱ԽᇨỂϢ݀Џ♃ϟᣒ䈚ゟԧѸঝḹᷪ޸ὐ㄀ܿỉ佦༈᷇
䆱ฉ䆱
z ߬䝦啭㧦ජᏖⴐᕅᆖᆲ℠ଅ⾟亢䝝њ‫⇥ݰ‬԰ᆊकܿ၊ᄨ䲔㓓៥Ӏ佭␃㾕‫ݦ‬⠠ජᏖಯ
乬⏙⌕䝝њᲂᯊ䇒䇉ᇣᇣ᮴䫵᱃এ㗕ഄᮍᴥᬃк໻䏃ᳱ໽⌏ⴔⳳད䗕㩀ⱘ䄺⼎
⦄ᅲЏНϢĀ⦄ᯊЏНā
z ߬㋶ᢝ㧦⏋≠ࡴઽઃἲԴ߿᮴䗝ᢽ⢤Ⲃ
z ṕᰧໄ㧦ሒᏈ‫ݝ‬П⠊៥ⱘ໻ᄺ⋃♁⢵⤒ᰃϔ⾡‫ݦ‬䰽ᛳ㾝᮹ᴀ࣫ҀҎ䗳‫ݭ‬Пϔ▔ᴔ
䖭ᰃϔ⠛⼲༛ⱘೳഄҀढ䯏㾕ᔩ㸼ᓳ⮆ᚿⱘҎ⠊҆↡҆㴏㳧থव䆍䆜䪇Ꮉ⥟
z ᵫⱑ㧦⦏⩗㰿ৠᖗ⠅㗙ϡ㛑ߚ᠟⫊ЁП∈ᯊᇮಯᜓ
z 䳡䖒㧦〚ᮃᵫⱘ㩀⼐㸹໽㺖≝⍂ᑈ䕂儖ᔦԩ໘೑⅛ϡ㽕ᖬ䆄ཌྷҀ䷉㄀ϔ哧ᬙҎᚙ
⾺ৄ໰᳜⣿ယ㔶ᆈ㑶ᇬϛᆊᖻФֱྚ䴽䴶䗑᮹㗙㒱⮛偀ᢝᵒᆈӮ
z 䏃䘹㧦Ҏ⫳ᑇ޵ⱘϪ⬠໣೼ೄ䲒ⱘ᮹ᄤ䞠៥੠Ѩনⱘ݁⃵Ⳍ䘛咘৊೼⾟亢Ё京㨑ᇣ
䬛Ϟࣚࣚ䖛ᅶ៥Ў៥ᖗ⠅ⱘҎ‫ྤྤܓ‬ए䰶䞠亢䲾㜞ṙԴᗢМгᛇϡࠄ᚞ᖗࡼ儘ⱘ
ϔᐩϔ⫳Ё᳔催݈ⱘϔ໽᳜໰䴭ᙘᙘᮽ᰼ҢЁजᓔྟᴣᷥϟ䴦ᵒϢᇣ㑶㢅⮯㢺प
⣾
એ਄ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ࠺࡯࠲ߪએਅߩࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫࠃࠅ࠳࠙ࡦࡠ࡯࠼ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ䋺
http://www.millionbook.com/index.html㩷 㩷
http://www.easysea.com/xiandai/index.htm
http://www.shuku.net:8082/novels/cnovel.html
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421
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169
4
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79
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103
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‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ޢ‬0Q㧔㧕
̌㹿̍ߣ⥄ὼฃりᢥߦ㑐ߔࠆ৻⠨ኤ
દ⮮ ᄢテ
㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
ߪߓ߼ߦ
㧔1㧕 a. The door was opened 㧔by him㧕.
b. The door opened.
open ߪ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇ㧔1a㧕ߢߪฃേᘒ㧘㧔1b㧕ߢߪ⥄േ⹖ߣߒߡ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⥝๧ᷓ޿ߎߣߦ㧘open ߦኻᔕߔࠆਛ࿖⺆ߩേ⹖̌ᠧᓔ̍ߩ଀ࠍᬌ⚝ߔࠆߣ㧘߿ߪࠅᰴߩ
ࠃ߁ߥੑߟߩᒻᑼߦ↪޿ࠄࠇߚ଀ࠍ⷗ߟߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅ․ߦᵈ⸥ߩߥ޿႐ว㧘଀
ᢥߩᣣᧄ⺆⸶ߪᧄⓂ╩⠪ߦࠃࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔2㧕 a. 䮼㹿㧔Ҫ㧕ᠧᓔњ㧔࠼ࠕ߇㧔ᓐߦ㧕㐿ߌࠄࠇߚ㧕
b. 䮼ᠧᓔњ㧔࠼ࠕ߇㐿޿ߚ㧕
㧔2a㧕㧔2b㧕ߪ৻⷗㧘ߘࠇߙࠇ㧔1a㧕㧔1b㧕ߦૃߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔2a㧕ߪⵍേᢥ1ߢ㧘patient㧔એਅ
‫ޟ‬ฃ੐‫ࠆߔߣޠ‬㧕߇ਥ⺆૏⟎ߦ➅ࠅ਄ߍࠄࠇ㧘߆ߟ agent㧔એਅ‫ޟ‬ᣉ੐‫ࠆߔߣޠ‬㧕߇ઃട
⹖⊛ߦ⴫ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆὐߦ߅޿ߡ㧘㧔1a㧕ߦ㘃ૃߔࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘᜝ᒐߢ␜ߒߡ޽ࠆㅢࠅ㧘ᣉ੐
߇㗫❥ߦ⃻ࠇߥߊߥࠆὐߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘ਔ⠪ߪ౒ㅢߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔2b㧕ߪ⥄ὼฃりᢥ㧘ߥ޿ߒᗧ๧
਄ߩฃりᢥߥߤߣ๭߫ࠇࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ฃりߩ᣿␜⊛ߥᮡ⼂ࠍ઻ࠊߕ㧘߆ߟฃ੐ߩߺ߇
ਥ⺆૏⟎ߦ⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆὐߦ߅޿ߡ㧔1b㧕ߦ㘃ૃߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔2a㧕ߣ㧔2b㧕ߪฃ੐ࠍᢥ㗡૏⟎ߦ⟎ߊߣ޿߁ὐߢ౒ㅢߔࠆ߇㧘ਔ⠪߇౒ሽߔࠆએ਄㧘
૗ࠄ߆ߩᗧ๧⊛࡮ᯏ⢻⊛Ꮕ⇣߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆน⢻ᕈߪ቟ᤃߦุቯߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޕ‬એਅᧄⓂ╙ 1 ▵ߢ
ߪ㧘వⴕ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆߎߩᏅ⇣ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⸒෸ࠍขࠅ਄ߍ㧘╙ 2 ▵ߢߪⵍേᢥߩᜬߟ‫ޟ‬ਇᅤ
ᗧ‫ߩޠ‬ᗧ๧ว޿ߦኻߔࠆᧄⓂߩ┙႐ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ‫ ╙ޕ‬3 ▵એ㒠ߢߪ㧘ⵍേᢥߣ⥄ὼฃり
ᢥߩᏅ⇣ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘╩⠪ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߆ࠄ⷗ߟ߆ߞߚ↪଀ࠍㅢߓᣂߚߥ⺑᣿ࠍ⹜ߺࠆ‫ޕ‬
వⴕ⎇ⓥߦ⷗ࠆⵍേᢥߣ⥄ὼⵍേᢥߩᏅ⇣
߬ઁ㧔2001:753-54㧕ߪ㧘߹ߕਛ࿖⺆ߦߪ‫⹤ޟ‬㗴̆⺑᣿‫ޠ‬
㧔topic-comment ߣᝒ߃ߡࠃ޿ߣ
ᕁࠊࠇࠆ㧕ߣ޿߁ᒻᑼߩᢥ߇޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩ⹤㗴߇ฃ੐ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇ዋߥߊߥ޿ߣㅀߴࠆ‫ߘޕ‬
ࠇ߇㧔2b㧕ߩࠃ߁ߥ⥄ὼฃりᢥߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆ‫ⵍߡ޿⛯ޕ‬േᢥߩਥⷐߥᗧ๧ߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޟ‬ฃ੐߇
޽ࠆേ૞ⴕὑߩᓇ㗀ߦࠃࠅᄌൻࠍฃߌࠆ‫ⷙߣޠ‬ቯߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߪߦ⊛ဳౖޕ‬㧘⹤⠪ߦߣߞߡਇ
1
એਅᧄⓂߢⵍേᢥߣ⸒߁႐วߪ㧘̌㹿̍ߩ↪޿ࠄࠇߚ߽ߩߩߺࠍᜰߔߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ᗢᔟߢ޽ߞߚࠅ㧘⹤⠪߇៊ኂࠍฃߌߚࠅ૗߆ࠍᄬߊߒߚࠅߣ޿ߞߚ⁁ᴫߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ߇㧘
৻ㇱߦߪߘ߁޿ߞߚᗧ๧ว޿ࠍᏪ߮ߥ޿߽ߩ߽޽ࠆߣ޿߁‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᢥ⣂਄ᣉ੐ߣฃ੐ߩ㑐
ଥࠍ᣿⏕ߦߔࠆߚ߼ߛߌߦ̌ⵍ̍߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠆߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬
ᬢ㧔1989:329-30㧕ߪ㧘ⵍേᢥߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޟ‬੐ᘒࠍᒁ߈⿠ߎߒߚਥ૕߇ᗧ⼂ߦ޽ࠆ‫ߣޠ‬ㅀߴ
ࠆ৻ᣇ㧘⥄ὼฃりᢥߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޟ‬੐ᘒ߇ᒁ߈⿠ߎߐࠇߚ⚿ᨐߦߒ߆㑐ᔃ߇ߥ޿‫ߣޠ‬ᜰ៰ߔ
ࠆ‫ⵍޕ‬േᢥߪ‫ޟ‬᣿ࠄ߆ߦฃりߩᗧ๧ߒ߆⴫ߐߥ޿‫ޠ‬㧔ߔߥࠊߜᢥ㗡ߩฬ⹖ߪቴ૕ߣߒ߆⸃
㉼ߢ߈ߥ޿㧕ߣ޿߁‫⥄ޕ‬ὼฃりᢥߪᢥ㗡ߩฬ⹖ࠍਥ૕ߣ߽ቴ૕ߣ߽ߺߥߒ߁ࠆ߇‫ࠄߜߤޟ‬
ߢ޽ࠆ߆ߪᔅߕߒ߽᣿⊕ߢߪߥ޿‫ޠ‬㧘ߣ߽ㅀߴߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
৩㧔1987:179㧕ߦࠃࠇ߫㧘ⵍേᢥߣ⥄ὼⵍേᢥߩ㆑޿ߪ‫ޟ‬ᔎ䇗㹿ࡼⱘ⿟ᑺϡৠ㧔ⵍേࠍ
ᒝ⺞ߔࠆ⒟ᐲߩ㆑޿㧕‫ޟ߮ࠃ߅ޠ‬ᛳᚙ㡆ᔽⱘᏂᓖ㧔ᗵᖱ⊛⦡ᓀߩ㆑޿㧕‫ⵍޕ߁޿ߣࠆ޽ߢޠ‬
േᢥ߇ฃりߩᗧ๧ࠍᒝ⺞ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᄙߊߪᦸ߹ߒߊߥ޿ᗵᖱ⊛⦡ᓀࠍ฽߻ߩߦኻߒ㧘⥄ὼ
ฃりᢥߪฃりߩᗧ๧߇Ꮧ⭯ߢ㧘ᗵᖱ⊛ߥ⦡ᓀࠍᏪ߮ߥ޿ਛᕈߩ⴫⃻ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬
ᄢᴡౝ㧔1982:331㧕ߦߪ㧘‫ޟ‬ਛ࿖ੱߦߣߞߡ㧘‫ⵍޡ‬ሼฏ‫ޢ‬એᄖߩฃ੐ਥ⺆ᢥߪ৻ะߦฃり
ߣ޿߁ᗧ⼂߇ߥ޿‫߅ߥޕࠆ޽ߣޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬ኻᩰߩਥ㗴ൻߪኈᤃߦᚑ┙ߔࠆ߇㧘ߎࠇࠄߪਥ⺆ߣ
ߩᩰ㑐ଥ߆ࠄ޿߃߫ฃりᢥߢ޽ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧔ห 323 㗁㧕ߣ߽޽ࠆ‫ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ኻᩰߩਥ㗴ൻߣ⥄ὼ
ฃりᢥࠍห৻ߩ߽ߩߣߺߥߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߘࠇࠍ‫ޟ‬㗴ㅀᢥ‫ޕࠆߌߠ⺰⚿ߣޠ‬
੗಴㧔1990㧕ߪ㧘หߓേ⹖߇ⵍേᢥߣ⥄ὼฃりᢥߩਔᣇߦ↪޿ࠄࠇᓧࠆࠤ࡯ࠬߦ⸒෸ߒ㧘
ⵍേᢥߩ̌㹿̍ߩᜬߟᗧ๧ࠍᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ߹ߣ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬㧘Ԙ⥄ಽߩᕁ߁߹߹ߦߥ
ࠄߥ޿ߎߣࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆ㧘ԙቴⷰ⊛ᘒᐲࠍ␜ߔ㧘Ԛേ૞ߩ߽ߚࠄߒߚ⚿ᨐࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆ㧘ߩਃ
ὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠅ߅ߡ߼⹺߽ߣߎࠆ޽߇଀޿ߥ߈ߢ㉼⸃ߢࠇߘߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߘࠇࠄߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޟ‬න
ߦᄖ࿖⺆ߩฃߌりߩᓇ㗀ߢ㧘․೎ߥᗧ๧ߩߥ޿߽ߩ‫ޕࠆ޿ߡߒߣޠ‬
‫ޟ‬ਇᅤᗧ‫ߩޠ‬ฃߌᚻ
1-3 ߦ߅ߌࠆ৩ߩ‫޿ߥߊߒ߹ᦸޟ‬ᗵᖱ⊛⦡ᓀ‫ޠ‬㧘߹ߚ 1-5 ߦ߅ߌࠆ੗಴ߩ‫ޟ‬ᕁ߁߹߹ߦߥ
ࠄߥ޿‫ઁߩޠ‬㧘
‫ޟ‬ਇᅤᗧ‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ⵍޟ‬ኂ㧘ㅅᖺ‫ߤߥޠ‬㧘⎇ⓥ⠪ߦࠃߞߡ↪⺆ߪ߹ߜ߹ߜߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘
ⵍേฏ߇૗ࠄ߆ߩࡀࠟ࠹ࠖࡧߥᗧ๧ว޿ࠍ⴫ߔߣ޿߁ߩߪቯ⺑ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߢߎߘޕ‬໧㗴ߣߥࠆ
ߩ߇㧘ࡑࠗ࠽ࠬߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌࠆߩ߇⺕ߥߩ߆㧘ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪߢ▵ᧄޕ‬㧘࠺࡯࠲ߩ⸃
㉼ߦవ┙ߜ㧘ߘߩὐߦኻߔࠆᧄⓂߩ┙႐ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߡ߅ߊ‫ޕ‬
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߬ઁ㧔2001:754㧕ߪ㧘‫ޟ‬ਇᗢᔟ㧘៊ᄬ‫߇ޠ‬ฃ੐߹ߚߪ⹤⠪ߦߣߞߡߩ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣㅀߴ㧘
̌䮼㹿ᩲᓔњ̍㧔࠼ࠕߪ߱ߟߌࠄࠇߡ㐿޿ߡߒ߹ߞߚ㧕ࠍ೨⠪ߩ଀ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘࠼ࠕ߇
ਇᗢᔟߐࠍᗵߓࠆߣᝒ߃ࠆ⸃㉼ߦߪ⇼໧ߩ૛࿾߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߣߎࠈߢ㧘േ⹖ߩ⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧⥄૕ߦᅢ߹ߒߊߥ޿߽ߩ߿࠾ࡘ࡯࠻࡜࡞ߥ߽ߩ߇޽ࠆߣߔ
ࠆ⼏⺰߇⷗ฃߌࠄࠇࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬ᬢ㧔1989㧕ߪ㧘ᰴߩ㧔3ab㧕ߩㆡᩰᕈߩᏅࠍ㧘̌᥼㗏̍㧔ୟ
ߔ㧕߇ᅢ߹ߒߊߥ޿੐ᘒߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒ㧘
̌ᓎゟ̍
㧔ᛂߜ┙ߡࠆ㧕߇ᅢ߹ߒ޿੐ᘒߢ޽ࠆߣ
޿߁ὐߦᏫߔ‫ޕ‬
㧔3㧕a. ᮻᬓᴗ㹿Ҏ⇥᥼㗏њDŽ㧔ᣥ᡽ᮭ߇ੱ᳃ߦୟߐࠇߚ㧕
b. *ᮄᬓᴗ㹿Ҏ⇥ᓎゟњ2DŽ㧔ᣂ᡽ᮭ߇ੱ᳃ߦᛂߜ┙ߡࠄࠇߚ㧕
ᧄⓂߪߎߩ┙႐ࠍߣࠄߥ޿‫ߩߘޕ‬ℂ↱ߪ㧘
‫ޟ‬ᅢ߹ߒ޿ᅢ߹ߒߊߥ޿‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᗧ๧ว޿ߪ
޽ߊ߹ߢ⋧ኻ⊛ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫᥼̌߫߃ߣߚޕ‬㗏̍ߣ޿߁಴᧪੐ߪ㧘ߘ
ࠇߦࠃߞߡⵍኂࠍฃߌߚߣᗵߓࠄࠇࠆ⠪ߦߣߞߡߪᅢ߹ߒߊߥ޿੐ᘒߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߘࠇߦኻ
‫ޟ‬ᅢ߹ߒ޿ᅢ߹ߒߊߥ޿‫߁޿ߣޠ‬
┙ߔࠆ┙႐ߩ⠪ߦߣߞߡߪᅢ߹ߒ޿੐ᘒ߆߽⍮ࠇߥ޿3‫ޕ‬
ᗧ๧ว޿ߪ㧘޽ࠆ․ቯߩ┙႐ߦⷞὐࠍ⟎޿ߡೋ߼ߡ↢ߓࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߐߡ㧘᧖᧛㧔1992:51-52㧕ߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ଀ࠍ᜼ߍ㧘
‫ⵍޟ‬േᢥߩવ߃ࠆㆣㆄߦ⊒ߔࠆਇᅤᗧ
ߩᵄ෸వࠍฃ੐߹ߢߢᱛ߼⹤⠪ߦ߹ߢ෸߷ߐߥ޿ߎߣߩਇวℂߐ‫ࠍޠ‬ᜰ៰ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔4㧕Ҫ䙷ᡞ䪇Ꮉ߇ˈᏆ㒣㹿৩⾔ṙതњDŽ
ᓐߩ⚵┙Ꮏ↪ߩ᫹ሶߪߔߢߦํ⑲᪢ߦ⣶ដߌࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬㧔ේᢥ⸶㧕
ߎࠇߦߟ޿ߡ᧖᧛ߪ㧘
‫⑲ํޡޟ‬᪢߇ᓐߩ⚵┙Ꮏ↪ߩ᫹ሶߦ⣶ដߌߡ޿ߚ‫ߩߣߎޢ‬ᓇ㗀߇⹤⠪
ߦ߹ߢᵄ෸ߒ㧘૗ࠄ߆ߩਇᗢᔟ࡮ㅅᖺࠍਈ߃ߡਇᅤᗧߥᗵᖱࠍᛴ߆ߖߚ⚿ᨐ㧘⹤⠪ߪߘߩ
ᗵᖱߩ⊒㔺ࠍⵍേᢥߩណ↪ߦ⷗಴ߒߚ‫ߣޠ‬ㅀߴࠆ߇㧘ᧄⓂߪ෩ኒߦߪߘࠇߣ߽ዋߒ⸃㉼ࠍ
⇣ߦߔࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߪ㧘
㧔4㧕߇⹤⠪㧔ዊ⺑ߩ૞⠪㧕ߩቢోߥഃ૞ߢ޽ࠇ㧘⹤⠪߇ታ㓙ߦ⃻႐ߦ
ዬวࠊߖߚߩߢ޽ࠇ㧘ਇᅤᗧߥᗵᖱࠍᛴ޿ߚߩߪ޽ߊ߹ߢᢥਛߩ⺕߆㧔ߎߎߢߪ޽ࠅᓧࠆ
୥⵬ߩਛ߆ࠄ઒ߦ‫ޟ‬ᓐ‫ࠍޠ‬᜼ߍߡ߅ߊ㧕ߢ޽ࠅ㧘⹤⠪߇ਇᅤᗧߩᗵᖱࠍᛴ޿ߚߣߪ⠨߃ߥ
޿‫ߊߥߪߢ߁ߘޕ‬㧘⹤⠪ߪߎߩ੐ᘒࠍਇᅤᗧߣᗵߓขߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޟ‬ᓐ‫┙ߩޠ‬႐߆ࠄ಴᧪੐ࠍ
ㅀߴߚ㧘ߣ⠨߃ࠆ4‫ߒ߽ޕ‬઒ߦ‫ޟ‬ᓐ‫ࠍޠ‬ህߞߡ޿ࠆੱ‛߇ઁߦ޿ߡ㧘‫ޟ‬ᓐ‫߇ޠ‬ਇᅤᗧߥ⁁ᴫ
ߦ㒱ߞߡ޿ࠆߩࠍዊ᳇๧ࠃߊᕁߞߡ޿ࠆߣߒߚࠄ㧘⹤⠪ߪߘߩੱ‛ߩ┙႐߆ࠄ‫⑲ํޟ‬᪢߇
ᓐߩ᫹ሶߦ⣶ដߌߡߊࠇߚ‫߽ߣߎ߁⸒ߣߤߥޠ‬น⢻ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
㧔4㧕ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘⹤⠪߇ߘ߁
2
㧔3㧕ߦ㑐ㅪߒߡ⥝๧ᷓ޿ߩߪ㧘ᴢЈᅮ㧔1986:126-27 ઁ㧕ߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆേ⹖ಽ㘃ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓐߪേ⹖ࠍ↲㘃㧔̌㜅ˈ
ᧁˈ݇ˈᢚˈᠨ̍ߥߤ㒰෰࡮㐽㎮ߩᗧ๧ࠍ⴫ߔ߽ߩ㧕ߣਸ㘃㧔̌こˈ䌈ˈᓔˈᨁˈᢷ̍ߥߤ₪ᓧ࡮㐿᡼ߩᗧ๧ࠍ
⴫ߔ߽ߩ㧕ߩੑߟߦಽߌ㧘೨⠪߇̌њ̍ࠍ઻ߞߡⵍേᢥߦ಴⃻ߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒ㧘ᓟ⠪ߪߘࠇ߇ਇ
น⢻ߢ޽ࠆߣᜰ៰ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
̌᥼㗏̍ߪേ૞એ೨ߦ௛߈߆ߌߩኻ⽎߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆὐߢ↲㘃ߦㄭ޿߇㧘
̌ᓎゟ̍ߪേ૞ߩ⚿
ᨐ޽ࠆ੐‛߇಴⃻ߔࠆὐߢਸ㘃ߦㄭ޿‫↲ߩߎޕ‬㘃ߣਸ㘃ߩࠦࡦ࠻࡜ࠬ࠻ߪ㧘
‫ޟ‬ᅢ߹ߒ޿ᅢ߹ߒߊߥ޿‫್߁޿ߣޠ‬
ᢿၮḰߦࠃߞߡ㧔3ab㧕ߩนุࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆߎߣ߳ߩ৻ߟߩઍᦧ᩺ߣߥࠅߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
3
ਅ࿾㧔1999:110-11㧕ߪ㧘̌ϧࠊᬓᴗ㹿Ҏ⇥㕸ӫ᥼㗏њ̍㧔ኾ೙⊛ߥ᡽ᮭ߇ੱ᳃ߦୟߐࠇߚ㧕ࠍ᜼ߍ㧘‫ޟ‬ਥ⺆߇ࡑ
ࠗ࠽ࠬߩᓇ㗀ࠍⵍߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ㧘⹤ߒᚻ߇ㅒߦ༑ࠎߢ޿ࠆ‫ߣޠ‬ᜰ៰ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
4
⹤⠪ߪ㧘ਇᅤᗧߥᗵᖱࠍᛴ޿ߚ⠪ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄ಴᧪੐ࠍㅀߴߚ߆ࠄߣ޿ߞߡ㧘ߘߩ⹤⠪ߦᗵᖱ⒖౉ߒߡ޿ࠆߣߪ
㒢ࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬ਇᅤᗧߩᗵߓᚻߩ┙႐߆ࠄ߽ߩࠍ⸒ߞߡ޿ߡ߽㧘ߘߩᤨߩ⹤⠪ߩᔃᖱߪ᭽‫߫߃ߣߚޕ߁ࠈ޽ߢޘ‬㧘
‫ޟ‬ᅛ
㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚
ߩ᫹ሶ߇ᐳࠄࠇߡߒ߹ߞߡ޿޿᳇๧ߛ‫ߦ߁ࠃߩޠ‬㧘றὐㇱߢ‫ޟ‬ᅛ‫ߩߡߞߣߦޠ‬ਇᅤᗧߐࠍ␜ߒߟߟ㧘ਅ✢ㇱߢ⹤
⠪ߩᗢᔟߥᔃᖱࠍ␜ߔ㧘ߣ޿߁⸒޿ᣇߪน⢻ߥߩߢߪߥ޿߆‫ޕ‬ᵈ 3 ෳᾖ‫ޕ‬
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ߒߚᢙ޽ࠆ┙႐ߩਛ߆ࠄ‫ޟ‬ᓐ‫ޠ‬ነࠅߩ┙႐ࠍㆬࠎߛߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇㧘ⵍേᢥߣ޿߁ᒻᑼߩណ
↪ߦ෻ᤋߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣᧄⓂߪ઒ቯߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਭ㊁㧔1978:127-282㧕ߩ↪⺆ߦᓥ߃߫㧘
⹤ߒᚻ߇‫ޟ‬ᓐ‫౒ߦޠ‬ᗵ5ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ⵍേᢥߦࠃࠅ⴫ߐࠇࠆ੐⽎ߦߪ㧘ߘߩ੐⽎ߘߩ߽ߩߦࠃࠅ㧘⥄ࠄߩᕁ߁߹
߹ߦߥࠄߥ޿㧘ᤨߦᦸ߹ߒߊߥ޿㧔ᓟ⠪ߪ೨⠪ߦ฽߹ࠇࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ㧕૗ࠄ߆ߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌ
ࠆੱ‛߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߢߎߎޕ‬㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥੱ‛ࠍ⋉ጟ㧔1991㧕ߦ୮ߞߡ‫ޟ‬ẜ࿷
⊛ฃᓇ⠪6‫ߡߒ⇛⋭ߒ޿ߥޠ‬නߦ‫ޟ‬ฃᓇ⠪7‫ߣޠ‬๭߱ߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ẜ࿷⊛ฃᓇ⠪ߣߪ㧘ᒰ⹥
ߩ಴᧪੐ᜰߔ‫ޕ‬ฃᓇ⠪ߪਥ⺆ߥߤേ⹖ߩ㗄ߦ㒢ࠄࠇߕ㧘޽ࠄࠁࠆᚻᲑߢᢥਛߦ᣿␜࡮ᥧ␜
ߐࠇࠆ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ߡ߅ߊ‫ޕ‬
߹ߣ߼ࠆߣ㧘ᧄⓂߪ⹤⠪߇ẜ࿷⊛ฃᓇ⠪ߦ౒ᗵ㧔ߥ޿ߒ⥄Ꮖห৻ⷞൻ㧕ߒ㧘ߘߩⷞὐ߆
ࠄ੐⽎ࠍㅀߴߚ߽ߩ߇ⵍേᢥߢ޽ࠆߣ઒ቯߔࠆ‫̌ޕ‬㹿̍ߪ⹤⠪߇ߘ߁ߒߚੱ‛ߩⷞὐߦ┙
ߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߔࡑ࡯ࠞ࡯ߢ޽ࠆ㧘ߣ⸒޿឵߃ߡ߽ࠃ޿‫ޕ‬
ᴢЈᅮ㧔1980:411㧕ߪ㧘ⵍേᢥߩ‫ࠍޠ⟵⾇ޟ‬ਥ⺆ߦߩߺᏫߔࠆߎߣ߿㧘േ⹖ߩ‫ޠ⟵⾇ⶋޟ‬
ߦߩߺᏫߔࠆߎߣࠍᛕ್ߔࠆ߇㧘਄ߦㅀߴߚᧄⓂߩ⸃㉼ߪߎࠇߣ┙႐ࠍหߓߊߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬਛߩ↪଀ߩᬌ⸛
એਅ․ߦᵈ⸥ߩߥ޿႐ว㧘଀ᢥߪోߡ╩⠪ߩᚻరߦ޽ࠆࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ8ࠃࠅᛮ☴ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽
ࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߕ㧘
̌ᠧᓔ̍
㧔㐿ߊ࡮㐿ߌࠆ㧕ࠍᬌ⚝ߒߡ⏕⹺ߐࠇߚ଀߆ࠄ㧘ᣉ੐ߩ઻߁ⵍേᢥ㧔5a㧕㧘
ᣉ੐ߩ઻ࠊߥ޿ⵍേᢥ㧔5b㧕㧘⥄ὼฃりᢥ㧔5c㧕ࠍฦ 1 ଀ߕߟ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
㧔5㧕 a. ህᰃ䙷᠛䮼ˈᅗさ✊㹿䇕᜶᜶ഄᠧᓔњDŽ㧔ߘߩ࠼ࠕ߇㧘⓭ὼ⺕߆ߦ㐿ߌࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
b. ཌྷ਀ࠄϔ᠛䮼㹿ᠧᓔњˈᑨ䆹ᰃ⥟⋾⫳ߎ⦄೼䮼ষDŽ
㧔ᓐᅚߪ࠼ࠕ߇㐿ߌࠄࠇࠆ㖸ࠍ⡞޿ߚ‫₺ޕ‬ᵩ↢߇ᚭญߦ⃻ࠇߚߩߦ㆑޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬㧕
c. ऻᅸⱘ䮼ᠧᓔњDŽ㧔ኢቶߩ࠼ࠕ߇㐿޿ߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
߽ߞߣ߽㧘
̌ᠧᓔ̍1125 ଀ߩ߁ߜ㧘
㧔5c㧕ߩࠃ߁ߥ⥄ὼฃりᢥ߇ 145 ଀9޽ࠆߩߦኻߒ㧘
㧔5ab㧕
ߩࠃ߁ߥⵍേᢥߪ 9 ଀ߦߣߤ߹ࠆ‫ߪઁߩߘޕ‬ਥ⺆૏⟎ࠍᣉ੐߇භ߼ࠆઁേ⹖⊛↪ᴺ10߇ᄢ
ᄙᢙࠍභ߼ࠆߩߢ㧘ᢙࠍ⷗ࠆ㒢ࠅฃ੐ࠍਥ⺆ߣߔࠆᒻᑼߩ಴⃻㗫ᐲߪૐߊ㧘ߘߩਛߢ߽
㧚㧚㧚
㧚㧚
㧚
‫ޟ‬ᢥਛߩฬ⹖ฏ x ߩᣉ੐ኻᾖߦኻߔࠆ⹤ߒᚻߩ⥄Ꮖห৻ⷞൻࠍ౒ᗵ㧔Empathy㧕ߣ๭߮㧘ߘߩᐲว޿㧘හߜ౒
㧚㧚
ᗵᐲࠍ E㧔x㧕ߢ⴫ࠊߔ‫౒ޕ‬ᗵᐲߪ㧘୯ 0㧔ቴⷰឬ౮㧕߆ࠄ୯ 1㧔ቢోߥ⥄Ꮖห৻ⷞൻ㧕ㄥߩㅪ⛯૕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔ਭ
㊁ 1978:134㧘றὐߪේᢥߦࠃࠆ㧕
5
6
‫ޡޟ‬ẜ࿷⊛ฃᓇ⠪‫ߪߣޢ‬㧘ฃᓇฃേᢥߩ⴫㕙ߦߪ⃻ࠇߥ޿ߌࠇߤ߽㧘ߘߩฃേᢥ߇คㅀߒߡ޿ࠆ੐⽎߆ࠄ૗ࠄ
߆ߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌࠆሽ࿷ߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧔⋉ጟ 1991:111㧕‫ޕ‬
7
ᧁ᧛㧔1992㧕ߢឭ᩺ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߥ㧘േ⹖ߩ㗄߇ᜬߟᗧ๧ᓎഀߣߒߡߩ‫ޟ‬ฃᓇ⠪‫޿ߥߢޠ‬ὐߦᵈᗧ‫ޕ‬
8
ਥߣߒߡࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻਄ߦ౏㐿ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆዊ⺑ࠍ࡜ࡦ࠳ࡓߦ෼㓸ߒ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ࡈࠔࠗ࡞ൻߒߚ߽ߩߢ㧘᧲੩ᄖ
࿖⺆ᄢቇඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟ߩ㗇⮮⑲᮸᳁ࠃࠅᓮឭଏ㗂޿ߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ว⸘ 230 ✬㧔⚂ 1554 ਁሼ㧕ߢ㧘㢣ス 39 ✬㧘
ԭढ 20 ✬㧘ᓴ⠅⦆ 11 ✬ࠍೋ߼ߣߔࠆ⃻ઍᢥቇߩઁ㧘䞥ᒌߩᱞଓዊ⺑ 15 ✬㧘߹ߚᶏᄖ૞ຠߩ⠡⸶ 55 ✬ࠍ฽߻‫ޕ‬
9
̌ᠧᓔⱘᴖᖫ̍ߩࠃ߁ߥ଀ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘̌ᠧᓔ̍ߪᣉ੐ߩ⋭⇛ߐࠇߚઁേ⹖⊛↪ᴺ߆㧘ߘࠇߣ߽⥄ὼฃりߢ޽ࠆ
߆ߩ್ቯ߇ߒߦߊ޿‫ߪ଀ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬㧘⥄ὼฃりᢥߩ✚ᢙߦ฽߼ߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
10
ߎߎߢߪ㧘⋥ᓟߦ⋡⊛⺆ࠍ઻߁߽ߩߩઁ㧘೨⟎⹖̌ᡞᇚ̍ߦࠃߞߡ⋡⊛⺆߇േ⹖ߦ೨⟎ߐࠇߚ߽ߩࠍ฽߻‫ޕ‬
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㧔5ab㧕ߩࠃ߁ߥ଀ߪ․ߦ⒘ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
̌ᠧᓔ̍ߪ㧘ᣉ੐ߩ௛߈߆ߌߛߌߢߥߊฃ੐ߩ⚿ᨐ⁁ᘒ߹ߢ฽ᗧߔࠆേ⹖ߥߩߢ㧘ᧁ᧛
㧔1981㧕ߥߤߢᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆⵍേᢥᚑ┙ߩ᧦ઙࠍḩߚߒߚౖဳ⊛ߥ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ੌࠍࠇߘޕ‬
⸃ߒߚ਄㧘╙ 2 ▵ߦㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߥ೎ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ㧘ⵍേᢥߩ․ᕈߦߟ޿ߡ⺑᣿ࠍ⹜ߺࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߕ㧘㧔5ab㧕ߩࠃ߁ߥⵍേᢥߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆ‫̌ޕ‬㹿̍ߩᓟߦᣉ੐߇઻߁ߩߪ㧘㧔5a㧕ߣ
ᰴߩ㧔6㧕ߩ 2 ଀ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
㧔6㧕 ៤㞾ᄺҢ䑿䖍পߎ䩹࣭ˈএᓔ⷇⠶П䮼ˈ䙷ⶹϔ䕀Пϟˈ䪕䫕ᮽᏆ㹿ҎᠧᓔDŽҪĀ੺ā
ⱘϔໄˈা১ᕫ䴶᮴Ҏ㡆ˈᖗᛇĩĀ䪕䫕Ꮖᓔˈ㗕⮃ᄤᏆ㒣ߎᴹњDŽā
㧔ᚑ⥄ቇߪᙬ߆ࠄ㎛ࠍขࠅ಴ߒ㧘⍹‗ߩᚭࠍ㐿ߌߦ޿ߞߚ‫ߣࠆߔޕ‬㧘㋕ߩ㍤߇ᣢߦ⺕
߆ߦ㐿ߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߦ᳇ߠ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ᓐߪ‫ߣޠߞ߃ޟ‬ჿࠍ᜼ߍ㧘㛳߈ߩ޽߹ࠅ㕍ߑ߼㧘
‫ޟ‬㋕ߩ㍤߇㐿޿ߡ⠧≊ሶ߇಴ߡⴕߞߡߒ߹ߞߚߩߛ‫ߣޠ‬ᕁߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
̌㹿̍ߩᓟߦᣉ੐߇޽ࠆ႐วߣߥ޿႐วࠍಽߌߚߩߪ㧘ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥᜰ៰߇޽ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽
ࠆ‫⼾ޕ‬᎑㧔1988:107㧕ߪ㧘
̌ⵍ̍ࠍ↪޿ߥߌࠇ߫ฃ੐ਥ⺆ᢥ߇᭴ᚑߢ߈ߥ޿႐วߦ㒢ࠅ㧘
̌㹿̍
߇‫ޟ‬ਇᧄᗧ‫ߩޠ‬ᗧ๧ࠍⴕ૶ߖߕߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠆߣㅀߴࠆ‫ౕޕ‬૕⊛ߦߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ
଀ࠍ᜼ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔7㧕 ਇᧄᗧߥᗧ๧ߥߒߦ̌ⵍ̍ᢥ߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ႐ว
Ԙㅀ⺆߇̌V Ў㧔‫خ‬㧕+⾠⺆㨪̍
⦄೼ϡᰃ㹿⿄ЎЁ೑䗮৫˛㧔੹ߪ‫ޟ‬ਛ࿖ㅢ‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇߡ޿ࠆߢߪߥ޿߆㧕
ܹᄺϡЙ៥֓㹿ВЎᄺ᷵ⱘⱛৢDŽ㧔౉ቇᓟ߹߽ߥߊ⑳ߪቇᩞߩᅚ₺ߦㆬ߫ࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
ԙㅀ⺆߇̌V ࠄ+⾠⺆㨪̍
ᇣ䘧䴭㹿䗕ࠄᄺ᷵䞠এ䇏кDŽ㧔ዊ㆏㕒ߪቇᩞߦㅍࠄࠇീᒝߐߖࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
ᑌ㗠䖭ϸԡ㗕໾໾䛑䙉ᕾⴔ㞾✊㾘ᕟˈࠄᯊ‫׭‬ህ㹿҆টӀᡸ䗕ࠄള ഄ䞠এDŽ
㧔ᐘ޿ߎࠇࠄੑੱߩ⠧ᇚੱߪ⥄ὼߩቯ߼ߦᓥ޿㧘߿߇ߡⷫ෹ߚߜߦࠃߞߡჄ߳ㅍ
ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
Ԛㅀ⺆߇ᔃℂᵴേࠍ⴫ߔ߽ߩ
Ҫ㹿ֵЁ⋟⑶ⴔⱘ⏽ᶨᚙᛣ੠⛁⚜㗠জ৿㪘ⱘਞⱑ⏅⏅ᛳࡼњDŽ
㧔ᓐߪᚻ⚕ߩਛߩᥦ߆޿ᔃ㆜޿ߣᾲߊ฽⫾ߦን߻๔⊕ߦᷓߊᗵേߐߖࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
ҎӀゟࠏ㹿䙷དᑘ【਌ᓩԣњDŽ㧔ੱ‫ߩߘߋߔߪޘ‬ఝࠇߚ૞‛ߦ߭߈ߟߌࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
ԛᖱ᥊ߩឬ౮㧔⥄ὼ⃻⽎㧕
᳜‫ܓ‬ᗑ✊㹿ѥ᥽ԣDŽ㧔᦬߇⓭ᅤ㔕ߦⷒࠊࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
⊇∈㹿ᰮ䳲✻ᕫ᳝ѯᖂ㑶DŽ㧔Ꮉߩ᳓ߪᄕᣣߦᾖࠄߐࠇߡ߶ߩ߆ߦ⿒޿‫ޕ‬㧕
ᣉ੐߇⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔5a㧕ߣ㧔6㧕߆ࠄ̌㹿̍ࠍขࠅ෰ߞߡ̌ᅗさ✊>@䇕᜶᜶ഄᠧᓔњ̍㧘
̌䪕䫕ᮽᏆ>@Ҏᠧᓔ̍ߥߤߣߔࠆߣ㧘߅ߘࠄߊᢥᴺ⊛ߦ⸵ኈߐࠇߥ޿߆㧘ዋߥߊߣ߽⺣
⹤ᯏ⢻਄ߪ᦭ᮡߩᢥߦߥࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ߔߋߦℂ⸃ߐࠇࠆ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬႐วߩ̌㹿̍ߪ㧘
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‫ޟ‬ਇᧄᗧ‫ߩޠ‬ᗧ๧ࠍᏪ߮ࠆ႐วࠃࠅ߽ᯏ⢻⺆ൻߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘නߦᣉ੐ࠍዉ౉ߔࠆᯏ⢻ࠍᨐߚ
ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠃ߁‫ޕ‬
㧔5a㧕ߣ㧔6㧕ߪ޿ߕࠇ߽⥄ὼ⃻⽎ߢߪߥ޿߇㧘ᖱ᥊ឬ౮ߣ޿߁ὐߢԛߦᒰߡߪ߹ࠆน
⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫ઁ߬ޕ‬㧔2001:25-27㧕ߦࠃࠇ߫㧘ឬ౮ߣߪคㅀߣኻ┙ߔࠆ᭎ᔨߢ㧘ᤨ㑆ゲ਄ߩ
ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߩߥ޿㕒ᘒߩ಴᧪੐ࠍ⴫ߔߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘㧔5a㧕ߩਅ✢ㇱ߇ߘࠇߦᒰߡߪ
߹ࠆ߆ุ߆ߦߟ޿ߡቴⷰ⊛ߥᩮ᜚ࠍឭ␜ߔࠆߩߪኈᤃߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬ਅ✢ㇱࠃࠅ೨ߩㇱಽ߇߻
ߒࠈઃᏪ⁁ᴫߩឬ౮ߢ㧘ਅ✢ㇱ߇േ⊛ߥ೨᥊⊛಴᧪੐ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߇㧘㧔5a㧕ߦਇᧄᗧߩ
ᗧ๧ࠍ⺒ߺขࠆⓍᭂ⊛ߥേᯏ߽ߥ޿‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߪ╙ 2 ▵ߦㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘̌㹿̍ߩਇᅤᗧߩᗧ
๧ࠍ㊀ⷐⷞߔࠆ┙႐ߦ޽ࠆ߇㧘઒ߦߘ߁ߒߚᗧ๧ࠍోߊᏪ߮ߥ޿߽ߩ߇޽ߞߚ႐ว㧘㧔7㧕
ߩࠃ߁ߥᢥᴺ⊛ℂ↱߽⠨ᘦߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ㧘ߎߎߢ⏕⹺ߒߡ߅ߊ‫ޕ‬
৻ᣇ㧔6㧕ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘̌ᮽᏆ̍㧔ᣢߦ㧕ߣ޽ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㕒ᘒߩᖱ᥊ߣᝒ߃ࠆߎߣ߇น⢻
ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߎߎߢߪߘࠇࠍ߭ߣ߹ߕភ޿ߡ㧘╙ 2 ▵ߢ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ┙႐ߦೣߞߚ⺑᣿ࠍ⹜
ߺࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔6㧕ߪ 2 ᢥ⋡ߩᵄ✢ㇱ㧔̌১ᕫ䴶᮴Ҏ㡆̍㧕߆ࠄ㧘੐ᘒ߇̌៤㞾ᄺ̍ߦߣߞߡਇᧄᗧ
ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫߇‛ੱߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬㧘2 ▵ߢㅀߴߚẜ࿷⊛ฃᓇ⠪ߦᒰߡߪ߹ࠆ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬
⹤⠪ߪ㧘ߘߩ┙႐ߦ౒ᗵߔࠆ┙႐߆ࠄ੐ᘒࠍㅀߴߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߽ᢥ⣂߆ࠄ⺒ߺขࠇࠆ‫߁ߘޕ‬
ߒߚ⹤⠪ߩⷞὐ߇㧘ⵍേᢥߩ૶↪ߦ߽⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁น⢻ᕈߪ㧘ዋߥߊߣ߽㧔6㧕ߦߟ
޿ߡߪᜰ៰ߒᓧࠆ‫ޕ‬
⛯޿ߡ㧘̌㹿̍ߩᓟߦᣉ੐ߩ઻ࠊߥ޿଀ࠍ⷗ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔8㧕 a. 䖭ᰃ㞾᳝໽ഄҹᴹᄬ೼ⱘ∌ᘦᅕ䴭ˈ䰸ℸП໪ˈ៥ᇮ᳝ԩ∖˛ гϡⶹ䖛њ໮Йˈ
Ⳉࠄ໻䮼㹿ᠧᓔⱘໄ䷇Ӵᴹˈ៥ӀᠡᜠᖭߚᓔDŽ
㧔ߘࠇߪᄤ࿾߇↢߹ࠇߡએ᧪ߩ᳗㆙ߩ㕒ߌߐߛߞߚ‫ࠇߎޕ‬એᄖߦ⑳ߪ૗ࠍ᳞߼ࠃ߁
߆‫߇ᤨߩ޿ࠄߊࠇߤޕ‬ㆊ߉ߚࠈ߁߆㧘࠼ࠕ߇㐿ߌࠄࠇࠆ㖸߇⡞ߎ߃ߡߊࠆߣ㧘⑳
㆐ߪࠃ߁߿ߊ㔌ࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
b. Ҫ᙮✊ϔ᚞ĩӓԯ㾝ᕫ᳝ϔ᠛ⳟϡ㾕ⱘ䮼さ✊㹿ᠧᓔњˈ䰈‫ⱘދ‬こූ亢Ң঺໪ϔϾ
Ϫ⬠਍䖯њҪᆖ䴭ⱘ᠓䯈DŽ
㧔ᓐߪߙߞߣߒߚ‫⓭߇ࠕ࠼޿ߥ߃⷗ߦ⋡ߢࠆ߹ޕ‬ὼ㐿߆ࠇ㧘೎ߩ਎⇇߆ࠄᓐߩ㕒߆
ߥㇱደߦ಄ߚ޿㘑߇็߈ㄟࠎߢ߈ߚ߆ߩࠃ߁ߥᗵߓߛߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
ߎࠇࠄߪ㧘̌㹿̍ߩ઻߁േ⹖߇㧘ẜ࿷⊛ฃᓇ⠪ߦߣߞߡᦸ߹ߒߊߥ޿੐ᘒࠍ⴫ߔߣ⠨߃
ࠄࠇࠆ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߕ㧔8a㧕ߪ㧘৻⚵ߩ↵ᅚ߇㕒߆ߦᛴ߈วߞߡ޿ߚ႐㕙ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߘࠇࠍㆤࠆ߆ߩࠃ߁
ߦ࠼ࠕ߇㐿߆ࠇᘓߡߡ㔌ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫߇ࠕ࠼ߢߎߎޕ‬㐿޿ߡᦸ߹ߒߊߥ޿ᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߡ޿ࠆߩ
ߪ㧘࠼ࠕߣ޿߁ࠃࠅ߽߻ߒࠈᛴ߈วߞߡ޿ߚੑੱߢ޽ࠆ‫߇‛ੱߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬㧘਄ߦㅀߴߚ
ẜ࿷⊛ฃᓇ⠪ߩቯ⟵ߦᒰߡߪ߹ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧔8b㧕ߪ㧘̌Ҫ̍߇⥄ࠄߩߙߞߣߔࠆࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᴫ
ࠍ㧘࠼ࠕ߇㐿߆ࠇኙ㘑߇็߈ㄟࠎߢ߈ߚ⁁ᴫߦߥߙࠄ߃ߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ᦸ߹ߒߊߥ޿ᓇ㗀ࠍฃ
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ߌࠆߩߪ߿ߪࠅ̌Ҫ̍ߢ޽ࠆ11‫ߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬㧘೨ᓟߩᢥ⣂߆ࠄẜ࿷⊛ฃᓇ⠪ߩሽ࿷߇ኈᤃ
ߦℂ⸃ߐࠇࠆ႐วߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘৩㧔1987㧕ߩ⸒߁‫޿ߥߊߒ߹ᦸޟ‬ᗵᖱ⊛⦡ᓀ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᜰ៰
ߪ⊛ࠍ኿ߡ޿ࠆߣ⸒߃ߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᰴߪ㧘㧔8㧕ߣߪዋߒ⁁ᴫ߇⇣ߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔9㧕 a. ᔧҪ䖨ಲ᢯ᕙ᠔ⱘᯊ‫ˈ׭‬㾕Ҫ᠓䮼ষ‫ذ‬њϔ䕚ᇣ䕓䔺ˈ㗠ϨҪⱘ䮼г㹿ᠧᓔњDŽҪ
ϡⶹথ⫳њҔМџˈ䍊ᖭ䍄ࠡএDŽ
㧔᜗ᓙᚲߦᏫߞߡߊࠆߣ㧘ᓐߪ⥄ಽߩㇱደߩ౉ࠅญߦ৻บߩゞ߇஗߹ߞߡ޿ߡ㧘߆
ߟ࠼ࠕ߇㐿߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߇⷗߃ߚ‫ޕ‬ᓐߪ૗੐߆ಽ߆ࠄߕ㧘ᘓߡߡᱠ޿ߡ޿ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
b. 䮼੮ഄϔϟ㹿ᠧᓔњˈ៥䖬≵ᯢⱑ䖛ᴹথ⫳њҔМˈህ㹿ᴢ⾔㣅ᢝ䖯њ㹿ぱDŽ
㧔࠼ࠕ߇ࠟ࠲࡝ߣ㐿߆ࠇ㧘⑳ߪ૗߇⿠߈ߚ߆ಽ߆ࠄߧ߁ߜߦ᧘⑲⧷ߦᏓ࿅ߩਛߦᒁ
߈ㄟ߹ࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
c.ԚᰃỂᵫ≵᳝᭭ࠄⱘᰃҪӀϸҎさ✊ᵰᮁഄキњ䍋ᴹˈ᥹ⴔҹৠḋⱘᵰᮁᳱ䮼ষ䍄
এDŽ䮼㹿ᠧᓔৢজ㹿݇ϞDŽ✊ৢҪӀᏆ㒣ϡ‫ݡ‬ᄬ೼Ѣሟ‫ˈݙ‬ҪӀᏆ㒣ሲѢᅜ‫׭‬೼ሟ
໪ⱘ໰ᰮDŽ᥹ⴔ䙷䮼জ㹿ᠧᓔজ㹿݇ϞˈỂᵫⳟࠄ䙷Ͼ⬋ᄽгߎএњDŽ
㧔ߒ߆ߒ᫪ᨋߩ੍ᗐߦ෻ߒ㧘ੑੱߪㅅࠊߕ┙ߜ਄߇ࠅ㧘ㅅࠊߕ౉ࠅญ߳ะ߆ߞߡᱠ
޿ߡⴕߞߚ‫߇ࠕ࠼ޕ‬㐿߆ࠇ㧘㐽ߓࠄࠇߚ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬ᓐࠄߪㇱደ߆ࠄ޿ߥߊߥࠅ㧘ㇱ
ደߩᄖߢᓙߟ㑧ߩੱߣߥߞߡߒ߹ߞߚ‫߇ࠕ࠼ߩߘߡ߇߿ޕ‬ౣ߮㐿߆ࠇ㧘㐽ߓࠄࠇ㧘
ߘߩ↵ߩሶ߇಴ߡⴕߊߩ߽⷗߃ߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
㧔9a㧕ߪ㧘⥄ಽߩㇱደߩ࠼ࠕ߇㐿޿ߡ޿ࠆߩࠍ⷗ߡขࠅੂߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘߹ߚ̌ϡⶹথ⫳њҔ
Мџ̍㧔૗੐߆ಽ߆ࠄߕ㧕ߣ޽ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘⥄ಽߩ੍ᗐߒߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚ੐ᘒߦㆣㆄߒߡ޿
ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘
㧔9b㧕ߪ̌䖬≵ᯢⱑ䖛ᴹথ⫳њҔМ̍
㧔૗߇⿠߈ߚ߆ಽ߆ࠄߧ߁ߜ
ߦ㧕㧘ߘߒߡ㧔9c㧕ߪ̌≵᳝᭭ࠄ̍㧔੍ᗐߦ෻ߒ㧕ߣ޽ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘̌㹿̍ࠍ฽߻ㇱಽߣߘ
ߩ೨ᓟߩᢥ⣂߇ߘࠇߙࠇ̌៥̍㧘
̌Ểᵫ̍ߩᗧ࿑ߦ෻ߔࠆ੐ᘒߢ޽ߞߚߎߣ߇┍ࠊࠇࠆ‫ߎޕ‬
ࠇߪ੐ᘒ߇‫ߣޠ޿ߥߊߒ߹ᦸޟ‬ᢿቯߢ߈ࠆ㧔8㧕ߣߪ߿߿ᕈ⾰ࠍ⇣ߦߔࠆ߇㧘ฃᓇ⠪ߦߣ
ߞߡ⥄ࠄߩᗧ࿑ߒߥ޿಴᧪੐ࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆὐߦ߅޿ߡ౒ㅢߔࠆ‫ߪߡ޿ߟߦࠇߎޕ‬㧘੗಴
㧔1990㧕ߩ‫⥄ޟ‬ಽߩᕁ߁߹߹ߦߥࠄߥ޿ߎߣࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᜰ៰߇ᒰߡߪ߹ࠆࠃ߁ߢ
޽ࠆ‫߅ߥޕ‬㧘ߎߩ‫ޟ‬ᕁ߁߹߹ߦߥࠄߥ޿‫ⷙ޿✭߽ࠅࠃޠ޿ߥߊߒ߹ᦸޟߪޠ‬ቯߢ㧘ᓟ⠪ߪ
೨⠪ߩਅ૏ಽ㘃ߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
߽ߞߣ߽㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⸃㉼ࠍⴕ߁ᩮ᜚ߦਲߒ޿଀߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣢߦ᜼ߍߚ㧔5b㧕ߪߘࠇߦᒰ
ߚࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߥ߅㧘ߎߎߢዋߒᧄ㗴߆ࠄߘࠇࠆ߇㧘̌㹿̍ߩ⋥ᓟߩᣉ੐ߩ᦭ήߣ޿߁ὐߦߟ޿ߡ⸅ࠇ
ߡ߅߈ߚ޿‫ߩ̍ⵍ̌ޕ‬ᓟߦฬ⹖ࠍ઻ࠊߕ㧘⋥ធേ⹖߇⛯޿ߡ޿ࠆᒻᑼߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ర‫ߘޘ‬
ߎߦ޽ߞߚฬ⹖߇⋭⇛ߐࠇߚ߽ߩߣ⺑᣿ߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿‫߫߃ߣߚޕ‬啮㧔1980:339㧕ߪ㧘
ᢥߩਛᔃ⊛ᗧ๧߇ฃ੐ߦ⒖ࠅ㧘⺕߇ᣉ੐߆ߦߟ޿ߡߩ㑐ᔃ߇⭯޿႐วߪ㧘ᣉ੐ฬ⹖ࠍᜬߜ
಴ߐߥߊߡ߽ࠃ޿ߣㅀߴࠆ‫⺑ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬᣿ߪ㧘ᣉ੐ฬ⹖ࠍ⋭⇛ߔࠆℂ↱ߩ⺑᣿ߦߪߥߞߡ
11
ߎߎߪ̌㾝ᕫ̍㧔ᕁ߁㧕ߩౝኈߥߩߢ㧘ࠃࠅᱜ⏕ߦߪ㧘‫ߩ̍ઁ̌ޟ‬ᗐ௝਄ߩ̌ઁ̍⥄り‫ޕࠆߥߦߣߎ߁޿ߣޠ‬
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޿ߡ߽㧘ᣉ੐ฬ⹖ߩߺࠍ⋭⇛ߒߡ̌㹿̍ࠍᱷߔℂ↱ߩ⺑᣿ߦߪߥߞߡ޿ߥ޿‫̌ޕ‬㹿̍߇ᣉ
੐ฬ⹖ࠍዉߊ੺⹖ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߩߥࠄ㧘ߘߩ੺⹖ࡈ࡟࡯࠭ో૕ࠍ⋭⇛ߒߚ⥄ὼฃりᢥ
㧔NV㧕ߩࠃ߁ߥᒻᑼࠍ↪޿ࠇ߫ᷣ߻ߪߕߢ޽ࠆ‫ ߕࠄࠊ߆߆߽ߦޕ‬Ň㹿̍V ߣ޿߁ᒻᑼ߇
޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ㧘̌㹿̍ߩ޽ࠆᒻᑼߣߥ޿ᒻᑼ߇㧘૗ࠄ߆ߩᗧ๧⊛ℂ↱ߦࠃࠅ૶޿ಽߌ
ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ໂߒߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ᧄⓂߢߪߎࠇએ਄┙ߜ౉ࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬એਅ㧘ᣉ੐ฬ⹖ߩ᦭
ήߦߪߎߛࠊࠄߕ㧘̌㹿̍ߩ↪޿ࠄࠇߚᢥࠍ߹ߣ߼ߡⵍേᢥߣߒߡᛒ߁‫ޕ‬
ᰴߦ㧘⥄ὼฃりᢥߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔10㧕a. さ✊䪕䮼৥䞠ᠧᓔˈϸҎߎ݊ϡᛣˈϔ唤ᨨњ䖯এDŽ
㧔⓭ὼ࠼ࠕ߇ౝ஥ߦะ߆ߞߡ㐿ߊߣ㧘ੑੱߪਇᗧࠍ⓭߆ࠇ㧘৻✜ߦୟࠇㄟࠎߛ‫ޕ‬㧕
b. に᠋ϡⶹԩᬙ໡জᠧᓔˈℸࠏに໪亢䲼ℷ⣯DŽ
㧔⓹ߪߤ߁޿߁ࠊߌ߆߹ߚ㐿޿ߚ‫ᤨߩߘޕ‬ᄖߪ᥸㘑㔎߇็߈⨹ࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
ߎࠇࠄߪᵄ✢ㇱࠃࠅ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇ੐ᘒࠍᕁ޿߇ߌߥ޿߽ߩߣᝒ߃ࠆẜ࿷⊛ฃᓇ⠪ߩሽ࿷߇
⷗ߡขࠇࠆ‫ⵍߪࠇߎޕ‬േᢥߩ⁁ᴫߣၮᧄ⊛ߦᄌࠊࠄߥ޿‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘⥄ὼฃりᢥߦߪᰴߩࠃ
߁ߥ଀߽⷗ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔11㧕 a. 䬛फ⥟੠⥝㰮ᬷҎП䯈ᴀᴹ⫮ᰃለሀˈ㒭↉䁝䖭Мᦦ⾥ᠧ䆼ˈ⥝㰮ᬷҎᓔ买ϔュˈ
‫ۉ‬ሔ֓ᠧᓔњDŽ
㧔㎾ධ₺ߣ₹⯯ᢔੱߪర‫ޘ‬᳇߹ߕ޿ખߛߞߚ߇㧘Ბ⹷ߩ߅ߤߌߚ઀⨲ߦ₹⯯ᢔੱ߇
╉ࠊߐࠇ㧘᳇߹ߕ޿㔓࿐᳇ߪ⎕ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
b. ⷇⸈໽໻୰ˈᇚ䙷Ҏᬒ೼ϔ䖍ˈᣒ䍋䍋䩹࣭ˈ֓এᦦܹ⷇䮼Ϟⱘ䪕䫕ᄨЁˈ୔୔
୔ⱘ䕀њ޴ϟˈ䪕䫕֓ेᠧᓔDŽ
㧔⍹⎕ᄤߪᄢ༑߮ߒ㧘ߘߩੱࠍ᡼ߞߚ߆ࠄ߆ߒߦߒߡ߭ࠂ޿ߣ㎛ࠍᜪ޿㧘⍹㐷ߩ㍤
ߩⓣߦᏅߒㄟߺ㧘ࠡࠡ࠶ߣ࿁ߔߣߔߋߦ㍤߇㐿޿ߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
ᵄ✢ㇱ߆ࠄ್ᢿߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ߎࠇࠄߪ㧔10㧕ߣߪㅒߦ㧘̌⥝㰮ᬷҎ̍㧘̌⷇⸈໽̍ߦߣ
ߞߡߘࠇߙࠇᦸ߹ߒ޿੐ᘒߢ޽ࠆ‫ⵍߪࠇߎޕ‬േᢥߦߪ⷗ࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߚߛߒ㧘⥄ὼฃりᢥߩਛߢ㧔10㧕߿㧔11㧕ߩࠃ߁ߦẜ࿷⊛ฃᓇ⠪ߩሽ࿷ࠍ␜ߔ᣿␜⊛ߥ
ᩮ᜚ߩ޽ࠆ଀ߪ߻ߒࠈ଀ᄖ⊛ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ታ㓙ߦߪߘࠇࠍ⏕⹺ߔࠆߩ߇࿎㔍ߥ଀߇ᄙᢙࠍභ߼
ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔12㧕a. ሟ䮼ᠧᓔˈߎᴹϔϾ∝ᄤˈܼ䑿咥ⓚⓚⱘˈᣥⴔϔࡃᢙᄤDŽ
㧔࠼ࠕ߇㐿߈㧘↵߇৻ੱ಴ߡ߈ߚ‫ోޕ‬り⌀ߞ㤥ߢ㧘ᄤ⒊᫔ࠍᜂ޿ߢ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
b. 䩶⨈ᠧᓔњˈ໻ᆊ䛑‫ޚ‬໛䱊䝝ϔ⬾ˈ⥯Бᅝⱘ℠ଢ଼䴲ᐌӬ㕢ˈ೼ӫҎⱘ㽕∖ϟˈ
ཌྷⓨଅњФ䈅䞠᳔ࡼ਀ⱘ޴佪℠᳆DŽ
㧔ࡇࠕࡁ߇㐿߆ࠇ㧘⊝ߪ߭ߣߒ߈ࠅ㒻㈮ߔࠆߟ߽ࠅߢ޿ࠆ‫ߩࡦࠕ࡝ࡑޕ‬᱌޿ჿߪ㕖
Ᏹߦ⟤ߒ޿‫ޕ‬ᓐᅚߪੱ‫ߩޘ‬᳞߼ߦᔕߓߡ㧘ᭉ⼆ߩਛߩᦨ߽ੱࠍᒁ߈ઃߌࠆ᱌ࠍ૗
ᦛ߆᱌ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
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c. ϔϾϪ⬠䗤⏤೼៥䴶ࠡᠧᓔˈ䰠⫳ⱘˈᮄ༛ⱘˈѨ买݁㡆ⱘĂĂ៥ⱘⴐ⴯Ңᴹ≵᳝
䖭ḋᯢ҂䖛ˈӓԯ㹿⊼ܹњ⫳ੑDŽ
㧔৻ߟߩ਎⇇߇ᓢ‫ߩ⋡ߩ⑳ߦޘ‬೨ߢᐢ߇ߞߚ‫⷗ߪࠇߘޕ‬ᘠࠇߕ㧘⋡ᣂߒߊ㧘⦡ߣࠅ
ߤࠅߢ̖̖⑳ߩ⋡߇ߎࠇ߶ߤ᣿ࠆߊశߞߚߎߣߪߥߊ㧘߹ࠆߢ↢๮ࠍᵈ౉ߐࠇߚ
߆ߩࠃ߁ߛߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
ߎࠇࠄߦߪ㧘‫ࠆ߃ᝒߣޠ޿ߥߊߒ߹ᦸޟ‬േᯏ߇ߥ޿‫ޟޕ‬ᕁ߁߹߹ߦߥࠄߥ޿‫ߪޠ‬㧔12a-c㧕
ߦ౒ㅢߔࠆὐߣߒߡ᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆ߆߽⍮ࠇߥ޿߇㧘೨▵ߢ⸅ࠇߚ̌ϡⶹথ⫳њҔМџ㧔૗੐
߆ಽ߆ࠄߕ㧕̍ߩࠃ߁ߥ᣿␜⊛ߥᩮ᜚߇ߥ޿‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩߎߣߣ㧘ⵍേᢥߦᲧߴߡᢙ߇࿶ୟ⊛
ߦᄙ޿ߎߣࠍ⠨߃วࠊߖࠆߣ㧘⥄ὼฃりᢥߦߪⵍേᢥߩࠃ߁ߥẜ࿷⊛ฃᓇ⠪ߦ㑐ߔࠆ೙㒢
߇ߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߎߢ㧘⥄ὼฃりᢥߩᒻᑼ⊛․ᓽߩਛߢ㧘ⵍേᢥߣኻᾖࠍߥߔὐߦ߽⸅ࠇߡ߅ߊ‫ޕ‬
߹ߕ㧘̌ᠧᓔ̍ߩ⥄ὼฃりᢥߢᒻᑼ਄㗼⪺ߥߩߪ㧘ฃ੐ߩฬ⹖ߩ஍ࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫̌ޕ‬䮼̍㧔84
଀㧕ߣߘࠇߦᰴߋ̌に㧔⓹㧕̍
㧔20 ଀㧕ߢో૕ߩ 3 ಽߩ 2 ࠍ⿧߃ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟߦ̌ㆅ̍㧘
̌Ⲫ㧔߰
ߚ㧕̍ߥߤ߇⛯ߊ߇㧘6-7 ଀ߦߣߤ߹ࠆ‫ޕ‬
̌ᠧᓔ̍1125 ଀ਛ㧘
̌䮼̍߇േ⹖ߩ⴫ߔ੐⽎ߩෳਈ
⠪ߣߒߡ಴⃻ߒߡ޿ࠆ଀߇ 324 ଀ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘ዋߥߊߣ߽ઁേ⹖⊛↪ᴺߩ⋡⊛
⺆ߣ⥄ὼฃりᢥߩ㑆ߢ㧘ਥ⺆ߩㆬᛯ᧦ઙߦ૗ࠄ߆ߩᏅ⇣߇޽ࠆߣផ᷹ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ㧘̌ᠧᓔ̍ߩ⥄ὼฃりᢥߦ߅޿ߡᒻᑼ਄․ᓽ⊛ߢ޽ߞߚߩ߇㧘ࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ࡑ࡯ࠞ࡯
̌ⴔ⪺̍ߩઃ޿ߚᒻᑼߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔13㧕a. Ҫⱘ㸷ㆅᠧᓔ㨫ˈҪℷ೼⫼䙷ᮻⱘ᠟य़∈⋉⋫䑿DŽ
㧔ᓐߩ࠻࡜ࡦࠢߪ㐿޿ߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ᓐߪߘߩฎ޿ᚻ᛼ߒࡐࡦࡊߢ૕ࠍᵞߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
b. ៥ⳟ㾕ཌྷⱘ䩶⨈䖬ᠧᓔⴔDŽ
㧔⑳ߦߪᓐᅚߩࡇࠕࡁߩ⬄߇߹ߛ㐿޿ߡ޿ࠆߩ߇⷗߃ߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
c. にᄤᠧᓔⴔˈにᏬ京ࡼⴔˈ䰶ᄤ䞠京ᴹϔ䰉䰉໻㉾ⱘੇ䘧DŽ
㧔⓹ߪ㐿߈㧘ࠞ࡯࠹ࡦߪ㐿޿ߡ޿ߡ㧘ᐸߦੱ♮ߩ⥇޿߇ṫߞߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
d. 㠅ᵓϞ᳝޴Ͼ⬋ᄤⱘሌ佪ˈ޴া㸷ㆅᠧᓔⴔˈࠄ໘ᬷ⒵њ㸷⠽䫊ϸDŽ
㧔⦁ቶߩᐥߦߪ૗ੱ߆ߩ↵ߩᱫ૕߇޽ࠅ㧘࠻࡜ࡦࠢ߇޿ߊߟ߆㐿޿ߡ޿ߡ㧘޿ߚࠆ
ߣߎࠈߦ⴩᦯߿߅㊄߇ᢔੂߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
e. 䔺ॶⱘに᠋ᠧᓔⴔˈ☿䔺⮒偄೼᭰വഄ䴶Ϟ㧘̖̖
㧔ቴゞߩ⓹ߪ㐿޿ߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬೉ゞߪᢳ㕙ࠍ∔⿛ߒ㧘̖̖㧕
f. 䙷๧えህ䖭ḋᠧᓔⴔˈ≵ҎㅵњDŽ
㧔ߘߩჄⓣߪ㐿޿ߚ߹߹ߢ⺕߽᳇ߦߒߥ޿‫ޕ‬㧕
g. Ѡὐⱘ㒌䱨᠛ᭈϾഄᠧᓔⴔˈ៥↿ϡ೼ᛣഄ䍄Ϟএˈৃᰃ㡎ҎӀ䛑䖬ⴵ೼䫎ൿϞDŽ
㧔ੑ㓏ߩⶲߪቢోߦ㐿޿ߡ޿ߚ߇㧘⑳ߪ᳇ߦߖߕ਄߇ߞߚ‫ੱ⧓ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㆐ߪᏓ࿅ߦ
ኢߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
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ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ̌ᠧᓔⴔ̍ߩ଀߇⥄ὼฃりᢥએᄖߩ↪ᴺߢߪ 1 ଀߽⷗ߟ߆ࠄߥ߆ߞߚߣ޿߁ὐ
ߪ㧘ᵈ⋡ߦ୯ߒࠃ߁‫⼾ޕ‬᎑㧔1988㧕ߦߪ㧘ⵍേᢥߦ̌ⴔ̍ߩ↪޿ࠄࠇߚ଀߇᜼߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ
߇㧘ᢙߪߘࠇ߶ߤᄙߊߥ߆ߞߚߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬
ᄢᴡౝ㧔1974:5-6㧕ߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ⧷⺆ߩ଀ࠍᒁߊ‫ޕ‬
㧔14㧕 a. The little girl was hurt by the bully.
b. The little girl was hurt. 㧔Langendoen, The Study of Syntax.㧕
㧔14a㧕߇ⴕὑߣ⸃ߐࠇࠆߩߦኻߒ㧘
㧔14b㧕ߪ᭽ᘒߩឬ౮ߣᗵߓࠄࠇࠆߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬
̌㹿̍߇ߤ
ߜࠄ߆ߣ޿߁ߣേᘒߩⴕὑߦߥߓ߻ߩߦኻߒ㧘⥄ὼฃりᢥ߇⚿ᨐ⁁ᘒ㧔㕒ᘒ㧕ߩឬ౮ߦߥ
ߓ߻ߩߛߣߔࠇ߫㧘̌㹿̍ߪߘߩਔ⠪ࠍ඙೎ߔࠆߩߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߣ޿߁ᯏ⢻⺰⊛⺑᣿߇น
⢻ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᦨᓟߦ㧘ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ଀߇৻ߟ⷗ߟ߆ߞߚߎߣࠍႎ๔ߒߡ߅ߊ‫ޕ‬
㧔15㧕㳖ㆅ㞾ࡼᠧᓔˈ᠔᳝ⱘ㳰㳖䛑䖢ⴔч咘㡆໾䰇亲䖛এ
㧔ⱎߩᎽ▫߇߭ߣࠅߢߦ㐿߈㧘ࡒ࠷ࡃ࠴߇ߺߥᄥ㓁ߦะ߆ߞߡ㘧ࠎߢ޿ߞߚ㧕
̌㞾ࡼ̍ߪฃりߩᗧ๧ߣ⍦⋫ߔࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢ⥄ὼฃりᢥߣ๭ࠎߢ޿ࠆ߽ߩߪ㧘ᗧ๧⊛ߦߪᣉ
੐ߩ௛߈߆ߌࠍ฽ᗧߒߥ޿น⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠅ㧘‫⥄ޟ‬ὼฃり‫߃ᝒ߁޿ߣޠ‬ᣇ⥄૕ߩਇㆡಾߐࠍ␜
ໂߔࠆ଀ߢ޽ࠆ㧔cf. 㚅ဈ 1959㧕‫ޕ‬
ߘߩઁ̌ᛂ̍⚿ᨐ⵬⺆
̌ᠧ̍+⚿ᨐ⵬⺆ߩ᭴ㅧࠍᜬߜ㧘ᣉ੐ߩ௛߈߆ߌߣฃ੐ߩ⁁ᘒᄌൻࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖ߦߪ㧘ⵍ
േᢥߣ⥄ὼฃりᢥߩਔᣇߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩ߇ᄙ޿ࠃ߁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬േ⹖ߩ߁ߜ̌ᠧ
ᓔ̍ߩᰴߦ✚ᢙ߇ᄙ߆ߞߚߩ߇̌ᠧ⅏̍
㧔ᱫߧ࡮Ვߔ㧘599 ଀㧕ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ⵍߜ߁ߩߘޕ‬േᢥ
߇ 37 ଀㧘⥄ὼฃりᢥ߇ 11 ଀ߘࠇߙࠇ⷗ߟ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
̌ᠧ⅏̍ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘એਅߩࠃ߁ߦኻᾖ⊛ߥ଀߇޿ߊߟ߆⷗ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
㧔16㧕 a. 䞥֞ቅⴔᗹഄ䄺ਞᕤ⊏ࡳ䇈ĩĀ݀⼒㽕ᰃϡ䍊ᖿএҎˈᘤᗩ偀ϞህӮ᳝䆌໮Ҏ㹿ᠧ ⅏њʽāDŽ
㧔㊄ବጊߪᘓߡߡᓢᴦഞߦ⼊๔ߒߚ‫ߣ޿ߥࠄ߿ࠍੱߦߋߔ߇␠౏ޟޕ‬㧘ߔߋߦᄙߊ
ߩੱ߇Ვߐࠇߡߒ߹߁߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ޠ‬㧕
b. 㮣೼⠯ᆊᴥᆚᅸПЁˈ㽕ᛇ䗕㒭Դ⠍⠍ˈϡᑌ㹿ᅿЁաिᠧ⅏DŽ
㧔‐ኅ᧛ߩኒቶߩਛߦ㓝ߒ㧘߅೨ߩῳߐࠎߦ޽ߍࠃ߁ߣߒߚࠄ㧘ㆇᖡߊችਛߩⴡ౓
ߦᲕߐࠇߡߒ߹ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
c. 䖭ԡ㗕⍜䰆䯳䭓⏅ⶹৢࢸ䚼䯳⫳⌏ⱘད໘ˈᘏᛇᡒϾᴎӮ⾏ᓔ䖲䯳ˈ㽕ϡ✊ˈ䇈ϡ
ᅮҔМᯊ‫׭‬ህ㊞䞠㊞⍖㹿ᠧ⅏њˈ㱑䇈ҪজᴎԊˈজӮࡼ㛥ㄟˈৃᄤᔍ䖭⥽ᛣ‫ܓ‬ᅲ
೼ϡᰃདϰ㽓DŽ
㧔ߎߩᐕ⠧޿ߚᶖ㒐㓌㐳ߪ㧘ᓟᣇㇱ㓌ߢൕോߔࠆߎߣߩ⦟ߐࠍࠃߊ⍮ߞߡ޿ߚߩߢ㧘
Ᏹߦᯏળࠍ⷗ߟߌߡਛ㓌ࠍ㔌ࠇߚ޿ߣᕁߞߡ޿ߚ‫ߣ޿ߥ߽ߐޕ‬㧘ߘߩ߁ߜ⸶ߩಽ
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߆ࠄߧ߁ߜߦᲕߐࠇߡߒ߹߁߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᓐߪᯏォ߇೑߈㧘㗡߽ࠃ߆ߞߚ߇㧘
ᒢߣ޿߁ߩߪ߹ߞߚߊህߥ߽ߩߛ㧕
㧔17㧕 a. ↉䁝জ᚞জ୰ˈᬒϟ䙷㽓໣Ҏⱘሌ䑿ˈি䘧ĩĀ⥟ྥ࿬ˈ⥟ྥ࿬ˈᬠҎ䛑ᠧ⅏њʽā
㧔Ბ⹷ߪ㛳߈㧘༑߮㧘⷏ᄐੱߩᱫ૕ࠍ⟎޿ߡตࠎߛ‫ࠎߐ₺ޟޕ‬㧘₺ߐࠎ㧘ᢜߪߺߥ
ᱫࠎߛࠃ㧍‫ޠ‬㧕
b. ⠯ᬭᥜⱘ⹂ᰃ㹿Ā៥ӀāⱘҎᠧњϸᵾˈৃᚰ≵᳝ᠧ⅏DŽ
㧔‐ᢎ᝼ߪ߈ߞߣ‫ޟ‬ᚒ‫ߦ߆⺕ߩޠޘ‬ੑ⊒ᛂߚࠇߚߩߛ߇㧘ᗂߒߊ߽ᱫߥߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
c. ᗩҔМˈᇣѨᄤህᰃ੠㢣㘨Ҏᠧҫᠧ⅏ˈઅӀ䖬᳝ಯϾ‫ܓ‬ᄤਸ਼DŽ
㧔૗ࠍᕟࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ዊ੖ሶ߇࠰ㅪߣᚢߞߡᱫࠎߢ߽㧘߁ߜߦߪ߹ߛᕷሶ߇ 4 ੱ޿ࠆߓ߾
ߥ޿߆‫ޕ‬㧕
㧔16a㧕ߪ㧘ળ⹤ᢥਛߦ̌㹿̍߇⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘
̌䄺ਞ̍ߔࠆౝኈߪ޽ࠆẜ࿷⊛ฃᓇ⠪ߦ
ߣߞߡᦸ߹ߒߊߥ޿⁁ᴫߢ޽ࠆߦ᳿߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔16b㧕ߪᵄ✢ㇱ̌ϡᑌ̍ࠃࠅ㧘᣿ࠄ߆ߦ
⹤⠪߇ẜ࿷⊛ฃേ⠪㧔ߎߎߢߪ̌᳆Ꮬહ̍㧕ߩⷞὐߦ┙ߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔16c㧕ߪ㧘
‫ޟ‬ㅪ㓌ࠍ㔌ࠇߚ޿‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ޟ‬ᒢߣ޿߁ߩߪ߹ߞߚߊህߥ߽ߩߛ‫ࠄ߆ߣߎ߁޿ߣޠ‬㧘߿ߪࠅ̌㹿ᠧ
⅏̍߇ᦸ߹ߒߊߥ޿⚿ᨐߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘࠇࠄߣߪኻᾖ⊛ߦ㧘㧔17ab㧕ߪᵄ✢ㇱ߆ࠄ̌㹿ᠧ⅏̍ߣ޿߁੐ᘒ߇⹤⠪ߦߣߞߡᦸ߹
ߒ޿੐ᘒߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔17c㧕ߩᵄ✢ㇱߢߪ㧘ᱫ߇ᦸ߹ߒ޿ߣߪ⸒ߞߡ޿ߥ޿߇㧘
̌ᇣѨᄤ̍߇ᱫࠎߢ߽⹤⠪ߦߣߞߡߪߐߒߡᷓೞߥ੐ᘒߢߪߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇␜ߐࠇߡ޿
ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߎߢߪ㧘ⵍേᢥߣ⥄ὼฃりᢥߩᏅ⇣߇᣿␜⊛ߦ⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆ଀ࠍ․ߦㆬࠎߢឭ␜ߒߚ߇㧘
ߘ߁ߒߚ᣿␜⊛ߥᩮ᜚ߦਲߒ޿଀߽ή⺰޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔18㧕 a. Ѣᰃᘏ᳝ϔ໽ҪӮҹϔ⾡ҸҎϡ⬅ᕫϡֵⱘᡞᦵᅷ⿄ĩĀ៥偀Ϟህ㽕㹿ᠧ⅏њDŽā
㧔ߘࠇߢࠃߊᓐߪ㧘ੱߦାߓߐߖߕߦ߅߆ߥ޿ࠃ߁ߥ⥄ାࠍᜬߞߡት⸒ߒߚ߽ߩߛ
ߞߚ‫ޟޕ‬ୋߪߔߋߦᲕߐࠇࠆࠃ‫ޕߣޠ‬㧕
b. ᤶњ៥г㽕䖭ḋˈᠧ⅏гϡ㛑ᬍষDŽ
㧔߽ߒ⑳ߥࠄ㧘ᱫࠎߢ߽೨⸒ࠍ⠡ߐߥ޿‫ޕ‬㧕
̌ᠧᓔ̍㧘̌ᠧ⅏̍એᄖߩ̌ᠧ̍+⚿ᨐ⵬⺆߽㧘ⵍേᢥߣ⥄ὼฃりᢥߩਔᣇߩ଀߇⷗ߟ߆
ߞߚ‫ߪߢߎߎޕ‬㧘Ყセ⊛㗼⪺ߥ․ᓽࠍᜬߟⵍേᢥߩ଀ߩߺࠍ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
㧔19㧕ЏҎᆊ䇋Ҫৗज佁њˈѢᰃҪⱘ䆱ϡᕫϡ㹿ᠧᮁDŽ
㧔ਥੱߪᓐߦᤤ㘩ࠍ൘߼ߚߩߢ㧘ᓐߩ⹤ߪߘߎߢ߿߻ࠍᓧߕㅜಾࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
㧔19㧕ߪ⊓႐ੱ‛߇⥄ࠄߩᗧ⷗ࠍㅀߴߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈࠍㆤࠄࠇߡߒ߹ߞߚ႐㕙ߢ㧘ߘߩੱ‛
߇̌ᠧᮁ̍ߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫̌ޕ‬ϡᕫϡ̍㧔߿߻ࠍᓧߕ㧕ߣ޿߁⴫⃻ߣ̌㹿̍
߇๭ᔕߒߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ⷗ฃߌࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔20㧕a. ៥ᓔྟᯢⱑˈҢࠡ䙷⾡⾽ᑣሑㅵϹ䝋᮴ᚙˈԚᅗ↩コ㓈ᣕⴔ☿᯳᭛ᯢⱘ催䗳থሩDŽ
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ߚˈ೼ᔎ⹀ㅵࠊϟ亲䗳䖤䕀DŽϔᮺᅗ㹿ᠧ⸈ˈ☿᯳᭛ᯢህᇚϡৃ䙓‫ܡ‬ഄ䍄৥ዽ⑗ˈ
಴Ўᅗ೼☿᯳Ҏ㉏ⱘᖗЁḍᴀህҢϡᄬ೼DŽ
㧔⑳ߪℂ⸃ߒߪߓ߼ߚ‫ߩߡߟ߆ޕ‬⒎ᐨߪㆊ㉃ߢ㕖ᖱߢ޽ߞߚߌࠇߤ߽㧘Ἣᤊᢥ᣿
ߩㄦㅦߥ⊒ዷࠍ⛽ᜬߒߡ޿ߚߩߛ‫⥄ࠇߘޕ‬૕߇Ꮒᄢߥᢥ᣿ߩⵝ⟎ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᚒ‫ޘ‬
ߪߘߩᢥ᣿ߩᚲ᦭⠪ߢߪߥߊ㧘ߘߩ৻ㇱಽߦㆊ߉ߕ㧘ᒝ೙⊛ߥ▤ℂߩਅߔ߫߿
ߊേ߈࿁ߞߡ޿ߚߩߛ‫৻ޕ‬ᐲߘࠇ߇უߐࠇߡߒ߹߁ߣ㧘Ἣᤊᢥ᣿ߪ፣უ߳ߣะ
߆ࠊߑࠆࠍᓧߥ޿‫߇ࠇߘޕ‬Ἣᤊੱߩᔃߩਛߦቢోߦሽ࿷ߒߥߊߥߞߡߒ߹߁ߚ
߼ߦ‫ޕ‬㧕
b. ᔧᯊ໻ᆊাᛇ䍊䖯ᑺˈ↨䗳ᑺˈгϡ䞡㾚ᅝֱܼᡸˈࡴПϔߛড়⧚ⱘ㾘ゴࠊᑺ䛑
㹿ᠧ⸈ˈϞ㑻াᰃ㒭৘Ͼ⫳ѻ䯳⌒ӏࡵ㧘̖̖
㧔ᒰᤨ⊝ߪㅴᐲࠍ਄ߍ㧘ㅦᐲࠍ┹߁ߎߣ߫߆ࠅࠍ⠨߃㧘቟ోࠍ㊀ⷞߒߥ߆ߞߚ‫ߘޕ‬
ߩ਄৻ಾߩวℂ⊛ߥⷙೣ࡮ⷙቯߪუߐࠇ㧘਄ᓎߪߘࠇߙࠇߩ↢↥ㇱ㓌ߦࡁ࡞ࡑࠍ
ਈ߃ࠆ߫߆ࠅߢ㧘̖̖㧕
㧔20a㧕ߪ̌៥̍ߔߥࠊߜ⹤⠪ߦࠃߞߡ⺆ࠄࠇߚ▎ᚲߢ㧘ฃᓇ⠪ߪ⹤⠪⥄り㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪߘ
ࠇࠍ฽߻̌៥Ӏ̍ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޟޕ‬⒎ᐨ‫߇ޠ‬⎕უߐࠇߡߒ߹߁ߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ߒߊߥ޿
ߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ㧘ᵄ✢ㇱߢ‫ޟ‬ㆊ㉃ߢ㕖ᖱߢ޽ߞߚߌࠇߤ߽‫ߣޠ‬ㅀߴߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ⺒ߺขࠇ
ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔20b㧕ߪ㧘‫ⷙޟ‬ೣ࡮ⷙቯ‫ޟ߇ޠ‬วℂ⊛‫┙ࠆߔߣߚߞ޽ߢޠ‬႐߆ࠄ߽ߩࠍㅀߴߡ޿ࠆ
ߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫┙ߚߒ߁ߘޕ‬႐ߦ޽ࠆ⠪ߦߣߞߡ߿ߪࠅߎߩ੐ᘒߪᦸ߹ߒߊߥߊ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚ
⠪ߎߘẜ࿷⊛ฃᓇ⠪ߣ๭߱ߦ⋧ᔕߒ޿‫ޕ‬
㧔21㧕៥ᢪഄᵓᯊϔ䕀䑿ˈᢪᡞᶘᇚ䜦ⲙᠿ㨑೼ഄˈህ䖭М㹿ᠧ⹢њDŽ䙷Ͼ䋿ೄᆊЁଃϔⱘ
㺙佄કˈ⸈ണᯊⱘໄડ䅽៥㒣ग़њ䭓ᯊ䯈ⱘ៬ᷫDŽ
㧔⑳߇ᐥࠍ᜞߈ߥ߇ࠄ߰ߣりࠍ⠡ߔߣ㧘ࡕ࠶ࡊߩᨩࠍ⋄ߦᒰߡߡ⪭ߣߒߡߒ߹ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ߎ߁ߒߡഀࠇߡߒ߹ߞߚߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫޿ߒ⽺ߩ޽ޕ‬ኅߩ໑৻ߩⵝ㘼ຠ߇უࠇࠆߣ߈ߩ
㖸ߪ㧘⑳ߦ㐳޿㑆り㔡޿ߐߖߚ‫ޕ‬㧕
ߎࠇ߽ᵄ✢ㇱࠃࠅ㧘੐ᘒ߇⹤⠪ ฃᓇ⠪ߦߣߞߡోߊਇᧄᗧߢ޽ߞߚߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⚿⺆
એ਄㧘ᧄⓂߢߪⵍേᢥߣ⥄ὼฃりᢥߩᏅ⇣㧘ߣࠅࠊߌ೨⠪ߦ․ᓽ⊛ߥᗵᖱ⊛⦡ᓀߦߟ޿
ߡ㧘⹤⠪ߩⷞὐ࡮┙႐ߣ޿߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄᣂߚߥ⺑᣿ࠍ⹜ߺߚ‫ߪߡߒߣ⺰⚿ޕ‬㧘ⵍേᢥߦ̌㹿̍
ߩᯏ⢻ߦ↱᧪ߔࠆ೙㒢߇઻߁ߩߦኻߒ㧘⥄ὼฃりᢥߦߪߘ߁ߒߚ೙㒢߇ߥߐߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆߣ
޿߁ὐࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ߅ߊ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘̌㹿̍ߩᜬߟᯏ⢻ߩ৻ߟߣߒߡ㧘‫ޟ‬ẜ࿷⊛ฃᓇ⠪㧔╙ 2
▵ෳᾖ㧕ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄ಴᧪੐ࠍㅀߴߚߎߣࠍࡑ࡯ࠢߔࠆᯏ⢻‫ࠍޠ‬ឭ᩺ߔࠆ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘޿ࠊࠁ
ࠆ‫ޟ‬ਇᅤᗧ‫ߩޠ‬ฃߌᚻࠍᢥߩਥ⺆߿⹤ߒᚻߦ㒢ቯߔࠆߩ߇ਇวℂߥ႐ว߇޽ࠆߚ߼㧘ฃߌ
ᚻࠍᢥ⣂਄ᗐቯߒ߁ࠆ޽ࠄࠁࠆሽ࿷ߦ߹ߢᐢߍߡ⠨ᘦߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ẜ࿷⊛ฃᓇ⠪ߩሽ
࿷ࠍ᣿␜ߔࠆᩮ᜚ߪ⼾ንߣߪ⸒߃ߥ޿߇㧘̌㹿̍ࠍ฽߻ᢥߛߌߢߥߊߘߩ೨ᓟߩᢥ⣂ࠍㄡ
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ᧄⓂߩ⚿߮ߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
੗಴㕒 1990:‫ޟ‬Ңк䴶䇁㿔Ā㹿āᄫহⱘ㒳䅵ߚᵤⳟĀ㹿āᄫহⱘࡳ㛑੠ᛣН‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖⺆ቇ‫ޢ‬
237:62-70㧘ᣣᧄਛ࿖⺆ቇળ㧚
ᄢᴡౝᐽᙗ 1974: ‫ⵍޟ‬േ߇ᚑ┙ߔࠆၮ␆̆ᣣᧄ⺆ߥߤߣߩ㑐ㅪߢ̆‫ޠ‬,‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖⺆ቇ‫ޢ‬220:1-12㧚
̆̆̆̆̆ 1982:‫ޟ‬ਛ࿖⺆ߩฃり‫ޠ‬㧘ኹ᧛⑲ᄦઁ✬‫⻠ޡ‬ᐳᣣᧄ⺆ቇ 10 ᄖ࿖⺆ߣߩኻᾖΣ‫ޢ‬
319-32㧘᣿ᴦᦠ㒮㧚
ᧁ᧛⧷᮸ 1981:‫ⵍޟ‬േߣ‫⚿ޡ‬ᨐ‫ޠޢ‬㧘‫ޡ‬ᣣᧄ⺆ߣਛ࿖⺆ߩኻᾖ⎇ⓥ‫ޢ‬5:27-46㧘ᣣਛ⺆ኻᾖ⎇
ⓥળ㧚
̆̆̆̆ 1992:‫ޟ‬BEI ฃりᢥߩᗧ๧ߣ᭴ㅧ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖⺆‫ޢ‬389:10-15㧘ౝጊᦠᐫ㧚
ਭ㊁᥷ 1978:‫ߩ⹤⺣ޡ‬ᢥᴺ‫ޢ‬127-282㧘ᄢୃ㙚ᦠᐫ㧚
㚅ဈ㗅৻ 1959:‫⥄ޡޟ‬ὼ⊛ⵍേ‫ޠߩ߽߁޿ߣޢ‬㧘
‫ੱޡ‬ᢥ⎇ⓥ‫ޢ‬10/11:1088-1121㧘ᄢ㒋Ꮢ┙ᄢቇ㧚
ਅ࿾ᣧᥓሶ 1999:‫ⵍޟ‬ኂฃりߩᣣਛᲧセ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖⺆ቇ‫ޢ‬246:107-18㧚
᧖᧛ඳᢥ 1982:‫ⵍޟޟ‬േߣ‫⚿ޡ‬ᨐ‫ޠޢ‬ᜪㆮ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޡ‬ᣣᧄ⺆ߣਛ࿖⺆ߩኻᾖ⎇ⓥ‫ޢ‬7:58-82㧚
̆̆̆̆ 1992:‫ޟ‬ㆣㆄߣ㆐ᚑ̆ਛ࿖⺆ⵍേᢥߩᗵᖱ⊛⦡ᓀ̆‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޡ‬ᣣᧄ⺆ߣਛ࿖⺆ߩኻᾖ⎇
ⓥ⺰ᢥ㓸㧔ਅ㧕‫ޢ‬㧘45-63㧘ߊࠈߒ߅಴ 㧚
⼾᎑⵨ሶ 1988:‫̍ⵍ̌ޟ‬ሼฏߩᚑ┙᧦ઙߦ߆ࠎߒߡ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޡ‬ਛ࿖⺆ቇ‫ޢ‬235:99-108
⋉ጟ㓉ᔒ 1991:‫ޟ‬ฃേ⴫⃻ߣਥⷰᕈ‫ޠ‬㧘ੳ↰⟵㓶✬‫ޡ‬ᣣᧄ⺆ߩࡧࠜࠗࠬߣઁേᕈ‫ޢ‬105-21㧘
ߊࠈߒ߅಴ ˊ
ᬢಫᩕ 1989:‫ޟ‬ᢥᴺߩኻᾖ⊛⎇ⓥ̆ਛ࿖⺆ߣᣣᧄ⺆̆‫ޠ‬㧘‫⻠ޡ‬ᐳᣣᧄ⺆ߣᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ 5 ᣣ
ᧄ⺆ߩᢥᴺ࡮ᢥ૕㧔ਅ㧕‫ޢ‬312-40㧘᣿ᴦᦠ㒮㧚
啮ग♢ 1980:‫⦄ޟ‬ҷ∝䇁䞠ⱘফџЏ䇁হ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޡ‬Ё೑䇁᭛‫ޢ‬158:335-44㧚
ᴢЈᅮ 1980:‫ޟ‬Ā㹿āᄫহ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޡ‬Ё೑䇁᭛‫ޢ‬159:401-12
̆̆̆1986:‫∝ޡ‬䇁↨䕗বᤶ䇁⊩‫ޢ‬㧘Ё೑⼒Ӯ⾥ᄺߎ⠜⼒㧘࣫Ҁ㧚
ᴢ⦞ 1994:‫⦄ޡ‬ҷ∝䇁㹿ᄫহⷨお‫ޢ‬㧘࣫Ҁ໻ᄺߎ⠜⼒㧘࣫Ҁ㧚
᳜߬ढઁ 2001:‫ޡ‬ᅲ⫼⦄ҷ∝䇁䇁⊩ ๲䅶ᴀ‫ޢ‬㧘ଚࡵॄк佚㧘࣫Ҁ㧚
৩᭛ढ 1987:‫ޟ‬Ā㹿āᄫহ੠᮴ᷛ䆄㹿ࡼহⱘবᤶ݇㋏‫ޠ‬㧘 Ё೑⼒Ӯ⾥ᄺ䰶䇁㿔ⷨお᠔⦄ҷ∝
䇁ⷨおᅸ㓪:‫ޡ‬হൟ੠ࡼ䆡‫ޢ‬168-81㧘䇁᭛ߎ⠜⼒㧘࣫Ҁ㧚
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㧞㧚ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆
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‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ޢ‬0Q㧔㧕
ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߩ %1& ᭴ᢥ
ᱜ଻ ാ
㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᢎ᝼㧕
໧㗴ߩᚲ࿷
COD㧔Complement Object Deletion㧕᭴ᢥߣߎߎߢ๭߱ߩߪ㧘⧷⺆ߩ㔍ᤃ᭴ᢥ㧔toughconstructions㧕ߦౖဳ⊛ߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ᭽ߥ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆߇ᒻኈ⹖⵬ᢥਛߩⓨᚲߣ⸃㉼਄หߓ
߽ߩߣߒߡ㧘หቯߐࠇࠆ᭽ߥ᭴ᢥߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪߦ⊛ဳౖޕ‬㧘⧷⺆ߩ㔍ᤃ᭴ᢥߦᒰࠆ㧘ࡑ
࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߩ㔍ᤃ᭴ᢥ߇ߘߩ଀ߣߥࠆ߇㧘ߎࠇએᄖߦ߽㧘⵬ᢥਛߦਥ▵ਥ⺆ߣ╬ߒ޿⸃㉼
ࠍฃߌࠆⓨᚲ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ᭴ᢥߦߟ޿ߡ߽⠨ኤࠍⴕ޿㧘㔍ᤃ᭴ᢥࠍਛᔃߣߒߡ㧘ߘߩ๟ㄝߦ
޽ࠆࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ COD ᭴ᢥߩಽ㘃ߣ㧘ߘߩ᭴ㅧಽᨆࠍⴕ߁ߟ߽ࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Shoho, Isamu & Hiroshi Uzawa㧔2004㧕ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߢߪ㧘ᒻኈ⹖߇⵬ᢥࠍᓥ
߃ߚ᭴ᢥߣ㧘೽⹖߇േ⹖ฏߩ೨ߦ⃻ࠊࠇࠆ᭴ᢥߣ߇㧘⴫㕙਄ߪ඙೎߇ߟ߆ߥ޿႐ว߇ᄙ޿
߇㧘ᐞߟ߆ߩ⛔⺆⊛ߥᝄࠆ⥰޿ࠍⷰኤߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘ਔ᭴ᢥࠍ඙೎ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ
ߣ޿߁ਥᒛࠍߥߒߚ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬㧘ᰴߩ(1)ߣ(2)ߪ⴫㕙਄ߪ㧘หߓ᭴ᢥࠍߒߡ޿ࠆ᭽ߦ⷗߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(1)Ibu pandai memasak kari ayam.
㧔߅Უߐࠎߪ࠴ࠠࡦࠞ࡟࡯ࠍ૞ࠆߩ߇਄ᚻ޿ߢߔ㧕
(2)Ibu laju memandu keretanya.
㧔߅Უߐࠎߪゞࠍ㘧߫ߒߚ㧕
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘(1)ߦ߅ߌࠆ pandai ߪᢥ㗡ߦ⒖േߐߖࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߦኻߒߡ㧘(2)ߩ
laju ߪߘ߁ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿‫(ޕ‬3)ߣ(4)ࠍᲧセߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬
(3)Pandai ibu memasak kari ayam.
㧔߅Უߐࠎߪ࠴ࠠࡦ࡮ࠞ࡟࡯ࠍ૞ࠆߩ߇਄ᚻ޿ߢߔ㧕
(4)*Laju ibu memandu keretanya.
㧔㧖߅Უߐࠎߪゞࠍ㘧߫ߒߚ㧕
(1)ߣ(2)ߪ෶㧘ⵍേ⠪ࠍὶὐൻߒߡᢥ㗡ߦ⟎ߊ㧘޿ࠊࠁࠆⵍേ⠪ὶὐൻ᭴ᢥࠍ૞ࠇࠆ߆ߤ
߁߆ߦ㑐ߒߡ߽㧘㆑޿ࠍ␜ߔ‫(ޕ‬1)ߦ߅ߌࠆⵍേ⠪ߢ޽ࠆ kari ayam ࠍὶὐൻߒߡᢥ㗡ߦ⟎
޿ߚ(5)ߪ㧘⹤ߒ⸒⪲ߢߪ⹺߼ࠄࠇࠆߣߔࠆࠗࡦࡈࠜࡑࡦ࠻߇޿ߥ޿⸶ߢߪߥ޿߇㧘ࡈࠜ
࡯ࡑ࡞ߥᢥߢߪ૶߃ߥ޿ᒻߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬ኻߒߡ㧘(2)ߦ߅ߌࠆⵍേ⠪ߢ޽ࠆ keretanya ࠍ
ὶὐൻߒߡ㧘ᢥ㗡ߦ⟎޿ߚ(6)ߪᢥᴺ⊛ߥᢥߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(5)?Kari ayam pandai dimasak ibu.
㧔?߅Უߐࠎߪ࠴ࠠࡦ࡮ࠞ࡟࡯ࠍ૞ࠆߩ߇਄ᚻ޿ߢߔ㧕
(6)Keretanya laju dipandu ibu.
㧔߅Უߐࠎߪゞࠍ㘧߫ߒߚ㧕
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ᦝߦ෶㧘(1)ߩ pandai ߪ㧘dengan pandai ߣ޿߁ᒻߦߒߡ㧘⋡⊛⺆ߩᓟߦ⟎ߊ੐߇ߢ߈ߥ޿
ߩߦኻߒߡ㧘(2)ߩ laju ߪ dengan laju ߣ޿߁ᒻߢ⋡⊛⺆ߩᓟߦ⟎ߊ੐߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘
ߎ߁޿߁ᠲ૞ࠍᣉߒߚ(8)ߣ(2)ߪห⟵ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(7)*Ibu memasak kari ayam dengan pandai.
(8)Ibu memandu kereta dengan laju.
㧔1㧕ࠍၮߦߒߡ㧘kepandaian㧔⣨߇޿޿ߎߣ,਄ᚻߥߎߣ㧕ߣ޿߁᛽⽎ฬ⹖ࠍઁߩⷐ⚛
ోߡ߇ୃ㘼ߔࠆ(9)ߩ᭽ߥᒻ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬ኻߒߡ㧘(2)ࠍၮߦߒߡ㧘kelajuan㧔ㅦ޿
ߎߣ㧘ࠬࡇ࡯࠼㧕ߣ޿߁᛽⽎ฬ⹖ࠍઁߩోߡߩⷐ⚛߇ୃ㘼ߔࠆ(10)ߩ᭽ߥᒻࠍ૞ࠆߎߣߪ
ߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
(9)kepandaian ibu memasak kari ayam
㧔Უ߇࠴ࠠࡦ࡮ࠞ࡟࡯ࠍ૞ࠆ⣨ߩ⦟ߐ㧕
(10)*kelajuan ibu memandu kereta
㧔Უ߇ゞࠍㆇォߔࠆㅦߐ㧕
ߎࠇ߹ߢ⷗ߡ߈ߚ᭽ߦ㧘pandai ߣ laju ߪ㧘౒ߦᓟࠈߦᢥࠍᓥ߃ߚ᭴ᢥࠍ૞ࠆ߇㧘⷗߆ߌ਄
ߩᒻᘒ⊛ߥ㘃ૃᕈߦ᜔߽ࠊࠄߕ㧘ߎࠇࠄਔ᭴ᢥߩ㑆ߦߪ㧘᭽‫⋧ߥޘ‬㆑ὐ߇޽ߞߚ‫ࠄࠇߎޕ‬
ਔ᭴ᢥߦኻߒߡ㧘⛔⺆⊛ߥᠲ૞ࠍട߃ࠆߎߣߢ㧘㓝ࠇߡ޿ߚ⋧㆑ὐ߇ᶋ߆߮਄߇ߞߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬
Shoho Isamu & Hiroshi Uzawa㧔2004㧕ߢਥᒛߒߚ᭽ߦ㧘ߎࠇࠄਔ᭴ᢥߩ⛔⺆⊛ᝄࠆ⥰޿ߩ
⋧㆑ߪ㧘pandai ߪᒻኈ⹖ߢߘࠇߦ⛯ߊᢥߪᒻኈ⹖ฏ⵬ᢥߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒߡ㧘laju ߪ೽⹖ߢ
ߘࠇߦ⛯ߊㇱಽߪᢥߢߪߥߊ㧘േ⹖ฏߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁᭴ㅧ਄ߩ㆑޿ߩ෻ᤋߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߣߎࠈ߇㧘ਔ᭴ᢥߩ඙೎ߦ૶ࠊࠇߚࠢ࡜ࠗ࠹࡝ࠕࠍㆡ↪ߔࠆߣ㧘৻ㇱߪ pandai ဳߣߩ
౒ㅢὐࠍ␜ߔ߇㧘৻ㇱߪ laju ဳߣ߽౒ㅢὐࠍ␜ߔ⺆㘃߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆ‫⺆ߩࠄࠇߘޕ‬㘃ߦ౉ࠆ߽
ߩߣߒߡߪ㧘mudah, sukar, susah ߇޽ࠆ‫੹ޕ‬㧘sukar ࠍ଀ߦขߞߡ㧘ߎࠇߦ਄ߢㆡ↪ߒ
ߚ 4 ߟߩࠢ࡜ࠗ࠹࡝ࠝࡦߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘ߤߩ᭽ߥ⛔⺆⊛ᝄࠆ⥰޿ࠍ␜ߔ߆ࠍ⷗ߡߺࠃ߁‫ޕ‬
వߕ㧘(11)ߩᢥߦ߅ߌࠆ sukar ࠍ㧘ࠍߘߩᓟߩㇱಽߣಾࠅ㔌ߒߡ㧘(12)ߩ᭽ߦ㧘ᢥ㗡ߦ⟎
ߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁ὐߢߪ㧘pandai ဳߣߩ౒ㅢᕈࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(11)Kita sukar memahami makna tersembunyi syair ini.
㧔ᚒ‫ߩߘ߇ޘ‬㖿ᢥߦ⒁߼ࠄࠇߚᗧ๧ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߩߪ㔍ߒ޿㧕
(12)Sukar kita memahami makna tersembunyi syair ini.
㧔ᚒ‫ߩߘ߇ޘ‬㖿ᢥߦ⒁߼ࠄࠇߚᗧ๧ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߩߪ㔍ߒ޿㧕
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘sukar ဳߪ㧘pandai ߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ㧘ⵍേ⠪ࠍᢥ㗡ߦ⒖േߐߖߚᰴߩ᭽ߥᒻ߇
น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(13)Makna tersenbunyi syair ini sukar kita fahami.
㧔ߘߩ㖿ᢥߩᗧ๧ߔࠆߣߎࠈࠍᚒ‫߇ޘ‬ℂ⸃ߔࠆߩߪ㔍ߒ޿㧕
෶㧘dengan ߣ޿߁೨⟎⹖ࠍ૶ߞߡࡄ࡜ࡈ࡟ࠗ࠭ߢ߈ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ὐߢߪ㧘ౣ߮ pandai ߣߩ
౒ㅢὐࠍ␜ߔ‫(ޕ‬11)ࠍ(14)ߩ᭽ߦ឵߃ࠆߣ㧘㕖ᢥߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
(14)*Kita memahami makna tersenbunyi syair ini dengan sukar.
ᦝߦ෶㧘sukar ࠍၮߦߒߚ᛽⽎ฬ⹖ߩ kesukaran㧔࿎㔍ߐ㧕ߢ޽ߣߩⷐ⚛ࠍ➙߼ߡ(15)ߩ᭽
ߥฬ⹖ฏ߳ߩᄌ឵߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ὐߢ߽㧘sukar ဳߪ㧘pandai ဳߣߩ౒ㅢᕈࠍ᦭ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
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(15)kesukaran kita memahami makna tersembunyi syair ini
㧔ᚒ‫ߩߎ߇ޘ‬㖿ᢥߩ⒁߼ࠄࠇߚᗧ๧ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߎߣߩ࿎㔍ߐ㧕
ᧄ⺰ߢߪ㧘sukar ဳ߇৻ߟߩࠢ࡜ࠗ࠹࡝ࠝࡦࠍ㒰޿ߡ㧘pandai ဳߣߩ౒ㅢὐࠍ᦭ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘
ⵍേ⠪ߩขࠅ಴ߒߣ޿߁৻ὐߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘⋧㆑ࠍ␜ߔߩߪ૗᡿ߢ޽ࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ὐߦ㑐ߒߡ߽
⠨ኤࠍ⹜ߺࠆߟ߽ࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
layak ߣ޿߁⺆߽਄ㅀߩ㧠ߟߩࠢ࡜ࠗ࠹࡝ࠕߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘pandai ဳߣหߓࡄ࡜࠳ࠗࡓࠍ␜
ߔ‫ޕ‬వߕ㧘(16)ߦ߅ߌࠆ tidak layak ࠍ(17)ߩ᭽ߦ㧘ᢥ㗡ߦ⒖േߐߖࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(16)Kita tidak layak menterjemahkan syair seumpama ini.
㧔ߎߩ᭽ߥ㖿ᢥࠍ⸶ߔߩߦᚒ‫ߪޘ‬ㆡߒߡ޿ߥ޿㧕
(17)Tidak layak kita menterjemahkan syair seumpama ini.
㧔ߎߩ᭽ߥ㖿ᢥࠍ⸶ߔߩߦᚒ‫ߪޘ‬ㆡߒߡ޿ߥ޿㧕
╙ੑߦ㧘ⵍേ⠪ࠍᢥ㗡ߦ಴ߔߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫(ޕ‬18)ࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬
(18)Syair seumpama ini tidak layak kita terjemahkan.
㧔ߎࠎߥ㖿ᢥߪᚒ‫ߦߔ⸶߇ޘ‬୯ߒߥ޿߽ߩߛ㧕
╙ਃߦ㧘layak ߦ೨⟎⹖ߩ dengan ࠍⵍߖߚ೽⹖ฏࠍ૶ߞߡ㧘(19)ߩ᭽ߦᦠ឵߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ
߈ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
(19)*Kita tidak menterjemahkan syair seumpama ini dengan layak.
㧔㧖ᚒ‫ߥࠎߎߪޘ‬㖿ᢥࠍㆡಾߦ⸶ߐߥ޿㧕
╙྾ߦ㧘kelayakan㧔ㆡಾߐ㧕ߣ޿߁᛽⽎ฬ⹖ߢઁߩⷐ⚛ోߡࠍ᜝ߞߚ⴫⃻ߦᄌ឵߇น⢻
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴ଀ࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬
(20)kelayakan kita menterjemahkan syair seumpama ini
㧔ߎߩ᭽ߥ㖿ᢥࠍᚒ‫ߔ⸶߇ޘ‬ㆡᩰᕈ㧕
એ਄ⷰߡ߈ߚ᭽ߦ㧘㧠ߟߩࠢ࡜ࠗ࠹࡝ࠕߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘layak ဳߪ㧘sukar ဳߣߘߩ⛔⺆⊛
ߥᝄࠆ⥰޿ߩಽᏓ߇㊀ߥࠅว߁‫ࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߎߩੑߟߩဳ߇␜ߔࡄ࡜࠳ࠗࡓ㑆ߩᗧ๧
ߩ⇣หߦ߹ߢ〯ߺㄟࠎߢߺࠆߣ㧘ᣂߚߥ⋧㆑ὐ߇ᶋ߮਄߇ߞߡߊࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴߦឝߍࠆ 2 ߟߩᢥ
ߪ㧘sukar ဳߩᚲߢᛒߞߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߎߩਔᢥߪ⍮⊛ᗧ๧ࠍ╬ߒߊߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
(21)=(11)Kita sukar memahami makna tersembunyi syair ini.
㧔ࠊࠇࠊࠇ߇ߎߩ㖿ᢥߦ⒁߼ࠄࠇߚᗧ๧ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߎߣߪ㔍ߒ޿㧕
(22)=(13)Makna tersenbunyi syair ini sukar kita fahami.
㧔ߎߩ㖿ᢥߦ⒁߼ࠄࠇߚᗧ๧ࠍᚒ‫߇ޘ‬ℂ⸃ߔࠆߎߣߪ㔍ߒ޿㧕
ߎࠇߦኻߒߡ㧘layak ߩᚲߢᛒߞߚᰴߩ 2 ᢥߪ㧘ߘߩᗧ๧ࠍ⇣ߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
(23)=(16)Kita tidak layak menterjemahkan syair seumpama ini.
㧔ߎߩ᭽ߥ㖿ᢥࠍ⸶ߔߩߦᚒ‫ߪޘ‬ㆡߒߡ޿ߥ޿㧕
(24)=(18)Syair seumpama ini tidak layak kita terjemahkan.
㧔ߎࠎߥ㖿ᢥߪᚒ‫ߦߔ⸶߇ޘ‬୯ߒߥ޿߽ߩߛ㧕
(23)ߣ(24)ߩฦᢥߦਈ߃ࠄࠇߚ⸶ߦࠃߞߡಽ߆ࠆ᭽ߦ㧘(23)ߢߪ tidak layak㧔ਇㆡߢ޽ࠆ㧕
ߣ޿߁ዻᕈߩᚲ᦭⠪ߪ kita㧔ᚒ‫ޘ‬㧕ߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒߡ㧘(24)ߢߪ tidak layak㧔ਇㆡߢ޽
ࠆ㧕ߣ޿߁ዻᕈߩᚲ᦭⠪ߪ㧘੹ᐲߪ㧘kita 㧔ᚒ‫ޘ‬㧕ߢߪߥߊߡ㧘syair seumpama ini㧔ߎ
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ࠎߥ㖿ᢥ㧕ߩᣇߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬layak ဳߣ sukar ဳߩ㑆ߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆߎߩ᭽ߥ⋧㆑ߪ૗ߦࠃߞߡ
㥳ߐࠇࠆߩ߆ߦߟ޿ߡ߽⠨ኤࠍ⹜ߺࠆᔃ▚ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
෶㧘sibuk㧘malu㧘malas ߪ㧘ߘࠇߦ⛯ߊ⵬ᢥਛߩⵍേ⠪߇ᢥ㗡ߦ᧪ߡ޿ࠆ᭴ᢥ߇น⢻ߢ
޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᢥ㗡ߦ޽ࠆ⵬ᢥਛߩⵍേ⠪߇㧘᡼ߞߡ߅ߌ߫㧘sibuk㧔ᔔߒ޿㧕㧘malu㧔ᕯߕ߆ߒ
޿㧕㧘malas㧔ᕃߌߡ޿ࠆ㧘ంധߦߔࠆ㧕ߣᗧ๧⊛ߦኒធߥㅪ㑐ࠍ᭴ᚑߒߡ㧘߅߆ߒߥᢥ
ߣߥࠆ╫ߥߩߦ㧘ߘ߁ߪߥࠄߥ޿ߩߪߤ߁ߒߡߥߩ߆ߣ޿߁ὐߦߟ޿ߡ╩⠪ߥࠅߩਥᒛࠍ
ⴕ ߁ ߟ ߽ ࠅ ߢ ޽ ࠆ ‫ ߢ ߎ ߎ ޕ‬㧘 ⠨ ኤ ߩ ኻ ⽎ ߣ ߒ ߚ ࠦ ࡯ ࡄ ࠬ ߣ ߒ ߡ ߪ 㧘 2002 ᐕ Utusan
Malaysia ⚕ߩ⸥੐ඨᐕಽࠍ૶↪ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᒁ↪ߒߚ⸥੐ߩឝタᣣߪ㧘㇌⸶ߩᓟߦ㧘ਣ᜝ᒐߢ㧘
ᣣ㧛᦬㧛ᐕߩ᭽ߦ⸥ߒߡ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߩ㔍ᤃ᭴ᢥ
೨┨ߢߪ㧘㧠ߟߩࠢ࡜ࠗ࠹࡝ࠕߩਛ㧟ߟ߇ pandai ဳߣߩ౒ㅢᕈࠍ␜ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ⵍേ⠪
ߩᢥ㗡߳ߩ⒖േߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘pandai ဳߣߩ⋧㆑ࠍ␜ߒߚ mudah㧘sukar㧘susah ߩ৻⟲ߩᒻኈ
⹖㧔੹ᓟߎࠇࠄߩᒻኈ⹖ࠍ sukar ဳߩᒻኈ⹖ߣ๭߱㧕߇⹺߼ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬sukar ဳ߇ pandai ဳ
ߣ⇣ߥࠆὐߪ㧘ߎߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩേ⹖ߪ㧘ਥ⺆߇ EXE㧔ⓨߩᒻᑼઍฬ⹖㧕ߣߥࠆᰴߩ᭽ߥ
᭴ᢥࠍ૞ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(25)Sukar bagi kita untuk menemui harta karun itu.
㧔ᚒ‫⽷ߩߘ߇ޘ‬ቲࠍ⷗ߟߌࠆߎߣߪ࿎㔍ߛ㧕
ߎߩ᭴ᢥߢߪ෶㧘ᰴߩ᭽ߦ㧘ㅀㇱᒻኈ⹖ߩ೨ߦ adalah ߇ઃ޿ߚᒻ߽⷗ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
(26)Adalah mudah bagi mereka untuk memalsukan kad kredit itu.
㧔ߘߩࠢ࡟ࠫ࠶࠻ࠞ࡯࠼ࠍனㅧߔࠆߎߣߪᓐ╬ߦߣߞߡኈᤃߥߎߣߢ޽ࠆ㧕
(27)ߪ㧘(28)ߩ᭽ߦߔࠆߣ㧘㕖ᢥߣߥࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ⠨߃ߡ㧘orang Melayu(ࡑ࡟࡯ੱ)ߦ⛯ߊ
ㇱಽߪ㧘⸃㉼਄ߩਥ⺆ߣߒߡᯏ⢻ߔࠆ࠮ࡦ࠹ࡦࠬߣߪ⠨ࠄࠇߥ޿‫ߩߎޕ‬ᢥߪ㧘(29)ߩ᭴ㅧ
ࠍᚑߒߡ޿ߡ㧘orang Melayu㧔ࡑ࡟࡯ੱ㧕ߩㅀㇱᒻኈ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ㧘sukar㧔࿎㔍ߢ޽ࠆ㧕߇㧘
ᒝ⺞ߩὑ೨ߦ಴ߚᢥߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
(27)…, sukar orang Melayu untuk mempertahankan agama dan kedudukan mereka.
㧔ࡑ࡟࡯ੱ߇ᓐࠄߩቬᢎߣ⃻࿷ߩ࿾૏ߣࠍ⛽ᜬߔࠆߩߪ㔍ߒ޿㧕
(UM Online, 9/3/2004)
(28)*Adalah sukar orang Melayu untuk mempertahankan agama dan kedudukan mereka.
(29)[ IP sukar [IP [ DP orang Melayu] [
Iu [I
Ǿ] [ AP [ A t i ] [ CP [ C ƻ [ C Ǿ] [ IP [ D PRO ]
[ Iu[ I untuk] [ VP [ V mempertahankan] [ DP agama dan kedudukan mereka]]]]]]]]]].
(27)ߢߪ㧘untuk ߪ㕖ቯᒻ▵ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߔዮ᛬ㄉߣߒߡᯏ⢻ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ਰࠄ㧘
ᰴߩ᭽ߥ૏⟎ࠍභ߼ࠆ untuk ߪ,ߤߩ᭽ߦᛒ߃߫ࠃ޿ߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ߩߎޕ‬᭽ߥ untuk ߪ㧘⵬
ᢥሶߩ bagi ߣ੤឵ߢ߈ࠆߣߎࠈ߆ࠄ㧘(28)ߩ႐วߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ㧘⵬ᢥሶߣߒߡᛒ߁ߩ߇ㆡᒰ
ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
(30) …dan tanpa kefasihan dan kefahaman dalam bahasa itu adalah sukar untuk rakyat
negara ini menguasai ilmu dan maklumat yang ada.
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㧔ߘߒߡ㧘ߘߩ⸒⺆ߢ༆ߞߚࠅ㧘ߘߩ⸒⺆ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿ߥࠄ߫㧘ߎߩ
࿖ߩ࿖᳃߇⃻࿷ߩቇ໧߿ᖱႎࠍ⥄ࠄๆ෼ߔࠆߎߣߪ㔍ߒ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧕
(UM Online , 4/5/2004)
੹(30)ߩᢥߩ adalah sukar untuk rakyat negara ini menguasai ilmu dan maklumat yang ada
ߩㇱಽߩ᭴ㅧࠍ␜ߖ߫,ᰴߩ᭽ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
(31)…[ IP [
D
EXE] [
Iu
[
I
Ǿ] [
VP
[
V
adalah ] [
AP
[
A
sukar] [
CP [ C ƻ
[
C
untuk ] [
IP
[
DP
rakyat negara ini ] [ Iu [ IǾ ] [VP [ V menguasai ] [ DP ilmu dan maklumat yang ada ]]]]]]]]]].
਄ߢⷰߡ߈ߚ᭽ߦ㧘sukar ဳߩᒻኈ⹖ߪ㧘ਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎߇ EXE ߢ޽ࠆ᭴ᢥࠍ૞ࠆ‫ޕ‬sukar
ဳᒻኈ⹖ߪߎࠇએᄖߦ㧘ᒻኈ⹖⵬ᢥਛߩേ૞ਥ߇ਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߦ⃻ࠊࠇࠆ᭴ᢥ(31)߿㧘ᒻኈ
⹖⵬ᢥਛߩⵍേ⠪߇ਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߦ⃻ࠊࠇࠆ᭴ᢥ(32)ࠍ૞ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(32)Orang Melayu sukar untuk mempertahankan kebudayaan mereka.
㧔ࡑ࡟࡯ੱ߇ᓐ╬ߩᢥൻࠍ⛽ᜬߒߡ޿ߊߩߪ㔍ߒ޿㧕
(33)Kebudayaan Melayu sukar untuk dipertahankan mereka.
㧔ࡑ࡟࡯ᢥൻࠍࡑ࡟࡯ੱ߇⛽ᜬߒߡ޿ߊߩߪ㔍ߒ޿㧕
ߎߩ(32)߿(33)ߩᢥߪߤߩ᭽ߦᵷ↢ߒߚߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬ᒻኈ⹖⵬ᢥਛߩⵍേ⠪(31)ߩ႐วߢ
⸒߃߫㧘kebudayaan mereka ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ࠍභ߼ࠆ႐วߦߪ㧘⵬ᢥਛߦ me-ဳേ⹖ᒻ
߇⃻ࠊࠇࠆ੐ߪߥ޿‫(ޕ‬33)ࠍ(34)ߣᲧセߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬
(34)*Kebudayaan Melayu sukar mempertahankan.
㧔㧖ࡑ࡟࡯ੱߩᢥൻࠍ⛽ᜬߔࠆߩߪ㔍ߒ޿㧕
ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߢߪ㧘me-ઁേ⹖ߩ⋡⊛⺆ߩ૏⟎߆ࠄⷐ⚛ࠍขࠅ಴ߔߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ޿ߣ޿߁
೙⚂߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬හߜ㧘ᰴߩ᭽ߥᢥߪ㕖ᢥߣߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
(35)*Kebudayaan Melayu mereka akan mempertahankan.
㧔㧖ࡑ࡟࡯ੱߩᢥൻߪ⛽ᜬߐࠇࠆߛࠈ߁㧕
ߎࠇߦኻߒߡ㧘ㄉᦠᒻߦធ⺆ઍฬ⹖ࠍઃടߒߚ㧘ੱ⒓ᒻߣ๭߫ࠇࠆᒻߢߪ㧘ߘߩ⋥ᓟߩ૏
⟎߆ࠄߩⷐ⚛ߩขࠅ಴ߒ߇น⢻ߣߥࠆ‫(ޕ‬36)ࠍ㧘㕖ᢥߢ޽ࠆ(35)ߣᲧセߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬
(36)Kebudayaan Melayu akan dipertahankan mereka.
ⵍേ⠪ὶὐൻ᭴ᢥߣ๭߫ࠇࠆ(36)ߩ᭽ߥᒻ߇㧘(33)ߩ⵬ᢥߦ߅޿ߡ߽⃻ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈ
߆ࠄ㧘⵬ᢥਛߩੱ⒓ᒻߩ⋥ᓟߩ૏⟎߆ࠄⷐ⚛ߩ⒖േ߇ⴕߥࠊࠇߚߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ
ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߪ㧘ǰu૏⟎ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘kebudayaan Melayu ߇ੱ⒓ᒻേ⹖ߩ⋥ᓟߩ
૏⟎߆ࠄ⒖േߒߚߣ⠨߃ߡ߽㧘ǰ૏⟎߆ࠄ㧘ǰu߳ߩ⒖േߣߥࠆ߆ࠄ㧘ǰⷙḰߩ㆑෻ߣߪ
ߥࠄߥ޿‫ࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘(37)ߩ᭽ߥ᭴ㅧߦ߅޿ߡ㧘dipertahankan mereka ߣ޿߁ੱ⒓ᒻߩ
⋥ᓟߩ૏⟎߆ࠄ㧘ਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߦ⒖േ߇ⴕࠊࠇߚߣ઒ቯߔࠆߣ㧘ᐞߟ߆ߩὐߢ㧘ා੺ߥ໧㗴
߇↢ߕࠆ‫ߪߟ৻ޕ‬㧘ⓨ▸⇵㨠i ߇ NP ∥〔ߣߥࠅ㧘⛔₸▸⇵ߢ޽ࠆ㕖ቯᒻ▵ߩ IP ߩਛߢ㧘
᧤❈ߐࠇߥ޿ߎߣߦߥࠅ㧘᧤❈ේℂ㧔㧭㧕ߦ㆑෻ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬෶㧘⒖േߐࠇߚਥ▵ߩ
ਥ⺆ߩ kebudayaan Melayu ߪ⵬ᢥേ⹖ߩ dipertahanan ߣਥ▵ߩዮ᛬ⷐ⚛(INFL)ߦࠃߞߡੑ
㊀ߦᩰࠍઃਈߐࠇᩰࡈࠖ࡞࠲࡯㧔Case filter㧕ߦ߽ᛶ⸅ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
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(37)Kebudayaan Melayu
i
sukar [
CP
[
Cƻ
[ C Ǿ] [
IP
[
I
untuk ] [VP dipertahankan mereka
ti ] ] ] ].
ߎߩ᭽ߥ໧㗴ࠍ࿁ㆱߔࠆὑߦߪ㧘⧷⺆ߩ㔍ᤃ᭴ᢥߦ߅ߌࠆಽᨆߣห᭽ߦ㧘⵬ᢥౝߢ㧘ੱ⒓
ᒻߩᓟߩ૏⟎߆ࠄⓨṶ▚ሶ߇⵬ᢥߩ CP ߩ Spec㧔ᜰቯㇱ㧕ߩ૏⟎߳ߣ⒖േߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆߩ
߇⦟޿ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߩ kebudayaan Melayu ߪคㅀⷙೣ㧔rule of
predication㧕ߦࠃߞߡ㧘ⓨṶ▚ሶߣหߓᜰᮡ߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇ,ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߣ⵬ᢥਛߩⓨᚲߣߩኻ
ᔕ㑐ଥ߇ᚑࠅ┙ߟߎߣߦߥࠆ‫⵬ޕ‬ᢥਛߦⓨṶ▚ሶߩ⒖േࠍ઒ቯߔࠆᩮ᜚ߪ㧘ߎߩ㔍ᤃ᭴ᢥ
߇ነ↢ⓨᚲߩ಴⃻ࠍ⹺นߦߔࠆߣ޿߁੐ታࠍ᜼ߍࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴߪ㧘㔍ᤃ᭴ᢥߣነ↢
ⓨᚲ߇ห৻ᢥਛߦ⃻ࠊࠇࠆ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ነ↢ⓨᚲߪ[e]ߢ⴫ߔߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
(38) Buku itu sukar dibeli ti tanpa membaca [e].
㧔ߘߩᧄࠍ⺒߹ߕߦ⾈߁ߎߣߪ㔍ߒ޿㧕
ነ↢ⓨᚲߩ಴⃻ࠍ⸵ߔߩߪ㧘ߘߩ೨ߦ⃻ࠊࠇࠆ Au⒖േߩ∥〔ߩሽ࿷ߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿
ࠆ‫ޕ‬Au⒖േ߇㑐ࠊߞߡߊࠆౖဳ⊛ߥ଀ߣߒߡߪ㧘⇼໧ᢥ㧘㑐ଥ▵㧘ਥ㗴ᢥ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴߩ
଀ߪ㧘ߎࠇࠄ㧟⒳ߩᢥߣ౒ߦ⃻ࠊࠇࠆነ↢ⓨᚲߩ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(39)Apa yang awak beli tanpa membayar ?
㧔޽ߥߚ߇㊄ࠍᛄࠊߕߦ⾈ߞߚߩߪ૗ߢߔ߆㧫㧕
(40)Inilah buku yang saya beli tanpa membaca.
㧔ߎࠇ߇⑳߇⺒߹ߥ޿ߢ⾈ߞߚᧄߢߔ㧕
(41)Buku itu sudah direbutnya sebelum saya membaca.
㧔ߘߩᧄߪ⑳߇⺒߹ߥ޿߁ߜߦᓐߦขࠄࠇߡߒ߹ߞߚ㧕
(38)ߩᢥ߇ነ↢ⓨᚲߩ಴⃻ࠍ⸵ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߪ㧘ߘࠇߦవⴕߔࠆ㔍ᤃᢥߦ㧘wh ฏߩ⒖േߣ
หߓߊ㧘㧭u⒖േ߇⛊ࠎߢ޿ࠆ߆ࠄߛߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩߎߣࠍ✚วߒߡ㧘(33)ߩᵷ↢
ߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍ࿑␜ߔࠇ߫(42)ߩ᭽ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
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(42)
ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߩ㔍ᤃ᭴ᢥߦߪ㧘ᰴߩ᭽ߦ㧘ⵍേ⠪એᄖߩ߽ߩ߇ਥᢥߩਥ⺆ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ
߽ߩ߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(43)̌…mereka akan sukar untuk meninggalkannya lagi , ” katanya ketika ditemui selepas
majlis sambutan Hari Polis di Ibu Pejabat Polis Kontinjen Kelantan di sini hari ini.
㧔‫ޟ‬ᓐ╬߇ߘࠇࠍ߽ߪ߿ᚻ᡼ߔߎߣߪ㔍ߒ޿ߛࠈ߁‫ᧄߣޠ‬ᣣᒰ࿾ߩࠢ࡜ࡦ࠲ࡦ⼊ኤ
ᧄㇱߦᣈߌࠆ⼊ኤቭߩᣣࠍ␸߁ᑼౖߩᓟߢߩࠗࡦ࠲ࡧࡘ࡯ߢߘߩᣇߪㅀߴߚ㧕
(UM Online , 26/3/2002)
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ߢߪߎߩ(43)ߩ᭽ߥ㧘േ૞ਥ߇ sukar ߩਥ⺆ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆᢥߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥᵷ↢ߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ
ࠍ⚻ߡ↢߹ࠇߚߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫੹ޕ‬㧘᭴ㅧ߇߽߁ዋߒන⚐ߥ(44)ߩᢥࠍෳ⠨ߦߒߡ㧘⺑᣿ࠍ
ߔࠆߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ⵍޕ‬േ⠪߇ sukar ߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߦ⃻ࠊࠇࠆ႐วߣห᭽㧘࠯ࡠṶ▚ሶߩ⒖േ
߇ߎߩ႐วߦ߽㑐ਈߒߡ޿ࠆߣ઒ቯߔࠆߣ㧘(44)ߩ memahami ߩ⋥೨ߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߦ޽ࠆ
࠯ࡠṶ▚ሶ߇㧘ᜰቯㇱ߳ߣ⒖േߒ㧘ߎߩᜰቯㇱ߳ߣ⒖ߞߚ࠯ࡠṶ▚ሶߪߘߩ૏⟎߆ࠄ㧘හ
ߜ㧭u૏⟎߆ࠄ㧘ర޽ߞߚਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߦᱷߐࠇߚ∥〔ࠍ᧤❈ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬႐ว㧘
࠯ࡠṶ▚ሶߩ∥〔ߪ㧘ᩰ߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆ૏⟎ߢߥߊߡߪߥࠄߥ޿ߣ޿߁೙⚂߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(44)Kita sukar [ C P Opi [ Cu [ C Ǿ] [ I P ti memahami makna tersembunyi syair ini] ] ].
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘⵬ᢥሶ߇ၒ߹ߞߡ޿ߥ޿ᤨ㧔(44)ߩǾ߇ߘࠇࠍ⴫ࠊߒߡ޿ࠆ㧕㧘ߘࠇߦ⛯
ߊ IP ਛߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߪ㧘ᩰ߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇߥ޿૏⟎ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆᩮ᜚߇޽ࠆ‫(ޕ‬45)ߪ
ߘߩᩮ᜚ߣߥࠆ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(45)*Sukar rakyat negara ini menguasai ilmu dan maklumat yang ada.
ߎߩᢥߪ㕖ᢥߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ᰴߩᢥߪࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦታ㓙⃻ࠊࠇߚᢥᴺ⊛ߥᢥߩ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(46)…adalah sukar untuk rakyat negara ini menguasai ilmu dan maklumat yang ada.
(45)ߦߪ㧘⵬ᢥሶ߇ၒ߹ߞߡ޿ߥ޿߇㧘(46)ߦߪ untuk ߣ޿߁⵬ᢥሶ߇⃻ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴ
ߩ଀ߢߪ㧘⵬ᢥሶ߇ၒ߹ߞߡ޿ߥ޿߇㧘ߘߩઍࠊࠅ㧘⵬ᢥਛߦਥ⺆߇⃻ࠊࠇߡߪ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
mengawal pelajar yang mahu ke negara berkenaan ߩਥ⺆ߪ⃻ࠊࠇߡߪ޿ߥ޿߇㧘⸃㉼਄
ߪ㧘৻⥸ߩੱ‫ޕࠆ޽ߢޘ‬ታ㓙ߪ㧘ਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߦ૗߽ၒ߹ߞߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘‫ߩ⥸৻ޟ‬
ੱ‫߁޿ߣޠޘ‬ᗧ๧ࠍߘߩ⸃㉼ߩਛߩ৻ߟߣߒߡ᦭ߔࠆ PRO ߇ߎߩ૏⟎ߦ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ
ࠆ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘PRO ቯℂ㧔PRO theorem㧕ߦࠃࠅ㧘PRO ߪ⛔₸ߐࠇߥ޿૏⟎ߦ⃻ࠊࠇࠆ߆
ࠄ㧘ߎߩ૏⟎ߪ㕖⛔₸ߩ૏⟎ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬એ਄㧘⵬ᢥሶߩ಴⃻ߩಽᏓߣ㧘
᦭ᒻߩਥ⺆ߩ಴⃻ߩಽᏓߣࠍ⠨߃วࠊߖߡ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘⵬ᢥሶ߇ၒ߹ߞߡ޿ߥ޿ᤨ㧘⵬ᢥਛ
ߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߪ⛔₸ߐࠇߥ޿૏⟎ߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(47)Mengulas lanjut, Musa berkata, agak sukar untuk mengawal pelajar yang mahu ke
negara berkenaan kerana biasanya mereka pergi secara bersendirian.
㧔ᦝߦ⛯ߌߡࡓࠨߪ⸒ߞߚ㧘ߘߩ࿖ߦⴕߎ߁ߣߔࠆቇ↢ߩⴕേࠍ࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢߔࠆߩߪ
߆ߥࠅ㔍ߒ޿ߩߢߔ‫ߪߩ߁⸒ߣޕ‬㧘ᓐ╬ߪㅢᏱන⁛ߢⴕേߔࠆ߆ࠄߢߔ㧕
(UM Online, 28/1/2002)
એ਄ߩߎߣࠍ㗡ߦ߅޿ߡ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘ᰴߩᢥߩ orang Melayu ߪ㧘sukar ߩᒻኈ⹖⵬ᢥߩਥ⺆
ߢߪߥߊ㧘sukar ߩਥ⺆ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ࠅ߹⹣ޕ‬㧘ߎߩᢥߪਥ▵ߩᒻኈ⹖ㅀㇱߢ޽ࠆ
sukar ߇ᒝ⺞ߩὑߦ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߢ޽ࠆ orang Melayu ߩ೨ߦ಴ߚୟ⟎᭴ᢥߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(48)…kalau UMNO lemah, sukar orang
Melayu untuk
mempertahankan agama dan
kedudukan mereka.
㧔߽ߒ⛔৻ࡑ࡟࡯࿖᳃⚵❱߇⣀ᒙߛߞߚࠄ㧘ࡑ࡟࡯ੱ߇⥄ಽ㆐ߩቬᢎ߿࿾૏ࠍ቞ࠆ
ߩߪ㔍ߒ޿㧕
(UM Online, 9/3/2002)
߽ߒ㧘orang Melayu ߇ sukar ᒻኈ⹖⵬ᢥߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߦ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘㕖ቯᒻ▵ߦ߅
޿ߡߪ㧘INFL ߪ AGR ࠍᜬߞߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߢ㧘ߘߩਥ⺆ߦᩰࠍઃਈߒߥ޿‫ߣࠆߥ߁ߘޕ‬㧘
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orang Melayu ߦߪ㧘ᩰ߇ઃਈߐࠇߥ޿ߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘‫ޟ‬㖸ᒻࠍᜬߟฬ⹖ฏߪᩰࠍ
ᜬߞߡ޿ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᩰࡈࠖ࡞࠲࡯ߦᛶ⸅ߔࠆߩߢ㕖ᢥߣߥࠆ╫ߛ߆ࠄߢ޽
ࠆ‫ߒ߽ޕ‬㧘(44)ߦ߅ߌࠆਥ▵ߩ kita ߇⒖േߦࠃߞߡߎߩ૏⟎ࠍභ߼ߚߣ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘ฬ⹖ฏ
⒖േߩ೙⚂ߦࠃࠅ㧘Ԙᩰ߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇߥ޿૏⟎߆ࠄ㧘ᩰ߇ઃਈߐࠇࠆ૏⟎߳㧘ԙǰ૏⟎߆ࠄ㧘
ǰu૏⟎߳ߣ޿߁⒖േߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍ቞ࠄߥߊߡߪߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߪ㧘ᩰઃਈ
߇ߥߐࠇࠆ૏⟎ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘⒖േ߇ⴕߥࠊࠇߚరߩ૏⟎ߪ㧘ᩰ߇ઃਈߐࠇߥ޿૏⟎ߢߥߊ
ߡߪߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬෶㧘sukar ߩਥ▵ߩਥ⺆߇ EXE ߢ⃻ࠊࠇࠆ᭴ᢥߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߦ
ǰᓎഀ߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇߥ޿᭴ᢥߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘߽ߒలႯߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚࠄ EXE ߇ᦨ⚳⊛ߦߪ౉ࠆ
૏⟎ߦǰ૏⟎߆ࠄ⒖േߒߡ߈ߚⷐ⚛߇౉ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠇ߫㧘ߎߩ᭴ᢥࠍ⒖േ߇⿠ߎࠆᨒ⚵ߺߣ
ߥࠆ᭴ᢥߣ⠨߃ࠇ߫⦟޿ߩߢߪߥ޿߆‫ߩߎޕ‬᭽ߥ೨ឭߦ┙ߡ߫㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߪ㧘ᒻኈ⹖߇
ขࠆ㕖ቯᒻ▵ߩ⵬ᢥߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎߆ࠄ⒖േࠍߒߚߣ⠨߃ࠆߩ߇ᅷᒰߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬એ਄ࠍ✚วߒ
ߡ㧘೨ㅀߩ(44)ߩᢥߩᵷ↢ߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍ␜ߖ߫ᰴߩ᭽ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
(49)
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ઁߩ ':' ࠍਥ⺆ߦขࠆ᭴ᢥߣߩᲧセ
sukar ߣ ห ߓ ߊ 㧘 ਥ ⺆ ߩ ૏ ⟎ ߦ 㧘 EXE ࠍ ข ࠆ ᭴ ᢥ disahkan, dimaklumkan, difahamkan,
dianggap ╬߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᱜ଻ാ㧔1994 -a㧕ߢਥᒛߒߚ᭽ߦ㧘(50)ߪ(51)ߦ␜ߐࠇߚ᭽ߥ᭴ㅧߢ
޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
(50)Disahkan kumpulan samseng tersebut mencuri cincin berlian milik sultan itu.
㧔ߘߩࠡࡖࡦࠣ࿅ߪ₺᭽ᚲ᦭ߩ࠳ࠗࠕࡕࡦ࠼ߩᜰベࠍ⋑ࠎߛߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧕
(51)
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(50)ߪᢥᴺ⊛ߥᢥߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘disahkan ߩᓟߩ࠯ࡠ⵬ᢥሶߦዉ߆ࠇࠆ⵬ᢥਛߢ㧘ਥ⺆ߢ޽
ࠆ kumpulan samseng㧔ࠡࡖࡦࠣ࿅㧕ߪ㧘ߎߩ૏⟎ߢᩰࠍᓧߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬ኻ
ߒߡ㧘(52)ߩᢥߪ㕖ᢥߢ޽ࠆߩߢ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆߇ EXE ߢ޽ࠆ႐วߩ sukar ߩᓟߩ࠯ࡠ⵬ᢥ
ሶߦዉ߆ࠇࠆ⵬ᢥਛߢ㧘ਥ⺆ߩ orang Melayu㧔ࡑ࡟࡯ੱ㧕ߪᩰࠍᓧߡ޿ߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ
ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ὑߦ㧘ߎߩᢥߪ⹺߼ࠄࠇߥ޿ᒻߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(52)*Adalah sukar orang Melayu mempertahankan agama dan kedudukan mereka.
ߎߩᢥߦߪ㧘adalah ߇಴ߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ߎࠇߪ㧘ㅀㇱߩᒝ⺞ߦ૶ࠊࠇࠆዊ⹖ߥߩߢ㧘ߎߩᢥߪ㧘
ᰴߩᢥ߆ࠄ㧘sukar ߇ୟ⟎ߢᢥ㗡ߦ಴ߚ᭴ㅧߣ⸃㉼ߐࠇࠆน⢻ᕈࠍឃ㒰ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
(53)Orang Melayu sukar mempertahankan agama dan kedudukan mereka.
㧔ࡑ࡟࡯ੱ߇ᓐ╬ߩቬᢎߣ࿾૏ࠍ⛽ᜬߔࠆߩߪ࿎㔍ߢ޽ࠆ㧕
೨ߦ߽ㅀߴߚᚲߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ᰴߩ᭽ߥᢥߪ㧘ᢥᴺ⊛ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎߩ႐ว㧘sukar ߪ(50)ߩᢥ߆
ࠄ㧘ᒝ⺞ߢ೨ߦ಴ߚ᭴ㅧߣߒߡ㧘⸃㉼ߐࠇࠆߴ߈߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(54)Sukar orang Melayu mempertahankan agama dan kedudukan mereka.
㧔ࡑ࡟࡯ੱ߇ᓐ╬ߩቬᢎߣ࿾૏ࠍ⛽ᜬߔࠆߩߪ࿎㔍ߢ޽ࠆ㧕
(53)ߩᢥߩਥ⺆ߪ㧘ᦨೋ߆ࠄߎߩ૏⟎ߦ޽ߞߚߩߢߪߥߊ㧘࠯ࡠ⵬ᢥሶߦዉ߆ࠇߚ⵬ᢥਛ
߆ࠄ㧘ᩰࠍᓧࠆᔅⷐ਄ߎߩ૏⟎ߦ⒖േߒߚ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ὐ߇㧘disahkan ߦ⛯ߊ
⵬ᢥߣ㆑߁ὐߢ޽ࠆ‫(ޕ‬50)ߩ⵬ᢥਛߩਥ⺆ߢ޽ࠆ kumpulan samseng tersebut 㧔ઙߩࠡࡖࡦ
ࠣ࿅㧕ߪ㧘ᣢߦߎߩ૏⟎ߢᩰࠍᓧߡ޿ࠆߩߢ㧘ᩰࠍᓧࠆὑߦਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߦ⒖േߔࠆ
ℂ↱ߪߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫(ߪߢࠇߘޕ‬55)ߩ᭽ߥᢥߪ,ߤߩ᭽ߥᵷ↢ߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍ⚻ߡߢ߈ߚ߽ߩ
ߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬
(55)Kumpulan samseng tersebut disahkan mencuri cincin berlian milik sultan.
㧔ߘߩࠡࡖࡦࠣ࿅ߪ㧘₺᭽ᚲ᦭ߩ࠳ࠗࡗߩᜰベࠍ⋑ࠎߛߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧕
ㅢᏱߩ㧭⒖േߢ޽ࠇ߫㧘Ԙǰ૏⟎߆ࠄǰ̡૏⟎߳㧘ԙᩰࠍਈ߃ࠄࠇߥ޿૏⟎߆ࠄᩰࠍઃਈ
ߐࠇࠆ૏⟎߳ߣ޿߁ᵷ↢ߩࡄ࠲࡯ࡦߦߥࠆ‫(ޕ‬55)߇(51)ߩ᭴ㅧ߆ࠄᵷ↢ߒߚߣ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘
⵬ᢥߩਥ⺆߇ߎߩ૏⟎߆ࠄ㧘ਥᢥߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎߳േߊߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠆ߇㧘ਥᢥߩਥ⺆ߩ
૏⟎ߪ㧘߽ߒ⒖േ߇⿠ߎࠄߥߌࠇ߫㧘ⓨߩᒻᑼਥ⺆(EXE)߇లႯߐࠇࠆ૏⟎ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘
ߎߩ૏⟎ߪǰ̡ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߩߢ㧘ߎߩ⒖േߪǰ૏⟎߆ࠄǰ̡૏⟎߳ߩ⒖േߣ޿߁
ߎߣߦߥࠅ㧘㧭⒖േߩࡄ࠲࡯ࡦߦว⥌ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫(ޕ‬55)ߩᵷ↢ߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍ㧘਄⸥ߩ᭽ߦ⠨
߃ࠆߣ㧘㧭⒖േߩੑ⇟⋡ߩ․ᓽߢ޽ࠆ㧘ᩰࠍਈ߃ࠄࠇߥ޿૏⟎߆ࠄᩰࠍઃਈߐࠇࠆ૏⟎߳
ߣ޿߁⒖േߩࡄ࠲࡯ࡦߦวߞߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߢ㧘ߎߩ᭽ߥᵷ↢ߩน⢻ᕈߪឃ㒰ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ⒖േߩᵈᗧߔߴ߈ὐߪ㧘⒖േߔࠆⷐ⚛ߪ㧘ᩰઃਈ߇ⴕߥࠊࠇࠆ૏⟎߆ࠄ⒖േߔࠆߣ
޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬᭽ߥ․ᓽߪ㧘㧭̡⒖േߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ὐ߆ࠄߔࠆߣ㧘
ߎߩ⒖േߪ㧘㨣㨔ฏߩ⒖േߣหߓᕈᩰߩ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬෶㧘ᰴߩ᭽ߥነ↢ⓨᚲߩ಴⃻
ࠍ⸵ߔߣߎࠈ߆ࠄ߽㧘(54)ߦߪ㧘㧭̡⒖േ߇㑐ਈߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ┍ࠊߖࠆ‫ޕ‬ነ↢ⓨᚲߩ಴
⃻น⢻ᕈߪ㧘A̡⒖േ߇㑐ਈߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ࠍ⷗ࠆߚ߼ߩ⸻ᢿၮḰߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
A̡⒖േ߇㑐ਈߒߡߪ޿ࠆ߇㧘Wh ฏߪ⃻ࠊࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߢ㧘(55)ߩᵷ↢ߦߪ㧘(33)ߩ႐ว
ߣห᭽ߦ㧘࠯ࡠṶ▚ሶߩ⒖േ߇㑐ਈߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
͘!9:!͘
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(56) Kumpulan samseng tersebut disahkan mencuri cincin berlian milik sultan sebelum
penjaga keselamatan mencuri [e].
㧔ߘߩࠡࡖࡦࠣ࿅ߪࠟ࡯࠼ࡑࡦ߇⋑߻೨ߦ₺᭽ᚲ᦭ߩ࠳ࠗࡗߩᜰベࠍ⋑ࠎߛߣߐࠇ
ߡ޿ࠆ㧕
એ਄ߩߎߣࠍ〯߹߃ߡ㧘(55)ߩᵷ↢ߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍ␜ߖ߫㧘(57)ߩ᭽ߦߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(57)
͘!:1!͘
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(57)ߣห᭽ߦ㧘ᰴߩ(58)ߩᵷ↢ߦ߽㧘ⓨṶ▚ሶߩ⒖േ߇㑐ਈߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
(58)Cincin berlian milik sultan itu disahkan dicuri kumpulan samseng tersebut.
㧔ߘߩ₺᭽ᚲ᦭ߩ࠳ࠗࠕࡕࡦ࠼ߩᜰベߪઙߩࠡࡖࡦࠣ࿅ߦࠃߞߡ⋑߹ࠇߚߣߐࠇߡ
޿ࠆ㧕
ߎߩᢥߩᵷ↢ߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍ␜ߖ߫㧘(59)ߩ᭽ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(59)
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layak ဳ COD ᭴ᢥ
layak ߇⵬ᢥࠍขࠆ᭴ᢥߩ଀ࠍࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦᒰߞߡ⷗ࠆߣ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆߇േ૞ਥߢ޽ࠆ߽
ߩߣ㧘㔍ᤃ᭴ᢥߣหߓߊ㧘ⵍേ⠪߇ਥᢥߩਥ⺆ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ႐วߩਔᣇ߇⹺߼ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ฦ‫ࠍ଀ߩޘ‬ᰴߦឝߍࠆ‫ޕ‬
(60)…empat kontraktor utama yang diberikan kontrak, sebenarnya tidak layak mengendalikan
projek bernilai RM534 juta tersebut.
㧔੐ᬺࠍ⺧ߌ⽶߁ߎߣߦߥߞߚᄢᚻᑪ⸳ᬺ⠪ߪ㧘ᧄᒰߪ㧘ߘߩ㧡ం㧟ජ㧠⊖ਁ࡝ࡦ
ࠡߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍⴕ߁⾗ᩰ߇ߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧕
(UM Online, 5/1/2002)
(61)Daripada jumlah itu 2,537 layak diterima masuk tetapi hanya 1,530 pelajar diberikan
tempat.
㧔ߘߩਛ 2537 ੱ߇౉ቇߩ⾗ᩰࠍ⹺߼ࠄࠇߚ߇㧘ታ㓙ߦߪ 1530 ੱߛߌ߇౉ቇࠍ⸵น
ߐࠇߚ㧕
(UM Online, 5/1/2002)
layak ߇ sukar ߣ⇣ߥࠆߩߪ㧘layak ߪ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߦ EXE ࠍขࠆ᭴ᢥ߇ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ὐߢ
޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴߩᢥ߇㕖ᢥߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ߎߩߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(62)*Tidak layak untuk kita menterjemahkan syair Parsi ini.
㧔㧖ߎߩࡍ࡞ࠪࡖ⺆ߩ⹞ࠍᚒ‫߇ޘ‬⠡⸶ߔࠆߩߪㆡᒰߢߪߥ޿㧕
(63)*Adalah tidak layak kita menterjemahkan syair Parsi ini.
㧔㧖ߎߩࡍ࡞ࠪࡖ⺆ߩ⹞ࠍᚒ‫߇ޘ‬⠡⸶ߔࠆߩߪㆡᒰߢߪߥ޿㧕
ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆߇ EXE ߢߥ޿ߎߣߣ㑐ㅪ߇޽ࠆ߇㧘ᰴߩ㧞ᢥߪ⸃㉼߇⇣ߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
(64)Kita tidak layak untuk menterjemahkan syair Parsi ini.
㧔ᚒ‫ߩ⺆ࡖࠪ࡞ࡍߩߎߪޘ‬㖿ᢥࠍ⠡⸶ߔࠆߩߦㆡߒߥ޿ੱ㑆ߛ㧕
(65)Syair Parsi ini tidak layak untuk kita terjemahkan.
㧔ߎߩࡍ࡞ࠪࡖ⺆ߩ㖿ᢥߪᚒ‫ߦߩߔ⸶߇ޘ‬ㆡߒߥ޿߽ߩߛ㧕
(64)ߪ㧘tidak layak 㧔⾗ᩰ߇ߥ޿㧘ㆡߒߥ޿㧕ߣ޿߁ዻᕈ߇Ꮻዻߔࠆߩߪ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߢ
޽ࠆ kita㧔ᚒ‫ޘ‬㧕ߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒߡ㧘(65)ߪ㧘tidak layak㧔ߘࠇߛߌߩଔ୯ߩߥ޿㧘ㆡߒߥ
޿㧕ߣ޿߁ዻᕈ߇Ꮻዻߔࠆߩߪ㧘ᚒ‫ߡߊߥߪߢޘ‬㧘syair Parsi ini㧔ߎߩࡍ࡞ࠪࡖ⺆ߩ㖿
ᢥ㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠅ߹⹣ޕ‬㧘tidak layak ߩਥ⺆ߦ૗߇⃻ࠊࠇࠆ߆ߦࠃߞߡ㧘ᗧ๧⸃㉼߇ᄌࠊߞߡ
ߊࠆߩߢ㧘ߎߩ᭴ᢥߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߪ㧘sukar ߿ disahkan ߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߣߪ㆑ߞߡ㧘ǰ૏⟎
ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ߡࠃ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ߡ߃߹〯ࠍߣߎߩߎޕ‬㧘(64)㧘(65)ߩ᭴ㅧࠍ␜ߖ߫㧘ᄦ‫ޘ‬㧘
(66)㧘(67)ߩ᭽ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
͘!:3!͘
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(66)
͘!:4!͘
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(67)
͘!:5!͘
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sibuk ဳ COD ᭴ᢥ
sibuk ߪ(68)ߩ᭽ߦ㧘േ૞ਥ߇ਥᢥߩਥ⺆ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ᭴ᢥߩઁߦ㧘(69)ߩ᭽ߦ㧘⵬ᢥਛ
ߩⵍേ⠪߇ਥᢥߩਥ⺆ߣหߓ⺒ߺࠍਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆ᭴ᢥ߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(68)̌…para jemaah tidak perlu fikirkan bagaimana untuk mendapatkan makanan ketika
sibuk mengerjakan haji,̍ ujarnya.
㧔Ꮌ␞࿅ߩੱ‫ߪޘ‬Ꮌ␞ߩᚑዞߦൕߒࠎߢ޿ࠆᤨߦ㧘ߤ߁߿ߞߡ㘩ߴ‛ࠍ⺞㆐ߒࠃ߁
߆ߣ⸒߁᭽ߥߎߣࠍ⠨߃ࠆߦߪ෸߮߹ߖࠎ㧕
(UM Online, 2/3/2002)
(69)…kerja-kerja ke arah itu sibuk dilakukan bermula bulan November.
㧔ߘࠇࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ 11 ᦬߆ࠄߘߩ૞ᬺ߇ᧄᩰ⊛ߦⴕࠊࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㧕
(UM Online, 11/11/2002)
ߎߩ sibuk ဳ㧯㧻㧰᭴ᢥߪ㧘೨┨ߢᛒߞߚ㧘layak ဳ COD ᭴ᢥߣ⇣ߥࠅ㧘ⵍേ⠪߇ਥ▵ߩ
ਥ⺆ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆᤨߦ㧘sibuk ߣ޿߁ዻᕈ߇Ꮻዻߔࠆߩߪ㧘ਥ⺆ߢ޽ࠆⵍേ⠪ߢߪߥߊ㧘
৻⽾ߒߡ㧘⵬ᢥਛߩേ૞ਥߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬᭴ᢥߢߪ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆߇േ૞ਥߩ႐ว㧘⵬ᢥߩਥ
⺆ߩ૏⟎ߦߪ PRO ߇⃻ࠊࠇ㧘PRO ߪ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߣห৻ߩ⸃㉼ࠍਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬හߜ㧘ߎ
ߩ᭴ᢥߩ႐วߦߪ㧘ਥ⺆ߦ૗߇᧪ߡ߽㧘sibuk ߣ޿߁ዻᕈ߇Ꮻዻߔࠆߩߪ㧘⵬ᢥਛߩേ૞
ਥߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ὐ߇㧘೨┨ߢᛒߞߚ㧘layak ဳ㧯㧻㧰᭴ᢥߣ⇣ߥࠆ‫ޕ‬layak ဳ㧯㧻㧰᭴ᢥߩ
႐วߦߪ㧘layak ߣ޿߁ዻᕈߪਥ⺆ߦᏫߔࠆߩߢ㧘ਥ⺆߇ᄌࠊࠇ߫㧘ᒰὼߘߩᢥߩ⸃㉼߽
⇣ߥࠆߩߪ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢⷰߡ߈ߚߣߎࠈߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ sibuk ဳ㧯㧻㧰᭴ᢥߣหߓ․ᓽࠍᜬߞߚ᭴ᢥࠍ૞ࠆᒻኈ⹖ߣߒߡߪ㧘malas㧔ᕃߌࠆ㧘
ࠨࡏࠆ㧕㧘malu㧔ᕯߕ߆ߒ޿㧕߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬malas, malu ࠍ૶ߞߚ଀ࠍ᜼ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬
(70)Pinggan mangkuk malas dicuci ibu.
㧔߅Უߐࠎߪ㕙ୟߊߐ߇ߞߡ㘩ེࠍᵞ޿߹ߖࠎ㧕
(71)Baju menjolok mata macam tu malu kupakai.
㧔ߘࠎߥੱ⋡ࠍᗖߊ᦯ࠍ⑳ߪᕯߕ߆ߒߊߡ⌕ࠄࠇ߹ߖࠎ㧕
(70)ߢߪ㧘malas㧔ᕃߌࠆ㧘ࠨࡏࠆ㧕ߣ޿߁ዻᕈߩᏫዻవߪ㧘pinggan mangkuk㧔㘩ེ㘃㧕
ߢߪߥߊ㧘⥄ಽߩᲣⷫߢ޽ࠆ‫(ޕ‬69)ߢ߽㧘malu㧔ᕯߕ߆ߒ޿㧕ߣ޿߁ዻᕈߩᏫዻవߪਥ⺆
ߩ baju menjolok mata 㧔ੱ⋡ࠍᗖߊ᦯㧕ߢߪߥߊ㧘aku㧔ࠊߚߒ㧕ߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠅ߹⹣ޕ‬㧘
(70)㧘(71)ߪ㧘ᄦ‫ޘ‬㧘(72)㧘(73)ߩ᭽ߦ⸒޿឵߃ߡ߽㧘ߘࠇߩᗧ๧ߔࠆᚲߦᄌᦝࠍ᧪ߚߔߎ
ߣߪߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(72)Ibu malas mencuci pinggan mangkuk.
㧔߅Უߐࠎߪ㕙ୟߊߐ߇ߞߡ㘩ེࠍᵞ޿߹ߖࠎ㧕
(73)Aku malu memakai baju menjolok mata macam tu.
㧔ߘࠎߥੱ⋡ࠍᗖߊ᦯ࠍ⑳ߪᕯߕ߆ߒߊߡ⌕ࠄࠇ߹ߖࠎ㧕
(72)ߣ(73)ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘malas㧔ᕃߌࠆ㧘ࠨࡏࠆ㧕㧘malu㧔ᕯߕ߆ߒ޿㧕ߣ޿߁ᒻኈ⹖ߪਥ
▵ߩਥ⺆ߩዻᕈࠍ⴫ࠊߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩᢥߩ᭴ㅧ߽㧘ibu㧘aku ߇ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎
ࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫੹ޕ‬㧘(73)ߩ᭴ㅧࠍ࿑␜ߔࠇ߫㧘(74)ߩ᭽ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
͘!:6!͘
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(74)
৻ᣇ㧘(70)߿(71)ߢ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆߇㧘ߘࠇߦ⛯ߊᒻኈ⹖ߩᏫዻߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁⸃
㉼߇ߥߐࠇߥ޿ߣ޿߁ὐ߆ࠄ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘layak ߣߪৼᐲ෻ኻߦ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߣߘߩᓟߩᒻ
ኈ⹖ߣߩ㑆ߦ㧘㓒ߚࠅ߇޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬㓒ߚࠅ߇޽ࠆ߆ࠄߎߘ㧘‫ޟ‬㘩ེ㘃
㧔pinggan mangkuk㧕߇ᕃߌ⠪㧔malas㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ࠍ⋡ੱޟ‬ᗖߊ᦯㧔baju mencolok
mata㧕߇ᕯߕ߆ߒ޿ߣᗵߓࠆ㧔malu㧕‫ߚߞ޿ߣޠ‬ṖⓀߥ⸃㉼ߦ㒱ࠆෂ㒾ᕈࠍ⠨߃ߡᕁ޿ᾘ
߁ߎߣߪߥ޿ߩߛߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬෶㧘ઁߩ㧯㧻㧰᭴ᢥߣหߓߊ㧘ᩰࠍઃਈߐࠇࠆ૏⟎㧘හߜ㧘
޿ࠊࠁࠆੱ⒓ᒻߩᓟᣇߩ૏⟎߆ࠄ⒖േ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆߣߔࠇ߫㧘ߎߩ᭽ߥ⒖േߪ㧘 㧭u
⒖േߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘ᒰὼ⒖േవߪ㧘㧭uߩ૏⟎ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠆߩߢ㧘㧯㧼ߩᜰቯㇱ
㧔Spec㧕ߣߥࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘(70)ߢ㧘pinggan mangkuk ߇භ߼ߡ޿ࠆ૏⟎ࠍ㧘ਥ㗴
ߩ૏⟎ߣ⠨߃ࠇ߫㧘pinggan mangkuk ߣ malas ߣ޿߁ㅀ⺆ᒻኈ⹖ߩ㑆ߦߪ㧘ⓨߩਥ⺆ߩ૏
⟎߇੺࿷ߔࠆߩߢ㧘ਔⷐ⚛ߩ⋥ធߩ⚿߮ߟ߈߇㒖ᱛߐࠇࠆߩߢ㧘ߎ߁޿߁᭴ㅧࠍ઒ቯߔࠇ
߫㧘ߎߩᢥߩ⸃㉼ࠍ෻ᤋߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩߎߣࠍ〯߹߃ߡ㧘(71)ߩ᭴ㅧࠍ࿑␜ߔ
ࠇ߫㧘(75)ߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
͘!:7!͘
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(75)
(71)ߩ᭴ㅧ߇(75)ߩ᭽ߢ޽ࠆߣߔࠆߣ㧘malu ߣ޿߁ᒻኈ⹖߇㧘⒖േߒߚ࠯ࡠṶ▚ሶߩ޽ࠆ
૏⟎㧘හߜ malu ߩ㧯㧼⵬ᢥߩᜰቯㇱ㧔Spec㧕ࠃࠅ߽਄ߦ޽ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ߪߢ߹߹ߩߎޕ‬㧘
ᱜߒ޿⸃㉼߇ߥߐࠇߥ޿ߩߢ㧘malu ࠍ㧯㧼ߩౝㇱߦ⒖ߔᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬malu ߪᦨዊᛩ኿ X0㧘
හߜਥⷐㇱߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘ਥⷐㇱߩ⒖േవߪ㧘ਥⷐㇱߢߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߩߢ㧘⒖േవߩ୥
⵬ߣߒߡߪ㧘㧯ߣ㧵߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬malu ߪ kupakai㧔⑳߇⌕ࠆ㧕ߩ㧘ku-㧔⑳㧕ߣ⋥ធ⊛ߥ㑐ࠊ
ࠅࠍ߽ߟ੐߆ࠄ⠨߃ߡ㧘kupakai㧔⑳ߪ⌕ࠆ㧕ߣ޿߁േ⹖ߩ⋥೨ߩ૏⟎ߦ⟎ߊߩ߇ㆡᒰߣ
ᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬හߜ㧘malu ߩ⒖േవߣߒߡߪ㧘kupakai ߩߔߋᏀߦ޽ࠆ㧵ߩ૏⟎߇ㆡᒰߢ޽ࠈ
߁‫(ޕ‬71)ߩ malu ߪਥ▵ߩਥ⺆㧘හߜ baju menjolok
mata macam tu ߩዻᕈߢߪߥߊ㧘
kupakai㧔⑳ߪ⌕ࠆ㧕ߣ޿߁േ⹖ਛߩធ⺆ઍฬ⹖ߩㇱಽߢ޽ࠆ ku-ߩዻᕈߣ޿߁⸃㉼ࠍฃߌ
ࠆߣ޿߁ὐߦᾖࠄߒวࠊߖߡ߽㧘malu ߇ߎߩ૏⟎ߦേߊߩߪㆡᒰߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬రߩ૏⟎ߦ
͘!:8!͘
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߅ߌࠆ malu ߩ࿾૏ࠍ㧘⁛┙ߒߚ㗔ਥߩ࿾૏ߦ⼌߃ࠆߣߔࠇ߫㧘⒖േߒߚᓟߩ malu ߩ࿾૏
ߪ㧘േ⹖ߣ޿߁㗔࿾ౝߩ㇭ઍߣ߽⸒߁ߴ߈㧘ᓥዻ⊛ߥ࿾૏ߦ⼌߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬IP ߩਥⷐㇱߢ
޽ࠆ I ߩ૏⟎ߪ㧘േ⹖ߦᓥዻߔࠆ㗔ၞߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎߎߩ૏⟎ߦ޽ࠆ߽ߩߪ㧘േ⹖ߣ౒ߦ㧘േ
૞ਥߣኒធߥㅪ㑐ࠍᚑߔ‫(ޕ‬73)ߩ᭽ߦ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆߇േ૞ਥߢ߽޽ࠆ႐วߪ㧘ᒰὼߩ੐ߥ
߇ࠄ㧘I ߩ૏⟎ߦ޽ࠆഥേ⹖ߪ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߣኒធߥᗧ๧⊛ㅪ㑐ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ߇㧘(71)ߩ᭽
ߦ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆߇㧘ⵍേ⠪ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ႐วߦߪ㧘ߎߩਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߣ㧘ኒធߥᗧ๧⊛ㅪ㑐
ࠍ᭴ᚑߖߕ㧘േ૞ਥࠍ⴫ࠊߔ㧘േ⹖ਛߩធ⺆ઍฬ⹖ߣኒធߦ㑐ࠊࠅࠍᚑߔߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩߎߣࠍ㧘ഥേ⹖߇಴ߡߊࠆ(76)ߩ଀ߢ⺑᣿ߒߡߺࠃ߁‫(ޕ‬76)ߩ⸃㉼ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ഥേ
⹖ߩ mahu㧔᰼ߔࠆ㧘ᦸ߻㧕ߪ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߢ޽ࠆ gadis itu㧔ߘߩዋᅚ㧕ߣᗧ๧⊛ߥㅪ㑐ࠍ
᭴ᚑߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘േ૞ਥࠍ⴫ࠊߔ㧘kucium㧔௢߇ធ่ߔࠆ㧕ߣ޿߁േ⹖ਛߩធ⺆ᒻ৻
ੱ⒓ઍฬ⹖ߣኒធߥㅪ㑐ࠍ᭴ᚑߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬හߜ㧘ߎߩ႐ว㧘ធ่ߒߚ޿ߣ᰼ߒߡ޿ࠆਥ૕
ߪ㧘gadis itu ߢߪߥߊߡ㧘kucium㧔௢߇ធ่ߔࠆ㧕ߣ޿߁േ⹖ਛߩ ku-㧔௢㧕ߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(76)Gadis itu mahu kucium.
㧔ߘߩዋᅚߦ௢ߪធ่ߒߚ޿㧕
(76)ߩ᭴ㅧࠍ࿑␜ߔࠇ߫㧘(77)ߩ᭽ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
(77)
ߎߩ㧘ഥേ⹖ߩ଀ࠍෳ⠨ߦߒߡ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘(74)ߩ malu㧔ᕯߕ߆ߒ޿㧕ࠍ㧘(77)ߩ᭽ߦ㧘
ਅᣇߩ I ߩ૏⟎ߦ⒖േߐߖࠆᣇᑼࠍขࠆߩ߇ᅷᒰߥᵷ↢ᣇᴺߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ߩߎޕ‬ᣇᑼ㧔੹ᓟߎ
ߩᠲ૞ࠍᒻኈ⹖㒠ਅߣ๭߱ߎߣߦߔࠆ㧕ࠍขࠇ߫㧘malu ߪ㧘ഥേ⹖ߣหߓߊ㧘േ૞ਥߣ
ኒធߥᗧ๧⊛ㅪ㑐ࠍ᭴ᚑߒ㧘malu ߪേ⹖ਛߩ ku-ߩዻᕈߣᝒ߃ࠄࠇࠆߩߢ㧘(78)ߪߎߩᢥ
ߩ⸃㉼ࠍᔘታߦ෻ᤋߒߚ᭴ㅧߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
͘!:9!͘
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(78)
(71)ߪ㧘‫ޟ‬௢ߪߘࠎߥ⋡┙ߟ᦯ߪᕯߕ߆ߒߊߡ⌕ࠄࠇߥ޿‫޽ߢߺߩࠆ޽߇㉼⸃߁޿ߣޠ‬
ࠆ߇㧘(79)ߪ㧘ੑㅢࠅߩ⸃㉼߇ᚑ┙ߟ‫ޕ‬ੑߟߩ⸃㉼ࠍ㧘ᢥߩਅߦ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
(79)Beruk malu kucium.
Ԙ௢ߪࡉ࡞࠶ࠢ₎ߦᕯߕ߆ߒߊߡធ่ߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ԙࡉ࡞࠶ࠢ₎ߪ௢ߦធ่ߐࠇࠆߩ߇ᕯߕ߆ߒߊߡህ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(71)ߢߪ㧘baju menjolok mata macam tu 㧔ߘࠎߥ⋡┙ߟ᦯㧕ߪ㧘ή↢‛ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘ή↢
‛߇ߘ߽ߘ߽ᕯߕ߆ߒ޿ߣ޿߁ᗵᖱࠍᜬߟߎߣ߇⠨߃ࠄࠇߥ޿ߩߢ㧘‫߇᦯ߟ┙⋡ߥࠎߘޟ‬
௢ߦ⌕ࠄࠇࠆߩ߇ᕯߕ߆ߒ޿ߣᗵߓߚ‫ᦨߪ㉼⸃߁޿ߣޠ‬ೋ߆ࠄឃ㒰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘(79)ߩ
႐วߦߪ㧘⍮⢻ߩ㜞޿㘃ੱ₎ߢ޽ࠆࡉ࡞࠶ࠢ₎߇ᕯߕ߆ߒ޿ߣ޿߁ᗵᖱࠍᜬߟߎߣߪ㧘⏕
߆߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ⸶ߢߪߥ޿ߣߪ⸒߃㧘ਇน⢻ߥߎߣߢ߽ߥ޿ߩߢ㧘ԙߩ᭽ߥ⸃㉼߇น⢻ߣ
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ߥߞߚߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫(ޕ‬71)ߩ⸃㉼ࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔ᭴ㅧߪ㧘(78)ߩ᭽ߦ㧘ᒻኈ⹖㒠ਅߣ޿߁ᠲ૞߇ដ
߆ߞߚ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ߚ‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ㧘ߎߩᢥߩᵷ↢ߩߺࠍ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆ㒢ࠅߢߪ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆߇ⵍ
േ⠪ߩ႐ว㧘ᒻኈ⹖㒠ਅߪ⟵ോ⊛ߦដ߆ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ߆߽⍮ࠇߥ޿߇㧘(79)ߩᢥ߇ᦌᤒߢ޽
ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽⠨ᘦߦ౉ࠇࠆߣ㧘ߎߩᒻኈ⹖㒠ਅߣ޿߁ᠲ૞ߪ㓐ᗧ⊛ᠲ૞ߣ⸒ࠊߥߌࠇ߫
ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬හߜ㧘(80)ߩ᭽ߦᒻኈ⹖㒠ਅ߇ដ߆ࠆߣ㧘 (79)ߩԘߩ⸃㉼߇↢߹ࠇ㧘(81)ߩ᭽
ߦ㧘ᒻኈ⹖㒠ਅ߇ដ߆ࠄߥߌࠇ߫㧘malu㧔ᕯߕ߆ߒ޿㧕ߣ޿߁ዻᕈߪਥᢥߩਥ⺆ߢ޽ࠆ㧘
ࡉ࡞࠶ࠢ₎ߦᏫߖࠄࠇ㧘(79)ߩԙߩ⸃㉼߇↢߹ࠇࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
(80)
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(81)
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ᒻኈ⹖㒠ਅߣ㘃ૃߩ⃻⽎
೨┨ߢ㧘ᒻኈ⹖㒠ਅߣ޿߁ᠲ૞߇㓐ᗧ⊛ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍਥᒛߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᠲ૞߇㓐ᗧ⊛ߢ޽
ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘(78)ߩᢥߦ㧘ੑㅢࠅߩ⸃㉼߇↢ߓࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ߣࠇߎޕ‬㘃ૃߩᠲ૞ߪ㧘േ
⹖ߦ߽⷗ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬೨ߦᛒߞߚ(76)ߩᢥ㧔(82)ߣߒߡౣឝߔࠆ㧕ߪ㧘߽߁৻ߟߩ⸃㉼߇ᚑ┙
ߟ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬㧘‫ߩߘޟ‬ዋᅚߪ௢ߦធ่ߐࠇߚ޿ߣᕁߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕࠆ޽ߢ㉼⸃߁޿ߣޠ‬හߜ㧘
(82)ߪ㧘(79)ห᭽㧘ᰴߩ᭽ߦੑㅢࠅߩ⸃㉼߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(82)(=76)Gadis itu mahu kucium.
Ԙߘߩዋᅚߦ௢ߪធ่ߒߚ޿‫ޕ‬
ԙߘߩዋᅚߪ௢ߦធ่ߐࠇߚ޿ߣᕁߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
╩⠪ߪ㧘ԙߩ⸃㉼ߢߪ㧘mahu ߪᧄേ⹖ߣߒߡ૶ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߦኻߒߡ㧘Ԙߩ⸃㉼ߢߪ㧘
mahu ߪഥേ⹖ߣߒߡ૶ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ㧘ᱜ଻㧔1995㧕ߢਥᒛߒߚ߇㧘mahu ߪᧄേ⹖ߢ޽ߞ
ߡ㧘ߘߩᧄേ⹖߇ I ߩ૏⟎ߦ㒠ਅน⢻ߥേ⹖ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߒ߽ޕ‬㧘mahu
ߣ޿߁േ⹖߇㒠ਅߒߥߌࠇ߫㧘ԙߩ⸃㉼߇↢ߓ㧘ᧄേ⹖ߩ mahu ߇ I ߩ૏⟎ߦ㒠ਅߔࠇ߫㧘
Ԙߩ⸃㉼ࠍ↢ߓࠆߣ⠨߃ࠇ߫㧘ᒻኈ⹖㒠ਅߣ޿߁ᠲ૞ߣ㧘ਗⴕ⊛ߦ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩ
ߢ㧘หߓᄌᒻᠲ૞ߣߒߡ㧘➙߼ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߢ㧘ᢥᴺ⸥ㅀߩ◲ẖᕈߣ޿߁㕙߆ࠄ߽ᅢ
߹ߒ޿ᣇᑼߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᒻኈ⹖㒠ਅߣห᭽ߩᠲ૞߇㧘േ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡ߽ㆡ↪ߒᓧࠆߣ޿
߁೨ឭߦ┙ߡ߫㧘(82)ߩԘߩ⸃㉼ࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔၮߦߥࠆ᭴ㅧߪ㧘(83)ߢ޽ࠅ㧘(82)ߩԙߩ⸃㉼
ࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔၮߦߥࠆ᭴ㅧߪ㧘(84)ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
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(83)
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(84)
ᰴߩ(84)㧘(85)ߩ⸃㉼ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘lupa, berjaya ߣ޿߁⥄േ⹖ߪ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߣᗧ๧਄ኒ
ធߥㅪ㑐ࠍ᭴ᚑߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘േ⹖ਛߩធ⺆ઍฬ⹖ߣ㧘ᗧ๧਄ኒធߥㅪ㑐ࠍ᭴ᚑߒ
ߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬੐ታࠍ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩᢥߩ᭴ㅧߦ෻ᤋߐߖࠆߣߔࠇ߫㧘േ⹖ࠍ I ߩ૏⟎ߦ㒠ਅߐ
ߖࠆᠲ૞ࠍ઒ቯߔࠆߎߣ߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ࠅ߹⹣ޕ‬㧘ᒻኈ⹖ߩ႐วߣห᭽㧘⥄േ⹖㧔ߩ৻ㇱ㧕
߇ I ߳ߩ㒠ਅࠍߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ഥേ⹖ߩ᭽ߦ㧘േ૞ਥߣኒធߥㅪ㑐ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ
ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘ߎߩ⥄േ⹖ߩ㒠ਅ߇ㆡ↪ߐࠇߚ᭴ㅧ߇(85)㧘(86)ߩ⸃㉼ࠍዉ߈಴ߔၮ
ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
(85)Buku itu lupa kubawa.
㧔௢ߪߘߩᧄࠍᜬߞߡ᧪ࠆߩࠍᔓࠇߚ㧕
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(86)Penjenayah itu berjaya ditangkap plolis.
㧔ߘߩ‽⟋⠪ࠍ⼊ኤߪ᝝߹߃ࠆߩߦᚑഞߒߚ㧕
lupa, berjaya ߇㒠ਅߒߡ㧘৻⇟ਅߩ VP ߩ⋥೨ߩ I ߩ૏⟎ߦ⒖േߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘ഥേ⹖
ߣหߓߊ㧘േ૞ਥ㧘හߜേ⹖ ditangkap polis ਛߩ polis ߣኒធߥᗧ๧⊛ㅪ㑐ࠍ᭴ᚑߒᤃ޿૏
⟎ࠍභ߼ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߩߢ㧘lupa ߇ penjenayah ߣᗧ๧⊛ߥㅪ㑐ࠍ᭴ᚑߒߚࠅ㧘berjaya ߇
penjenayah ߣᗧ๧⊛ߥㅪ㑐ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆߎߣ߇ㆱߌࠄࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫⥄ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬േ⹖ߪ㧘
mahu ߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ㧘േ⹖㒠ਅ߇㓐ᗧ⊛ߢߪߥߊ㧘ⵍേ⠪߇ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߦߥߞߚ႐วߦߪ㧘
⟵ോ⊛ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬㧘ᰴߩ᭽ߥᢥ߇⹺߼ࠄࠇߥ޿ߎߣ߆ࠄ߽ಽ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(87)*Saya lupa dibawanya dengan kereta ke hospital.
㧔㧖⑳ߪᓐߦゞߢ∛㒮߹ߢㅪࠇߡ޿ߞߡ⾃߁ߩࠍᔓࠇߡߒ߹ߞߚ㧕
(88)*Pesakit itu berjaya dibunuh isterinya.
㧔㧖ߘߩ∛ੱߪ⥄ಽߩᆄߦ߁߹ߊᲕߐࠇߚ㧕
߽ߒ mahu ߩ᭽ߦ㧘േ⹖㒠ਅ߇㓐ᗧ⊛ߢ޽ࠆߥࠄ߫㧘㒠ਅ߇ដ߆ࠄߥ޿᭴ㅧ߇㧘(87), (88)
ߩ⸃㉼ࠍ⸵ߔ╫ߛ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫(ޕ‬85)ߩ᭴ㅧࠍ࿑␜ߔࠇ߫㧘(89)ߩ᭽ߦߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(89)
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(85)ߣߪㅒߦ㧘േ૞ਥ߇ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆᢥ(90)ߩ᭴ㅧߪ(91)ߩ᭽ߦߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(90)Saya lupa membawa buku itu.
㧔⑳ߪߘߩᧄࠍᜬߞߡߊࠆߩࠍᔓࠇߚ㧕
(91)
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⚿⺆
ᧄ⺰ߢߪਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߣ㧘ᒻኈ⹖⵬ᢥਛߦሽ࿷ߔࠆⓨᚲ߇ห৻ᜰ␜⊛ߣ⸃㉼ߐࠇࠆ޿ࠊࠁ
ࠆ COD㧔Complement Subject Deletion㧕᭴ᢥߣ๭߫ࠇࠆ᭴ᢥߦ⷗ࠄࠆ⻉․ᓽߦߟ޿ߡ
⠨ኤߒ㧘ߘߩ․ᓽߦၮߠ޿ߡ㧘Ԙsukar ဳ㧘ԙlayak ဳ㧘Ԛsibuk ဳߦಽ㘃ߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ਛ㧘
Ԙߩ sukar ဳߪ㧘ਥ⺆ߦⓨߩᒻᑼઍฬ⹖(EXE)ࠍขࠆᰴߩ᭽ߥ᭴ᢥ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߎߩ
ὐ߇ઁߩࡄ࠲࡯ࡦߣ඙೎ߐࠇࠆὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(92)=(30)Adalah sukar untuk rakyat negara ini menguasai ilmu dan maklumat
yang ada.
㧔ߎߩ࿖ߩ࿖᳃߇⃻࿷ߩቇ໧߿ᖱႎࠍๆ෼ߔࠆߩߪ㔍ߒ޿ߎߣߥߩߢ޽ࠆ㧕
ᰴߩ(93)ߪ㧘(94)ߩ᭴ㅧ߆ࠄ⵬ᢥਥ⺆ߩ kita ࠍ㧘ਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎߳⒖േߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ
↢ߓߚߣ⠨߃ߚ‫ޕ‬
(93)Kita sukar memahami makna tersembunyi syair ini.
㧔ᚒ‫ߩߎ߇ޘ‬㖿ᢥߩ⒁߼ࠄࠇߚᗧ๧ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߩߪ㔍ߒ޿㧕
(94)*Sukar kita memahami makna tersembunyi syair ini.
㧔㧖ᚒ‫ߩߎ߇ޘ‬㖿ᢥߩ⒁߼ࠄࠇߚᗧ๧ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߩߪ㔍ߒ޿㧕
(94)ߪ㧘⵬ᢥਥ⺆ߩ kita ߇ᩰࠍઃਈߐࠇߥ޿ߩߢ㧘ߎߩ߹߹ߩ૏⟎ߢߪ㕖ᢥߣߥࠆ‫ߎޕ‬
ߩ kita ࠍਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߦ⒖േߐߖࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘kita ߪߎߩਥ▵ߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߢᩰ
ࠍᓧࠄࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
ԙߩ layak ဳ߇㧘ઁߩࡄ࠲࡯ࡦߣ⇣ߥࠆὐߪ㧘layak ߩᏀߦ⃻ࠊࠇࠆฬ⹖ฏ߇㧘⵬ᢥਛ
ߩേ૞ਥߦኻᔕߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߆㧘⵬ᢥਛߩⵍേ⠪ߦኻᔕߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߆ߦࠃߞߡ㧘⇣
ߥࠆ⸃㉼߇↢ߓࠆߣ޿߁ὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪߣߎߩߎޕ‬㧘ᰴߩਔᢥߩ⸃㉼ߩ㆑޿ߦࠃߞߡ᣿ࠄ߆ߢ
޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(95)Syair Parsi ini tidak layak untuk kita terjemahkan.
㧔ߎߩࡍ࡞ࠪࡖߩ㖿ᢥߪᚒ‫ߦߔ⸶߇ޘ‬୯ߒߥ޿߽ߩߛ㧕
(96)Kita tidak layak untuk menterjemhakan syair Parsi ini.
㧔ᚒ‫ߩࡖࠪ࡞ࡍߩߎߪޘ‬㖿ᢥࠍ⸶ߔߩߦㆡߒߡ޿ߥ޿㧕
ߎࠇࠄਔᢥߩ⸃㉼ߩ⋧㆑ߪ㧘ㅀㇱߢ޽ࠆ layak ߣ⋥ធ㑐ㅪࠍᜬߟⷐ⚛ߦଐሽߒߡ޿ࠆߣ
⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߩߢ㧘(95)ߩ syair Parsi ini㧔ߎߩࡍ࡞ࠪࡖߩ㖿ᢥ㧕㧘(96)ߩ kita㧔ᚒ‫ޘ‬㧕ߪ
ㅀㇱߢ޽ࠆ layak ߣኒធߥ㑐ㅪࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ૏⟎㧘හߜਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠇ
߫㧘ߎࠇࠄਔᢥߩ⸃㉼ߩ⋧㆑ࠍ⥄ὼߣ⺑᣿ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Ԛߩ sibuk ဳߦ౉ࠆᒻኈ⹖ߦߪ㧘malas 㧔ంധߦߔࠆ㧘㕙ୟ߇ߞߡ߿ࠄߥ޿㧕߿ malu
㧔ᕯߕ߆ߒ߇ࠆ㧕߇޽ࠆ‫ߪߢࡦ࡯࠲ࡄߩߎޕ‬㧘ᒻኈ⹖⵬ᢥਛߩⵍേ⠪߇ᢥ㗡ߩ૏⟎ࠍභ߼
ࠆ(97)ߩ᭽ߥᢥߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ⵍേ⠪ߣㅀㇱᒻኈ⹖ߪ㧘ኒធߥ㑐ଥࠍ᭴ᚑߖߕ㧘߻ߒࠈㅀㇱ
ᒻኈ⹖ߪ㧘⵬ᢥਛߩേ⹖ߩ৻ㇱߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆേ૞ਥߣኒធߥ㑐ㅪࠍ᭴ᚑߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄ
ࠇࠆ‫(ޕ‬97)ߩ⸃㉼ߪ㧘ߘࠇߩⵣઃߌߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
(97)Baju menjolok mata macam itu malu kupakai.
㧔ߘࠎߥ⋡┙ߟ᦯ࠍ⑳ߪᕯߕ߆ߒߊߡ⌕ࠄࠇߥ޿㧕
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ߎߩ⸃㉼ࠍ෻ᤋߔࠆ᭴ㅧࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘baju menjolok mata macam itu㧔ߘࠎߥ⋡┙ߟ
᦯㧕ߪ㧘ㅀㇱߩ malu ߣ⋥ធ⊛ߥㅪ㑐ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎ߢߪߥߊ㧘ਥ㗴ߩ૏⟎ࠍභ߼
ߡ޿ࠆ᭴ㅧࠍᕁ޿ߟߊ‫ޕ‬ਥ㗴ߩ૏⟎ߦ޽ࠆⷐ⚛ߪ㧘ㅀㇱߩᒻኈ⹖ߣߪ〒㔌ࠍ⟎޿ߚ૏⟎ߦ
޽ࠆߩߢ㧘baju menjolok mata macam itu㧔ߘࠎߥ⋡┙ߟ᦯㧕߇ㅀㇱᒻኈ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ
malu㧔ᕯߕ߆ߒ޿㧕ߣ⋥ធ⊛ߥㅪ㑐ࠍ᭴ᚑߒߡ㧘‫߇᦯ߟ┙⋡ߥࠎߘޟ‬ᕯߕ߆ߒ޿‫޿ߣޠ‬
߁㧘ṖⓀߥ⸃㉼߇↢ߕࠆߩߪ࿁ㆱߢ߈ࠆ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘(97)ߩᢥߩᱜߒ޿⸃㉼߇ዉ߈಴ߐࠇࠆ
ߚ߼ߦߪ㧘ਥ▵ߩㅀㇱᒻኈ⹖ࠍ㧘⸃㉼਄ߘࠇߣኒធߥㅪ㑐ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ㧘⵬ᢥਛߩേ⹖ߩ৻
ㇱߢ޽ࠆേ૞ਥߦ㓞ធߒߚ૏⟎ߢ޽ࠆ㧘⵬ᢥਛߩ VP ߣᆌᆂ㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆ I ߩ૏⟎ߦਅ㒠ߐ
ߖࠆߣ޿߁ᄌᒻᠲ૞ࠍ઒ቯߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘(97)ߩ⸃㉼ࠍᔘታߦ෻ᤋߔࠆ᭴ㅧߦㄡࠅߟߊߎߣ
߇ߢ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬ᒻኈ⹖㒠ਅ߇ដ߆ࠄߥߌࠇ߫㧘ㅀㇱᒻኈ⹖߇㧘࠯ࡠṶ▚ሶߩ⒖േవߢ޽ࠆ⵬ᢥ
CP ߩᜰቯㇱ(specifier )ࠃࠅ߽਄ߦ૏⟎ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߎࠇߢߪ㧘࠯ࡠṶ▚ሶߩ㗔ၞᄖߦ޽ࠆ
ߩߢ㧘ᱜߒ޿⸃㉼߇಴ߡߎߥ޿‫߁޿߁ߎޕ‬ℂ↱߆ࠄ߽㧘ㅀㇱᒻኈ⹖ߪ㒠ਅߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ
ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ㅀㇱᒻኈ⹖ߩ㒠ਅవߢ޽ࠆ I ߪ㧘ഥേ⹖߇භ߼ࠆ૏⟎ߢ߽޽ࠅ㧘ߎߩ૏⟎ࠍභ
߼ࠆഥേ⹖ߪ⸃㉼਄㧘േ૞ਥߣኒធߥㅪ㑐ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ‫ߪߣߎߩߎޕ‬㧘(98)ߩᢥߩ⸃㉼ߦ߅
޿ߡ㧘mahu㧔᰼ߔࠆ㧘㨪ߒߚ޿ߣᕁ߁㧕ߪ㧘േ⹖ kubunuh㧔ୋߪᲕߔ㧕ਛߩേ૞ਥࠍ
⴫ࠊߔㇱಽߩ ku-ߣኒធߥᗧ๧⊛ㅪ㑐ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ‫ࠄ߆ߎߘޕ‬㧘‫ޟ‬ୋߪ߅೨ࠍᲕߒߚ޿‫ߣޠ‬
޿߁⸃㉼߇಴ߡߊࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
(98)Kau mahu kubunuh.
㧔ୋߪ߅೨ࠍᲕߒߚ޿㧕
(98)ߩ଀ߦࠃߞߡ߽ಽ߆ࠆ᭽ߦ㧘VP ߣᆌᆂ㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆ I ߪ㧘േ⹖ฏߣኒធߥᗧ๧⊛ㅪ㑐
ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ૏⟎ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘ߎߩ૏⟎ߦㅀㇱᒻኈ⹖ࠍ㒠ਅߐߖࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ഥേ⹖ߩ႐
วߣหߓߊ㧘ߘࠇߣᆌᆂ㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆ VP ߣኒធߥᗧ๧⊛ㅪ㑐ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᧄ⺰ߢਥᒛߒߚᒻኈ⹖㒠ਅߪ㧘sibuk ဳߩ႐ว㧘ᒻኈ⹖⵬ᢥਛߩⵍേ⠪߇㧘ਥ㗴ߣห৻
ᜰ␜⊛ߢ޽ࠆ(99)ߩ᭽ߥ႐วߦߪ㧘⟵ോ⊛ߢ޽ࠆ႐ว߇ᄙ޿‫ޕ‬
(99)Beruk malu kucium.
㧔௢ߪᕯߕ߆ߒߊߡࡉ࡞࠶ࠢ₎ߦធ่ߢ߈ߥ޿㧕
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ߎߩᢥߦߪ㧘‫ߦ⑳ߪ₎ࠢ࠶࡞ࡉޟ‬ធ่ߐࠇࠆߩࠍᕯߕ߆ߒߊߡህ߇ߞߡ޿
ࠆ‫߽㉼⸃߁޿ߣޠ‬ሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫ߺ↢ࠍ㉼⸃ߩߎޕ‬಴ߔ᭴ㅧߪ㧘೨ㅀߩ(81)ߩ᭽ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎߩ⸃
㉼ߢߪ㧘ㅀㇱᒻኈ⹖ malu ߪ㧘₎ߩᔃℂߣኒធߦ㑐ࠊߞߡߊࠆ⺆ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘ߎߩ⸃㉼ߢ
ߪ㧘ᒻኈ⹖ߩ㒠ਅߪដ߆ߞߡ޿ߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᰴߩ(101)ߩᢥߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘ᒻኈ⹖ malu ߩ㒠ਅߪ⿠ߎߞߡ޿ߥ޿‫(ޕ‬101)ߩ᭴ㅧࠍ␜ߖ
߫㧘(102)ߩ᭽ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(101)Beruk malu menciumku.
㧔ࡉ࡞࠶ࠢ₎ߪ௢ߦធ่ߔࠆߩ߇ᕯߕ߆ߒߊߡߢ߈ߥ޿㧕
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(102)
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ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
ᱜ଻ാ(1994-a)‫ߩ⺆ࠕࠪ࡯࡟ࡑޟ‬ㅀ⺆⵬ᢥ‫᧲ޡޠ‬੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ⺰㓸 48‫ޢ‬㧚᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ.
(1994-b) ‫ߩ⺆ࠕࠪ࡯࡟ࡑޟ‬ᄌ㗄‫᧲ޡޠ‬੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ⺰㓸 49‫ޢ‬㧚᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ.
(1995) ‫ ߩ⺆ࠕࠪ࡯࡟ࡑޟ‬IP ᭴ㅧߣੱ⒓ᒻ‫᧲ޡޠ‬੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ⺰㓸 51‫ޢ‬㧚᧲੩ᄖ࿖
˴⺆ᄢቇ.
Shoho, Isamu and Hiroshi Uzawa (2004)̌Patterns of Adjective Phrase Complement Sentences in Malay̍
in Corpus-Based Analysis on Sentence Structures . 21 st Century Center of Excellence
Program : Usage-Based Linguistic Infomatics. Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
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‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ޢ‬0Q㧔㧕
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㡻ᴛ ᵗᔒ
㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
ߪߓ߼ߦ
ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߩ⁁ᘒ⹖ߦ㑐ߔࠆ޿ߊߟ߆ߩ໧㗴ὐࠍขࠅ਄ߍ㧘⼏⺰ߒߡ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬
⁁ᘒ⹖ߩ⛔⺆⊛ᯏ⢻ࠍචಽℂ⸃ߒ㧘ᵴ↪ߒߡ޿ߊߦߪ㧘ᧂ⸃᳿ߥㇱಽ߇ᱷߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿
߁⷗⸃߇㧘⎇ⓥേᯏߩ৻ߟߣ੔߃ࠆ‫⁁ޕ‬ᘒ⹖ߣേ⹖ߩୃ㘼᭴ㅧߦ㑐ߔࠆឭ⸒㧘ߘߩୃ㘼᭴
ㅧ߆ࠄ⷗ߚ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖ߩേ⹖ୃ㘼ߩนุߦ㑐ߔࠆ໧㗴㧘േ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ㓙ߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ⺆ฏߩ
ᒻᘒ⊛ߥࡃ࡜ࠛ࠹ࠖߩਃὐࠍ⠨ኤߩኻ⽎ߣߔࠆ‫⎇ߩߢߎߎޕ‬ⓥߪ㧘ㅀ⺆ߩౝㇱ᭴ㅧࠍ⸥ㅀ
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ࠃࠅ㧘㒢ቯߐࠇߚᢥߩဳߦߥࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟ㧘ࠃࠅᐢ޿ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ࠺࡯࠲ൻߒߡ޿
ߊᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
໧㗴ឭ⿠
⁁ᘒ⹖
⁁ᘒ⹖ߣߪ㧘㡻ᴛ㧔2003㧕ߦ߅޿ߡ┙ߡߚ㧘ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߩຠ⹖ߩ৻ߟ2ߢ޽ࠆ‫⺆⛔ޕ‬
ⅣႺࠍၮḰߣߒߚಽ㘃ߦࠃࠅ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖ߪ㧘න⁛ߢㅀ⺆ߦߥࠅ߃3㧘ฬ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆߎߣ߽േ
⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠆ㧘ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
వੱߩࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆⎇ⓥߢߪ㧘ಽ㘃ߩၮḰߥߤ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߐࠇߕ㧘⷏᰷ᢥᴺߩᮨ୮ߩࠃ
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߃ࠆ྾ߟߩ⺆㘃㧔ฬ⹖ kata nama, േ⹖ kata kerja, ᒻኈ⹖4kata sifat, ᯏ⢻⹖ kata tugas㧕ࠍ┙
ߡߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ߘߎߢߪ㧘ᒻኈ⹖߇ฬ⹖߽േ⹖߽ୃ㘼ߒ߁ࠆߣ޿߁┙႐߆ࠄ㧘⻉଀ࠍ᜼ߍߡ
޿ࠆߣ޿߁ὐߢ㧘⷏᰷ᢥᴺߩ޿ࠊࠁࠆ‫ޟ‬ᒻኈ⹖‫⋧ߩߣޠ‬㆑ࠍ⷗ߖߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ㧘ᱜ଻㧔2000㧕ߢߪ㧘਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ௛߈ߩ㆑޿ࠍຠ⹖ߦ෻ᤋߐߖ㧘⷏᰷⊛ߢߪ޽ࠆ߇㧘
1 ᧄⓂߪ㧘21 ਎♿ COE㧔Center of Excellence㧕ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ㧦⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ᜚ὐߩ㧘⎇ⓥᚑᨐߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬หࡊ
ࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ૞ᚑࠍ㧘Utusan Malaysia Online㧔www.utusan.com.my㧕ߩ 2002 ᐕߩ
ࡋ࠶࠼࡜ࠗࡦ⸥੐㧔Muka Hadapan㧕߆ࠄ⹜ߺߚ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆᢥ଀ߪ㧘ߘߩౝߩඨᐕಽ㧔ᄸᢙ᦬㧕ࠍၮ
ߦߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ዏ㧘ᬌ⚝࠰ࡈ࠻ߪ㧘ࡈ࡝࡯࠙ࠚࠕߩ K2editor ࠍ೑↪ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
2 㡻ᴛ㧔2003㧕ߦߢߪ㧘ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߦߪ㧘એਅߩ৾ߟߩຠ⹖ࠍ┙ߡࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ฬ⹖㧘േ⹖㧘
⁁ᘒ⹖㧘คㅀ⹖㧘ធ⟎⹖㧘೽⹖㧘ᗵേ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
3 න⁛ߢㅀ⺆ߦߥࠅ߃ࠆߎߣߪ㧘ᒰὼ㧘න⁛ߢߥࠄߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߣ㧘╬ଔߢߪߥ޿‫߽ߦઁޕ‬㧘ㅀ
⺆ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆฏߩ head ߦߥࠆߣ޿߁ᗧ๧߽฽߻߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
4 Kata sifat ࠍ⋥⸶ߔࠆߣ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖㧔⁁ᘒ⺆㧕ߣ߽⸶ߖࠆ‫ޕ‬
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એਅߢߪ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖ߦ㑐ଥߩ޽ࠆᐞߟ߆ߩ໧㗴ὐࠍᜰ៰ߒ㧘ಽᨆߒߡ޿ߊߎߣߢ㧘ߎߩຠ
⹖ಽ㘃ߩᅷᒰᕈࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘ߘߩ⍮⷗ࠍᷓ߼ࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
໧㗴ߩᚲ࿷
㡻ᴛ㧔2003㧕ߢ߽ᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߛ߇㧘⁁ᘒ⹖ߣേ⹖ߩᏅ⇣߇㧘ਥ⺆ߦߥࠇࠆ߆ุ߆
ߣ޿߁ὐߦଐሽߒߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈߦ㧘⧯ᐓ㧘ቯ⟵ߩ⣀ᒙߥ㕙߇޽ࠆࠃ߁ߦᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫╩ޕ‬⠪ߩ
⸥ㅀߩㅢࠅ㧘⏕߆ߦ㧘േ⹖ߣ⁁ᘒ⹖ߣߪ㧘ㅪ⛯૕ߩਔᭂߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫߇ߛޕ‬㧘
ߘߎߢ઒ߦߘߩಽ㘃ࠍ৻ߟߦ߹ߣ߼ߚߣߒߡ߽㧘ㅀ⺆ߩౝㇱ᭴ㅧࠍ⸥ㅀߔࠆ㓙ߦ㧘᭴ㅧߣ
ᯏ⢻ߣߩ㑆ߢਇㆡᒰߥ⸥ㅀߦߥࠆߎߣ߇੍᷹ߐࠇ㧘⚿ዪߪਅ૏ಽ㘃ߣߒߡፋ೎ߒߡ޿ߊᔅ
ⷐᕈ߇↢ߓࠆࠃ߁ߦផ᷹ߐࠇࠆ‫ߡߞࠃޕ‬㧘ᧄⓂߢߪ߭ߣ߹ߕ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖ߣേ⹖ߣࠍ㧘ᭂߩሽ
࿷ࠍઍ⴫ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡ඙೎ߒߡ޿ߊ┙႐ࠍߣࠆ5‫ޕ‬
ᧄⓂߢᵈ⋡ߔࠆ⁁ᘒ⹖ߩ໧㗴ὐߪ㧘એਅߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦ৻╙ޕ‬㧘ୃ㘼᭴ㅧߦ㑐ߔ
ࠆ໧㗴㧘╙ੑߦ㧘േ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߢ߈ࠆ߆ุ߆ߣ޿߁໧㗴㧘ߘߒߡ╙ਃߦ㧘േ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ㓙
ߩ㧘ធ⟎⹖ߣߩ㑐ଥߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߕ㧘‫ୃޟ‬㘼ߔࠆ‫⁁߁޿߁ߤߪߣޠ‬ᘒߢ޽ࠆ߆‫⺆⛔ޕ‬᭴ㅧ߿ᗧ๧⸃㉼ࠍ⠨ᘦߒߡ㧘ߘߩ
ታᖱࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߡ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬ᰴߦ㧘േ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߢ߈ߥ޿⁁ᘒ⹖߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁⠨߃ࠍ〯߹߃㧘
ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩ߇ߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠍ⷗ߡ޿ߊߚ߼ߦ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖ߩᜬߟᗧ๧ࠍ઒ߩၮḰߣߒߡⷰ
ኤߒߡ޿ߊߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߦ㧘േ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ႐วߦ㧘න⁛ߢߢ߈ࠆ߽ߩ߿ធ⟎⹖ߣ⚿
߮ઃ޿ߡน⢻ߥ߽ߩ㧘߹ߚߪߘߩਔᣇ߇ᢥ଀ߣߒߡሽ࿷ߔࠆ߽ߩߥߤࠍ᭎ⷰߒߡ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬
⠨ኤ
ୃ㘼᭴ㅧ
ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߩୃ㘼᭴ㅧߪ㧘
‫ୃⵍޟ‬㘼⺆㧗ୃ㘼⺆‫߇ߛޕࠆ޿ߡࠇߐߣࠆ޽ߢ⊛⥸৻߇ޠ‬㧘
‫ୃޟ‬㘼⺆㧗ⵍୃ㘼⺆‫⺆ߩޠ‬㗅ࠍߣࠆ߽ߩ߽޿ߊߟ߆⷗ฃߌࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
1㧕 kereta saya
/
pos laju
/
bilik mandi
ゞ ⑳ / ㇷଢ ㅦ޿ / ㇱደ ᴍᶎߔࠆ
㧔⑳ߩゞ㧕 㧔ㅦ㆐ㇷଢ㧕 㧔ᴍᶎቶ㧕
1㧕ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ฬ⹖߇ⵍୃ㘼⺆ߣߥࠆ႐วߪ㧘ୃ㘼⺆ߪᔅߕᓟ⟎ߔࠆ‫߇ߛޕ‬㧘⁁ᘒ⹖ߥ
ߤࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ৻ㇱߩ೽⹖ߪ㧘ୃ㘼⺆߇ⵍୃ㘼⺆ߩ೨ߦ᧪ࠆ߽ߩ߿㧘೨ᓟ෺ᣇߩ૏⟎ߦ಴⃻
น⢻ߥ߽ߩ߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
2㧕 besar sungguh
/
sungguh besar
ᄢ߈޿ ߣߡ߽ / ߣߡ߽ ᄢ߈޿
/
paling tinggi
/ ᦨ߽ 㜞޿
೽⹖ sungguh ߪ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖ߥߤߩ೨ᓟ෺ᣇߦ಴ࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߎߢߩᗧ๧ߩᏅߪ
․ߦߥ޿ߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ห᭽ߩୃ㘼᭴ㅧࠍᜬߟ߽ߩߦ amat ߿ sangat ߥߤ߽޽ࠆ߇㧘޽ࠆ
5 એਅ㧘ຠ⹖ߩ⸥ㅀߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ᢿࠅߩߥ޿㒢ࠅ㧘㡻ᴛ㧔2003㧕ߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
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৻ᣇ㧘paling ߪหߓߊ೽⹖ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ⵍୃ㘼⺆ߩ೨ߦߒ߆಴ߥ޿‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬Ꮕ⇣ߪ㧘⛔
⺆᭴ㅧࠍၮ⋚ߣߒߚຠ⹖࡟ࡌ࡞ߢᛒ߁߽ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘⺆ᒵ࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߎߢߩ໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖ߩ‫ୃޟ‬㘼‫ޠ‬᭴ㅧߦ⹤ࠍㅴ߼ࠆ‫ୃޟޕ‬㘼⺆‫ߪߩ߁޿ߣޠ‬㧘ᓥ
᧪ߩᢥᴺ᭎ᔨࠍၮߦߔࠆߣ㧘޽ߊ߹ߢ㘼ࠅ⸒⪲ߢ޽ࠆߩߢ㧘ฏߩ head ߦߥࠆߎߣߪ಴᧪
ߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ߘࠇߪ㧘ᢥ߿ߘߩ᭴ᚑ⚛ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޟ‬ਥ⺆‫ޟޠ‬ㅀ⺆‫ޠ‬
ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆߩߦ㧘ਇนᰳߥⷐ⚛ߢߪߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽ᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
એਅߩᢥ଀ࠍ⷗ߡߺࠆ6‫ޕ‬
3㧕2002.01.31.txt ``Umat Islam boleh menjadi kuat ̖.
ࡓࠬ࡝ࡓ ߢ߈ࠆ 㨪ߦߥࠆ ᒝ޿
㧔ࡓࠬ࡝ࡓߪ࡮࡮࡮ᒝߊߥࠇࠆ㧕
4㧕2002.01.24.txt ``Hidup kami sudah menjadi susah ̖.
↢ᵴ ⑳㆐ ߔߢߦ 㨪ߦߥࠆ 㔍ߒ޿
㧔⑳ߚߜߩ↢ᵴߪ㧘ߔߢߦ࿎㔍ߦߥࠅ㧘࡮࡮࡮㧕
5㧕2002.05.04.txt ̖, ASEAN perlu bertindak cepat.㩷
ࠕ࠮ࠕࡦ ᔅⷐߛ ⴕേߔࠆ ㅦ޿
㧔࡮࡮࡮ࠕ࠮ࠕࡦߪ㧘ᣧᕆߦⴕേߔࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ㧕
6㧕2002.09.03.txt Kejayaan boleh dicapai lebih cepat daripada yang dijangka 㵺.
ᚑഞ ߢ߈ࠆ ㆐ᚑߔࠆ ࠃࠅ ㅦ޿ 㨪ࠃࠅ 㨪ߩ ੍ᗐߔࠆ
㧔࡮࡮࡮੍ᗐࠃࠅ߽ㅦߊ㧘ᚑഞ߇㆐ᚑߐࠇࠆߛࠈ߁㧕
ߘࠇߙࠇߩᢥ଀ߢߪ㧘േ⹖ߩᓟࠈߦ⁁ᘒ⹖߇᧪ߡ޿ࠆ‫߇ߛޕ‬㧘3㧕㧘4㧕ߣ 5㧕㧘6㧕ߢߪ
᭴ㅧ߇⇣ߥࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬೨⠪ߢߪ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖ߪേ⹖ߩ⵬⺆ߣߒߡ㧘ᔅ㗇ߩᓎഀࠅࠍṶߓ
ߡ޿ࠆߩߦኻߒߡ㧘ᓟ⠪ߢߪ㧘ᢥߩਛᔃ⊛ߥ᭴ㅧ㧘޿ࠊࠁࠆ‫ޟ‬ਥ⺆࡮ㅀ⺆‫߫ࠇ⷗ࠄ߆ޠ‬㧘
㓐ᗧ⊛ߥઃዻⷐ⚛ߢ޽ࠆߣ੔߃ࠆ‫ߢߎߎޕ‬ኻ⽎ߦߒߚ޿ߩߪ㧘ᓟ⠪ߩ↪ᴺߩ⁁ᘒ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ᭴ㅧ߇ୃ㘼᭴ㅧߢ޽ࠆߎߣߦߪ㧘⇼޿߇ߥ޿‫ޕ‬໧㗴ߪ㧘એਅߦ⷗ࠆࠃ߁ߥᢥ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
7㧕2002.09.16.txt ``Pemandu bas cepat bertindak mengelak ̖.
ㆇォᚻ ࡃࠬ ㅦ޿ ⴕേߔࠆ ㆱߌࠆ
㧔ࡃࠬߩㆇォᚻߪ㧘࡮࡮࡮ㆱߌࠃ߁ߣߔ߫߿޿ⴕേࠍߣߞߚ㧕
8㧕2002.09.28.txt 㵺, nanti Angah cepat sembuh, boleh minum (jus) epal, 㵺.
ߘߩᓟ 㧔ฬ㧕 ㅦ޿ ᴦࠆ ߢ߈ࠆ 㘶߻ ࠫࡘ࡯ࠬ ࠅࠎߏ
㧔࡮࡮࡮ߘߩᓟࠕࡦࠟߪߔߋߦᴦࠅ㧘ࠅࠎߏࠫࡘ࡯߽ࠬ㘶߼ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ㧘࡮࡮࡮㧕
9㧕2002.11.23.txt 㵺 jika mereka pandai menggunakan ilmu.
߽ߒ ᓐࠄ ⾫޿ ೑↪ߔࠆ ቇ໧
㧔߽ߒ߽ᓐࠄ߇⍮ᕺࠍᵴ߆ߔߩ߇߁߹ߌࠇ߫࡮࡮࡮㧕
7㧕㧘8㧕ߢߪ㧘5㧕㧘6㧕ߣหߓ⺆ cepat ߇⠨ኤߩኻ⽎ߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬㆑޿ߪ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖ cepat ߩ૏
6 એਅߩᢥ଀ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ኻ⽎ߣߥࠆ⁁ᘒ⹖ߪᄥሼ㧘േ⹖ߪᢳሼ૕ߦࠃߞߡ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
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⟎߇㧘േ⹖ߩ೨ߦ޽ࠆ߆ᓟࠈߦ޽ࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬వ߶ߤ⷗ߚㅢࠅ㧘ᓟࠈߦ޽ࠆ႐ว
ߪ㧘ᢥߦ߅޿ߡਛᔃ⊛ߥ⛔⺆⊛ᝄࠆ⥰޿ࠍߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘㓐ᗧ⊛ߥୃ㘼ⷐ⚛ߢ޽ࠆߣ
੔߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬໧㗴ߪ㧘೨ߦ޽ࠆ႐ว߇㧘ห᭽ߩୃ㘼ⷐ⚛ߢ޽ࠆ߆ุ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᢥ଀ 9㧕ߢߩኻ⽎⺆ pandai ߪ㧘േ⹖ߩᓟࠈߦ⃻ࠇࠆߎߣߪߥ޿‫↪ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕ‬ᴺ߇ߥ޿
⁁ᘒ⹖ߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪߢޕ‬㧘ߎߩᢥ଀ߪߤ߁ಽᨆߔࠆߩ߆‫ޕ‬7㧕㧘8㧕ߩᢥ଀߽㧘ߘࠇߣห
ߓ᭴ㅧߣߒߡᛒ߁ߎߣߦߥࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬
9㧕ߩᢥ଀ߢߪ㧘pandai ߩᓟࠈߩേ⹖ฏߪ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖ߣ⚿߮ઃ޿ߡ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖ߩᜬߟᗧ๧ߦ
ኻߒߡ⵬ቢߔࠆ௛߈ࠍߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘޿ࠊࠁࠆ‫⵬ޟ‬ᢥ᭴ㅧ‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇࠆ߽ߩ7ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ
ࠆ‫⵬ޕ‬ቢߐࠇࠆേ⹖ฏ߇ߥ޿႐วߢ߽㧘⛔⺆⊛ߦ㕖ᢥᴺ⊛ߥ߽ߩߣߪߥࠄߥ޿8ߩ߇․ᓽߩ
৻ߟߣ߽੔߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬7㧕ߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘cepat ߛߌߢ߽ㅀ⺆ߣߒߡᚑ┙ߔࠆߎߣ߿㧘⛔⺆᭴ㅧߣ
ߒߡߩ⺆㗅ࠍఝవ⊛ߦ⸃㉼ߔࠆߣߒߚߥࠄ߫㧘߿ߪࠅᓟㇱߩേ⹖ฏߪ೨ߩ⁁ᘒ⹖ࠍᗧ๧⊛
ߦ⵬ቢߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߩߢ㧘৻⷗ߔࠆߣߎߎߢ߽ห᭽ߩ⵬ᢥ᭴ㅧߣᝒ߃ߡᏅߒᡰ߃
ߪߥ޿߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ߢߪ㧘5㧕ߣ 7㧕ߢߪ㧘േ⹖ߣ⁁ᘒ⹖ߣߩ㑐ଥࠍ฽ࠎߛᗧ๧⸃㉼ߦ߅޿ߡᏅ⇣ߪ↢߹ࠇߥ
޿ߩߛࠈ߁߆‫⺆⛔ޕ‬᭴ㅧߦ㆑޿߇޽ࠆߩߥࠄ㧘⧯ᐓߥࠅߣ߽Ꮕ⇣߇↢߹ࠇߡ߽߅߆ߒߊߪ
ߥ޿‫߫߃଀ޕ‬㧘ୃ㘼᭴ㅧࠍߣࠆ႐วߪ㧘േ૞ߦኻߒߡߩ৻࿁ᕈߩ⁁ᘒࠍ⴫ߔߩߦኻߒߡ㧘
⵬ᢥ᭴ㅧߩ႐วߪ㧘ਥ⺆ߩᜬߜ߁ࠆᕡᏱ⊛ߥᕈ⾰ߥߤࠍ⴫ߔߥߤߩᏅ⇣ߢ޽ࠆ‫߇ߛޕ‬㧘ߘ
߁߽න⚐ߦߪഀࠅಾࠇߘ߁ߦߥ޿ࠃ߁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ୃޕ‬㘼᭴ㅧߩᗧ๧⸃㉼ߦߟ޿ߡ߽㧘⵬ᢥ᭴ㅧ
ߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘ᕡᏱᕈߣ৻࿁ᕈ㧘ߣ߽ߦ⸃㉼น⢻ߢ޽ࠆࠃ߁ߥ႐ว߽޽ࠅ㧘޿ߕࠇߣ᳿߼߆
ߨࠆ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬㧘ᢥ⣂ߦࠃߞߡ್ᢿߒࠊߌࠆߎߣ߿㧘േ⹖ߣߩᗧ๧⊛ߥ㑐ଥ㧘߹ߚ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖
⥄りߩᜬߟᗧ๧ߦଐሽߒߡ޿ࠆߣ߽੔߃ߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦ߆⏕ޕ‬㧘േ૞ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ႐วߢ޽ࠇ
߫㧘৻࿁ᕈߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇⷗ฃߌ߿ߔ޿߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿߇㧘⢻ജߥߤࠍ⴫ߔߥࠄ߫㧘ߚߣ߃ᓟ
ࠈ߆ࠄߩୃ㘼᭴ㅧߢ޽ߞߡ߽㧘ᕡᏱ⊛ߥᕈ⾰ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
ߘ߁ߔࠆߣ㧘ౕ૕⊛ߦߪ㧘7㧕ߢߪ㧘߿ߪࠅ৻࿁ᕈߩേ૞ࠍୃ㘼ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆߩ߇
⥄ὼ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᰴߩ଀ߢߪ㧘ߒ߆ߒ㧘ᕈ⾰⊛ߥ߽ߩࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⸃㉼ߔߴ߈ߢ޽ࠈ
߁‫ޕ‬
10㧕2002.11.17.txt 㵺㩷 dan dia cepat naik marah,'' 㵺.
ߘߒߡ ᓐᅚ ㅦ޿ ਄߇ࠆ ᔶࠆ
㧔࡮࡮࡮ߘߒߡᓐᅚߪᔶࠅ߿ߔ߆ߞߚ㧘࡮࡮࡮㧕
߹ߣ߼ࠆߣ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖߇േ⹖ߦᓟ⛯ߔࠆ႐วߪ㧘േ૞ߥߤࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ‫ୃޟ‬㘼᭴ㅧ‫ࠆ޽ߢޠ‬
ߣ੔߃㧘േ⹖ߦኻߒߡ⁁ᘒ⹖߇వⴕߔࠆ႐วߪ㧘
‫⵬ޟ‬ᢥ᭴ㅧ‫ߣࠆ޽ߢޠ‬⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫߇ߛޕ‬㧘
৻࿁ᕈߩേ૞ࠍ‫ୃޟ‬㘼ߔࠆ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ὐߢߪ㧘ߘߩ᭴ㅧ߇೨߆ࠄᓟࠈߩേ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߒߡ޿ࠆ
ߣ޿߁‫ୃޟ‬㘼᭴ㅧ‫߽ޠ‬㧘ᗧ๧⸃㉼߇ߘߩࠃ߁ߦ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆߥࠄ߫㧘Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦุቯߔࠆ᧚ᢱ
߇ߥ޿ߣ߽੔߃ࠆ‫ߡߒ⷗৻ޕ‬ห৻ߩ᭴ㅧߢ޽ߞߡ߽㧘㆑߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᕡᏱ
7 ‫⵬ޟ‬ᢥ᭴ㅧ‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߒߡߪ㧘Shoho and Uzawa㧔2004㧕ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ಽᨆ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
8 㕖ᢥᴺ⊛ߦߥࠄߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ㧘ߎߎߢߪ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖߇න⁛ߢㅀ⺆ߦߥࠇࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߦ⿠࿃ߒߡ޿ࠆߛߌߢ
޽ࠅ㧘ᗧ๧ౝኈࠍ⠨߃ࠇ߫㧘⵬ቢㇱ߇ߥߌࠇ߫߿ߪࠅਇ⥄ὼߢ޽ࠆߣ੔߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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㗴ߢ޽ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇㜞޿ࠊߌߛ߇㧘ߎࠇએ਄ߩ⼏⺰ߪ㧘੹ᓟߩਥⷐߥ⺖㗴ߩ৻ߟߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
వߦ߽಴ߒߚ Abdullah Hassan㧔2002㧕ߢߪ㧘ᒻኈ⹖߇േ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ႐ว㧘೨߆ࠄ߽ᓟ
ࠈ߆ࠄ߽น⢻ߢ޽ࠆߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ9߇㧘ߘࠇએ਄ߩ᭴ㅧߦߟ޿ߡߩಽᨆߪߥ޿‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ߤߩ
ᒻኈ⹖ߦ㑐ߒߡ߽ߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆ߆ߦ㑐ߒߡߩ⸥ㅀ߽ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ߎߎߢߩᧄⓂߩ┙႐ߪ㧘ಽᨆߩᣇะᕈߪℂߦㆡߞߡ޿ࠆߣߒߡ߽㧘⠨ኤߣߘߩ⚿⺰߇ల
ಽߢ޽ࠆߣߪ੔޿㔍޿ߚ߼㧘ᢥᴺ⸥ㅀߦኻߔࠆ⷗⋥ߒߩᄾᯏߣߒߡ໧㗴ឭ⿠ߒߡ߅ߊ‫ޕ‬
േ⹖ୃ㘼ߩนุ
ߎߎߢ໧㗴ߦߒߡ޿ࠆേ⹖ୃ㘼ߣߪ㧘േ⹖ߩᓟࠈߦ಴⃻ߔࠆ⁁ᘒ⹖ߦ㑐ߔࠆ߽ߩߛߌߢ㧘
೨▵ߢ⚿⺰ࠍ଻⇐ߒߚ㧘వⴕߔࠆ႐วߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘⠨ኤਇలಽߩߚ߼㧘ߎߎߢߪୃ㘼᭴ㅧ
ߣߒߡߩ⠨ኤߩኻ⽎߆ࠄᄖߔߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
േ⹖ࠍᓟࠈ߆ࠄୃ㘼ߔࠆߣ޿߁ᯏ⢻ߪ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖ߦ߅ߌࠆᔅ㗇ߩᯏ⢻ߢߪߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣ
ࠍ⠨ᘦߒ㧘ߎߩ▵ߢߪ㧘޿߆ߥࠆ⁁ᘒ⹖߇േ⹖ୃ㘼ߢ߈ࠆ߆㧘හߜേ⹖ߦᓟ⛯ߒ߁ࠆ߆ߣ
޿߁ὐߦߟ޿ߡ㧘⠨ኤࠍㅴ߼ߡ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬ℂ⺰߆ࠄ੔߃߫㧘⵬ᢥ᭴ㅧߣߪ೎ߦ㧘೨߆ࠄߩୃ㘼
ࠍ⹺߼ߚߥࠄ߫㧘೨߆ࠄߛߌ㧘ᓟࠈ߆ࠄߛߌ㧘೨ᓟਔᣇ߆ࠄ㧘ߣ޿߁ਃ⒳㘃ߩୃ㘼᭴ㅧ߇
⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߪߢߎߎޕ‬㧘೨▵ࠍ〯߹߃㧘ᓟࠈ߆ࠄୃ㘼น⢻߆ุ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ⠨ኤߩ⿠ὐ
ߣߔࠆߚ߼㧘ᓟੑ⠪ߦ㒢ߞߡ⺰ࠍㅴ߼ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
૞ᬺ઒⺑ߣߒߡ㧘⁁ᘒ⹖ߩᗧ๧ಽ㘃ࠍ┙ߡ㧘ߘߎߢߩୃ㘼ߩนุࠍ⷗ߡ޿ߊߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߥߗߥࠄ㧘േ૞ߥߤࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ㓙㧘ᗧ๧⊛ߦਇㆡߣߥࠆ⺆߽޽ࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ߣ੍
᷹ߐࠇࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ߎߩࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߪ㧘೨▵ߢㅀߴߚ㧘ᕡᏱᕈ࡮৻࿁ᕈߥߤߦ߽
૗ࠄ߆ߩ␜ໂࠍਈ߃ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߦ㧘⠨ኤߩၮ⋚ߣߔࠆᗧ๧ಽ㘃10ߣ㧘
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㧮㧚ⴕേ್ᢿ wajar, mustahak, adil, perlu, etc.
㧯㧚㔍ᤃ⢻ജ mudah, susah, sukar, sanggup, etc.
㧰㧚േ૞⁁ᘒ cepat, laju, kuat, pantas, etc.
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߿㧘೎ߩᨒ⚵ߺࠍട߃ࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߣߥࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆߎߣ߽㧘ᒰὼ㧘⹺߼ࠆߟ߽ࠅߢ޽
ࠆ‫ߦ⃻ޕ‬㧘৻ߟߩ⁁ᘒ⹖ࠍขࠅ਄ߍߡߺߡ߽㧘ߘߩᗧ⟵⚛ߩ␜ߔᗧ๧ߣታ㓙ߩᢥ଀ߢߩᗧ
๧ߔࠆߣߎࠈߣߩ㑆ߦߪ㧘⧯ᐓߩߕࠇ߇↢ߓߡ޿ࠆߩ߇⥄ὼߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
એਅߦ㧘⠨ኤߩߚ߼ߩᢥ଀ࠍ᜼ߍߡ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬
9 ห᭽ߩ᭴ㅧࠍ㧘৻ㇱߪ⹺߼ࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡ㧘ᱜ଻㧔2000㧕
㧘Shoho and Uzawa㧔2004㧕ߥߤ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
10 ᓥ᧪ࠃࠅ㧘ᒻኈ⹖ߩᗧ๧ಽ㘃ߪⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫଀ޕ‬㧦Nik Safiah Karim㧔1995㧕pp.104-107㧘Abdullah Hassan㧔2002㧕
pp.185-189.
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11㧕2002.01.23.txt ̖, kami pun pandai juga gunakan parti lain.
⑳㆐ 㨪߽ ⾫޿ ห᭽ߦ ૶߁ ౄ ઁߩ
㧔࡮࡮࡮⑳ߚߜ߽㧘߁߹ߊઁߩౄࠍ೑↪ߒࠃ߁㧕
12㧕2002.01.19.txt ̖ orang ramai berani keluar mengundi.
ੱ ᄢ൓ ാᢓߛ ᄖ಴ߔࠆ ᛩ␿ߔࠆ
㧔࡮࡮࡮ᄢⴐ߽㧘ാ᳇ࠍ಴ߒߡᛩ␿ߒߦᄖ಴ߔࠆߛࠈ߁㧕
13㧕2002.11.01.txt ̖ Zaini bertindak berani menyelamatkan sejumlah RM2.1 juta wang.
㧔ฬ㧕 ⴕേߔࠆ ാᢓߛ ቞ࠆ 㨪ߩ㗵ߩ
⊖ਁ ㊄
㧔ࠩࠗ࠾ߪ㧘㧞㧝㧜ਁ࡝ࡦࠡ࠶࠻߽ߩᄢ㊄ࠍ቞ࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘ാᢓߦⴕേߒߚ㧕
਄ߩਃ଀ߪ㧘㧭ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦዻߔࠆ⺆ߩᢥ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫଀↪ޕ‬ਛ㧘11㧕ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘pandai ߇േ
⹖ߩ೨ߦ᧪ࠆ߽ߩߪᄙᢙ⷗ฃߌࠄࠇߚ߇㧘േ⹖ߦᓟ⛯ߔࠆᢥ଀ߪ৻଀߽ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘
12㧕㧘13㧕ߪ㧘േ⹖ߩ೨ߣᓟࠈߩਔᣇߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߢࡊ࡯࡞ࠣߩߎޕ‬㧘13㧕ߩࠃ߁
ߦേ⹖ߩᓟࠈߦ಴ࠆ଀ߪ㧘੹࿁ߩណขᢥ଀ߢߪ߶ࠎߩࠊߕ߆ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ሽ࿷ߒ㧘෩ኒߦߪ㧘
േ⹖ߩ⴫ߔേ૞ࠍߔࠆ㧘ߘߩੱ‛ߩ⁁ᘒࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠆ11ߣ੔߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᰴߪ㧘㧮ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦ㑐ߔࠆᢥ଀ࠍ⷗ߡ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬
14㧕2002.03.22.txt ̖, perkataan tersebut tidak wajar digunakan ̖.
න⺆ ਄⸥ߩ 㨪ߥ޿ ㆡߔࠆ ૶߁
㧔࡮࡮࡮ߘߩන⺆ߪ૶߁ߩߦㆡߒߡ޿ߥ޿࡮࡮࡮㧕
15㧕2002.01.18.txt ̖, tapi kita akan cuba bertindak adil,'' ̖.
ߒ߆ߒ ⑳㆐ 㨪ߟ߽ࠅ ⹜ߔ ⴕേߔࠆ ౏ᐔߛ
㧔࡮࡮࡮ߒ߆ߒ㧘⑳ߚߜߪ౏ᐔߦᝄ⥰߁ࠃ߁ߦߔࠆߟ߽ࠅߛ㧘࡮࡮࡮㧕
14㧕ߦ಴ߡߊࠆ⺆㧘wajar ߥߤߪ㧘േ⹖ߩᓟࠈߦ᧪ߡୃ㘼ߔࠆߣ޿߁᭴ㅧࠍߣࠄߥ޿߽
ߩߛߣ㧘੹࿁ߩઁߩᬌ⚝ᢥ଀ߢ߽␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ㧘adil ߪ㧘േ⹖ߩᓟࠈߦ಴⃻ߒ㧘ୃ
㘼ߔࠆߎߣ߇㗫❥ߦ޽ࠆ‫ⴕޕ‬േ್ᢿߣ޿߁ߛߌߦ㧘ߘߩ㓙ߩേ⹖ߪ㧘⁁ᘒߥߤߢߪߥߊ㧘
߿ߪࠅേ૞ࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
16㧕2002.11.04.txt ̖ calon mereka menang mudah di sesuatu kawasan.
୥⵬⠪ ᓐࠄ ൎߟ ኈᤃߛ 㨪ߢ ޽ࠆ ࿾ၞ
㧔࡮࡮࡮ᓐࠄߩ୥⵬⠪߇㧘޽ࠆ࿾ၞߢኈᤃߦൎߡࠆࠃ߁࡮࡮࡮㧕
17㧕2002.11.16.txt Aminah sukar menggerakkan badan ̖.
㧔ฬ㧕 㔍ߒ޿ േ߆ߔ ૕
㧔ࠕࡒ࠽ߪ૕ࠍേ߆ߔߎߣ߇࿎㔍ߢ࡮࡮࡮㧕
18㧕2002.01.19.txt ̖, Malaysia sanggup menerima pendatang negara asing ̖.
ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ 㨪ߢ߈ࠆ ฃߌࠆ ᧪⸰⠪ ࿖ ᄖߩ
㧔࡮࡮࡮ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕߪ㧘ᄖ࿖߆ࠄߩ⸰໧⠪ࠍฃߌࠄࠇࠆ࡮࡮࡮㧕
11 ᣣᧄ⺆ߢᗧ๧ࠍ⠨߃ߚߣߒߡ߽㧘
‫ޟ‬ാᢓߥⴕേ‫޿⾫ޟ߿ޠ‬ㆬᛯ‫ߪߤߥޠ‬Ᏹ⼂⊛ߥ▸࿐ߢㅢ↪ߔࠆ⸒޿࿁ߒߢ޽
ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫߫ࠄߥ᧪ᧄޕ‬㧘
‫ⴕޟ‬േ‫ޟ߿ޠ‬ㆬᛯ‫⥄ޠ‬૕߇‫ޟ‬ാᢓ‫ߊߥߪߢߌࠊࠆߔࠅߚߞ߆ޠ⾫ޟࠅߚߞ޽ߢޠ‬㧘
ߘߩⴕὑࠍߣߞߚੱ‛߇ߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆߩߛ߇㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥߎߣߪ⥄ὼ⸒⺆ߢߪ․೎ⷞߐࠇߥ޿ߩߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
͘!227!͘
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㧯ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩ⺆ߢߪ㧘16㧕ߢߎߘേ⹖ߩᓟࠈߦ಴ߡୃ㘼ߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ଀
ߪ⒘ዋߢ㧘㔍ᤃࠍ⴫ߔ⁁ᘒ⹖ߪ㧘17㧕ߩࠃ߁ߦ⵬ᢥࠍߣࠆ᭴ㅧ߇ࠃߊ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ㧘18㧕
ߦ⷗ࠆࠃ߁ߥ㧘⢻ജࠍ⴫ߔ sanggup ߪ㧘ណ㓸ᢥ଀߆ࠄߪ㧘೨ߦߒ߆಴ߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
19㧕2002.01.22.txt ̖pertumbuhan ekonomi Malaysia meningkat lebih pantas ̖.
ᚑ㐳 ⚻ᷣ ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ ਄᣹ߔࠆ ࠃࠅ ㅦ޿
㧔࡮࡮࡮ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕߩ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߪ㧘࡮࡮࡮ࠃࠅ߽ᣧߊᚑ㐳ߒߚ㧕
20㧕2002.03.20.txt ̖, jika laporan polis tidak dilakukan segera, ̖.
߽ߒ ႎ㆏ ⼊ኤ 㨪ߥ޿ ⴕ߁ ߔߋ
㧔࡮࡮࡮㧘߽ߒ߽⼊ኤߩႎ㆏߇ߔߋߦⴕࠊࠇߥ߆ߞߚߥࠄ࡮࡮࡮㧕
21㧕2002.07.20.txt ̖ bas bergerak perlahan di kawasan kemalangan itu, ̖.
ࡃࠬ േߊ ࠁߞߊࠅ 㨪ߢ ࿾ၞ ੐᡿ ߘߩ
㧔࡮࡮࡮ߘߩ੐᡿ߩ࿾ၞߢߪ㧘ࡃࠬߪࠁߞߊࠅߣേ߈࡮࡮࡮㧕
േ૞ߩ⁁ᘒࠍ⴫ߔ⺆ᒵ⟲㧰ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߪ㧘߿ߪࠅേ⹖ߩᓟࠈ߆ࠄୃ㘼ߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽
ࠆ‫ޕ‬ห᭽ߩ߽ߩߣߒߡ㧘ᰴߩ଀߽᜼ߍߡ߅ߊ‫ޕ‬
22㧕2002.01.19.txt ̖ rakyat Malaysia perlu bekerja kuat ̖.
࿖᳃ ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ ᔅⷐߛ ௛ߊ ৻↢ ๮
㧔࡮࡮࡮ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ࿖᳃ߪ࡮࡮࡮৻↢ ๮௛ߊᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ㧕
㧱ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩ⺆ߣ㧲ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩ⺆ߢߪ㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ㑐ଥ߽޽ࠅ㧘એਅߩࠃ߁ߥᢙ଀
ߩߺ߇ណขߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
23㧕2002.07.10.txt Dua helikopter tentera laut Taiwan terbang rendah ̖.
㧞 ࡋ࡝ࠦࡊ࠲࡯ ァ ᶏ บḧ 㘧߱ ૐ޿
㧔㧞ᯏߩบḧᶏァߩࡋ࡝߇㧘࡮࡮࡮ૐߊ㘧ࠎߢ޿ߚ㧕
24㧕2002.05.06.txt ̖ dia dah tak ada,'' katanya sedih.
ᓐ ߽߁ 㨪ߥ޿ ޿ࠆ ᓐߪ⸒߁ ᖤߒ޿
㧔࡮࡮࡮ᓐߪ߽߁޿ߥ޿ࠎߛ㧘ߣᓐߪᖤߒߘ߁ߦ⸒ߞߚ㧕
23㧕߿ 24㧕ߩࠃ߁ߥ↪଀ߪ㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍᐢߍࠆߎߣߢ㧘ࠃࠅᄙߊߩ଀߇ណ㓸ߐࠇࠆߣ
੍᷹ߐࠇࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬㧘ᢱℂߩᧄߥࠄ߫㧘‫ߊ⭯ޟ‬ಾࠆ‫ߦ⃻⴫߁޿ߣޠ‬㧘dipotong nipis ߣ޿߁
⴫⃻߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ߒ㧘ዊ⺑ߥߤߥࠄ߫㧘‫ޟ‬ఝߒߊᓸ╉߻‫ ࠍޠ‬tersenyum manis ߣ⴫
⃻ߔࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿12‫ޕ‬
એ਄ߩⷰኤࠃࠅ㧘ੑߟߩߎߣ߇⋴ขߐࠇࠆ‫ߪߟ৻ޕ‬㧘േ⹖ߩ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆേ૞ߩ⁁ᘒࠍ␜
ߔ߽ߩߪ㧘ኈᤃߦᓟࠈ߆ࠄߩୃ㘼߇น⢻ߥ߽ߩ߇ᄙ޿‫ޕ‬ੑߟ⋡ߪ㧘24㧕ߥߤߩ଀ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘
േ૞ࠍߒߡ޿ࠆੱߦ㑐ߔࠆ⁁ᘒࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ႐ว߽޽ࠆ㧘ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߥୃ㘼᭴ㅧߩนุ߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆߩߪߥߗߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫⁁ޕ‬ᘒ⹖ߣߪ㧘⛔⺆⊛ߥၮḰ
ߦࠃߞߡ᳿߼ࠄࠇߚຠ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ห᭽ߦ㧘⛔⺆᭴ㅧࠍၮ⋚ߣߒߡ㧘৻ߟߩ઒⺑ࠍ┙ߡߡߺ
ࠃ߁‫ޕ‬ㅀ⺆ࠍേ⹖߇ਛᔃߣߥߞߡ᭴▽ߒߡ޿ߊ႐ว㧘ୃ㘼ⷐ⚛ߪฬ⹖ୃ㘼ߩ႐วߣห᭽ߦ㧘
12 ߎࠇࠄߩ⴫⃻ߪ㧘ᢥ଀ߩᒻߢߪߥ޿߇㧘వߦ᜼ߍߚ Abdullah Hassan㧔2002㧕ߦឝタߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
dipotong 㧔ಾࠆ㧕nipis㧔⭯޿㧕㧘tersenyum㧔ᓸ╉߻㧕manis㧔↞޿㧕
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‫ޟ‬ᓟ⟎ୃ㘼‫ޠ‬හߜᓟࠈ߆ࠄୃ㘼ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬േ⹖ߩ⴫ߔ߽ߩߪ㧘ᄢㇱಽ߇േ૞ߢ޽ࠅ㧘
ߘߩേ૞⁁ᘒࠍᗧ๧ߔࠆ⁁ᘒ⹖ߩߺ߇㧘ೋ߼ߪᓟࠈߦ⟎߆ࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ㧘േ⹖ߩᓟࠈ
ߩ૏⟎ߦ⟎ߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߽ߩ߇᜛ᒛߐࠇߡ߈ߚ㧘ߣ޿߁⠨߃ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘⸒⺆ᄌൻ
ߩ৻ߟߩ㎛ߣߥࠆ㧘‫ޟ‬㘃ផ‫ࠍߩ߽߁޿ߣޠ‬ၮߦഃㅧߐࠇߚ઒⺑ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠄ߆ߛޕ‬㧘⃻࿷ߩ૶
↪ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘േ⹖ୃ㘼ߩ᭴ㅧࠍߣࠆ߽ߩߣߘ߁ߢߥ޿߽ߩߣߩᢔᏓ߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆߣ߽੔߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߛ߇㧘ߎࠇߪ޽ߊ߹ߢℂ⺰઒⺑ߦㆊ߉ߕ㧘ߎߎߢ┙⸽ߢ߈ࠆ໧㗴ߢߪ㧘೔ᐩߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ߎߎߢߪ㧘໧㗴ឭ⿠ߣ⸃᳿ᴺߩ␜ໂߦ⇐߼ߡ߅ߊ‫ࠄߥߗߥޕ‬㧘ㅢᤨ⊛ߥⷰὐࠍⷐߔࠆ໧
㗴ߢ߽޽ࠅ㧘ᧄࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩߺߦࠃߞߡ⸃╵ߩ಴ߖࠆ໧㗴ߢߪߥ޿߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟ㧘ߎߩ
⎇ⓥࠍ⛮⛯ߒߡ޿ߊ਄ߢᔅⷐߣߥࠆⷰὐߪ㧘╙৻ߦ㧘೨▵ߣหߓࠃ߁ߦ㧘᭴ㅧࠍᛠីߔࠆ
႐วߩᗧ๧⸃㉼ߣ޿߁߽ߩ㧘ߘߒߡ╙ੑߦ㧘േ⹖ߩᗧ๧ߣ⁁ᘒ⹖ߩᗧ๧ߩ❬߇ࠅߦ߽ᵈᗧ
ࠍ㈩ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᦨᓟߦ㧘㧰ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩ߽ߩ߇േ⹖ߩ೨ᓟߦห᭽ߩ႐㕙ߢ಴߁ࠆߣ޿߁଀13ࠍ᜼ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬
25㧕2002.07.04.txt beliau dan suami sentiasa ingin pulang segera ke Malaysia ̖.
ߘߩᣇ 㨪ߣ ᄦ ޿ߟ߽ 㨪ߚ޿ Ꮻࠆ ߔߋ 㨪߳ ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ
㧔ߘߩੱߣᄦߪ㧘޿ߟ߽ߔߋࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ߳Ꮻࠅߚ߇ߞߡ޿ߡ࡮࡮࡮㧕
26㧕2002.07.10.txt ̖ selepas diberitahu oleh Md. Zain agar segera pulang ̖.
㨪ߩᓟ વ߃ࠆ 㨪ࠃߞߡ 㧔ฬ㧕 㨪ߣ ߔߋ Ꮻࠆ
㧔࡮࡮࡮ߔߋᏫࠆࠃ߁㧘ࠩࠗࡦߦ⸒ࠊࠇߚᓟߪ࡮࡮࡮㧕
޿ߕࠇ߽㧘േ૞ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖ pulang ࠍୃ㘼ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆߩ߇⥄ὼߥߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬
೨▵ߩ࠹࡯ࡑߦ੹৻ᐲᚯࠆ߇㧘೨ᓟ෺ᣇߣ߽ୃ㘼᭴ㅧߣߔߴ߈߆14㧘೨ߦ⟎߆ࠇࠆߎߣ߇
‫⵬ޟ‬ᢥ᭴ㅧ‫ߣߩ߽߁޿ߣࠆ޽ߢޠ‬ห৻ⷞߔߴ߈߆㧘ࠃࠅᄙߊߩᢥ଀߆ࠄ㧘⚿⺰ࠍዉ߈ߚ޿‫ޕ‬
ធ⟎⹖ߣߩ㑐ଥ
⁁ᘒ⹖ߪ㧘േ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠍ଀ߢ߹ࠇߎޕ‬᜼ߍߡ⷗ߡ߈ߚߎߣ߆ࠄ߽
ࠊ߆ࠆㅢࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫߇ߛޕ‬㧘ਛߦߪ㧘ធ⟎⹖ߣ⚿߮ઃ޿ߡ㧘޿ࠊࠁࠆធ⟎⹖ฏߣߒߡୃ㘼ߔ
ࠆߎߣߒ߆ߢ߈ߥ޿߽ߩ߿㧘ធ⟎⹖ߣߣ߽ߦ಴⃻ߔࠆߎߣ߽㧘න⁛ߢ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߽޽
ࠆ⺆ߥߤ߇޽ࠆ15‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ▵ߢߪ㧘ߘߩࠃ߁ߥ⺆ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡᢥ଀ࠍⷰኤߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘૗ࠄ߆ߩ௑ะᕈ߿ⷙೣ
߇޽ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆㧘߹ߚ㧘ߘߩࠃ߁ߥᷙ࿷ߩ⁁ᴫࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆߚ߼ߩℂ⺰⊛઒⺑ࠍᮨ⚝ߒߡ޿
ߊߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߕขࠅ਄ߍࠆߩߪ㧘೨▵ߢᛒߞߚᗧ๧ಽ㘃ߩ߁ߜ㧘߽ߞߣ߽േ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߒ߿ߔ޿ߣ⠨
߃ࠄࠇߚ㧘േ૞⁁ᘒࠍ⴫ߔ⁁ᘒ⹖ࠍ⷗ߡ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬వߦ੔߃߫㧘ߎࠇ߇߽ߞߣ߽ᷙ࿷߇⷗ࠄࠇ
13 26㧕ߪ㧘ᱜ⏕ߦߪ㧘⵬ᢥਛߩⷐ⚛ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ណ㓸ߒߚ↪଀ߢߪ㧘⵬ᢥਛߩਛᔃߣߥࠆേ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ႐วߪ㧘
േ⹖ߩ೨ߦ⟎߆ࠇࠆ଀߇ᄙ߆ߞߚ‫␜ޕ‬ໂ⊛ߥ㕙߇޽ࠆߩߢ㧘ઃߌട߃ߡ߅ߊ‫ޕ‬
14 ೨ᓟ෺ᣇߦ‫ޟ‬⒖േน⢻‫߇ߩ߽ߥޠ‬೽⹖⊛․ᓽߢ޽ࠆߣߔࠆ⠨߃߽޽ࠆ‫଀ޕ‬㧦ᱜ଻㧔2000㧕ߥߤ‫߇ߛޕ‬㧘⵬ᢥ
ࠍߣࠆ⛔⺆⊛᭴ㅧ߽⠨ᘦߔࠇ߫㧘ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߢߪ㧘ᗧ๧⸃㉼߇৻ߟߩ⸃᳿╷ࠍᛂߜ಴ߔ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬
15 ߘߩઁߦ߽㧘ធየㄉ-nya ࠍߟߌࠆ߽ߩ߿㧘cepat-cepat ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘⇥⺆ᒻߩ߽ߩ߽޽ࠆ߇㧘ᒻᘒߩᄌൻߪ೎න
⺆ߢ޽ࠆߣ⹺⼂ߔࠇ߫㧘ߎߎߢߪ⠨ኤߩኻ⽎߆ࠄᄖߔߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
͘!229!͘
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ࠆ߽ߩߢ߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
27㧕2002.05.03.txt ̖ saya nak sampai cepat selalu."
⑳ 㨪ߚ޿ ⌕ߊ ㅦ޿ ޿ߟ߽
㧔࡮࡮࡮ࠊߚߒߪ޿ߟ߽ᣧߊ⌕߈ߚ޿㧕
28㧕2002.05.18.txt ``Semua langkah ini boleh dilaksanakan dengan cepat ̖.
ోߡ Ბ㓏
ߎߩ ߢ߈ࠆ ⴕ߁ ㅦߊ
㧔ߎߩోߡߩᲑ㓏߇ߔ߫߿ߊⴕࠊࠇࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈࡮࡮࡮㧕
29㧕2002.09.07.txt ̖ isu lain diselesaikan secara lebih cepat.
໧㗴 ઁߩ ⸃᳿ߔࠆ ࠃࠅㅦߊ
㧔࡮࡮࡮ઁߩ໧㗴߇㧘ߔ߫߿ߊ⸃᳿ߐࠇߚ㧕
30㧕2002.07.12.txt ̖, kita perlu bertindak dengan lebih cepat ̖.
⑳㆐ ᔅⷐߛ ⴕേߔࠆ ࠃࠅㅦߊ
㧔࡮࡮࡮⑳ߚߜߪ࡮࡮࡮ࠃࠅᣧᕆߦⴕേߔࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߛ㧕
㧰ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩ⺆⟲ߩ৻ߟ㧘cepat ࠍ଀ߦߔࠆߣ㧘਄ߩࠃ߁ߥᒻ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬27㧕ߪන⁛ߢୃ
㘼ߔࠆ଀ߢ޽ࠅ㧘28㧕ߢߪធ⟎⹖ dengan ߣ⚿߮ઃ޿ߡୃ㘼ߔࠆ߽ߩ㧘29㧕ߪធ⟎⹖ secara
ߣ౒ߦߥߞߡୃ㘼ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬secara ߩ 29㧕ߩ଀ߢߪ㧘ఝ╬Ყセࠍ⴫ߔ lebih ߇౉ߞ
ߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ห᭽ߩᒻߪ㧘ᢥ଀ 6㧕ߩ lebih cepat ߿ 30㧕ߩ dengan lebih cepat ߦ߽⷗ࠄࠇࠆ߽
ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘secara cepat ߩᒻ߽ታ㓙↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߢߪ㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ㆑޿߇޽ࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆‫ߩߢߎߎޕ‬ᢥ଀ߦ಴ߚേ⹖ߪ㧘޿ߕࠇ߽ᓟࠈߦ
೎ߩ㗄ࠍᔅⷐߣߒߡ޿ߥ޿߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓟࠈߦᔅⷐߣߔࠆ႐วߪߤ߁ߥࠆߩ߆㧘ᢥ଀ߢᬌ
⸽ߒߡߺࠆ‫ޕ‬
31㧕2002.07.23.txt ̖ negara-negara Islam boleh mendapat manfaat dengan lebih cepat.
࿖‫ ࠆ߈ߢ ࡓ࡜ࠬࠗ ޘ‬ᓧࠆ ೑⋉ ࠃࠅㅦߊ
㧔ࠗࠬ࡜ࡓߩ࿖‫߇ޘ‬㧘ࠃࠅᣧߊ೑⋉߇ᓧࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁࡮࡮࡮㧕
਄ߩ଀ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ធ⟎⹖ dengan ߇ߥ߆ߞߚߥࠄ㧘⋥೨ߩฬ⹖ manfaat ࠍୃ㘼ߒߡ޿ࠆߩ
ߣ㧘᭴ㅧ⊛ߦ⷗ಽߌߪߟ߆ߥߊߥࠆ‫ߣࠆߔޕ‬㧘ߎߩ႐วߪ㧘േ⹖ߦኻߒߡߩୃ㘼⺆ฏߢ޽
ࠆߎߣࠍ㓙┙ߚߖࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘ធ⟎⹖ߣ⚿߮ઃ޿ߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫߇ߛޕ‬㧘ߘࠇ
ߛߌߢߪ㧘േ⹖߇ᓟࠈߦ㗄ࠍᔅⷐߣߒߡ޿ߥ޿႐วߦ㧘ߥߗធ⟎⹖ߣ⚿߮ઃ޿ߡ޿ࠆߩ߆
ߣ޿߁⃻⽎ࠍోߊ⺑᣿ߒߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
৻ߟߩ⸃㉼ߣߒߡߪ㧘߿ߪࠅ‫ୃޟ‬㘼⺆ࠄߒߐ‫ޠ‬16ߩ໧㗴߇޽ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ߪߚ߹ޕ‬㧘
಴⃻ߔࠆ૏⟎ߦ߽㑐ଥ߇޽ࠆߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬ㅊߞߡᢥ଀ࠍ⷗ߡ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬
32㧕2002.09.08.txt ̖ ekonomi rantau Asia Timur akan dengan cepat menjadi enjin
⚻ᷣ ඙ၞ ࠕࠫࠕ ᧲ 㨪ߛࠈ߁ ㅦߊ ߥࠆ ࠛࡦࠫࡦ
penggerak utama kepada ekonomi global.
േജ ਥⷐߥ 㨪߳ ⚻ᷣ ࠣࡠ࡯ࡃ࡞
16 ߎߎߢߩ‫ୃޟ‬㘼⺆ࠄߒߐ‫ߪߣޠ‬㧘േ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ᭴ㅧߣ㧘േ⹖ߦࠃߞߡ⵬ቢߐࠇࠆ⵬ᢥ᭴ㅧߣࠍ඙೎ߔࠆߚ
߼ߦ↪޿ߚ⴫⃻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬೨⠪ߦኻߒߡߩߺ⋥ធ㑐ଥߒ㧘ฬ⹖ୃ㘼ߥߤߪ⠨ኤߩኻ⽎ᄖߦ⟎ߊߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
͘!22:!͘
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㧔࡮࡮࡮᧲ࠕࠫࠕ඙ၞߩ⚻ᷣ߇㧘ߔߋߦ㧘਎⇇⚻ᷣ߳ߩਥⷐߥേജḮߣߥࠆߛࠈ߁㧕
32㧕ߢߪ㧘ធ⟎⹖ઃ߈ߩୃ㘼⺆߇㧘േ⹖ߩ೨ߦ಴ߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ធ⟎⹖߇޽ࠆߩߛ߆ࠄ㧘
⵬ᢥ᭴ㅧࠍᚑߒߡ޿ࠆߣߪ੔߃ߥ޿ߛࠈ߁‫ߩߢߎߎޕ‬㧘cepat ߇േ⹖ߩ೨ߦ⟎߆ࠇߚߣ߈ߦ
⵬ᢥ᭴ㅧࠍߣࠆߣ޿߁⠨ኤߩⷞὐ㧘හߜᧄⓂߩ┙႐ߢ޽ࠆ㧘೨߆ࠄߩୃ㘼ߪ৻ᔕ⠨߃ߕߦ
⺰ࠍዷ㐿ߒߡ޿ߊߣ޿߁ᨒ⚵ߺߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘ធ⟎⹖ฏߪ㓐ᗧ⊛ⷐ⚛ߣ್ᢿߔࠆߩ߇ᅷᒰߢ
޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫߇ߛޕ‬㧘೨߆ࠄߩୃ㘼ߣ޿߁߽ߩࠍ઒ߦ⹺߼ߚ႐วߢ߽㧘߿ߪࠅ‫ୃޟ‬㘼⺆
ࠄߒߐ‫⺑߁޿ߣޠ‬᣿ේℂ߶ߤ᦭↪ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߪ㧘੹ߩߣߎࠈ․ߦߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ઁߩ⺆ߦ㑐ߔࠆᢥ଀߽⷗ߡ޿ߎ߁‫ޕ‬
33㧕2002.11.08.txt ̖ jika masalah ini tidak diselesaikan segera, ̖.
߽ߒ ໧㗴 ߎߩ 㨪ߥ޿ ⸃᳿ߔࠆ ߔߋ
㧔࡮࡮࡮߽ߒ߽ߎߩ໧㗴߇ߔߋߦ⸃᳿ߒߥ߆ߞߚࠄ࡮࡮࡮㧕
34㧕2002.09.17.txt ̖ pelajar kita dapat belajar dengan segera,'' ̖.
ቇ↢ ⑳㆐ ߢ߈ࠆ ቇ߱ ߔߋߦ
㧔࡮࡮࡮⑳ߚߜߩ↢ᓤ߇㧘ߔߋߦቇߴࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘࡮࡮࡮㧕
਄⸥ੑ଀ߪ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇᢥߣߒߡߩಾࠇ⋡ߩ⚳ࠊࠅߦ಴ࠆ႐วߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦ౒ޕ‬㧘േ⹖ߪᓟࠈ
ߦ೎ߩ㗄ࠍᔅⷐߣߒߥ޿߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘એਅߦߪ೎ߩ㗄ࠍขࠆᢥ଀ࠍ᜼ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬
35㧕2002.09.18.txt ̖ Iraq mahu memulakan segera perbincangan ̖.
ࠗ࡜ࠢ 㨪ߚ޿ ᆎ߼ࠆ ߔߋ ⹤ߒว޿
㧔࡮࡮࡮ࠗ࡜ࠢߪ࡮࡮࡮ߔߋߦߢ߽⹤ߒว޿ࠍᆎ߼ߚ޿㧕
36㧕2002.03.01.txt ̖ pihak berkuasa Yemen memaklumkan dengan segera㩷 kepada
ᒰዪ ࠗࠚࡔࡦ ⍮ࠄߖࠆ ߔߋߦ 㨪߳
Kedutaan Malaysia ̖.
ᄢ૶㙚 ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ
㧔࡮࡮࡮ࠗࠚࡔࡦᒰዪߪ㧘ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕᄢ૶㙚߳࡮࡮࡮ߔߋߦ⍮ࠄߖߚ㧕
37㧕2002.09.24.txt``Mara akan berusaha untuk mendapatkan visa tersebut dengan segera ̖.
㧔⚵❱ฬ㧕~ߟ߽ࠅ ദജߔࠆ 㨪ߚ߼ ᚻߦ౉ࠇࠆ ࡆࠩ ਄⸥ߩ ߔߋߦ
㧔Mara ߪ࡮࡮࡮ߔߋߦᒰ⹥ߩࡆࠩ߇౉ᚻߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ዧജߔࠆߟ߽ࠅߛ㧕
਄ߩᢥ଀ߢߪ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩേ⹖߇㧘ᓟࠈߦ೎ߩ㗄ࠍᔅⷐߣߒߡ޿ࠆߩߛ߇㧘೨ߩੑ଀㧘
35㧕㧘36㧕ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘േ⹖ߩ⋥ᓟߦ᧪ࠆ႐วߪߤߜࠄ߽น⢻ߢߪ޽ࠆ߇㧘ណขߒߚᢥ଀ਛ
ߢߪ㧘35㧕ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘⋥ᓟߦ segera ߩߺߩᒻ߇ᄙߊ⷗ࠄࠇߚ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ㧘ઁ㗄ࠍขߞߚᢥᧃߦ
಴ࠆ႐ว㧘37㧕ߩࠃ߁ߦ dengan ઃ߈ߩធ⟎⹖ฏߢ޽ࠆᢥ଀߇߶ߣࠎߤߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ߢߪ㧘ߎߎ߆ࠄ૗߇੔߃ࠆߛࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬వߩ↪଀ߢߪ㧘ធ⟎⹖ߣ⚿߮ઃߊߎߣߢ㧘ฬ⹖ୃ
㘼ߣߩፋ೎߿㧘ୃ㘼⺆ࠄߒߐ߇㜞߹ࠆߣ޿߁⠨߃߇޽ߞߚ߇㧘37㧕ߩࠃ߁ߥ↪଀ߥࠄ߫ߘ
ߩ⠨߃߽޽ߥ߇ߜ⊛ᄖࠇߢߪߥߊߥࠆ߇㧘߿ߪࠅߘࠇߛߌߢߪ 35㧕ߣ 36㧕ߥߤߩ↪଀߇
⺑᣿ߟ߆ߥ޿ߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
೎ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦὶὐࠍ޽ߡߡ⷗ߡ޿ߎ߁‫ޕ‬㔍ᤃࠍ⴫ߔ႐วߪ㧘޽߹ࠅ଀ߪߥ޿߽ߩߩ㧘
16㧕ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘න⁛ߢേ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ଀߽⷗ࠄࠇߚ‫ߪߢޕ‬㧘ធ⟎⹖ߣ⚿߮ઃ޿ߚߥࠄ߫ߤ
͘!231!͘
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߁ߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬
38㧕2002.03.25.txt `Saya lihat masalah ini boleh selesai dengan mudah ̖.
⑳ ⷗ࠆ ໧㗴 ߎߩ ߢ߈ࠆ ⸃᳿ߔࠆ ኈᤃߦ
㧔⑳ߪ㧘ߎߩ໧㗴߇࡮࡮࡮ኈᤃߦ⸃᳿ߐࠇ߁ࠆߩࠍ⷗ߚ㧕
39㧕2002.07.13.txt ̖ ia tidak boleh diterima secara mudah ̖.
ᓐ 㨪ߥ޿ ߢ߈ࠆ ฃߌࠆ ኈᤃߦ
㧔࡮࡮࡮ᓐߪ߿ߔ߿ߔߣฃߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ࡮࡮࡮㧕
40㧕2002.05.21.txt ̖ organisasi pengganas dengan mudah menggunakan kegiatan ini,''
⚵❱ ࠹ࡠ࡝ࠬ࠻ ኈᤃߦ ૶߁ ᵴേ ߎߩ
katanya.
ᓐߪ⸒߁
㧔࡮࡮࡮࠹ࡠ⚵❱ߪ㧘ߎߩᵴേࠍኈᤃߦ೑↪ߔࠆߛࠈ߁㧘ߣᓐߪ⸒ߞߚ㧕
41㧕2002.05.23.txt ̖ mereka akan mendapat tempat dengan lebih mudah ̖.
ᓐࠄ 㨪ߛࠈ߁ ᓧࠆ ႐ᚲ ࠃࠅኈᤃߦ
㧔࡮࡮࡮ᓐࠄߪ࡮࡮࡮ࠃࠅࠬࡓ࡯࠭ߦ႐ᚲࠍᓧࠆߛࠈ߁㧕
㧯ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩ⺆ߢ޽ࠆ mudah ߇න⁛ߢୃ㘼ߔࠆ଀ߪ㧘ᧄࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦ߅޿ߡߪᢙዋߥ޿ᣇ
ߢ޽ߞߚ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇធ⟎⹖ߣ౒ߦߢࠆ႐วߪ㧘਄ߩ྾଀ߦ⷗ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘૏⟎ߦ㑐ߒߡ߽㧘᭽‫ޘ‬
ߢ޽ࠅ㧘৻⥸ൻߪߒ߇ߚ޿‫ޕ‬ㅒߦ੔߃߫㧘૏⟎߇ᢔᏓߒ߁ࠆߩߪ㧘dengan ߥߤ߇ߟ޿ߡ㧘
േ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆୃ㘼⺆ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߛ߆ࠄน⢻ߥᝄࠆ⥰޿ߣ߽੔߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߎߢߩ⚿⺰ߣߒߡ㧘߹ߕ㧘ធ⟎⹖ߣ⚿߮ઃߊߎߣߢ‫ୃޟ‬㘼⺆ࠄߒߐ‫ࠍޠ‬ቢోߦᓧࠆߣ
޿߁ߎߣߪ੔߃ࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ૉߒ㧘⺆ᒵߦࠃߞߡߪ㧘߽ߣࠃࠅන⁛ߢേ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆߎߣ
߇಴᧪ࠆߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ߽޽ࠅ㧘૶޿ಽߌߢߪߥߊ㧘‫౒ޟ‬ሽ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᒻߢ෺ᣇ߇⷗ࠄࠇ
ࠆ17‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘೨▵ߣห᭽ߦ㧘dengan ߿ secara ߇↢↥⊛ߢ޽ࠆ18ߎߣ߆ࠄ㘃ផߐࠇ㧘ઁߩࠣ
࡞࡯ࡊߩ⺆ᒵ߽㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᒻࠍߣߞߡୃ㘼⺆ߣᚑࠆ߽ߩ߇޽ߞߚࠅ㧘߹ߚ㧘߿߿ᄌࠊߞ
ߚ੝⒳߽⷗ࠄࠇߚࠅߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
42㧕2002.01.27.txt ̖ dan boleh diselesaikan dengan baik, ̖.
ߘߒߡ ߢ߈ࠆ
⸃᳿ߔࠆ ߁߹ߊ
㧔࡮࡮࡮ߘߒߡ߁߹ߊ⸃᳿ߐࠇࠆ࡮࡮࡮㧕
43㧕2002.03.09.txt ̖ pihak tertentu yang dengan berani mencabar hak-hak ̖.
஥ ޽ࠆ 㨪ߩ ാᢓߦ ᜸ᚢߔࠆ ᮭ೑
㧔ാᢓߦ߽࡮࡮࡮ᮭ೑ࠍߣࠈ߁ߣߔࠆ޽ࠆ஥࡮࡮࡮㧕
44㧕2002.01.09.txt ̖ pilihan raya presiden dikendalikan secara tidak adil ̖.
✚ㆬ᜼ ᄢ⛔㗔 ᠲࠆ ਇ౏ᐔߦ 㧔࡮࡮࡮ᄢ⛔㗔✚ㆬ᜼߇࡮࡮࡮ਇ౏ᐔߦᠲࠄࠇߚ㧕
17 ૉߒ㧘ᧄᢥਛߢ␜ߒߚߣ߅ࠅ㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߪᭂዊߥ߇ࠄ߽㧘಴⃻૏⟎ߥߤ޽ࠆ⒟ᐲߩ௑ะᕈߪ޽ࠆࠃ߁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
18 ޿ߕࠇ߽㧘
‫ޟ‬ᚻᲑ‫ޟ߿ޠ‬ᣇᴺ‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬ធ⟎⹖ߣߒߡ㧘േ⹖ߥߤߣ߽⚿߮ઃ߈߁ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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45㧕2002.11.20.txt "Saya katakan dengan cara mudah jika anda ditanya ̖.
⑳ ⸒߁ ኈᤃߦ ߽ߒ ޽ߥߚ ዆ߨࠆ
㧔߽ߒ޽ߥߚ߇࡮࡮࡮዆ߨࠄࠇߚߥࠄ㧘⑳ߪߔߋߦญࠍഀߞߚߛࠈ߁㧕
46㧕2002.07.24.txt㩷 ``Pasukan ini dengan secara segera akan meminta pihak 㵺.
ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ ߎߩ ߔߋߦ 㨪ߛࠈ߁ 㗬߻ ஥
㧔ߎߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߪ㧘࡮࡮࡮஥ߦߔߋߦ㗬߻ߢ޽ࠈ߁㧕
42㧕ߦ߅ߌࠆୃ㘼⺆ dengan baik ߪ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ႐ว㧘න⁛ߩ⺆ baik ߛߌߢߪୃ㘼⺆ߣ
ߒߡᯏ⢻ߒߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘43㧕㧘44㧕ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘berani ߿ adil ߪ㧘ᣢߦᢥ଀ߣ
ߒߡ⊓႐ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘න⁛ߢ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ⺆ߣߩ‫౒ޟ‬ሽ‫ߣࠆ޽ߢޠ‬੔߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
45㧕ߩ଀ߢߪ㧘ߤ߁⠨߃ࠆߴ߈߆‫ޕ‬cara ߪ㧘ᣇᴺߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߩฬ⹖ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘࠇࠍ↪޿
ߚធ⟎⹖ฏߢ޽ࠆ‫߇ߛޕ‬㧘46㧕ߩ႐วߢߪ㧘޿ߐߐ߆ㆊ೾ߥ߹ߢߩធ⟎⹖ઃਈߢ޽ࠆߣߒ
߆੔߃ߥ޿‫ߦ଀৻ߪߡ޿߅ߦࠬࡄ࡯ࠦᧄߪ଀ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ㆊ߉ߥ߆ߞߚ߇㧘ಽᨆߩኻ⽎߆
ࠄߪᄖߔߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ޿ߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
߹ߣ߼
⁁ᘒ⹖ߩ․⾰
ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߩ৻ຠ⹖㧘⁁ᘒ⹖ߣߪ㧘න⁛㧘߹ߚߪᓟࠈߦ⵬ㇱߥߤࠍ઻ߞߡ㧘ᢥߩㅀ⺆
ߣߥࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ട߃ߡ㧘ฬ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ௛߈ࠍᔅ㗇ߣߒ㧘േ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߒߚࠅߔࠆߎ
ߣ߇⺆ᒵߦࠃߞߡน⢻ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁․⾰ࠍᜬߟຠ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
േ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ᭴ㅧߪ㧘ၮᧄ⊛ߦߪേ⹖ߩᓟࠈߦ⁁ᘒ⹖߇⃻ࠇࠆߣ޿߁᭴ㅧࠍߣࠆ‫ޕ‬ૉ
ߒ㧘േ⹖ߩ೨ߦ޽ࠆ႐วߢ޽ߞߡ߽㧘⵬ᢥ᭴ㅧߣߒߡߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘ᗧ๧⸃㉼ߦ߅޿ߡୃ
㘼᭴ㅧߣ್ᢿߔߴ߈߽ߩ߇޽ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬㧘೨߆ࠄߩേ⹖ୃ㘼ߪ㧘ᧄⓂߢ
ߪᛒߞߡߪ޿ߥ޿߇㧘੹ᓟ⷗⋥ߔᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
⁁ᘒ⹖߇േ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߢ߈ࠆ߆ุ߆ߣ޿߁໧㗴ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘േ૞⁁ᘒࠍ⴫ߔ⁁ᘒ⹖ࠍ╩㗡ߦ㧘
ⴕേߩ⹏ଔ߿್ᢿࠍ⴫ߔ߽ߩ߽㧘ߘࠇ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆߣ੔߃ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᒻ⁁ᕈ⾰߿⍮ⷡᗵᖱ
ߩ⁁ᘒ⹖ߩ৻ㇱ߽น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߘࠇߪേ⹖ߣߩᗧ๧⊛ߥ㑐ଥ߇ᄢ߈ߊ㑐ࠊߞߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨
߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ୃޕ‬㘼ߩᗧ๧⸃㉼ߢߪ㧘േ૞ߩ⁁ᘒࠍ⴫ߔ႐วߣ㧘േ૞ਥߩ⁁ᘒࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ႐
วߩੑㅢࠅ߇⋴ขߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᦨᓟߦ㧘න⁛ߢୃ㘼ߒ߁ࠆ߽ߩ㧘ធ⟎⹖ߣ⚿߮ઃ޿ߡน⢻ߣߥࠆ߽ߩ㧘ߘߩ෺ᣇ߇޽ࠅ
߁ࠆ߽ߩߩਃㅢࠅߩࡄ࠲࡯ࡦ߇޽ࠆ߇㧘ၮᧄ⊛ߦ㧘ធ⟎⹖߇ߟߊ႐วߪ㧘േ⹖ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ
ୃ㘼⺆ࠄߒߐߣ޿߁ὐߢ㧘න⁛ߩ߽ߩࠃࠅൎߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘↢↥⊛ߥធ⟎⹖ߩ௛߈߽㧘ߘߩ଀
⸽ߣߥࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘න⁛ߢ⃻ࠇࠆ႐วߣߘ߁ߢߥ޿႐วߣߢߪ㧘૏⟎ߥߤߦ㑐
ߒߡߘࠇߥࠅߦ௑ะᕈ߇޽ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬㧘⺰Ⓜᧃㇱߦឝタߒߚ㧘⴫ߣෳ⠨ᢥ଀
19ߢ⏕⹺ߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬
‫ୃޟ‬㘼⺆ࠄߒߐ‫߃޿ߪߣࠆ޽߇ޠ‬㧘ߥߗߘߩࠃ߁ߥ‫౒ޟ‬ሽ‫╵ޕ߆߁ࠈߛߩࠆࠇࠄ⷗߇ޠ‬
19 2-3.ߢขࠅ਄ߍߚ↪଀ߩ߁ߜ㧘cepat, segera, mudah ߩਃ଀ߦ⛉ࠅ㧘಴⃻૏⟎ߣᒻᘒߣࠍ߹ߣ߼ߚ߽ߩࠍ⴫ߦߒ
ߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟߦ㧘ߘߎߢߩ↪଀ߩᐞߟ߆ࠍઃ㍳ߣߒߡߟߌߡ߅ߊ‫ޕ‬
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߃ߩ⸽᣿ߩ৻ߟߦߪ㧘‫ޟ‬㘃ផ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬᭎ᔨ߇޽ߡߪ߹ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߩߢߪߥ߆ࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬
⸒⺆ߪᄌൻߒߡ޿ߊ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫߇ߩ߽ߚ޿ߡࠇߐ⋡ߣ↪⺋ޕ‬㧘▸଀ߣ߹ߢߪⴕ߆ߕߣ߽㧘
⸵ኈߐࠇߡ޿ߊߎߣߢᄌൻߒߡ޿ߊ႐ว߽޽ࠆ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕ‬႐ว㧘଀߃߫㧘޽ࠆⅣႺߦ߅
޿ߡ޽ࠆ௛߈ࠍᜬߟ⺆߇಴ߚߥࠄ߫㧘ߘߩ㘃ૃ⊛௛߈ࠍᜬߞߚ೎ߩ⺆߽㧘ห᭽ߦ↪޿ߡ߽
⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠆߣߐࠇࠆߎߣ߽㧘޽ߥ߇ߜุቯߢ߈ߥ޿ߪߕߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ቅ┙⺆ߥߤ㧘⺆ߩᒻᘒ⊛ᮡ␜߇⭯ᒙߥ⸒⺆ߩ႐ว㧘⯯ㄉߥߤ߽ߘ߁ߛ߇㧘૏⟎߽ߘߩᢥ
ᴺߦ߅޿ߡ߆ߥࠅߩᲧ㊀ࠍභ߼ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ߣࠆߔ߁ߘޕ‬㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢ⷗ߥ߆ߞߚ↪ᴺߢ޽
ߞߡ߽㧘ᢥᴺ⊛ߥォ↪ߣߒ㧘⸃㉼น⢻ߥ㒢ࠅߦ߅޿ߡᄌൻߒߡ޿ߊน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫ࠈߜ߽ޕ‬
ࠎ㧘േ⹖ߣ⁁ᘒ⹖ߣߩᗧ๧⊛ߥ⚿߮ઃ߈ߣߘߩ૏⟎߇㧘ߎߎߢߩ㎛ߣߥࠆߩߛࠈ߁߇㧘ㅢ
ᤨ⊛ߥⷰኤߣಽᨆߣࠍᔅⷐߣߔࠆߎߩ໧㗴ߪ㧘ߎߎߢߪ৻ߟߩ઒⺑ߦ⇐߼߅ߊ‫ޕ‬
੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴
ᧄ⎇ⓥߪ㧘ᄙߊߩ໧㗴ឭ⿠ࠍߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᢥᴺ⸥ㅀߩ⷗⋥ߒ߇㧘ߘߩਛᔃ⊛ߥ໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆ
ߣ੔߃ࠆ‫ୃޟࠆࠁࠊ޿ޕ‬㘼᭴ㅧ‫߽ߡߞߣࠍߟ৻ޠ‬㧘߽߁৻ᐲ⠨߃ࠆߴ߈໧㗴߇ᱷߐࠇߡ޿
ࠆ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘⚂ᢙߩࠃ߁ߦ✊㤀ߦഀࠅಾࠇߥ޿ࠃ߁ߥᷙᴋߣߒߚ⁁ᴫߢ޽ߞߡ߽㧘ߘࠇࠍ
৻ߟ৻ߟ⸃߈߶ߋߒߡ㧘ᅷᒰߢ᦭↪ߥ⸥ㅀࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ߊᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡ㧘ᒁ߈⛯߈⁁ᘒ⹖ߩ᭴ㅧࠍ⷗ߡ޿ߊߛߌߢߥߊ㧘േ⹖ߣߩ㑐ㅪᕈ߿㧘
⸃㉼ߦ߅ߌࠆߟߥ߇ࠅߣ㧘᏷ࠍᐢߍߡ⷗ߡ޿ߊߎߣ߇ᄢ੐ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦࠬࡄ࡯ࠦߚ߹ޕ‬㑐ߒߡ
߽㧘ណ㓸ߔࠆಽ㊁߿ࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ࠍᄌ߃ߡ㧘ࠃࠅᐢ޿ᢥ଀ߦ޽ߚࠆߎߣ߇⢄ⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬వ
ߦߪ㧘ࡑ࡟࡯ࠪࠕ⺆ߩㅀ⺆ߩౝㇱ᭴ㅧࠍ⸥ㅀߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߆ࠄߟߥ߇ࠆ㧘ᢥဳߦ㑐ߔࠆ
⎇ⓥߥߤߩᧄᵹ߇޽ࠆߣ੔߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
Abdullah Hassan㧔2002㧕Tatabahasa Bahasa Melayu, PTS publications & distributor SDN. BHD.
Asmah Haji Omar, Rama Subbiah㧔1995㧕An Introduction to Malay Grammar, Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka.
Nik Safiah Karim㧔1995㧕Malay Grammar for Academics and Professionals, Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka.
Nik Safiah Karim (et al.)㧔1997㧕Tatabahasa Dewan㧙Edisi Baharu, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
ᱜ଻ാ㧔2000㧕‫ߩ⺆ࠕࠪ࡯࡟ࡑޟ‬೽⹖‫⎇⺆⸒ޡޠ‬ⓥΦ‫ޢ‬, ᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ 1999 ᐕᐲᢎ⢒
⎇ⓥቇౝ․೎⚻⾌.
Shoho Isamu, Uzawa Hiroshi㧔2004㧕”Patterns of Adjective Phrase Complement Sentences”, In
Corpus-Based Analyses on Sentence Structures, pp.27-70.
㡻ᴛᵗᔒ㧔2003㧕‫ߩ⺆ࠕࠪ࡯࡟ࡑޡ‬ຠ⹖ಽ㘃‫ޢ‬, ᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ ୃ჻⺰ᢥ.
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⎇ⓥ⾗ᢱ ߘߩ㧝 ̆⴫̆
⴫㧝 cepat
⁁ᘒ⹖ߩߺ
㨄㨄㨄㧗㨂
ធ⟎⹖㧗⁁ᘒ⹖
㧔㧝㧞㧕
㧝
㨂㧗㨄㨄㨄
㧥
㧝㧟
㨂㧗㨄㨄㨄㧗ǩ
㧜
㧞
㨂㧗ǩ㧗㨄㨄㨄
㧜
㧡
㧞㧝㧛㧠㧞
㧞㧝㧛㧠㧞
ో૕ᢙ
㧖 㨄㨄㨄ߪኻ⽎ߢ޽ࠆ⁁ᘒ⹖㧘߽ߒߊߪធ⟎⹖㧗⁁ᘒ⹖ࠍ␜ߔ
㧖 ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘න⁛ߢേ⹖ߩ೨ߦ಴ࠆ႐วߪ㧘‫ୃޟ‬㘼‫ߩޠ‬ᛒ޿ߣߪߒߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߢ㧘㧔 㧕ߢ඙೎ߒߡ߅ߊ
㧖 ⸥ภǩߪ㧘േ⹖߇⟵ോ⊛ߦⷐߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧘⻉ⷐ⚛ࠍ␜ߔ
⴫㧞 segera
⁁ᘒ⹖ߩߺ
ធ⟎⹖㧗⁁ᘒ⹖
㨄㨄㨄㧗㨂
㧔㧟㧡㧕
㧝
㨂㧗㨄㨄㨄
㧡㧞
㧥
㨂㧗㨄㨄㨄㧗ǩ
㧟㧟
㧜
㨂㧗ǩ㧗㨄㨄㨄
㧝
㧝㧝
ో૕ᢙ
㧝㧞㧝㧛㧝㧠㧞
㧞㧝㧛㧝㧠㧞
⴫㧟 mudah
⁁ᘒ⹖ߩߺ
㨄㨄㨄㧗㨂
ធ⟎⹖㧗⁁ᘒ⹖
㧔㧟㧣㧕
㧝
㨂㧗㨄㨄㨄
㧡
㧝㧝
㨂㧗㨄㨄㨄㧗ǩ
㧞
㧜
㨂㧗ǩ㧗㨄㨄㨄
㧜
㧝㧜
ో૕ᢙ
㧠㧠㧛㧢㧢
㧞㧞㧛㧢㧢
⎇ⓥ⾗ᢱ ߘߩ㧞 ̆ᢥ଀̆
2002.03.28.txt¥0328b.txt(50):Badan
dunia
itu
juga
turut
mendesak
pasukan
pengaman
antarabangsa di Kabul untuk menyediakan kemudahan helikopter bagi membolehkan penghantaran
bantuan dilakukan dengan lebih cepat.
2002.03.30.txt¥0330e.txt(54):``Di mana ia menyediakan peruntukan khas bagi kepentingan awam
untuk membantu institusi kewangan dengan menyingkirkan aset-aset yang lemah, membantu
sektor perniagaan dengan menguruskan secara cepat dan cekap syarikat yang mengalami masalah
kewangan dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi negara dengan menyuntik kecairan dalam
sistem kewangan.
2002.05.03.txt¥0503e.txt(51):Sambil melihat pada jam tangannya, Dr. Mahathir berkata: ``Jam dah
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11.30 pagi (walaupun waktu sebenar ialah 11.25 pagi). Jam saya cepat daripada orang lain pasal
saya nak sampai cepat selalu."
2002.05.07.txt¥0507e.txt(51):``Hari ini hanya mereka yang `buta' sahaja yang enggan mengakui
bahawa kita telah pulih lebih baik dan lebih cepat berbanding mereka yang mengguna pakai
kaedah yang disarankan (Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa),'' katanya.
2002.05.08.txt¥0508a.txt(56):Dalam pada itu, peguam Taufik, Duni Nirbayati berkata, pihaknya
akan segera mengajukan rayuan memandangkan tertuduh sangat bekerjasama dengan polis
sehingga kes berkenaan dapat diselesaikan dengan cepat.
2002.05.25.txt¥0525i.txt(42):Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamad berkata,
Malaysia perlu mencari `rahsia' bagaimana Korea Selatan berjaya melunaskan semua hutangnya
sebanyak RM212.8 bilion daripada Dana Kewangan Antarabangsa (IMF) dengan begitu cepat.
2002.07.09.txt¥0709h.txt(43):"Kami tetapkan lebih cepat lebih baik kerana kami mahu
menyelesaikannya," katanya kepada pemberita selepas merasmikan bengkel Bengkel Penentuan
Had Luar Pelantar Benua di sini, hari ini.
2002.07.12.txt¥0712g.txt(57):``Secara khususnya, kita perlu bertindak dengan lebih cepat dalam
membuat keputusan kerana sektor swasta begitu mementingkan masa dan kualiti,'' katanya.
2002.07.23.txt¥0723c.txt(51):Syed Hamid berkata, kedua-dua negara turut merasakan kesatuan itu
perlu disegerakan supaya negara-negara Islam boleh mendapat manfaat dengan lebih cepat.
2002.07.31.txt¥0731e.txt(51):Tertuduh, yang kelihatan memaki anggota polis ketika menunggu
perbicaraan, juga meminta majistret mengarahkan polis pengiringnya supaya tidak membawa dia
dengan cepat kerana kakinya sakit.
2002.09.07.txt¥0907f.txt(48):Dr. Mahathir berkata, Singapura wajar menerima syor Malaysia
supaya ia dibincangkan secara berasingan bagi membolehkan isu lain diselesaikan secara lebih
cepat.
2002.09.08.txt¥0908f.txt(44):Menurutnya, dengan gabungan ekonomi Jepun, China, Korea dan
negara-negara Asia Tenggara, ekonomi rantau Asia Timur akan dengan cepat menjadi enjin
penggerak utama kepada ekonomi global.
2002.01.14.txt¥0114c.txt(44):Zainal berkata, MTUC telah memaklumkan kepada Dr. Mahathir
bahawa perkara itu telah dibincangkan begitu lama dan sudah tiba masa bagi kerajaan
menyelesaikan permintaan itu dengan segera.
2002.01.15.txt¥0115a.txt(39):KANGAR 14 Jan. - Beberapa orang pemimpin UMNO mahukan
Parti Keadilan Nasional (Keadilan) mendedahkan segera kandungan kotak yang didakwanya
mengandungi maklumat sulit berhubung penyalahgunaan kuasa oleh beberapa pemimpin kerajaan
Barisan Nasional (BN).
2002.01.15.txt¥0115c.txt(50):Disebabkan terdesak untuk bernikah segera, bekas naib kadi itu
sanggup mengadakan upacara akah nikah di dalam kereta dengan pemandu kepada lelaki yang
berada itu bertindak sebagai saksi.
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2002.01.17.txt¥0117b.txt(68):Pihaknya juga telah mengarahkan syarikat pemborong kecil projek
segera membuat siasatan bagi mengenal pasti sebab-sebab sebenar berlakunya kemalangan itu.
2002.01.21.txt¥0121g.txt(40):KOTA KINABALU 20 Jan. - Yayasan Pencegahan Jenayah Malaysia
(YPJM) menggesa kerajaan melaksanakan segera peraturan mengetatkan pengambilan buruh dari
Indonesia bagi membendung kejadian jenayah yang berpunca daripada mereka.
2002.01.21.txt¥0121g.txt(45):``Kejadian rusuhan pekerja Indonesia itu sudah sampai ke tahap
serius kerana mereka telah merosakkan kenderaan polis serta memusnahkan kemudahan asas di
tempat kerja mereka dan budaya ganas ini perlu dibendung segera menerusi tindakan tegas
kerajaan,'' katanya.
2002.01.23.txt¥0123a.txt(40):KUALA TERENGGANU 22 Jan. - Kerajaan akan menggubal
undang-undang baru yang membolehkan tindakan keras dan tegas dikenakan segera ke atas
pekerja asing yang melanggar undang-undang negara ini.
2002.01.23.txt¥0123a.txt(44):``Kedudukan mereka di negara ini dari segi undang-undang perlu
diteliti. Kalau undang-undang tidak mencukupi untuk membolehkan kita mengambil tindakan
keras dan segera, kita perlu wujudkan undang-undang baru dengan segera,'' ujarnya.
2002.01.23.txt¥0123d.txt(52):Utusan difahamkan kerajaan negeri pada penghujung tahun lalu
mengarahkan semua institusi pendidikan yang menerima wang ihsan menyerahkan cek yang
diterima kepada pentadbiran negeri dengan segera.
2002.01.28.txt¥0128a.txt(55):Menyentuh mengenai penghantaran pulang pendatang tanpa izin
yang ditahan di pusat-pusat tahanan, Aseh berkata, tindakan menghantar mereka pulang dengan
segera telah dilakukan.
2002.01.29.txt¥0129f.txt(46):Disebabkan itu, katanya, Singapura memang sedia maklum mengenai
hasrat kerajaan Malaysia untuk menyelesaikan isu itu dengan segera.
2002.03.01.txt¥0301b.txt(53):Ditanya kegagalan pihak berkuasa Yemen memaklumkan dengan
segera kepada Kedutaan Malaysia berhubung penangkapan itu, beliau berkata, mereka menghadapi
masalah mengenal pasti kerakyatan pelajar kerana jumlah pelajar yang ditahan adalah ramai.
2002.03.11.txt¥0311i.txt(49):Menjawab pertanyaan pemberita, Abdullah berkata, kerajaan memang
berhasrat menyelesaikan segera isu pendatang tanpa izin di Sabah tetapi perkara itu bukanlah
mudah dilaksanakan.
2002.03.14.txt¥0314d.txt(46):Penyiaran gambar itu menimbulkan kemarahan rakyat sehingga
timbul desakan supaya kerajaan menamatkan segera pembelian ruang iklan pelancongan mengenai
negara dalam Time kerana terus-menerus memburukkan imej Malaysia.
2002.03.15.txt¥0315f.txt(55):``Persidangan seumpama akan membolehkan kita merumuskan takrif
keganasan supaya segala tindakan ganas dapat dikenali dan dikutuk segera,'' katanya.
2002.03.19.txt¥0319d.txt(43):Timbalan Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
ketika menyatakan demikian mahukan hasil laporan itu dikemukakan dengan segera kepada
kerajaan untuk tindakan lanjut.
͘!237!͘
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2002.03.22.txt¥0322b.txt(55):Beliau menasihatkan pendatang tanpa izin mengambil tawaran
berkenaan segera jika tidak mahu menerima hukuman berat termasuk sebatan apabila akta itu mula
dikuatkuasakan nanti.
2002.05.03.txt¥0503f.txt(39):JITRA 2 Mei - Datuk Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamad hari ini memberi
amaran kepada semua pemimpin dan ahli UMNO yang sengaja menghalang kemasukan golongan
remaja sebagai ahli Puteri supaya menghentikan segera perbuatan mereka.
2002.05.04.txt¥0504a.txt(39):Singapura ajak bincang -- Chok Tong mahu selesai segera isu-isu
yang masih tertangguh.
2002.09.05.txt¥0905i.txt(72):Bagi Malaysia, seperti yang ditegaskan oleh pemimpin negara
berkali-kali, kita mahu isu yang menjadi duri dalam hubungan dua negara berjiran itu diselesaikan
seberapa segera.
2002.09.06.txt¥0906e.txt(42):KUALA LUMPUR 5 Sept. - Ketua Penaja Puteri UMNO, Azalina
Othman Said dan ahli jawatankuasanya perlu menghentikan segera perjumpaan dengan para
pemimpin parti bagi mengelak sebarang tuduhan atau tersingkir daripada persaingan pemilihan,
jika didapati melanggar tataetika parti.
2002.09.07.txt¥0907e.txt(48):Beliau mengulas gesaan Ketua Penerangan UMNO, Tan Sri Megat
Junid Megat Ayob semalam supaya Azalina menghentikan segera perjumpaan dengan para
pemimpin parti bagi mengelak sebarang tuduhan atau tersingkir daripada persaingan pemilihan,
jika didapati menyalahi tataetika parti.
2002.09.15.txt¥0915a.txt(41):PERTUBUHAN BANGSA-BANGSA BERSATU (PBB) 14 Sept. Ancaman Perang Teluk yang kedua kian hampir apabila Iraq menolak secara bulat-bulat tuntutan
Presiden Amerika Syarikat (AS), George W. Bush supaya pemeriksa senjata PBB dibenarkan
masuk semula ke Baghdad dengan segera dan tanpa syarat.
2002.09.15.txt¥0915i.txt(42):BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN 14 Sept. - Malaysia mencadangkan
diwujudkan segera mekanisme berkesan untuk menyelesaikan masalah-masalah perdagangan yang
dihadapi oleh sektor swasta dalam hubungan ekonomi Australia-ASEAN.
2002.09.16.txt¥0916b.txt(43):Ancaman Bush itu dibuat ketika Iraq bertegas menolak tuntutannya
supaya pemeriksa senjata PBB dibenarkan masuk semula ke Baghdad dengan segera dan tanpa
syarat.
2002.09.16.txt¥0916g.txt(45):``Pasukan petugas khas itu perlu ditubuhkan dengan segera,'' kata
pelan induk berkenaan yang dirangka oleh Institut Kajian Strategik dan Antarabangsa.
2002.09.17.txt¥0917a.txt(45):``Kita kesal dengan tindakan AS terhadap para pelajar ini dan
mudah-mudahan mereka (AS) ambil keputusan cepat supaya pelajar kita dapat belajar dengan
segera,'' katanya kepada pemberita di lobi Parlimen di sini hari ini.
2002.09.20.txt¥0920c.txt(60):Yaakob dalam laporannya pula berkata, beliau mahu polis menyiasat
segera dakwaan serius yang dibuat oleh Abdul Hadi mengenai perkara tersebut.
2002.09.24.txt¥0924b.txt(57):Pembantu Yasser, Nabil Abu Rudeina yang bercakap menerusi
͘!238!͘
目次ページに戻る。
telefon dari bangunan itu menegaskan, Majlis Keselamatan mesti bertindak segera.
2002.09.24.txt¥0924h.txt(45):``Mara akan berusaha untuk mendapatkan visa tersebut dengan
segera tetapi tidak dapat memberi jaminan visa itu diluluskan,'' katanya.
2002.03.24.txt¥0324f.txt(40):WARSAW 23 Mac - Datuk Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamad yakin
Malaysia boleh mencapai kemajuan setanding negara Eropah sekiranya semua pihak termasuk ahli
perniagaan bekerja kuat, amanah dan tidak mengambil kesempatan mengaut keuntungan secara
mudah.
2002.03.25.txt¥0325c.txt(42):``Saya lihat masalah ini boleh selesai dengan mudah kalau dia
meminta maaf.
2002.05.03.txt¥0503a.txt(50):Mengenai punca kesesakan, Abdullah berkata, ia sebenarnya
berpunca daripada sikap orang ramai mengambil mudah saman trafik yang diterima mereka.
2002.05.05.txt¥0505a.txt(52):Dr. Mahathir berkata, ramai yang mengamalkan sikap meminati
jurusan sastera dan agama serta yakin mudah mencapai kelulusan dalam bidang itu tanpa
memikirkan sama ada ia mampu memberikan pekerjaan kepada mereka selepas menamatkan
pengajian.
2002.05.05.txt¥0505a.txt(73):Beliau berkata, disebabkan itu ekonomi Amerika Syarikat adalah
lebih baik dan mudah dipulih berbanding ekonomi negara-negara Eropah.
2002.05.13.txt¥0513c.txt(43):Bekas Naib Canselor Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Tan Sri
Ainuddin Wahid berkata, lebih 29,000 pemegang ijazah yang menganggur di negara ini boleh
dilatih untuk menjadi guru bahasa Inggeris dengan mudah kerana mereka telah didedahkan kepada
bahasa sepanjang pengajian mereka.
2002.05.21.txt¥0521f.txt(63):``Dengan peningkatan pergerakan barangan, modal dan manusia
antara sempadan, organisasi pengganas dengan mudah menggunakan kegiatan ini,'' katanya.
2002.05.23.txt¥0523a.txt(47):Bagaimanapun, tegas Abdullah, penambahan bilangan pelajar tidak
bermakna mereka akan mendapat tempat dengan lebih mudah di IPTA.
2002.07.06.txt¥0706g.txt(49):``Saya bersyukur kerana di Malaysia kita dapat mengadakan politik
dengan aman yang mana peralihan kepimpinan dapat dilaksanakan dengan mudah dan tanpa
masalah,'' katanya.
2002.07.09.txt¥0709h.txt(41):KUALA LUMPUR 8 Julai - Menteri Luar Datuk Seri Syed Hamid
Albar hari ini berkata, penyelesaian isu air dengan Singapura akan membuka ruang untuk
menyelesaikan isu-isu dua hala yang tertangguh dengan mudah.
2002.07.13.txt¥0713f.txt(51):Mengulas aspek pengakuan dalam hudud, Dr. Paizah menjelaskan ia
tidak boleh diterima secara mudah sebaliknya masih perlu disiasat terlebih dulu.
2002.11.04.txt¥1104j.txt(44):Jelas beliau, walaupun perbuatan itu tidak menyalahi undang-undang
tetapi telah berlaku tipu muslihat oleh pihak tertentu bagi memastikan calon mereka menang
mudah di sesuatu kawasan.
2002.11.07.txt¥1107h.txt(47):Adik lelaki Bush, Jeb Bush menang mudah untuk dipilih semula
͘!239!͘
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sebagai Gabenor Florida dan menjadi pemimpin Republikan pertama mencapai kejayaan seperti
itu.
2002.09.19.txt¥0919a.txt(56):Menurutnya, pembedahan plastik bagi menutup bahagian Ahmad
yang telah dibedah lebih mudah kerana ia tidak memerlukan banyak kulit bagi tujuan penampalan.
͘!23:!͘
目次ページに戻る。
‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ޢ‬0Q㧔㧕
Pivot Verbs in Malay: A Corpus-Based Study*
Hiroki Nomoto㨇㊁ర ⵨᮸㨉
(Graduate School, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies㨇᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㨉)
1. Introduction
Malay has a class of verbs that behaves uniquely, which Shoho (1998) calls ‘pivot verbs’. The
present paper discusses these verbs. In the remainder of this section, we shall first briefly overview
exactly what ‘pivot verbs’ are and what is already known about them (section 1.1). Then, before
taking up the main subject, we shall explain briefly the corpus that we used (section 1.2) and our
way of sampling from it (section 1.3). In section 2, the samples are examined. Section 3 discusses
the findings in section 2 and presents a hypothesis to explain them. Section 4 is the conclusion.
1.1 Pivot verbs
Pivot verbs are basically intransitive. However, they are different from ordinary intransitive verbs in
terms of the behaviour of their single argument (i.e. subject). While the subject of ordinary verbs
precedes the verb, that of pivot verbs either precedes or follows the verb1. In other words, pivot
verbs, but not ordinary intransitive verbs, have two possible word orders: SV and VS. Below are all
examples from Shoho (1998: 26)2. Verbs and their subjects are represented in boldface and italics
respectively. (This way of representation will be employed throughout the paper.)
(1)
a.
Di atas meja ada
at on
sebuah buku.
desk exist one-Cl book
‘There is a book on the desk.’
b.
Buku itu
ada
di atas meja.
book that exist at on
desk
‘The book is on the desk.’
*
We would like to thank Isamu Shoho, our supervisor, for his useful advice and encouragement. We must also thank Saiful
Bahari bin Ahmad, our Malay teacher, for his assistance as our informant/consultant. We are grateful to Yeong Kwong Leong
for checking our English. Thanks are also due to Keiko Mochizuki, Masashi Furihata and Keisuke Matsumoto, who provided
us with information about other languages.
In this paper the following abbreviations are used. Acc: accusative; ADV: adverbial; C: complementiser; Cl: classifier; I:
inflection; N: noun; Neg: negation; Nom: nominative; Op: null operator; P: preposition; Perf: perfective aspect; Pl: plural;
S(ubj): subject; Sg: singular; t: trace; V: verb; XP: maximal projection of X; 1: first person; 3: third person.
1
This does not necessarily mean that the subject of ordinary verbs never follows the verb. Inversion, for instance, can give
rise to the VS word order. We do not take account of such marked cases. For inversion in Malay, see Shoho (1992). See also
section 4.3 below.
2
Some of the examples are modified with the author’s permission.
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(2)
a.
Di belakang rumahnya terdapat
juga pokok buah-buahan.
at behind
also
house-3Sg exist
tree
fruit
‘There are also fruit trees behind her house.’
b.
Kupu-kupu jenis ini
butterfly
terdapat
kind this exist
di pulau tersebut.
at island mentioned
‘Butterflies of this kind exist on the island.’
(3)
a.
Di pinggir sebuah hutan tinggal dua orang peladang.
at edge
one-Cl forest live
two Cl
farmer
‘Two farmers lived at the edge of the forest.’
b.
Ia
sudah
lama tinggal di bandar.
3Sg already long live
at city
‘He has long been in the city.’
(4)
a.
Saya nampak seekor
1Sg
see
pak belang.
one-Cl tiger
‘I saw a tiger.’
b.
Rumahnya tidak nampak dari
house-3Sg
Neg see
sini.
from here
‘His house cannot be seen from here.’
(5)
a.
Belum
sempat
dia berkata, muncul sebuah motokar dari
not.yet have.the.time.to 3Sg speak
muara
appear
one-Cl motorcar from
Lorong Bengkel Dua.
estuary L. B. D.
‘Before he could say a word, there appeared a motorcar from Lorong Bengkel
Dua.’
b.
Penyanyi
terkenal muncul di pentas untuk mendendangkan lagu.
singer
famous
appear
at stage
for
sing
song
‘The famous singer appeared on the stage to sing a song.’
(6)
a.
Di belakang meja itu
at behind
duduk seorang Melayu yang sudah
desk that sit
one-Cl
Malay
that
lewat
already over
umurnya.
age-3Sg
‘An old Malay was sitting behind the desk.’
b.
Ia
duduk bersila
3Sg sit
di lantai.
cross-legged at floor
‘He sat cross-legged on the floor.’
In the (a) examples, the subject follows the verb, whereas in the (b) examples, it precedes the verb.
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It looks as if the subjects are pivoted on the verb, hence the name ‘pivot verbs’.
Given the fact that pivot verbs have two possible word orders, one big question arises: what
determines the choice between these two word orders? It has been pointed out that definite subjects
precede the verb. That is to say, the Definiteness Effect comes into play. This seems to be quite
plausible. In (1)-(6) above, none of the subjects in the (a) examples (VS) are definite. On the other
hand, some of the subjects in the (b) examples (SV) are obviously definite. For instance, the subject
of (1b) contains a demonstrative pronoun itu ‘that’ and that of (3b) is a third person pronoun ia. The
contrast in (7) also supports the validity of the Definiteness Effect account3.
(7)
a.
Ada dua naskhah buku (*itu) di atas meja.
exist two Cl
book that
at on
desk
‘There are (*the) two books on the desk.’
b.
Dua naskhah buku (itu) ada di atas meja.
(7a) is unacceptable when it contains itu ‘that’ in the subject. This is because the word itu makes the
subject definite. The only position for a definite subject dua naskhah buku itu ‘the two books’ is the
left of the verb as in (7b).
Although the Definiteness Effect allows definite subjects to occur only on the left of the verb, it
says nothing about indefinite subjects. Our concern lies here. As far as we know, the behaviour of
indefinite subjects in the pivot verb construction has never been studied so far. This paper attempts
to find out rules or tendencies that constrain the behaviour of indefinite subjects in the pivot verb
construction.
1.2 Corpus
As this study is conducted as part of a programme of our university4 which focuses on corpus
analysis, we need to make a brief note on the corpus that we employ in the present paper. Unlike
such languages as English and Spanish, there have been no computerised corpora of modern Malay
3
The contrast in (7) may not be observed in Indonesian. Tjung (2003) shows an example where a definite subject occurs to
the right of the verb.
(i)
Tidak ada mayat itu di kuburan tersebut.
Neg
exist corpse that at grave
mentioned
‘The dead body isn’t in the grave.’
As for Malay, Shoho (1992) claims that the Definiteness Effect does not hold on the basis of the existence of a sentence
like (ii), where the subject is definite but in the postverbal position.
(ii)
Marilah kita berdoa kepada Allah hubaya-hubaya janganlah datang lagi
let
1Pl pray
to
Allah hoping.that
Neg
come
again
‘Let’s pray to Allah hoping that such a misfortune will never come again.’
bala
itu.
misfortune that
However, this example does not support his claim since it is quite likely that inversion takes place. For further discussion, see
section 4.3.
21st Century Centre of Excellence Programme: Usage-Based Linguistic Informatics.
4
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目次ページに戻る。
available5. Therefore, we had to make a corpus from scratch.
The corpus made by the project consists of the front-page (muka hadapan) articles of a daily
newspaper published in Malaysia, Utusan Malaysia (http://www.utusan.com.my/), in 2002. Since
the author and an undergraduate at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Mutsumi Nakayama, were
in charge of the even-numbered months, the immediate corpus for the present study is actually half
of the whole corpus made by the project. Our corpus includes 566,844 tokens and 18,137 types. It is
true that the style is limited to a journalistic one and the number of words is still small. However, we
believe that our attempt is meaningful, for it is one of the few computerised corpora of modern
Malay to the best of our knowledge. We hope that it will benefit researchers around the world and
contribute to the development of Malay linguistics and the teaching of Malay.
1.3 Samples
The direct data for our investigation is not the entire corpus but only a part of it.
We selected ten verbs, shown in (8), as the target words of our investigation, six of which (8a)
are taken from Shoho (1998) (i.e. verbs in (1)-(6) above) and the others (8b) are selected from our
own experience. The figure in parentheses refers to the total number of occurrences of the word in
the corpus.
(8)
a.
ada (1,361) ‘to be/to have’, terdapat (289) ‘to be’, tinggal (91) ‘to live/to
remain’, nampak (55) ‘to see’, muncul (39) ‘to appear’, duduk (48) ‘to sit’
b.
berlaku (518) ‘to happen’, terjadi (17) ‘to occur’, timbul (102) ‘to arise’, wujud
(101) ‘to exist’
We further extracted the first twenty relevant instances from the whole instances. By ‘relevant
instances’ we mean instances that include at least one overt argument NP. Non-NP subjects (e.g.
sentential subjects) and covert NP subjects (e.g. relativised subjects) are precluded. Instances where
more than one verb is coordinated are also excluded since they are sometimes analysed as including
covert subjects as well. In the same way as they can be analysed, shared arguments in, for example,
causatives, are not rejected, for we found their behaviour noteworthy (see section 4.3).
2. Examination
Before proceeding to the analysis, let us recapitulate the issue. The subject of pivot verbs pivots on
the verb, surfacing on either the left or right of the verb. The position is partly constrained by the
Definiteness Effect. Definite subjects cannot appear in the postverbal position. This can be
diagrammed as in (9).
5
A number of classical Malay texts (e.g. Sejarah Melayu and Hikayat Hang Tuah) are open to the public on the web: Malay
Manuscript Pages (http://www.anu.edu/asianstudies/mmp/mmp.html/).
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(9)
a.
S (definite/indefinite) V
b.
V S (*definite/indefinite)
It appears from (9) that indefinite subjects are allowed to occur freely. The present paper makes an
attempt to reveal some regularity behind their apparent freedom.
We examined the following six things:
(i)
the proportion with regard to word order and definiteness (section 2.1);
(ii)
the number of words which constitute the subject NP (section 2.2);
(iii)
whether or not the subject contains relative clause(s) (section 2.3);
(iv)
the meaning of the subject NP (section 2.4);
(v)
whether or not there is (are) postverbal adverbial(s) (section 2.5);
(vi)
the word order in adverbial clauses (section 2.6).
2.1 Word order preference
We examined the preferences with regard to (a) word order and (b) definiteness.
(a) Word order
Table 1 below shows the relative proportions of SV and VS6.
6
In some cases prepositions are omitted. We do not consider such cases as SVO. For instance, consider two examples from
the samples.
(i)
(ii)
… Alessandro Del Piero muncul [Ø] wira Itali dengan gol penyamaan lima minit sebelum
A. D. P.
appear
hero Italy with
goal tie
five minute before
tamat perlawanan.
end
game
‘Alessandro Del Piero appeared as the hero of Italy making a tying goal five minutes before the end of the
game.’
(Utusan Malaysia, 14/06/2002)
… Arab Saudi mampu muncul sebagai kuasa besar dunia …
Saudi Arabia can
appear as
power big
world
‘Saudi Arabia can appear as a big power of the world’
(Utusan Malaysia, 21/10/2002)
Muncul ‘to appear’ is used with the same meaning in both instances. However, in (i) the preposition sebagai ‘as’ is omitted,
while not in (ii). Omitting prepositions is common in Malay, especially in the colloquial style.
(iii)
Apa beza
[Ø1] jatuh [Ø2] pokok kelapa dengan jatuh [Ø3] perigi?
what difference
fall
tree
coconut with
fall
well
‘What’s the difference between falling from a palm tree and falling into a well?’
(Lawak Online in Utusan Malaysia, 03/01/2004)
At least three prepositions are omitted in (iii). (Ø1 = (di ‘at’) antara ‘between’; Ø2 = dari ‘from’ (atas ‘on’); Ø3 = (ke ‘to’)
dalam ‘in’)
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Table 1. Relative proportions with regard to word order
SV (%)
ada ‘to be/to have’
1
VS (%)
others (%)
(5.0)
17
(85.0)
2 (10.0)
berlaku ‘to happen’
14 (70.0)
6
(30.0)
0
(0.0)
duduk ‘to sit’
13 (92.9)
0
(0.0)
1
(7.1)
muncul ‘to appear’
0
(0.0)
14 (70.0)
6
(30.0)
nampak ‘to see’
7 (35.0)
0
(0.0)
terdapat ‘to be’
0
terjadi ‘to occur’
4 (66.7)
2
(33.3)
timbul ‘to arise’
10 (50.0)
10
(50.0)
tinggal ‘to live/to remain’
17 (85.0)
0
(0.0)
9 (45.0)
11
(55.0)
89 (49.4)
72
(40.0)
wujud ‘to exist’
total
(0.0)
13 (65.0)
20 (100.0)
0
(0.0)
0
(0.0)
0
(0.0)
3 (15.0)
0
(0.0)
19 (10.6)
(b) Definiteness
Table 2 shows the relative proportions of definite subjects and indefinite ones7. Only subjects of the
SV and VS word orders are considered.
Table 2. Relative proportions with regard to definiteness
ada ‘to be/to have’
definite subjects
indefinite subjects
SV (%)
SV (%)
VS (%)
(5.6)
0 (0.0)
0
(0.0)
17 (94.4)
berlaku ‘to happen’
10 (50.0)
0 (0.0)
4 (20.0)
6 (30.0)
duduk ‘to sit’
10 (76.9)
0 (0.0)
3 (23.1)
0
muncul ‘to appear’
12 (60.0)
0 (0.0)
2 (10.0)
6 (30.0)
nampak ‘to see’
7 (100.0)
0 (0.0)
0
(0.0)
0
terdapat ‘to be’
0
(0.0)
0 (0.0)
0
(0.0)
terjadi ‘to occur’
2 (33.3)
0 (0.0)
2 (33.3)
2 (33.3)
timbul ‘to arise’
4 (20.0)
0 (0.0)
6 (30.0)
10 (50.0)
tinggal ‘to live/to remain’
9 (52.9)
0 (0.0)
8 (47.1)
wujud ‘to exist’
3 (15.0)
0 (0.0)
6 (30.0)
11 (55.0)
58 (36.0)
0 (0.0)
31 (19.3)
72 (44.7)
total
1
VS (%)
7
(0.0)
(0.0)
20 (100.0)
0
(0.0)
Malay does not have words that correspond to the English words the and a. This paper treats the following three NPs as
being definite: (i) NPs accompanied by referential expressions such as itu ‘that’, ini ‘this’ or tersebut ‘mentioned’, (ii) proper
nouns, and (iii) definite pronouns. We do not assume zero determiners here, though admitting the existence of definite NPs
without any overt indicator. For zero determiners in Indonesian, see Shoho (1990).
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Our concern is the right half of Table 2, which shows the relative proportions of the two
positions of indefinite subjects. We can see that there are all sorts of pivot verbs. Although all the
verbs meet the definition of pivot verb stated in section 1.1, some prefer SV and others VS, and the
extent of preference varies between different verbs. Terjadi ‘to occur’ is neutral. Ada ‘to be/to have’,
terdapat ‘to be’, muncul ‘to appear’, wujud ‘to exist’, timbul ‘to arise’ and berlaku ‘to happen’
prefer VS to SV. Duduk ‘to sit’ and tinggal ‘to live’ seem to like SV very much. The different extent
of preference can be illustrated as in Figure 1.
SV <————————————————————————————————————>VS
duduk
terjadi
berlaku
timbul
wujud
muncul
ada
‘to sit’
‘to occur’ ‘to happen’ ‘to arise’ ‘to exist’ ‘to appear’ ‘to be/to have’
tinggal
terdapat
‘to live/to remain’
‘to be’
Figure 1. Preference between SV and VS
2.2 Word count
We examined the number of words that constitute the subject NP. It was found that the subjects of
the VS word order were much longer than those of the SV word order. The average word count of
the former is 7.1 words, whereas that of the latter is 3.5 words.
2.3 Relative clauses
One factor that makes the subject longer is the relative clause. We examined whether or not the
subject contains relative clause(s).
Relative clauses in Malay can be classified based on their syntactic structures.
(11)
a.
[NP NP [CP Op [C yang/untuk] … ]]
[NP pihak [CP Op [C yang] membuat tafsiran
party
do
mengikut
kepentingan
interpretation according.to interest
politik]]
political
‘party that interprets (the Koran) according to the political interest’
(Utusan Malaysia, 01/02/2002)
b.
[NP NP [CP wh- [C Ø] … ]]
[NP sebab [CP mengapa [C Ø] ada
reason
why
diskriminasi
terhadap murid
exist discrimination to
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pupil
目次ページに戻る。
perempuan Islam]]
female
Islam
‘reason why there is discrimination against Muslim girls’
(Utusan Malaysia, 01/02/2002)
c.
[NP NP [CP Op [C Ø] … ]]
8
(ada) [NP kakitangan [CP Op [C Ø] belum
(exist)
staff
berpeluang
menjadi
not.yet have.opportunity become
penghuni Putrajaya]]
inhabitant P.
‘(there are) staffs who have not yet had an opportunity to be an inhabitant of
Putrajaya’
(Utusan Malaysia, 02/02/2002)
d.
[NP Ø [CP Op [C yang/untuk] … ]]
[NP Ø [CP Op [C yang] menggunakan besi
use
iron
sebagai senjata]]
as
weapon
‘those who use iron as a weapon’
(Utusan Malaysia, 02/02/2002)
e.
[NP Ø [CP wh- [C yang/untuk] … ]]
[NP Ø [CP Apa [C yang] pasti]]
what
certain
‘what is certain’
(Utusan Malaysia, 01/04/2002)
8
This type is limited to certain environments. One of them is in the existential expressions such as the ada construction. It is
worth mentioning that other languages (English (i) and Chamorro (ii) as far as we know) share a phenomenon of the same
kind (cf. Quirk et al. 1985; Chung 1987; Nakau 2003).
(i)
There’s a lot of people don’t know that.
(ii)
Guäha lahi ma-ma’nána’gui guini.
exist man teach
here
‘There’s a man teaching here.’
(Nakau 2003: (3))
(Chung 1987: (24a))
Chung (1987) calls this type of existential sentences ‘complex existential sentences’ as opposed to ‘minimal existential
sentences’. She claims that in Chamorro all the material to the right of the existential predicate (i.e. the indefinite NP and
lower predicate) form a single NP. The same analysis applies to Malay complex existential sentences. Moreover, it is
conceivable that wh-movement is involved in Malay since they are sensitive to the Complex NP Constraint (Ross 1967) as
shown in (iii).
(iii)
a.
b.
Ada seorang lelaki [IP orang percayai t membenci judi].
exist one-Cl man
people believe
hate
gambling
‘There is a man who people believe that he hates gambling.’
* Ada seorang lelaki [IP orang percayai [NP dakwaan t membenci judi]].
claim
‘There is a man who people believe the claim that he hates gambling.’
For wh-movement in Malay, see Cole & Hermon (1997).
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Let us now turn to the issue of the correlation between word order and the relative clause. The
subjects of the VS word order are far more likely to contain relative clause(s) than those of the SV
word order. For the former, 45 instances out of 72 (62.5%) contain relative clause(s). In contrast, for
the latter, only 9 instances out of 31 (29.0%) contain them.
2.4 Semantics of the subject NP
Some grammatical phenomena have been analysed in terms of the meaning of NPs. For example,
Silverstein (1976) proposed a hierarchy to explain the split case-marking patterns in Australian
aboriginal languages. The nominative-accusative pattern spreads from the top (left) of the hierarchy
down to the bottom (right) and the ergative-absolutive pattern spreads in the opposite way. This can
be represented as in Figure 2.
pronoun
common noun
first > second > third > kin term, proper name > human > animal > inanimate
—————————————>
<—————————————
nominative-accusative
ergative-absolutive
Figure 2. Silverstein’s NP Hierarchy
Hoping to see some connection, we tried to analyse our present problem in terms of the meaning
of the NP, but nothing turned up.
(12)
a.
… orang swasta yang gagal, tinggal di rumah besar …
people private that
fail
live
at house big
‘private citizens who failed (in business) live in a big house’
(Utusan Malaysia, 02/04/2002)
b.
Takkan
tidak ada
orang hendak ambil alih tugas itu …
impossible Neg exist people will
take.over
duty
that
‘It is impossible that no one will take over the duty’
(Utusan Malaysia, 02/02/2002)
(13)
a.
Isu
lebihan bekalan air
issue excess
supply
tidak timbul …
water Neg arise
‘The issue of excessive water supply does not arise’
(Utusan Malaysia, 08/04/2002)
b.
Sebenarnya tidak timbul isu
actually
Neg arise
ulama tidak boleh dikritik …
issue ulama Neg can
be.criticised
‘Actually the issue that ulamas cannot be criticised does not arise’
(Utusan Malaysia, 27/02/2002)
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In (12) the head of the subject NPs is orang ‘person’, a human noun. In (13) it is isu ‘issue’, an
abstract noun. Both, regardless of their inherent meaning, occur on both sides of the verb. It is clear
that semantics of the subject NP has no relevance to word order decision.
2.5 Adverbials within the construction
Three parameters taken up in sections 2.2 through 2.4 are all about the subject. We need to expand
our horizons and look outside of it. Other than the subject and the verb, the pivot verb construction
can also contain adverbial(s) optionally. We focused on them and examined whether or not they
appear after the verb.
The structures in question and examples of them are shown in (14).
(14)
a.
S V ADV
… kumpulan pelampau wujud [PP dalam semua agama].
group
extremist
exist
in
all
religion
‘extremist groups exist in all religions.’
(Utusan Malaysia, 01/04/2002)
b.
V S ADV
Hasrat untuk melihat muncul sebuah negara Islam [PP sebagai satu
desire for
see
appear
one-Cl country Islam
as
one
kuasa dunia] …
power world
‘desire to see a Muslim country emerge as a world power’
(Utusan Malaysia, 13/06/2002)
Sometimes it is difficult to tell a PP within a subject from one functioning as an adverbial or adjunct.
This brings about ambiguity. Consider (15) below.
(15)
… timbul [N perbalahan] [PP dengan Malaysia] [VP9 berhubung projek penambakan
arise
dispute
with
Malaysia
concerning project reclamation
laut dekat sempadan laut kedua-dua negara].
sea near border
sea both
country
‘a dispute arises with Malaysia concerning the reclamation project of the sea near the
border between both countries.’
(Utusan Malaysia, 01/04/2002)
9
This phrase might be analysed as a PP if one considers berhubung ‘concerning’ as a preposition which has developed from
the verbal use. But we assume the omission of thepreposition dengan ‘with’ and regard this phrase as a VP. For the omission
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There are three possible readings depending on as many syntactic structures.
(16)
a.
V [Subj N] PP VP
b.
V [Subj N PP] VP
c.
V [Subj N PP VP]
In such ambiguous cases, the smallest subject is chosen. For example, the subject of (15) is
perbalahan ‘dispute’. Note that the smallest subjects increase the total number of occurrences of the
structure ‘V S ADV’ shown in (14b). Therefore, if the presence of adverbials had nothing to do with
the word order, the rate of ‘V S ADV’ (= (14b)) should have been higher than that of ‘S V ADV’ (=
(14a)).
In spite of this partiality for ‘V S ADV’, the truth is that the rate of ‘S V ADV’ is more than
twice as high as that of ‘V S ADV’. The former is 83.9 % (26 instances out of 31), whereas the latter
is only 27.8% (20 instances out of 72). This means that the existence of adverbials affects the word
order. If there is at least one adverbial after the verb, the word order tends to be SV, and if there is
not, VS.
2.6 Word order in adverbial clauses
The whole pivot verb construction can be a part of an adverbial clause. We also examined the word
order in this environment.
Both SV and VS word orders are observed.
(17)
a.
… supaya rakyat yang miskin dapat tinggal di rumah yang lebih
so.that people that
poor
can
live
at house that
more
selesa.
comfortable
‘so that poor people can live in more comfortable houses.’
(Utusan Malaysia, 25/02/2002)
b.
… supaya tidak terdapat kesamaran dalam mengenal pasti siapa
so.that
Neg exist
dimness
in
sebenarnya pengganas dan perbuatan apa
really
terrorist
and activity
identify
who
yang boleh dikira
what that
can
be.considered
keganasan.
terrorism
‘so that there is no ambiguity in identifying who a real terrorist is and what
activity can be considered to be terrorism.’
(Utusan Malaysia, 06/02/2002)
of prepositions, see footnote 6.
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Supaya ‘so that’ is a complementiser that introduces a purposive clause. In (17a) the subject
precedes the verb (i.e. SV), and in (17b) it follows the verb (i.e. VS).
Although there are two possible word orders in theory, in actual usage the VS order is in the
majority. It accounts for 93.1% (27 instances out of 29). Incidentally, the ratio of SV and VS in
other environments is about 2 to 3 (29 SVs and 45 VSs). It is concluded that in adverbial clauses the
VS word order is preferred.
2.7 Summary
Thus far we have seen that four factors turned out to be relevant to the position of the indefinite
subject in the pivot verb construction. Table 3 summarises the results.
Table 3. Four factors relevant to word order
SV
average word count (§2.2)
VS
3.5 words
7.1 words
inclusion of relative clause (§2.3)
29.0%
62.5%
inclusion of adverbials (§2.5)
83.9%
27.8%
6.9%
93.1%
in adverbial clauses (§2.6)
Based on our findings, we have demonstrated the six following points.
(18)
a.
Each verb has its own preference for either SV or VS as shown in Figure 1
(section 2.1).
b.
The longer the subject is, the more likely it is to occur after the verb (section
2.2).
c.
Relative clauses lengthen the subject and hence allow it to occur after the verb
(section 2.3).
d.
Semantics of the subject NP does not affect the word order (section 2.4).
e.
Postverbal adverbials appear more often in the SV word order than in the VS
word order (section 2.5).
f.
In most adverbial clauses the word order is VS rather than SV (section 2.6).
3. Discussion
In this section we shall discuss how the findings in the previous section can be accounted for. There
are four problems that need to be asked:
(i)
Why do some verbs prefer one word order rather than the other? In other words, what
makes the preference scale (Figure 1) as it is? (cf. (18a))
(ii)
Why is it that in most adverbial clauses the word order is VS, not SV? (cf. (18f))
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(iii)
Why are longer subjects more likely to occur after the verb? (cf. (18b, c))
(iv)
Why do postverbal adverbials appear more often in the SV word order than in the VS word
order? (cf. (18e))
Unfortunately, the first two problems are so challenging that we have not come up with any
plausible explanation at the moment. Needless to say, these call for further research (see section 4.2).
In what follows the other two problems will be discussed. We propose that heaviness (section 3.1)
and topicality (section 3.2) and their interaction (section 3.3) can account for these problems.
3.1 Heaviness
If a phrase is long, it can be described as ‘heavy’. We can now paraphrase (18b) as follows: heavy
subjects tend to occur after the verb. The accurate definition of the concept of heaviness is still
controversial, but the intuitive idea is clear (cf. Wasow 1997). Why do heavy subjects follow the
verb rather than precede it?
It has been reported that heaviness affects the syntactic shape in many languages, including
Malay. For instance, Ramli (1989) mentions the Heavy NP Shift in connection with the adjacency
requirement in Case assignment.
(19)
a.
Aminah memandu [kereta] dengan perlahan.
A.
drive
car
with
slow
‘Aminah drives the car slowly.’
b.
(20)
a.
* Aminah memandu dengan perlahan [kereta].
Saya menyepak [bola yang dia campak kepada saya] dengan kuat.
1Sg
kick
ball
that
3Sg throw
to
1Sg
with
hard
‘I kicked the ball that s/he threw to me hard.’
b.
Saya menyepak dengan kuat [bola yang dia campak kepada saya].
(Ramli 1989: 90-91)
In (19) the object, which is bracketed, is kereta ‘car’ and is not heavy at all. In (20) the object bola
yang dia campak kepada saya ‘the ball that s/he threw to me’ is obviously heavy. Only the object
NP of (20) can move to the right.
Can the Heavy NP Shift also resolve our problems? It is true that heaviness is a very possible
explanation, but the Heavy NP Shift is not the sole possible scenario. There is another scenario:
heavy NPs, in our case heavy subjects, are too heavy to move an inch and have no choice but to
remain where they are. Let us call this scenario ‘the Heavy NP Stay’. Which of these two
postulations, the Heavy NP Shift and the Heavy NP Stay, is correct depends on the underlying
structure and the course of derivation of the pivot verb construction. Actually both have their own
flaws.
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3.1.1 Heavy NP Shift
Suppose that the underlying structure is SV. All the subjects of pivot verbs precede the verb at the
underlying structure. And then, at a later stage of derivation, heavy subjects move rightward to the
postverbal position.
The assumption that the underlying structure is SV is problematic. There are too many instances
that are short but appear after the verb. As long as there is no other rule that moves NPs obligatorily,
including short ones, to the postverbal position, we cannot but assume that the underlying structure
is not SV but VS and abandon the Heavy NP Shift account.
The assumption that the underlying structure of the pivot verb construction is VS is supported
by the Unaccusative Hypothesis (Perlmutter 1978). According to Perlmutter (1978) and Burzio
(1986), the single argument of unaccusative verbs is base-generated as the complement to V. In
Malay, the complement to V follows its head. If pivot verbs are unaccusative verbs, the underlying
structure is VS. We have two reasons to consider pivot verbs to be unaccusative verbs. First, their
meanings are typical of unaccusative verbs, namely, existence and appearance. Second, most of
them do not have the predicted peN- nominal form (21a), or even if they have, the meaning is
different from the predicted one (21b).
(21)
a.
*pengada (<ada), *pemberlaku (<berlaku), *pemuncul (<muncul), *penampak
(<nampak), *penterdapat (<terdapat), *penterjadi (<terjadi), *pewujud
(<wujud)
b.
penduduk (<duduk) ‘*sitter (person who sits)’, penimbul (<timbul) ‘*ariser
(someone or something that arises)’, peninggal (<tinggal) ‘*liver (person who
lives in a certain place; inhabitant)’
Nomoto (2003) suggests that unaccusative verbs cannot undergo peN- nominalisation since the
meaning of peN- nominals refers to the external argument, which unaccusative verbs lack. A similar
phenomenon is also found in English -er nominals. The suffix -er does not attach to unaccusative
verbs, which lack an external argument (Levin & Rappaport 1988; Rappaport Hovav & Levin 1992).
For example, we cannot say *appearer, *disappearer, *happener or *exister. Therefore, the
underlying structure of the pivot verb construction is VS, not SV.
3.1.2 Heavy NP Stay
We will now take a look at the other scenario, the Heavy NP Stay. As mentioned above, the
underlying structure of the pivot verb construction is VS. All the subjects, regardless of their
definiteness and heaviness, are base-generated as the complement to V. At a later stage of derivation,
some of them move to the left to a preverbal position due to some reasons. One of those reasons is
the Definiteness Effect (cf. section 1.1). Definite subjects are not allowed to remain in their original
position and must move to the suitable position, hence the SV word order. Heavy subjects cannot
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rise to the position because of overweight. What about the other subjects, which are neither definite
nor heavy enough? There is one more reason for which a subject is moved. It is topicality, which
will be discussed in the next section.
Heavy NP Stay seems rather plausible. However, it has one theoretical problem—Case10 .
Unaccusative verbs are considered unable to assign the Accusative Case. This can be confirmed
through the behaviour of the third person enclitic -nya. One of its various uses is as the pro-form of
the third person object of active verbs and prepositions, where the Accusative Case is assigned.
(22)
a.
Isteri tua membunuh dia kerana
first wife kill
cemburu.
3Sg because jealousy
‘The first wife killed her because of jealousy.’
b.
(23)
a.
Isteri tua membunuhnya kerana cemburu.
Saya menghantar surat kepada dia.
1Sg
send
letter to
3Sg
‘I sent a letter to him.’
b.
Saya menghantar surat kepadanya.
However, the postverbal NPs in the pivot verb construction are not interchangeable with this form11.
(24)
a.
Keadaan di Indonesia huru-hara semasa berlaku krisis kewangan.
situation at Indonesia chaotic
when
happen
crisis
finance
‘The situation in Indonesia was chaotic when the financial crisis happened.’
b.
* Keadaan di Indonesia huru-hara semasa berlakunya.
Thus the postverbal subject is not in the position where the Accusative Case is assigned.
Nevertheless the subject does appear there overtly.
As is commonly known, other languages as well as Malay share this problem and many studies
have been made about it. Some propose that the Nominative Case can be assigned in some way
(Burzio 1986 among others), others suggest the Partitive Case (Belletti 1988), and yet others the
Absolutive Case (Shoho 1993). In any event one of the proposals will work. Therefore it is
10
The term ‘Case’ is not used in its traditional sense, but as a terminology of the Government and Binding Theory. For this
notion, see Haegeman (1994), for example.
11
This does not mean that there is no instance of ‘pivot verb + -nya’. On the contrary, one can find such instances quite
easily. But note that such instances never refer to an NP in the preceding discourse.
(i)
(ii)
Keadaan di Indonesia huru-hara semasa berlakunya krisis kewangan. (cf. (24))
Nampaknya dia tidak datang hari ini.
apparently
3Sg Neg come today
‘It seems that he is not coming today.’
In (i) another NP krisis kewangan ‘financial crisis’ follows, which is the direct subject of the verb berlaku ‘to happen’. In (ii)
nampaknya ‘apparently’ is used adverbially.
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reasonable to conclude that the Heavy NP Stay account is more plausible than the Heavy NP Shift
account.
Finally we can give an answer to question (iii) above (repeated below for convenience).
(25)
Q: Why are longer subjects more likely to occur after the verb?
A: Heavy subjects tend to occur after the verb since they are too heavy to move.
3.1.3 Heaviness of adverbials
Recall that there is another problem unsolved: why do postverbal adverbials appear more often in
the SV word order than in the VS word order?
Heaviness is not involved this time. We examined both absolute and relative heaviness. In our
case, the former is the heaviness of adverbials themselves, and the latter is the difference of
heaviness between adverbials and subjects, that is, the value of the subtraction ‘adverbial – subject’.
The average absolute heaviness of the SV word order is 7.7 words, while that of the VS word order
is 8.3 words. The average relative heaviness of the SV word order is 3.7 words, while that of the VS
word order is 5.3 words. These results predict the wrong situation: postverbal adverbials appear
more often in the VS word order since they are usually heavier in the VS order than in the SV order.
3.2 Topicality
In addition to heaviness, topicality is also a factor that affects the word order. In Malay, like many
other languages, topics usually precede comments12. A part of the Definiteness Effect also results
from this principle, for definite pronouns and referential expressions such as tersebut ‘mentioned’
indicate high degree of topicality.
Let us look at other consequences of the topicality principle. It accounts for the position of both
subjects and adverbials.
As mentioned in section 3.1.2 above, some of the subjects which are neither definite nor heavy
enough move to the left due to high topicality. There are 18 instances whose subjects are indefinite
and made up of only one word, ten of them being SV and the other eight being VS. None of the
latter has the same word in the preceding discourse. Meanwhile, six of the former have the same
word in the preceding discourse, one has a related word (the subject is wartawan ‘journalist’ and
pihak media ‘the media’ appears in the previous sentence), and two are specific following in-depth
descriptions as illustrated in (26).
(26)
KUALA LUMPUR 13 Jun – Seorang kanak-kanak lelaki, anak penyanyi Kumpulan Elite,
Norwati Sadali atau Watie mati setelah terjatuh dari tingkat 11 sebuah kondominium
mewah di Taman Sri Intan, Jalan Ipoh di sini hari ini.
12
Arnold et al. (2000) puts together a variety of terms that have been proposed to account for informational distinctions of
this kind as follows: ‘topics/themes/presuppositions/old information tend to precede comments/rhemes/foci/new
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Adam Raslan, 18 bulan, meninggal dunia di tempat kejadian setelah mengalami
kecederaan parah di kepala.
Semasa kejadian, mangsa tinggal bersama pengasuh.
‘KUALA LUMPUR 13 June – A boy, who is a child of a singer of the band Kumpulan
Elite, Norwati Sadali, also known as Watie, died after falling from the eleventh floor of a
luxury condominium at Taman Sri Intan, Jalan Ipoh today.
Adam Raslan, 18 months, passed away at the scene of the accident, being seriously
injured in the head.
At the time of the accident, the victim was with his nanny.’
(Utusan Malaysia, 14/06/2002)
The preceding description gives much information about the subject in question mangsa ‘victim’.
Therefore, the subject is no doubt high in topicality.
The principle of topicality holds in general, not only for arguments but for adjuncts. If so,
topicality should be able to account for the position of adverbials too. Consider the question (27)
and two answers to it in (28).
(27)
Kerusi
yang mana Siti duduk?
chair
that
which S.
sit
‘Which chair does Siti sit on?’
(28)
a.
Siti duduk di kerusi itu.
S.
sit
at chair
that
‘Siti sits on that chair.’
b.
* Kerusi
chair
itu
diduduki Siti.
that be.sat.on S.
‘That chair is sat on by Siti.’
(28b) is not adequate as an answer to the question (27). An answer to a question must be the
comment, not the topic. In (28a) the answer is expressed as a postverbal adverbial, while in (28b) it
is expressed as a subject and hence unacceptable. From this it follows that the principle of topicality
is true in general and that subjects are more topical than postverbal adverbials.
Suppose that there are three constituents, namely the subject (S), the verb (V) and an adverbial
(ADV) and that either the subject or the adverbial is more topical. Two word orders are possible: (i)
S V ADV when the subject is more topical and (ii) ADV V S when the adverbial is more topical.
Logically, it is in the SV word order that a postverbal adverbial occurs. This is why postverbal
adverbials appear more often in the SV word order than in the VS word order. Note that adverbials
do appear after the subject too. This is because of the way we analyse adverbials. Recall that in
information.’
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section 2.5 we decided to choose the smallest subject when we are confronted with structurally
ambiguous cases. Almost all the instances of adverbials after the subject are the result of such an
analysis, and those adverbials have very close relationships with their subjects. If we had taken
another line of analysis, the largest subject for example, there would have been few instances of
postverbal adverbials.
3.3 Competition: heaviness vs. topicality
In this section we present a model that explains the interaction between heaviness and topicality. As
we have seen, heaviness hinders NPs from moving to the left and topicality triggers the leftward
movement 13 of constituents. It is evident that two principles are in conflict. Heaviness and
topicality are, as it were, competing for constituents. Logically there are three results: (i) when
heaviness defeats topicality, the word order is VS; (ii) when topicality defeats heaviness, the word
order is SV; and (iii) when the competition ends in a draw, the word order is VS since it is the
canonical word order of the pivot verb construction (cf. section 3.1.1). This can be diagrammed as
in (29), where H(x) and T(x) stand for the heaviness and the topicality of a constituent x
respectively.
(29)
a.
H(S) t T(S) Æ VS
b.
H(S) T(S) Æ SV
What if an adverbial enters the competition? As indicated in section 3.1.3, the heaviness of
adverbials is not a determinant of its position. Only the topicality is relevant. The result is as in (30)
with regard to the relative position of the subject and the adverbial.
(30)
a.
T(S) t T(ADV) Æ S V ADV
b.
T(S) T(ADV) Æ ADV V S
Incorporating (30) with (29), we obtain Table 4 below.
Table 4. The resulting word orders after competition
H(S) t T(S)
H(S) T(S)
no adverbials
VS
SV
T(S) t T(ADV)
V S ADV
S V ADV
T(S) T(ADV)
ADV V S
ADV S V
Each word order in Table 4 is illustrated below.
13
We use the term ‘movement’ just for convenience’ sake. We are not sure if any movement is really involved, especially in
the case of adverbials.
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(31)
a.
Berlaku kekecohan.
happen
(VS)
uproar
‘It got uproarious.’
b.
Kekecohan berlaku.
c.
Berlaku kekecohan
(SV)
dalam dewan itu.
in
hall
(V S ADV)
that
‘The hall got uproarious.’
d.
Kekecohan berlaku dalam dewan itu.
(S V ADV)
e.
Dalam dewan itu berlaku kekecohan.
(ADV V S)
f.
? Dalam dewan itu kekecohan berlaku.
(ADV S V)
The existence of all the word orders that our competition model predicts partly justifies its
validity14.
Although the six word orders are all logically possible, ‘V S ADV’ and ‘ADV S V’ are few in
number and the acceptability of the latter is low. In this connection, Isamu Shoho (p.c.) informed us
that (32), a variant of (7), whose word order is ‘ADV S V’, is unacceptable15 because of ‘lack of
balance’.
(32) */? Di atas meja dua naskhah buku ada.
at on
desk two Cl
book exist
‘Two books are on the desk.’
His idea is to the point. The very small number of ‘V S ADV’ and ‘ADV S V’ is also due to
phonological imbalance of these two word orders. The pivot verb construction is indeed like a
balance. The verb is the pivot phonologically as well as syntactically. Finally, note that both an
adverbial and the subject can precede the verb only if the whole construction keeps its balance,
though such a case is very rare.
(33)
… [ADV1 selain
persaingan global yang semakin
other.than competition global that
liberalisasi
more.and.more grow
result
pasaran], cabaran juga muncul [ADV2 dengan kemasukan China
liberalisation market
ke dalam Pertubuhan
to in
meningkat akibat
challenge also
arise
with
entry
China
Perdagangan Dunia (WTO) serta pelaksanaan Kawasan
organisation trade
world (WTO) and
14
enforcement area
For a complete justification, the mechanism of how H(x) and T(x) are compared, which is a black box at present, must be
investigated.
Our informant told us that (32) is not completely wrong and that verb-final sentences such as (31f) and (32) are more
common in Bazaar Malay.
15
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Perdagangan Bebas ASEAN (AFTA)].
trade
free
ASEAN (AFTA)
‘other than the global competition that is heating up as a result of the liberalisation of
markets, challenges will also arise with China’s entry into the World Trade Organisation
(WTO) and the enforcement of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA).’
(Utusan Malaysia, 08/02/2002)
In (33) another adverbial after the verb (ADV2) prevents a potential peril of imbalance.
4. Conclusion
This section summarises the main argument of this paper (section 4.1) and points out some
remaining problems (section 4.2) and related issues (section 4.3).
4.1 Summary
The subjects of pivot verbs have two potential positions: preverbal and postverbal. The Definiteness
Effect prevents definite subjects from occurring at the postverbal position. The position of indefinite
subjects is determined by two independent principles, namely heaviness and topicality, and their
competition. Pivot verbs are unaccusative verbs and the underlying structure of the pivot verb
construction is VS. Heavy NPs cannot move to the left because of overweight and continue to stay
at their original postverbal position (Heavy NP Stay), hence the VS word order. On the other hand,
topical subjects move leftward, hence the SV word order.
We proposed the competition model. Two principles compete with each other. When heaviness
wins over topicality, the word order is VS with the subject remaining at its original postverbal
position. Conversely, when topicality wins over heaviness, the word order is SV with the subject
moving to the left to a preverbal position. When the competition ends in a draw, nothing happens,
hence the VS word order. Competition also takes place between constituents. This accounts for the
relative position of adverbials with the subject. As for adverbials, it was found that heaviness does
not affect its position and topicality is the only determinant. When the topicality of the adverbial is
higher than that of the subject, the adverbial precedes the subject, and vice versa when the topicality
of the adverbial is lower. Again, when the competition ends in a draw, nothing happens and the
adverbial follows the subject since that is the canonical word order. The resulting word orders after
the competition are shown in Table 4 above.
The competition model presented here is significant in two points. First, it is very simple but
nevertheless predicts the facts and generalisations that have been stated thus far. It is a good
example of how several independent components interact with one another. Second, surprisingly,
our model seems to be one of the few studies that deal with both heaviness and topicality and their
interaction at the same time. According to Arnold et al. (2000), ‘Many scholars have claimed that
constituent ordering is dependent on either complexity or information structure, but few have tried
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to compare the two.’ Such attempts other than theirs and ours include Siewierska (1993) and
Hawkins (1994).
4.2 Remaining problems
We have three remaining problems, two of which were mentioned in the beginning of section 3. We
shall look at them one by one adding somewhat conjectural comments.
(i) Why do some verbs prefer one word order rather than the other? In other words, what makes the
preference scale (Figure 1) as it is?
The clue may lie in some semantic properties of the verbs. One of the candidates is volitionality.
The preference scale reflects the volitionality of the verbs, with the SV pole being the most
volitional and the VS pole the least volitional. A similar phenomenon in Mandarin Chinese is
helpful here16. There is a class of verbs that has both unergative and unaccusative usage depending
upon volitionality.
(34)
a.
Mingtian
(+volitional Æ unergative, SV)
wo hui lai.
tomorrow 1Sg can come
‘Tomorrow I will be able to come.’
b.
Qianmian lai-le
front
yi-ge
(–volitional Æ unaccusative, VS)
ren.
come-Perf one-Cl person
‘From the front came a man.’
In (34a) the verb lai ‘to come’ is volitional, so that it is used as an unergative verb and the word
order becomes SV. On the other hand, in (34b) the same verb is not volitional, so that it is used as an
unaccusative verb and the word order becomes VS.
(ii) Why is it that in most adverbial clauses the word order is VS, not SV?
Unlike the problem (i) above, not even a clue has been found yet. However, we suspect the
involvement of topicality. Again, other languages have a possibly related phenomenon. In German,
the main clause and subordinate clause exhibit different word orders.
(35)
a.
Ich
habe morgen
Zeit.
1SgNom have tomorrow time
‘I will have time tomorrow.‘
b.
Wenn ich morgen Zeit habe, besuche ich
if
visit
meinen Lehrer.
1SgNom 1SgAcc teacher
‘If I have time tomorrow, I will visit my teacher.’
16
We owe to Keiko Mochizuki information about Mandarin Chinese, including the examples and the analysis.
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Notice the position of the verb habe ‘have’. In a main clause (35a) it appears in the second position,
which is known as V2, while in a subordinate clause (35b) it appears in the final position of the
(subordinate) clause. The problem seems to be rather general: why do different types of clause
linkage lead to different word orders? Interestingly enough, in both Malay and German it is the
underlying word order that appears in the subordinate clause.
(iii) The membership of pivot verbs
Shoho (1993) states that verbs which he later names ‘pivot verbs’ include (i) intransitive verbs
whose meaning is appearance and disappearance, existence, coming and going, arrival and
departure, or motion, (ii) part of ter- verbals, and (iii) part of ke-…-an verbals. It is necessary to
elaborate on this description and reveal the mechanism behind it (and, if possible, make a list of as
many pivot verbs as possible for the purpose of language education).
4.3 Related issues
Lastly, we would like to touch on two related issues. One is argument sharing and the other is
inversion.
(i) Argument sharing and its implication for phrase structure
In the argument sharing structure, the shared NP can be analysed not only as the object of the matrix
verb but also as the subject of the verb in the lower clause. When the verb is a pivot verb, the shared
NP can appear in two positions like in a non-argument sharing structure.
(36)
a.
Fenomena
ini
juga secara
phenomenon this also
umumnya menyebabkan [ keadaan
by.way.of general
cause
situation
kemarau berpanjangan dan kebakaran kawasan hutan serta belukar]
draught
last
and fire
area
forest and
thicket
terjadi dengan mudah.
occur
with
ease
‘This phenomenon also generally causes prolonged draughts and forest and
bush fires to occur readily.’
(Utusan Malaysia, 27/02/2002)
b.
… mereka tidak menggunakannya bagi mengelakkan timbul
3Pl
[ suasana
Neg use-3Sg
for
avoid
arise
yang lebih tegang].
atmosphere that
more tense
‘they did not use it for fear of causing more tension.’
(Utusan Malaysia, 01/04/2002)
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In (36a) the shared NP, which is bracketed, appears between the matrix verb menyebabkan ‘to
cause’ and the lower pivot verb terjadi ‘to happen’, while in (36b) it appears in a different position,
after the lower pivot verb timbul ‘to arise’. This implies that the phrase structure of the argument
sharing construction in Malay is different from that of English. In English the following analysis is
common.
(37)
a.
V NP [CP PRO V]
b.
John persuaded [NP Mary] [CP PRO to trust him].
However, in Malay the position of the shared NP is not fixed but rather flexible. Hence the phrase
structure should be as in (38).
(38)
a.
V [CP(/IP?) NP V] (for (36a))
b.
V [CP(/IP?) V NP] (for (36b))
One might argue against this analysis by saying that in (36b) Heavy NP Shift takes place. But note
that the shared NP is heavier in (36a) than in (36b).
However, things are not that easy. In spite of repeated efforts, the exact phrase structure is still
unknown (cf. Shoho 1996, 1999).
(ii) Inversion and the Definiteness Effect
As mentioned in footnote 3, Shoho (1992) claims that the Definiteness Effect does not hold on the
basis of the existence of a sentence like (39a), where the subject is definite but in the postverbal
position. However, the example that he shows might have resulted from inversion. He describes in
the same paper that the particle -lah is a diagnosis of inversion.
(39)
a.
Marilah kita berdoa kepada Allah hubaya-hubaya janganlah datang
let
lagi
1Pl pray
bala
to
Allah hoping.that
Neg
come
itu.
again misfortune that
‘Let’s pray to Allah hoping that such a misfortune will never come again.’
b.
*Marilah kita berdoa kepada Allah hubaya-hubaya jangan datang lagi bala itu.
c.
Marilah kita berdoa kepada Allah hubaya-hubaya bala itu jangan datang lagi.
His example (39a) contains the particle -lah. A sentence without -lah (39b) is unacceptable. If the
definite subject occurs on the left side of the verb, the sentence is rescued (39c). Given that Shoho’s
(1992) claim that the particle -lah is a diagnosis of inversion is correct, it can be said that the
Definiteness Effect holds good in the pivot verb construction in Malay.
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In order to make such a conclusive statement, however, further investigation is necessary about
the nature of inversion in Malay. One thing that must be examined is the relation between inversion
and intonation. According to Masashi Furihata and Keisuke Matsumoto (p.c.), in Indonesian definite
subjects can appear after the pivot verb without the particle -lah (cf. example (i) in footnote 3), the
use of which in Indonesian is far less frequent than in Malay. What is crucial is that the intonation
pattern of such instances is characteristic of inversion sentences.
Furthermore, we need to investigate beyond our corpus. Our corpus is still very small and
cannot cover all the variations that enable us to make a comprehensive description of the
phenomenon. We could find no instance in which a definite subject follows its verb. However,
Isamu Shoho (p.c.) informed us that such instances do exist although they are very few in number.
We expect that their distribution is limited to certain environments like other languages. For
instance, Huang (1987) presents an elaborate description of (in)definiteness in Chinese existential
sentences. First, it is necessary to make the corpus larger. The larger a corpus is, the more likely it is
for one to encounter infrequent instances. Second, we need to tackle the same problem using a more
fundamental method, namely elicitation from native speakers. Although we made most of the corpus
in the present study since it must be a corpus-based study, we do not mean to make light of the
elicitation method, for it allows one to obtain crucial information that can solve his problems but
will never appear in any corpora.
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㧟㧚⧷⺆
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‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ޢ‬0Q㧔㧕
ਇᄌൻ⹖㧔೨⟎⹖࡮೽⹖㧕ߦࠃࠆࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯
⴫⃻ߩ⠨ኤ ̆ሶଏߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦၮߠߊ⹺⍮
⸒⺆ቇ⊛ⷞὐ߆ࠄߩ⠨ኤ̆
⍹੗ ᐽᲞ
㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
᭎ⷐ
‫ߡ޿߅ߦ⃻⴫⺆⸒ߪޠ࡯ࠔࡈ࠲ࡔޟ‬㧘߈ࠊ߼ߡ᦭ᮡߥ⴫⃻ߣߒߡߩߺߥࠄߕ㧘․ߦࡔ࠲
ࡈࠔ࡯ߣᗧ⼂ߐࠇࠆߎߣߩߥ޿ήᮡߥ⴫⃻ߣߒߡ߽㕖Ᏹߦᐢ▸ߦ૶ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߪ㧘り૕⊛ߥ⚻㛎߇⸒⺆ߩᩮᧄ⊛ߥേᯏߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣਥᒛߔࠆ߇㧘ߎߩ⺑
᣿߇㕖Ᏹߦࠃߊᒰߡߪ߹ࠆߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߇ਇᄌൻ⹖ߦࠃࠆࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯⴫⃻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜ
ߢߪౖဳ⊛ߥࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩߺߥࠄߕ㧘⺆ᒵߩਛߦๆ෼ߐࠇߡߪ޿ࠆߌࠇߤ߽Ყ༙⊛ߥ஥㕙
ࠍᜬߟ⺆߹ߢࠍ฽߼ߡᐢ⟵ߩ‫ߡߒߣޠ࡯ࠔࡈ࠲ࡔޟ‬ᛒ޿㧘ਇᄌൻ⹖ߩᜬߟౕ૕⊛ߥ‛ℂ⊛
ⓨ㑆ߦ㑐ߔࠆਛᔃ⊛ߥᗧ๧ߣ㧘⹤⠪ߩ⹺⍮ⓨ㑆ߩਛߢ᜛ᒛߐࠇߚᲧ༙⊛ߥᗧ๧ߦὶὐࠍᒰ
ߡ㧘ߘߎߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆࠦࠕߣ᜛ᒛߣ޿߁઒⺑⊛ߥ㑐ଥ߇㧘ሶଏߩ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߩ࠺࡯࠲ߦࠃߞߡ
ᡰᜬߐࠇࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ⺰ߓࠆ‫ޕ‬
⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߩ┙႐ߦၮߠߊߣ㧘ሶଏ߇⸒⺆ࠍ⠌ᓧߔࠆ㓙ߦߪ㧘⹺⍮ਥ૕ߢ޽ࠆሶଏ߇ᚑ
㐳ߔࠆߦߟࠇߡᓧࠆ⚻㛎ࠍㅢߒߡ㧘੐‛ߩᣂߚߥ⸃㉼ߩ઀ᣇࠍ⠌ᓧߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
߽ߒߘࠇ߇⏕߆ߥࠄ߫㧘ሶଏߪኾࠄߏߊౕ૕⊛ߥ‛ℂ⊛ⓨ㑆ߦ㑐ߔࠆ↪ᴺࠍ⷗ߖࠆߪߕߢ
޽ࠆ‫ࠍࠇߘޕ‬㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ↪޿ߚሶଏߩਇᄌൻ⹖ߩ૶↪ታᘒߩ⺞ᩏߦࠃߞߡ⏕⹺ߒ㧘ᓥ᧪
߆ࠄ⸒ࠊࠇߡ߈ߚ㧘ౕ૕⊛ߥ‛ℂⓨ㑆ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧߇ࠦࠕߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ਥᒛࠍ㧘ℂ⺰ౝ⊛
േᯏ߆ࠄߢߪߥߊ㧘ሶଏߩ⸒⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆ૶↪ታᘒ߆ࠄⵣઃߌࠆߎߣࠍ⹜ߺࠆ‫ޕ‬
1. ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߣߘߩ᦭ᮡᕈ
ㅢᏱ㧘(1)ߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩ߇ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߣߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
(1) Cigarettes are time bombs. ‫ᤨߪߎ߫ߚޟ‬㒢῜ᒢߢ޽ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߪ Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 5)ߦࠃࠇ߫㧘‫ࠍߩ߽ࠆ޽ޟ‬೎ߩ߽ߩࠍㅢߒߡℂ⸃ߔ
ࠆߎߣ‫(ޠ‬understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another)ߢ޽ࠅ㧘Kintsch
(1998: 157)ߦࠃࠇ߫㧘
‫ޟ‬ㅢᏱߪឬ౮ኻ⽎ߣߪㅪᗐߐࠇࠆߎߣߩߥ޿․ᓽ߇ឬ౮ኻ⽎ߦォ⒖ߐ
ࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥ޽ࠆ⒳ߩᲧセ‫(ޠ‬some kind of comparison by means of which features are transferred
͘!268!͘
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to the metaphor topic that are not normally associated with it)ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ㅢᏱએਅߩ 3 ߟߩ․ᓽࠍ
ᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿‫ޕ‬
(i) 2 ߟએ਄ߩ‛⾰࡮᭎ᔨߩᗧ๧㧔ߩ஥㕙㧕ࠍኻᲧ࡮ห৻ⷞߔࠆ
(ii) ᢥߩሼ⟵ㅢࠅߩ⸃㉼߇ਇน⢻ߥ႐วߦ⹺⼂ߐࠇࠆ
(iii) ㅢᏱߩ⸒⺆૶↪ߢߪߥߊ㧘⹞߿ୃㄉߦ૶ࠊࠇࠆ
(i)ߪࠕ࡝ࠬ࠻࠹࡟ࠬ࡮ࡊ࡜࠻ࡦ࡮࠰ࠢ࡜࠹ࠬߩᤨઍએ᧪ߩવ⛔⊛ߥࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩ⸃㉼ߢ޽
ࠅ(Levin 1977; Kittay 1987; Way 1991; Ross 1993)㧘(ii)ߣ(iii)ߪ⃻ઍߩೋᦼߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯⎇ⓥ
ߢਥᒛߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᧄⓂߢߪ‫ࠍޠ࡯ࠔࡈ࠲ࡔޟ‬એਅߩ 4 ߟߩቯ⟵․ᓽࠍᜬߟ߽ߩߣߒߡ㧘વ⛔⊛ߥᝒ߃ᣇࠃ
ࠅ߽ࠁࠆ߿߆ߦᝒ߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(I) ၮᧄ⊛࡮ᧄ⾰⊛࡮ሼ⟵ㅢࠅߩᗧ๧߇ዻߔࠆ㗔ၞ(domain)1ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ㗔ၞߦዻߔࠆ
੐‛ࠍᧄ᧪⊛ߦᜰߔ
(II) ⸒⺆౒ห૕ߢ౒᦭ߐࠇࠆ⊖⑼⊛࡮ᢥ⣂⊛࡮⚻㛎⊛⍮⼂ߩෳᾖࠍᔅⷐߣߔࠆ
(III) ౝ⊛ߥ૕♽ࠍᜬߟ
(IV) ㅪ⛯⊛ߥ൨㈩ࠍᚑߔᐲว޿ࠍᜬߟ
ߎࠇࠄߪ㧘Lakoff and Johnson (1980)એ㒠ߩ⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߩ┙႐ߦࠃࠆ᭽‫ߦ࡯ࠔࡈ࠲ࡔߥޘ‬ኻ
ߔࠆࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߦၮߠ޿ߡ㧘⪺⠪߇ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩቯ⟵․ᓽߣߒߡ߹ߣ߼ߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘࠇߢߪߎߩࠃ߁ߥ․ᓽࠍᜬߟࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߪ᦭ᮡߥ㧘೎ߩ⸒޿ᣇࠍߔࠇ߫‫ޟ‬᥉ㅢߢߥ޿‫ޠ‬
޽ࠆ޿ߪ‫․ޟ‬ᱶߥ‫ ߽ߣࠇߘޕ߆߁ࠈ޽ߢߩߥ⃻⴫⺆⸒ޠ‬Lakoff and Johnson (1980)߇ᜰ៰ߔ
ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߪੱ㑆ߩ↢ᵴߦㆉ࿷ߒߡ޿ߡ㧘㑐ㅪᕈℂ⺰(Sperber and Wilson 1995:
237)߇ᜰ៰ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘
‫ࠆࠇࠄ޿↪ߢࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦ⺆⸒ޟ‬㕖Ᏹߦ৻⥸⊛ߥ⢻ജߣᚻ⛯
߈ߩ⥄ὼߥ⚿ᨐߢ޽ࠆ‫(ޠ‬a natural outcome of some very general abilities and procedures used in
verbal communication)ߦㆊ߉ߥ޿㧘ήᮡߥ㧘೎ߩ⸒޿ᣇࠍߔࠇ߫‫ߊߏޟ‬᥉ㅢߩ‫ߥ⃻⴫⺆⸒ޠ‬
ߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫್ߩߘޕ‬ᢿߪ㧘૗ࠍ߽ߞߡ‫ޠ࡯ࠔࡈ࠲ࡔޟ‬
࡮
‫᦭ޟ‬ᮡ‫ߡߞࠃߦ߆ࠆߔߣޠ‬ᄌࠊࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘߎߢ㧘ౖဳ⊛ߥࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߣోߊࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߢߥ޿ሼ⟵ㅢࠅߩ⴫⃻㧘ߘߒߡߘߩ㑆ߦ
޽ࠆਛ㑆⊛ߥ↪ᴺߦߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ㑐ଥ߇޽ࠆߩ߆ࠍ㧘࿑ 1 ߦ⸒⺆⴫⃻ߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩࡕ࠺
࡞ߣߒߡ࿑ᑼൻߒߚ‫ޕ‬
1
‫ޟ‬㗔ၞ‫ߪޠ‬㧘⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߢ㧘᭎ᔨൻߩ㓙ߩၮ␆ߣߥࠆᗧ๧ℂ⸃ߩᄖᨒߣߒߡߩⷞὐ࡮ⷰὐࠍᜰߔ㧔ㄞ 2002: 254㧕‫ޕ‬
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࿑ 1: ⸒⺆⴫⃻ߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯
⁜⟵ߩ
1
2
3
ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯
4
⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯
ሼ⟵ㅢࠅߩ⴫⃻
๮㗴ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯
ࡔ࠲ࡈ䏎䏚⊛
ሼ⟵ㅢࠅ
ᐢ⟵ߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯
ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯⴫⃻
ߎߩ࿑ᑼߪ㧘⸒⺆⴫⃻ߪ⚻㛎⊛ߥၮ⋚ߦၮߠߊߣ޿߁⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߩਥᒛࠍ߽ߣߦ⪺⠪߇ⴕ
ߞߚಽ㘃ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ሼ⟵ㅢࠅߩ⴫⃻ߣࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯⊛ߥ⴫⃻ߪㅪ⛯⊛ផ⒖(cline)ࠍᚑߒߡ߅
ࠅ㧘ߤߎ߆ߢ᣿⏕ߦಾࠇࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑ਛߩ❑ᣇะߩ⎕✢ߪ⺑᣿਄ߩଢ
ቱ⊛ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘᣿⏕ߥᢿ⛘ࠍᗧ࿑ߒߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿ߎߣߦᵈᗧߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬
ߎߎ߆ࠄߩ⼏⺰ߢߪ㧘ᧄⓂߩਥ㗴ߢ޽ࠆ㧘ሼ⟵ㅢࠅߩᗧ๧߽⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯߽
⴫ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧘ਇᄌൻ⹖⴫⃻ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡ⺰ߓࠆ‫߅ߥޕ‬㧘ᧄⓂߢߪ೨⟎⹖ߣ೽⹖ࠍ඙
೎ߖߕ㧘‫ޟ‬ਇᄌൻ⹖‫ߡߒߣޠ‬ᛒߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਔ⠪ࠍ඙೎ߔࠆ⛔⺆⊛ߥᚻᲑߪ޽ࠆ߇㧘⺆ฏߩ
⋭⇛ߣ⠨߃ࠇ߫೨⟎⹖ߣᛒ߃ࠆࠃ߁ߥ೽⹖߽޽ࠅ㧘ᗧ๧⊛ߦߪ᣿⏕ߦ඙ಾࠇࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥ
޿(Quirk et al. 1985; Biber et al. 1999)‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇ⊛ߦߪ㧘หߓ⁁ᴫߦߟ޿ߡߢ޽ߞ
ߡ߽㧘᭎ߒߡࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞2ߔࠆ߽ߩ߇೽⹖ߢ޽ࠅ㧘⚿ᨐࠍࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߔࠆߩ
߇೨⟎⹖ߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣ⪺⠪ߪ⠨߃ࠆ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ℂ↱߆ࠄ㧘ᧄⓂߢߪ೨⟎
⹖ߣ೽⹖ࠍ߹ߣ߼ߡਇᄌൻ⹖ߣߒߡᛒߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
࿑ 1 ਛߩሼ⟵ㅢࠅߩ⴫⃻ߪ㧘એਅߦ␜ߔ 1 ߆ࠄ 4 ߩਅ૏ಽ㘃㧔࿑ਛߩᢙሼߣኻᔕ㧕ߦಽߌ
ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߒߛߚޕ‬㧘ߎߩ 4 ߟ߇ቢోߥಽ㘃ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍᗧ࿑ߒߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪ
ߥߊ㧘޽ߊ߹ߢ⹺⍮⊛ߥⓨ㑆ᛠីߩⷞὐ߆ࠄ․ᓽ⊛ߥㇱಽࠍขࠅ਄ߍߡ޿ࠆߩߺߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
1. ‛ℂ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ (physical perceptual field) ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧
2. ᔃ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ (mental perceptual field) ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧
3. ․ቯߩ࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢ3߇޽ࠆ⹺⍮႐ (cognitive field with a particular landmark) ߦ㑐
ߔࠆᗧ๧
4. ㅢᏱߩ⁁ᘒ߇࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢߢ޽ࠆ⹺⍮႐ (cognitive field with the normal state as the
2
‫ߪޠ࡞ࠗࠔࡈࡠࡊޟ‬㧘⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߢ㧘޽ࠆ․ቯߩ⹺⍮㗔ၞౝߢ㧘ὶὐൻߐࠇ㧘㓙┙ߜ߇ᄢ߈޿ㇱಽߢ㧘․ቯߩ
⸒⺆⴫⃻߇⋥ធᜰߒ␜ߔㇱಽࠍᜰߔ(ㄞ 2002: 171, 227, 236)‫ޕ‬
3
‫ߪޠࠢ࡯ࡑ࠼ࡦ࡜ޟ‬㧘⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߢ㧘㑐ଥࠍ⴫ߔࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ᦨ߽㓙┙ߜߩᄢ߈޿ㇱಽ㧔‫ࠫ࡜࠻ޟ‬
ࠚࠢ࠲࡯‫ޠ‬㧕ࠍ㒰ߊ㧘ߘߩઁߩ㓙┙ߜߩᄢ߈޿ㇱಽࠍᜰߔ㧔ㄞ 2002: 171㧕‫ޕ‬
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landmark) ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧
1 ߩ‫‛ޟ‬ℂ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧‫ߪߣޠ‬㧘ቴⷰ⊛ߦ⍮ⷡน⢻ߥ‛ℂ⊛ⓨ㑆ߦ㑐ߔࠆቴ૕⊛
(objective)ߥ4ᗧ๧ߢ޽ࠆ‫(ޕ‬2a-b)ߩ down ߪߎߩᗧ๧ߢ૶ࠊࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘(2a)ߩ down ߪ⺕߇⷗
ߡ߽ࡉ࡜ࠗࡦ࠼߇ਅ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᘒ㧘(2b)ߩ down ߪ⺕߇⷗ߡ߽ਐࠍਅࠅߡⴕߊ᭽ሶࠍឬ౮
ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(2) a. The blind is down. ‫ߪ࠼ࡦࠗ࡜ࡉޟ‬ਅ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
b. walk down the hill ‫ޟ‬ᱠ޿ߡਐࠍਅࠅࠆ‫ޠ‬
2 ߩ‫ޟ‬ᔃ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧‫ߪߣޠ‬㧘1 ߣหߓቴⷰ⊛ߦ⍮ⷡน⢻ߥ‛ℂ⊛ⓨ㑆ࠍࡌ࡯ࠬ
(base)5ߣߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ቴ૕ߩ⒖േࠍ઻ࠊߕ㧘⹤⠪ߢ޽ࠆ᭎ᔨਥ૕ߩਥⷰ⊛ߥᔃ⊛⒖േߩߺ߇
޽ࠆࠃ߁ߥᗧ๧ߢ޽ࠆ‫(ޕ‬3)ߩ across ߪߎߩᗧ๧ߢ૶ࠊࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘(2)ߩ଀ߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ㧘ᒰ
ὼ shop ߇ street ࠍ⿥߃ߡ‛ℂ⊛ߦ⒖േߒߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥߊ㧘᭎ᔨਥ૕߇ᔃߩਛߢ㆏〝ࠍ
᜽ࠎߢᐫߩะ߆޿஥ߦ޽ࠆၮὐ߆ࠄᐫߦะ߆ߞߡ㆏〝਄ࠍߚߤߞߡ⒖േߒߡ޿ߞߚ⚿ᨐ
ࠍࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ ߪߡ޿ߟߦࠇߎޕ‬2 ▵ߢౣᐲขࠅ਄ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬
(3) The shop is across the street. ‫ޟ‬ᐫߪㅢࠅߩะߎ߁஥ߛ‫ޠޕ‬
3 ߩ‫․ޟ‬ቯߩ࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢ߇޽ࠆ⹺⍮႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧‫ߪߣޠ‬㧘ቴ૕⊛ߥⓨ㑆ߢߪߥߊ㧘᭎
ᔨਥ૕ߩᔃߩਛߢᗐቯߐࠇࠆ㧘ⓨ㑆ߦḰߕࠆ႐ࠍࡌ࡯ࠬߣߒ㧘࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢ߇᣿␜⊛ߦሽ
࿷ߔࠆࠃ߁ߥᗧ๧ߢ޽ࠆ‫(ޕ‬4a-b)ߩ in ߪߎߩᗧ๧ߢ૶ࠊࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘(4a)ߢߪ᭎ᔨਥ૕ߩ㗡ߩ
ਛߦ޽ࠆ my view ߣ޿߁㗔ၞౝࠍ⴫ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘(4b)ߢߪਥ⺆ߩ she ߇㧘ߚߣ߃ోり⌀ߞ⊕
ߩ⴩᦯ࠍ⌕ߡ޿ߥߊߡ߽㧘⴩᦯ߩ⦡߇⊕⦡ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁᛽⽎⊛㗔ၞ㧔᭎ᔨਥ૕߇㗡ߩਛߢ
ᒻᚑߔࠆ㧘ઁߩ㗔ၞߣኻᲧߐࠇࠆ㧘she ߇฽߹ࠇࠆ⊕⦡ߩ⴩᦯ߣ޿߁ⓨ㑆㧕ߦዻߒߡ޿ࠆ
ߣ᭎ᔨਥ૕߇⹺⼂ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(4) a. In my view, ... ‫ߩ⑳ޟ‬⠨߃ߢߪ࡮࡮࡮‫ޠ‬
b. She is in white today. ‫ޟ‬ᓐᅚߪ੹ᣣߪ⊕޿᦯ࠍ⌕ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
4 ߩ‫ޟ‬ㅢᏱߩ⁁ᘒ߇࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢߢ޽ࠆ⹺⍮႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧‫ߪߣޠ‬㧘3 ߣหߓߊ᭎ᔨਥ૕
ߩᔃߩਛߢᗐቯߐࠇࠆ㧘ⓨ㑆ߦḰߕࠆ႐ࠍࡌ࡯ࠬߣߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢ߇᣿␜
ߐࠇߡ߅ࠄߕ㧘ઍࠊࠅߦ᭎ᔨਥ૕߇‫ޟ‬ㅢᏱ‫ߣޠ‬⠨߃ࠆ⁁ᘒ߇࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆࠃ
߁ߥᗧ๧ߢ޽ࠆ‫(ޕ‬5a-b)ߩ down ߪߎߩᗧ๧ߢ૶ࠊࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘(5a)ߢߪㅢᏱߩஜᐽߥ⁁ᘒࠍ
࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢߣߒ㧘ߘߎ߆ࠄஜᐽ⁁ᘒ߇⪭ߜߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ⴫ߒߡ߅ࠅ6㧘(5b)ߢߪㅢ
Ᏹߩ໧㗴ߥߊ㔚⹤߇૶߃ࠆ⁁ᘒࠍ࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢߣߒ㧘ߘߎ߆ࠄ೑↪น⢻ᕈ㧔޽ࠆ޿ߪ೑↪
ଔ୯㧕߇⪭ߜߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫߅ߥޕ‬㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ‫ޟ‬਄ᣇะ߇ࠃ޿ᣇะߢ㧘
ਅᣇะ߇ᖡ޿ᣇะߢ޽ࠆ‫⷗߁޿ߣޠ‬ᣇߪ㧘‫ޟ‬ᣇะߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯‫(ޠ‬orientational metaphors)ߣ
ߒߡ㧘Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 14-21)߇⹦ߒ޿‫ޕ‬
(5) a. I’m down with flu. ‫ޟ‬㘑㇎ߢኢㄟࠎߢ޿ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
4
‫ޟ‬ቴ૕‫ߪޠ‬㧘⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߢ㧘⍮ⷡ⠪࡮᭎ᔨਥ૕ߩ⍮ⷡ࡮ᛠីߩኻ⽎ߦߥࠆ߽ߩࠍᜰߔ㧔ㄞ 2002: 104, 129㧕‫ޕ‬
‫ߪޠࠬ࡯ࡌޟ‬㧘⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߢ㧘޽ࠆ․ቯߩ⹺⍮㗔ၞౝߢ㓙┙ߜ߇ዊߐߊࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߦኻߔࠆ⢛᥊ߣߒߡᯏ⢻
ߔࠆㇱಽࠍᜰߔ㧔ㄞ 2002: 171, 227, 236㧕‫ޕ‬
6
නߦ┙ߞߡ߅ࠄߕᮮߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬႐ว(5a)ߪ 1 ߩ‫‛ޟ‬ℂ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧‫ޠ‬
ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
5
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b. The telephone line is down. ‫ޟ‬㔚⹤߇૶߃ߥߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ⷗ߡߊࠆߣ㧘‛ℂ⊛ߥ߽ߩ߇ሼ⟵ㅢࠅߩᗧ๧ߢ㧘᛽⽎⊛ߥ߽ߩ߇ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯
⊛ߥᗧ๧ߢ޽ࠆࠃ߁ߦᕁࠊࠇࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥሼ⟵ㅢࠅ-ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯⊛
ߩ㑐ଥߪ৻⥸⊛ߦ⸒ࠊࠇࠆ‛ℂ-᛽⽎ߩኻᲧ⊛㑐ଥߣߪᔅߕߒ߽৻⥌ߒߥ޿‫߫߃଀ޕ‬㧘⏕߆
ߦ(6a)ߪ 1 ߩ‫‛ޟ‬ℂ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧‫ߦޠ‬ಽ㘃ߢ߈㧘(6b)ߪ⁜⟵ߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߦಽ㘃ߢ
߈ࠆߚ߼㧘‛ℂ⊛࡮ౕ૕⊛ߥᗧ๧߇ሼ⟵ㅢࠅߩᗧ๧ߢ㧘᛽⽎⊛ߥᗧ๧߇ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯⊛ߥᗧ
๧ߢ޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ਥ⺆߇ౕ૕⊛ߥ‛߆᛽⽎⊛ߥ߽ߩ߆ߣ޿߁ὐ
ߢ(6a) - (6b)ߣኻᲧ⊛㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆ(7a) - (7b)ߪ౒ߦ㧘㧔⁜⟵ߩ㧕ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߢߪߥߊ㧘ᧄⓂߩ
ಽ㘃ߢߪ 3 ߩ‫․ޟ‬ቯߩ࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢߩ޽ࠆ⹺⍮႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧‫⹥ߦޠ‬ᒰߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(6) a. The doll is in the box. ‫ੱޟ‬ᒻߪߘߩ▫ߩਛߦ޽ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
b. Happiness is in the box. 㧔ᚻߦߔࠆߣᐘߖߦߥࠆࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩ߇▫ߩਛߦ౉ߞߡ޿
ࠆߣ޿߁⁁ᴫߢ㧕‫ޟ‬ᐘߖ߇ߘߩ▫ߩਛߦ޽ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
(7) a. The machine got out of control. ‫ޟ‬ᯏ᪾߇೙ᓮਇ⢻ߦߥߞߚ‫ޠޕ‬
b. My enthusiasm got out of control. ‫ߪ⑳ޟ‬ᾲᗧࠍᛥ߃߈ࠇߥߊߥߞߚ‫ޠޕ‬
(is) in the box ߪ(6a)ߩࠃ߁ߦሼ⟵ㅢࠅߦ߽↪޿ࠆ⴫⃻ߢ޽ࠅ㧘(6b)ߩࠃ߁ߦ happiness ߣ޿
߁⺆߇ࠪࡦ࠲ࠣࡓߦሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯⊛ߦ߽↪޿ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ⴫⃻ߢ
޽ࠆ7‫ઁޕ‬ᣇ㧘(7a-b)ߢߪਇᄌൻ⹖ߩ⵬ㇱ(control)߇᛽⽎⊛ߥฬ⹖ߢ޽ࠆߚ߼㧘(7a)ߢߪਥ⺆
߇ౕ૕⊛ߥ‛ߢ޽ࠆߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ㧘(got) out of control ߪ⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߢ޽ࠆ
ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ8‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪ㧘(6a-b)ߩ(is) in the box ߩࠃ߁ߥࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯⊛ߦ߽㕖ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯
⊛ߦ߽↪޿ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆਇᄌൻ⹖⴫⃻ߦὶὐࠍᒰߡࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᰴߦߘࠇߙࠇߩ㧔ᐢ⟵ߩ㧕ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯⴫⃻ߩ᦭ᮡᕈߦߟ޿ߡ⠨߃ߚ޿߇㧘ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩ
᦭ᮡᕈࠍ⠨߃ࠆ೨ߦ㧘ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߦ㒢ࠄߕ⸒⺆⴫⃻৻⥸ߩ᦭ᮡᕈߦߟ޿ߡ⠨߃ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽
ࠈ߁‫᦭ޕ‬ᮡᕈࠍ್ᢿߔࠆၮḰߣߒߡߪ㧘଀߃߫એਅߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩࠍ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߛ
ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬㧔ߚߛߒ㧘એਅߩ߽ߩ߇᦭ᮡᕈࠍ್ᢿߔࠆၮḰߣߒߡㆡߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍᗧ࿑
ߒߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦᵈᗧߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬㧕
⋧⵬⊛ᗧ๧㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆ⴫⃻(complementaries)߿ห૏ߩਅ⟵⺆(co-hyponyms)ߥߤࠍᲧセ
ߒߚ႐วߦ߅޿ߡ㧘
a. ⹤⠪࡮⡞߈ᚻ߇᥉ㅢߛߣᗵߓࠆ߽ߩ߇ήᮡߢ㧘᥉ㅢߢߥ޿ߣᗵߓࠆ߽ߩ߇᦭
ᮡ
b. ᒻᘒ⚛ᢙ߇ዋߥ޿߽ߩ߇ήᮡߢ㧘ᄙ޿߽ߩ߇᦭ᮡ
c. ᗧ๧⊛ߦ‫ޟ‬ㅘ᣿‫↥↢ߢޠ‬ᕈ߇㜞޿߽ߩ߇ήᮡߢ㧘ઃട⊛ߥᗧ๧߇޽ࠆ߽ߩ߇
᦭ᮡ
d. ㅢᤨ⊛ߦ⷗ߡࠃࠅฎ޿߽ߩ߇ήᮡߢ㧘ᓟ਎ߦ᜛ᒛ߿ᄌൻߦࠃࠅ↢ߓߚ߽ߩ߇
7
(6b)ߩᢥ(๮㗴)ో૕ߪ⁜⟵ߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘(is) in the box ߪ⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩᔃ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ࠍ⴫ߒ
ߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
8
േ⹖߽ਇᄌൻ⹖⴫⃻߇ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߢ޽ࠆ߆ሼ⟵ㅢࠅߩ⴫⃻ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠍ᳿ቯߔࠆ㊀ⷐߥⷐ⚛ߢ޽ࠅ㧘േ⹖߇᛽⽎
⊛ߥ㑐ଥߥߤࠍ⴫ߔ႐วߦߪ㧘ਇᄌൻ⹖⴫⃻ߪㅢᏱ㧘⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
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᦭ᮡ
e. ૶↪㗫ᐲߩ㜞޿߽ߩ߇ήᮡߢ㧘ૐ޿߽ߩ߇ήᮡ
f. ↢ᚑ⛔⺆⺰߇ᗐቯߔࠆ UG㧔᥉ㆉᢥᴺ㧕ߩࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲࡯(parameter)9ߩೋᦼ୯
(default value)ߩ߽ߩ߇ήᮡߢ㧘ೋᦼ୯߆ࠄߩᄌᦝࠍⷐ᳞ߔࠆ߽ߩ߇᦭ᮡ
g. ሶଏ߇వߦ⠌ᓧߔࠆ߽ߩ߇ήᮡߢ㧘ᓟ߆ࠄ⠌ᓧߔࠆ߽ߩ߇᦭ᮡ
a ߩ଀ࠍ᜼ߍࠆߣ㧘⺆ߩ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߪ㧘৻⥸ߩੱߦߣߞߡߪ㧘หߓ‫ޟ‬ᔃ⤳⊒૞‫ࠍޠ‬ᜰߔኾ㐷
⺆ߩ“coronary”ߣ৻⥸⺆ߩ“heart attack”ߢߪ㧘“coronary”ߩᣇ߇᦭ᮡߛߣᗵߓࠆߛࠈ߁ߒ㧘
߹ߚ⺆ࠃࠅ਄ߩ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߪ޿ࠊࠁࠆㆬᛯ೙㒢("selectional restriction")ߦ㆑෻ߔࠆ߽ߩࠍᜰ
ߔ߽ߩ߽฽߹ࠇࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ේೣߪᄢᣇߘߩㅢࠅ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿߇㧘ߎࠇߢߪోߊቴⷰ⊛ߥၮḰ
ߦߥࠄߥ޿‫߽ߘ߽ߘޕ‬㧘ੱߦࠃߞߡ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ႐วߦࠃߞߡ᦭ᮡߛߣᗵߓࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠇ߫㧘
ήᮡߛߣᗵߓࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬㧘I have a slight headache.‫ޟ‬シ޿㗡∩߇ߔࠆ‫ޠ‬
ߣ The United States is suffering a lot of domestic political headaches.‫ߪࠞ࡝ࡔࠕޟ‬ᄙߊߩ࿖ౝ
ߩ᡽ᴦ໧㗴ߦ㗡ࠍᛴ߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠍޠ‬Ყߴࠆߣ㧘หߓ headache ߣ޿߁⺆ߦኻߒߡ߽㧘ᓟ⠪߇೨
⠪ߦኻߒߡ‫᧪ᧄޟ‬㗡∩ࠍᖚ߁ߩߪੱ㑆ߢ޽ࠆ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ὐߢ᦭ᮡߢ޽ࠆߣᗵߓࠆੱ߽޿ࠆߛ
ࠈ߁ߒ㧘ߘߩࠃ߁ߦߪోߊᗵߓߥ޿ੱ߽޿ࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ㄉᦠߦ߅޿ߡ߽[figurative]ߥߤߩ࡜
ࡌ࡞ࠍઃߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ߽޽ࠇ߫ઃߒߡ޿ߥ޿߽ߩ߽޽ࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬b ߪ଀߃߫ steward /
stewardess ߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ଀ߢߪ⏕߆ߦߘߩㅢࠅߛ߇㧘ߎߩၮḰߢߪᔕ
↪ߩ▸࿐ߪᒻᘒ⚛ࠍ⺆ߦ᜛ᒛߒߚᒝ⺞ߩ᭴ᢥߥߤ߹ߢߦ㒢ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬c ߪ㧘ߘࠇ⥄૕ߪ㕖Ᏹ
ߦ․ቯᕈߩૐ޿ᗧ๧ࠍ⴫ߒ㧘᭽‫ୃߥޘ‬㘼⺆ࠍ઻ߞߡ↪޿ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁ὐߢᔕ↪▸
࿐ߩᐢ޿⺆ฏߩᣇ߇㧘ୃ㘼⺆ࠍ઻ࠊߥߊߡ߽㕖Ᏹߦ․ቯᕈߩ㜞޿ᗧ๧ࠍ⴫ߔࠃ߁ߥ⺆ฏߣ
Ყߴߡήᮡߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁⠨߃ᣇߢ޽ࠆ‫ ߫߃଀ޕ‬working hours ‫ޟ‬ൕോᤨ㑆‫ ޠ‬/ working class
‫ޟ‬ഭ௛⠪㓏⚖‫ࠅ޽ߢߩ߽ߥ߁ࠃߩޠ‬㧘หߓ working ߣ޿߁⺆ߢ޽ߞߡ߽೨⠪ߪήᮡߥᗧ๧㧘
ᓟ⠪ߪ᦭ᮡߥᗧ๧ߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᢥߩ࡟ࡌ࡞ߦㆡ↪ߔࠇ߫㧘ᢥߩᗧ๧߇㧘୘‫ޘ‬
ߩ⺆ߩᗧ๧ࠍ⿷ߒวࠊߖߚߩ߇ᢥߩᗧ๧ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁વ⛔⊛ߥ⸃㉼ߦᓥߞߡ㧘୘‫ߩ⺆ߩޘ‬
ᗧ๧ߩㅘ᣿ᕈ߇⏕଻ߐࠇߡ޿ࠇ߫ήᮡߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘ߁ߒߡᓧࠄࠇߚᗧ๧߇ᢥ⣂ߦᾖࠄߒߡਇ
ㆡಾߢ޽ࠆ႐ว㧘ߘࠇߪ᦭ᮡߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬d ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘଀߃߫ OED ߦឝタߐࠇߡ
޿ࠆ⺆⟵ߢฎ޿߽ߩ߇ၮᧄߩήᮡߥ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߡ㧘ߘߎ߆ࠄ᜛ᒛߐࠇߡࠃࠅᣂߒߊ↢߹ࠇ
ߚ⺆⟵߇᦭ᮡߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁⠨߃ᣇ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘޽ࠆᤨઍߦ↢߹ࠇߚੱ㑆ߪߘߩᤨὐ
ߦ⹤ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ⸒⺆ࠍ⠌ᓧߔࠆߩߢ޽ߞߡ㧘ㅢᤨ⊛ߥᄌൻࠍߚߤߞߡ⠌ᓧߔࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ
޿‫ࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬ㅢᤨ⊛ߥᄌൻߦ৻⥸⊛ߥ᜛ᒛߩᣇะᕈࠍ⷗಴ߔߎߣߪߢ߈ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿߇㧘
ߘࠇ߇㧘ੱ㑆߇Უ⺆ࠍ⠌ᓧߔࠆ㓙ߩ㗅⇟ߣหߓߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁଻⸽ߪ૗߽ߥ޿‫ޕ‬e ߦߟ޿ߡ
ߪ㧘⏕߆ߦ᭎ߒߡήᮡߥᗧ๧߿⴫⃻ߪ᦭ᮡߥ߽ߩࠃࠅ߽ߪࠆ߆ߦ㗫❥ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߣ⸒߃
ࠆߛࠈ߁‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘Ṍᄙߦ૶ࠊࠇߥ޿࿕᦭ฬߥߤߩ⴫⃻߇᦭ᮡߢ޽ࠆߣߪ㒢ࠄߥ޿ߣ޿߁
ߎߣࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘૶↪㗫ᐲ߇ૐ޿߽ߩ߇᦭ᮡߛߣ޿߁ߩ߽߅߆ߒߥ⹤ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߐࠄߦ㧘㗫
9
‫ߪߣޠ࡯࠲࡯ࡔ࡜ࡄޟ‬ฦ⸒⺆ߢ౒ㅢߒߡ⺰ߓࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧔ߔߥࠊߜ୘೎⸒⺆ߦ․᦭ߥ߽ߩࠍ㒰ߊ㧕ⷙೣ߿
ේℂࠍ⵬ቢߔࠆ߽ߩߢ㧘⹥ᒰ⸒⺆ߩᕈ⾰ࠍᜰቯߔࠆࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩࠍᜰߔ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬㧘⺆㗅ߩⷙೣߦ߅޿ߡਥⷐㇱ߇⵬
ㇱߩฝ஥ߦ᧪ࠆ߆Ꮐ஥ߦ᧪ࠆ߆ࠍᜰቯߔࠆߩ߇ࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲࡯ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ᐲ߇ૐ޿߆ࠄ᦭ᮡߥߩ߆㧘᦭ᮡߛ߆ࠄ㗫ᐲ߇ૐ޿ߩ߆ߣ޿߁ᓴⅣ⺰ߦߥߞߡߒ߹߁‫ޕ‬f ߦ
ߟ޿ߡߪ㧘UG ߩℂ⺰ߢߪሶଏ߇⸒⺆⠌ᓧㆊ⒟ߢ⷗ߖࠆ⊒⹤ߦࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲࡯ߩ࠺ࡈࠜ࡞࠻
୯߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆߣਥᒛߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߎࠇߪ g ߣ߽ㅢߓࠆ⼏⺰ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘UG ߩߎߩਥᒛߪਥߦ
⛔⺆ℂ⺰਄ߩ೨ឭߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎࠇߦߟ޿ߡ߽㧘ࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲࡯ߩ࠺ࡈࠜ࡞࠻୯ߢ޽ࠆߚ߼ߦሶ
ଏߩ⸒⺆ߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆߩ߆㧘ሶଏߩ⸒⺆ߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆߚ߼ߦࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲࡯ߩ࠺ࡈࠜ࡞࠻୯ߢ޽
ࠆߣߔࠆߩ߆㧘ߣ޿߁ὐߢᓴⅣ⊛ߛߣ⸒߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ ߽ߘ߽ߘߚ߹ޕ‬UG ߇೨ឭߣߔࠆ
╙৻⸒⺆⠌ᓧᦼߩᄖㇱೝỗߩਇචಽߐߦߟ޿ߡߪᔅߕߒ߽චಽߥᬌ⸛߇ߥߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠊ
ߌߢߪߥߊ㧘⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߢߪ UG ߩሽ࿷⥄૕ࠍ⇼໧ⷞߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔ጊ᪸ 2000: 259-261㧕‫ޕ‬g
ߦߟ޿ߡߪ⏕߆ߦሶଏ߇᦭ᮡߥ⴫⃻ࠍవߦ⠌ᓧߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪߥߐߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘
એਅߦ⷗ࠆࠃ߁ߦሶଏ߇㜞ᐲߦ᛽⽎⊛ߥߎߣࠍ⊒⹤ߒߚࠅℂ⸃ߒߚࠅߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ
ߥߊ㧘ߘ߁ߔࠆߣ᛽⽎⊛ߥ߽ߩ߇᦭ᮡߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥߞߡߒ߹߁߇㧘ᔅߕߒ߽ߘ߁޿߁ߎ
ߣߦ߽ߥࠄߥ޿ߪߕߢ޽ࠆ‫ ߫߃଀ޕ‬house ߪኾࠄᑪㅧ‛ࠍᜰߔߩߦኻߒߡ㧘home ߪ house
ߣหߓᑪㅧ‛ࠍᜰߔߎߣ߽޽ࠆ߇᛽⽎⊛ߥ↢ᵴⓨ㑆ࠍᜰߔߎߣᄙ޿ߣ޿߁ὐߢ㧘house ߇
home ࠃࠅ߽ήᮡߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ⸒߃ߥ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩ᦭ᮡᕈߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ߎߩઁߦ㧘ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩឬ౮ኻ⽎એᄖߩ᭎ᔨࠍෳᾖߔ
ࠆߣ޿߁ᕈ⾰߆ࠄ㧘⸃㉼ߦ߆߆ࠆᤨ㑆߇㐳޿߶ߤߘߩ⴫⃻ߪ᦭ᮡߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇⸒߃
ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ᄙߊߩᔃℂ⸒⺆ቇߩ࠺࡯࠲߆ࠄ㧘㜞ᐲߦᲧ༙⊛ߥࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ࠍ
㒰޿ߡ㧘ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯⴫⃻߽ሼ⟵ㅢࠅߩ⴫⃻߽ಣℂᤨ㑆ߦᄌࠊࠅߪߥߊ㧘߻ߒࠈࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯
⴫⃻ߩᣇ߇ಣℂᤨ㑆߇⍴޿႐ว߽޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ(Gibbs 1994)‫ޕ‬
એ਄ߩ⼏⺰ࠍ〯߹߃ߡ㧘ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩ᦭ᮡᕈߦߟ޿ߡ⠨߃ߡߺߚ޿‫࡯ࠔࡈ࠲ࡔߩ⟵⁜ޕ‬
ߪ๮㗴㧔㕖Ᏹߦ߅߅߹߆ߦ⸒߃߫ᢥ㧕߇⴫⃻ߔࠆࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߢ޽ࠅ㧘⌀ℂ᧦ઙ⊛ߦனߢ޽
ࠆ⴫⃻ߢ޽ߞߚࠅߒߡ᦭ᮡߢ޽ࠆ‫(߫߃଀ޕ‬1)ߩࠃ߁ߥ଀߇ߎࠇߦᒰߚࠆ‫᦭߇ࠇߎߒ߆ߒޕ‬
ᮡߛ߆ࠄߣ޿ߞߡ㧘‫․ޟ‬ᱶ‫ޕ޿ߥߪߢߌࠊ߁޿ߣޠ‬ᢥߩᗧ๧ߪ㧘ᢥࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆࠃࠅዊߐߥ
㧔⺆ฏߥߤߩ㧕න૏߇ᜬߟᗧ๧ࠍ㧔ߘߒߡ႐วߦࠃߞߡߪ᭴ᢥߩᗧ๧ࠍ㧕⿷ߒวࠊߖߚ߽
ߩߢන⚐ߦᚑࠆࠊߌߢߪߥߊ㧘⊒⹤ᤨߩᢥ⣂ߦ߅޿ߡ⍍㑆⊛ߦ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢߦ↢ᚑ࡮⸃㉼
ߐࠇࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦ㧔⁜⟵ߩ㧕Ყ༙⊛ߥᗧ๧߽ᄙߊ૶ࠊࠇࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘࠇߦኻߒߡ㧘࿑ 1 ਛߩሼ⟵ㅢࠅߩ⴫⃻ߪᢥ࡟ࡌ࡞ߛߌߢߥߊߘࠇࠃࠅ߽ዊߐߥන૏ߩᗧ
๧߽฽ߺ㧘ࠗ࠺ࠖࠝࡓ߽ߎߎߦ฽߹ࠇࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿑ 1 ਛߩ⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩㇱ
ಽ߇ᢥࠃࠅዊߐ޿න૏ߢߩ㧔ᐢ⟵ߩ㧕ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߢ޽ࠅ㧘૶↪⠪߇ㅢᏱࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߣߪᗵ
ߓߥ޿ਇᄌൻ⹖ߩ↪ᴺߢ޽ࠅ㧘ήᮡߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ਛߦߪ㧘ోߊࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߣ
ߪᗵߓࠄࠇߥ޿↪ᴺ㧔2 ߩᔃ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧㧕߆ࠄ㧘⁜⟵ߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߦㄭ޿㧘႐
วߦࠃߞߡߪ᦭ᮡߥࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߣߐ߃ᗵߓࠄࠇࠆ↪ᴺ㧔4 ߩㅢᏱߩ⁁ᘒ߇࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢߢ
޽ࠆ⹺⍮႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧㧕߹ߢㅪ⛯⊛ផ⒖ࠍᚑߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
એ਄ߩ⼏⺰߆ࠄࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩ᦭ᮡᕈߦߟ޿ߡ߹ߣ߼ࠆߣ㧘ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘⁜⟵ߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯
ߪ๮㗴࡟ࡌ࡞ߢ⊒⃻ߒ᦭ᮡᕈ߇㜞޿ߌࠇߤ߽㧘⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߪࠃࠅዊߐ޿⸒⺆
න૏ߢ߽⃻ࠇ㧘ήᮡߢ޽ࠆߣਥᒛߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇએᄖߩ┙႐ߩ⸒⺆ቇߢ߽ਇᄌൻ⹖ߩ‫ޟ‬ਛᔃ⊛ߥ‫ޠ‬ᗧ๧ߪ‛ℂⓨ㑆ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ
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๧ߢ޽ࠆߣߐࠇ(Quirk et al. 1985: 685-687)㧘⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߢ߽ߘࠇߪห᭽ߢ޽ࠆ(Langacker
2002; Lee 2001; ᧻ᧄ 2003)‫ߒߛߚޕ‬㧘⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇએᄖߢ‛ℂⓨ㑆ߩᗧ๧ࠍ‫ޟ‬ਛᔃ‫ߡߒߣޠ‬
ᛒ߁ߣ޿߁┙႐ߪ㧘ℂ⺰਄ߩᢛวᕈ߇ⷐ⺧ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߥߤ㧘ਥߦℂ⺰ౝ⊛േᯏߦࠃࠆ
߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߢ߽චಽߥⵣઃߌࠍ઻ߞߡ‛ℂⓨ㑆ߩᗧ๧ࠍ‫ޟ‬ਛᔃ‫ᝒߣޠ‬
߃ߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘り૕⚻㛎ߣᄖ⇇⹺⍮߇⸒⺆ߩၮ⋚ߣߥࠆߣ޿߁⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߩ⸒⺆ື
ቇ਄ߩ೨ឭࠁ߃ߦ‛ℂ⊛ⓨ㑆ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧ࠍ᡼኿⁁ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩࠦࠕߣߒߡಽᨆߒߡ
޿ࠆ(Lee 2001)‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪ㧘ሶଏߪ࿑ 1 ਛߩሼ⟵ㅢࠅߩ⴫⃻߆ࠄࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯⊛ߥ⴫⃻ߦะ
߆ߞߡ⠌ᓧߒߡ޿ߊߣ޿߁ᗐቯߩਅߢ㧘ౕ૕⊛ߥ‛ℂⓨ㑆ߩᗧ๧߇ਇᄌൻ⹖ߩᗧ๧ߩ‫ޟ‬ਛ
ᔃ‫ࠍߣߎ߁޿ߣࠆ޽ߢޠ‬㧘ሶଏߩ⸒⺆ߩ૶↪ታᘒࠍ⷗ࠆߎߣߢⵣઃߌࠆߎߣࠍ⹜ߺࠆ‫ޕ‬
2. ⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߣᲣ⺆ߩ⠌ᓧ
⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߩᩮᧄ⊛ߥ⠨߃ᣇߪ㧘ᄙߊߩ᭎ᔨ࡮⸒⺆න૏ߪり૕ߣⅣႺߩ㑐ࠊࠅߦ┵ࠍ⊒
ߔࠆり૕ၮ⋚ߦേᯏઃߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠄ߆ߎߘߡߒߘޕ‬㧘⹺⍮⊛ⷐ࿃ߣ⚻
㛎⊛ၮ⋚ߦၮߠ޿ߚᗧ๧⊛᜛ᒛࠍ⷗ߖࠆߣ޿߁‫⹺ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬⍮⸒⺆ቇߢߪ㧘⸒⺆ߪੱ㑆߿ੱ
㑆ߩ⚻㛎ߣਇಽ㔌ߢ޽ࠆߣਥᒛߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘߒߡ⸒⺆ߩᗧ๧ߪቴⷰ⊛ߥ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘⊒⹤⠪ߢ޽ࠆ⸃㉼ਥ૕ߩ਎⇇ߩ⸃㉼ߩ޽ࠅ
ᣇߎߘ߇⸒⺆⴫⃻ߩᗧ๧ߢ޽ࠆߣߐࠇࠆ‫ߒߛߚޕ‬㧘ߎࠇߪ㧘⸒⺆ߩᗧ๧ߪቢోߦਥⷰ⊛ߥ
߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒ߞߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬਄ߢり૕ၮ⋚߇⸒⺆ߩേᯏߢ޽ࠆߣㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘
⸃㉼ਥ૕ߩਥ૕⊛(subjective)ߥ10੐‛ߩᛠីߪቴ૕ᕈࠍឃ㒰ߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬ቴ૕ᕈߣ
ਥ૕⊛ߥ੐‛ߩᛠី߇৻⥌ߒߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᘒ߇೨▵ߩ࿑ 1 ߢ᜼ߍߚ 1 ߩ‫‛ޟ‬ℂ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔ
ࠆᗧ๧‫ߦ߁ࠃߩߎߒߛߚޕࠆࠇࠄ⷗ߦޠ‬ቴ૕ᕈ߇ቢోߦᱷߞߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᘒߣ޿߁ߩߪዋᢙߢ
޽ࠅ㧘ᄙߊߩ⸒⺆⴫⃻ߢߪ㧘ᄙ߆ࠇዋߥ߆ࠇቴ૕ᕈ߇ᄬࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠔࡈ࠲ࡔ߇ߣߎߩߎޕ‬
࡯ߩⷰὐߢߪ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠄߥߗߥޕ‬㧘ߘߎ߇ሼ⟵ㅢࠅߩ⴫⃻ߣ㧔ᐢ⟵ߩ㧕ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩಾ
ࠇ⋡ߛ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ቢోߥቴ૕ᕈ߇ᄬࠊࠇ㧘ਥ૕⊛ߥ੐‛ߩᛠី߇ࠃࠅ㊀ⷐߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ
⁁ᘒ߇೨▵ߩ࿑ 1 ߢ᜼ߍߚ 2 ߩ‫ޟ‬ᔃ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧‫ߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕࠆࠇࠄ⷗ߦޠ‬㧘ౕ
૕⊛࡮ቴⷰ⊛ߥᗧ๧ౝኈࠍᜬߟ⴫⃻߆ࠄቴ૕ᕈ߇ᄬࠊࠇߡ޿ߊᗧ๧ߩᄌൻࠍ㧘⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇ
ߢߪ‫ޟ‬ਥ૕ൻ‫(ޠ‬subjectification)ߣ๭߱‫ޕ‬Langacker(2002: 326)ߪਇᄌൻ⹖ߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆਥ૕ൻ
ߩ଀ߣߒߡᰴߩᢥࠍ᜼ߍߡ޿ࠆ11‫ޕ‬
(8)a. Vanessa jumped across the table. ‫ࠍ࡞ࡉ࡯࠹ߪࠨ࠶ࡀࠔࡧޟ‬㘧߮⿧߃ߚ‫ޠޕ‬
b. Vanessa is sitting across the table from Veronica. ‫ࠍ࡞ࡉ࡯࠹ߪࠨ࠶ࡀࠔࡧޟ‬᜽ࠎ
ߢࡧࠚࡠ࠾ࠞߩะ߆޿஥ߦᐳߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
หߓ across ߣ޿߁೨⟎⹖߇૶ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘(8a)ߢߪ Vanessa ߣ޿߁࠻࡜ࠫࠚࠢ࠲࡯12߇ the
10
‫ޟ‬ਥ૕‫ߪޠ‬㧘⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߢ㧘⍮ⷡ⠪࡮᭎ᔨਥ૕ߦዻߔࠆ߽ߩࠍᜰߔ㧔ㄞ 2002: 104, 129㧕‫ޕ‬
ᒝ⺞ߪ⪺⠪ߦࠃࠆ‫ޕ‬
12
‫ߪޠ࡯࠲ࠢࠚࠫ࡜࠻ޟ‬㧘⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߢ㧘㑐ଥࠍ⴫ߔࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ᦨ߽㓙┙ߜߩᄢ߈޿ㇱಽࠍᜰߔ㧔ㄞ
2002: 171㧕‫ޕ‬
11
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table ߣ޿߁࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢߩ਄ࠍ‛ℂ⊛ߦ⒖േߒߡ޿ࠆߩߦኻߒ㧘(8b)ߢߪ‛ℂ⊛ߥ⒖േߪ
ሽ࿷ߖߕ㧘᭎ᔨਥ૕߇ᔃߩਛߢ࠹࡯ࡉ࡞ࠍ᜽ࠎߢะ߆޿஥ߦᐳߞߡ޿ࠆ Veronica ߆ࠄ
Vanessa ߦะ߆ߞߡ࠹࡯ࡉ࡞ߩ਄ࠍ⒖േߒߡ޿ߞߚ⚿ᨐࠍࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߺߢ޽
ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ਥ૕⊛ߥ㧔⹺⍮⊛ⓨ㑆ߦ߅ߌࠆ㧕ⷞ✢ߩ⒖േߪ‫ޟ‬ᔃ⊛⿛ᩏ‫(ޠ‬mental scanning)ߣ๭
߫ࠇ㧘ߘࠇߦࠃߞߡ૞ࠄࠇࠆᔃ⊛⚻〝ߩ೔㆐ὐ߇ࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔᧻ᧄ 2003:
109-112㧕‫ޕ‬
(8a-b)ࠍ㧘⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߩᩮᧄේℂߢ޽ࠆり૕ၮ⋚ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ⷗ࠆߣ㧘(8a)ߪ‛ℂⓨ㑆ߦ㑐
ߔࠆၮᧄ⊛ߥ↪ᴺߢ޽ࠅ㧘(8b)ߪߘߎ߆ࠄ᜛ᒛߐࠇ㧘ਥ૕⊛ߥᛠី߇ࠃࠅ㊀ⷐߥ૏⟎ࠍභ
߼ࠆ↪ᴺߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬೨▵ߢ᜼ߍߚ 1 ߩ‛ℂ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧߆
ࠄ 2 ߩᔃ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧߳ߩ᜛ᒛߣ⸒߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈㧘࿑ 1 ߦ߅ߌࠆሼ⟵ㅢࠅߩ㕖ࡔ
࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߣᐢ⟵ߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩ඙ಽࠍౕ⃻ൻߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘߎߢ⧷⺆ࠍ╙৻⸒⺆ߣߒߡ⠌ᓧߔࠆሶଏߪ߿ߪࠅ(8a)ߩࠃ߁ߥ↪ᴺࠍవߦ⠌ᓧߒ㧘ᓟ
߆ࠄ(8b)ߩࠃ߁ߥ↪ᴺࠍ⠌ᓧߔࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁⠨ኤࠍᧄⓂߢߪ⹜ߺߚ޿‫ޕ‬
⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߦ߅ߌࠆ⸒⺆⠌ᓧ⎇ⓥߢߪ㧘ሶଏߪᢥ⣂ߦ߅޿ߡಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߊ㧘૶↪㗫ᐲ߇
㜞ߊ㧘ߘߒߡ⚻㛎ߦၮ⋚ࠍᜬߟ㧘ࡊࡠ࠻࠲ࠗࡊߣߒߡߩਛᔃ⊛ߥࠦࠕߢ޽ࠆౕ૕⊛ߥ⴫⃻
߆ࠄ⠌ᓧߒ㧘ᓟߦߘߎ߆ࠄ᜛ᒛߐࠇߚࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ࡔࡦࡃ࡯߿ߘߩ᜛ᒛ⢻ജߘߩ߽ߩࠍ⠌ᓧ
ߒߡ޿ߊߣ޿߁ℂ⺰⊛ዷ㐿ࠍߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㧔ጊ᪸ 2000: 257-259㧕‫ޕ‬
೨▵ߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩࡕ࠺࡞ߣ⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߩߎࠇࠄߩ⷗⸃ߦᓥ߁ߥࠄ߫㧘৻⥸ߦሶଏ߇╙
৻⸒⺆ࠍ⠌ᓧߔࠆ㓙ߦߪ㧘⚻㛎ߦᩮߑߒߚ‛ℂ⊛ߥⓨ㑆࡮ౕ૕⊛ߥ႐ᚲߩᗧ๧߆ࠄ⠌ᓧߒ
ߡ޿߈㧘ᚑ㐳ߣߣ߽ߦ⹺⍮⢻ജߣ⸒⺆⢻ജ߇⊒㆐ߔࠆߦᓥ޿㧘᛽⽎⊛ߥᗧ๧ߩ૶↪ࠍ⷗ߖ
ᆎ߼ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇੍᷹ߐࠇࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘႐ᚲߩᗧ๧ࠍᧄ᧪⊛ߥᗧ๧ߣߒߡᜬߟਇᄌൻ⹖ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ㧘ߎߩ⠨߃ᣇߩᅷ
ᒰᕈࠍ⏕⹺ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⹜ߺࠆ‫ޕ‬
એਅ㧘╙ 3 ▵ߢߎߩ┙႐߆ࠄዉ߆ࠇࠆ઒⺑ࠍឭ᩺ߒ㧘╙ 4 ▵ߢߘߩ઒⺑ߩᬌ⸽ᣇᴺߦߟ
޿ߡ⺑᣿ߒ㧘╙ 5 ▵ߢታ㓙ߦᓧࠄࠇߚ࠺࡯࠲ߩ᭎ⷰߣ⠨ኤࠍⴕ޿㧘╙ 6 ▵ߢߎߩ⎇ⓥߩ੹
ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߣዷᦸࠍㅀߴࠆ‫ޕ‬
3. ઒⺑
೨▵ߢ⺰ߓߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ਇᄌൻ⹖ߩᗧ๧ߩ߁ߜ㧘ౕ૕⊛ߥ‛ℂⓨ㑆ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧߇ሼ⟵ㅢ
ࠅߩᗧ๧ߢ޽ࠆࠦࠕߢ޽ߞߡ㧘⊒⹤⠪ߩ⹺⍮ⓨ㑆ౝߢߩ⒖േ߿႐ᚲߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧ߪ㧘㧔ᄢ
ੱߦߣߞߡߪήᮡߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߢ޽ࠆ㧕⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߢ޽ࠆߣߔࠆߣ㧘ሶଏߩ
ਇᄌൻ⹖ߩ↪޿ᣇߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘એਅߩ઒⺑߇┙ߡࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ਇᄌൻ⹖ߪ㧘⸒⺆⠌ᓧߩೋᦼߦ߅޿ߡߪኾࠄ‛ℂ⊛⒖േࠍ␜ߔၮᧄ⊛ߥേ⹖㧘‛
ℂ⊛࡮ౕ૕⊛ߥ‛࡮႐ᚲࠍᜰߔฬ⹖ߣߣ߽ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇ㧘ሶଏ߇ᚑ㐳ߒߡ㧘⸒⺆⢻
ജߔߥࠊߜ⹺⍮⢻ജ߇⊒㆐ߔࠆߦᓥ޿㧘᛽⽎⊛ߥ㑐ଥ߿⁁ᘒࠍᜰߔേ⹖࡮ฬ⹖ߣ
ߣ߽ߦ߽↪޿ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘ೋᦼߩ࠺࡯࠲߶ߤ㧘ᔃ⊛⿛ᩏࠍ઻ߞ
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ߚࠅࠃࠅ᛽⽎⊛ߢ޽ߞߚࠅߔࠆਇᄌൻ⹖ߩ૶↪଀ߪዋߥߊ㧘ౕ૕⊛ߥ႐ᚲ࡮ⓨ㑆࡮
り૕⚻㛎ߦ㑐ࠊࠆ⺆ߩ૶↪ߦ㒢ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
એਅ㧘ߎߩ઒⺑ߩᅷᒰᕈࠍ⏕⹺ߒߡ೨▵ߢߩᗐቯ߇ᡰᜬߐࠇࠆ߽ߩ߆ߤ߁߆ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߚ
߼ߦ㧘ሶଏߩ⹤ߒ⸒⪲ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ૶ߞߡᬌ⸽ࠍⴕ߁‫ޕ‬
4. ᬌ⸽ᣇᴺ
ሶଏߩ⹤ߒ⸒⪲ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ⺞ᩏߔࠆ‫࠲࡯࠺ޕ‬㊂ߩᄙߐߣ޿߁೑ὐࠍ↢߆ߒ㧘ਥߦᢙ㊂⊛
ߥⷰὐ߆ࠄ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߩਇᄌൻ⹖ߦవⴕߔࠆേ⹖㧘ਇᄌൻ⹖ߩ⵬ㇱฬ⹖ฏࠍࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍ೑
↪ߒߡ᛽಴ߒ㧘ߘࠇࠄߣਇᄌൻ⹖ߣߩ౒⿠ߩ㗫ᐲߦ㑐ߔࠆᄢ߹߆ߥ௑ะࠍ⏕⹺ߔࠆ‫ࠄߐޕ‬
ߦ৻ㇱߩ᭴ㅧߦߟ޿ߡߪᢥ⣂ߦᾖࠄߒߡ↪଀ࠍ⹦⚦ߦ⏕⹺ߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘ήᮡߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯
⊛ߥ↪ᴺ߽૶↪߇ዋߥ޿ߩ߆ߤ߁߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ሶଏߩ⸒⺆ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߣߒߡ㧘The CHILDES database13㧔એਅ‫ޟ‬CHILDES‫ޠ‬㧕ࠍ೑↪ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
CHILDES (CHIld Language Data Exchange System)ߣߪ㧘1984 ᐕߦ Carnegie Mellon University
ߩ Brian MacWhinney ߣ Harvard University ߩ Catherine Snow ߇ਛᔃߣߥߞߡ㧘ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯
࠲࡯ࠍ೑↪ߒߡᄢ㊂ߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ౒᦭ߒ㧘ಽᨆ࠷࡯࡞ࠍឭଏߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘⸒⺆⠌ᓧ⎇ⓥࠍ⊒
ዷߐߖࠃ߁ߣᆎ߼ߚࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
CHILDES ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߪ㧘⸒⺆⠌ᓧ⎇ⓥߦᔅⷐߥᖱႎࠍㆊਇ⿷ߥߊᨵエ߆ߟ෩ኒߦ⴫⸥ߢ
߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㐿⊒ߐࠇߚ CHAT(Codes for the Human Analysis of Transcripts)ߣ޿߁
ࡈࠜ࡯ࡑ࠶࠻ߦᓥߞߡ⸥ㅀߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬CHAT ߦߪ㧘㖸ჿ㧘㖸㖿㧘ᒻᘒ⚛㧘⛔⺆᭴ㅧ㧘⺋
ࠅߥߤߩ⥄ὼ⸒⺆ߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ᭽‫․ߥޘ‬ᓽࠍ⴫⸥ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ⸥ㅀᣇᴺ߇↪ᗧߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ౕ૕⊛ߦߪ㧘CHILDES ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߪએਅߩࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ(MacWhinney 1988)‫ޕ‬
@Begin
@Languages: en
@Participants: CHI Ross Child, FAT Brian Father
@ID: en|macwhinney|CHI|2;10.10||||Target_Child||
@ID: en|macwhinney|FAT|35;2.||||Target_Child||
*ROS: why isn't Mommy coming?
%com: Mother usually picks Ross up around 4 PM.
*FAT: don't worry.
*FAT: she'll be here soon.
*CHI: good.
@End
߹ߚ㧘࠺࡯࠲ߦࠃߞߡߪ㧘એਅߩࠃ߁ߥᒻᘒ⛔⺆⺰⊛ߥᖱႎ߇฽߹ࠇࠆ(Ibid.)‫ޕ‬
*MAR: I wanted a toy.
13
http://childes.psy.cmu.edu/䇯
͘!277!͘
目次ページに戻る。
%mor: PRO|I&1S V|want-PAST DET|a&INDEF N|toy.
ᧄⓂߩ⺞ᩏߢ૶↪ߒߚ࠺࡯࠲ߪ㧘Normal Monolinguals ߩ
࡮English - USA
࡮English - UK
ߩ࠮࡚ࠢࠪࡦߦ฽߹ࠇࠆ࠺࡯࠲ߩ߁ߜ㧘ሶଏߩᐕ㦂߇᣿⸥ߐࠇߡ޿ߡ㧘ᒻᘒ⛔⺆⺰⊛ᖱႎ
߇ઃ⸥ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ሶଏߩᐕ㦂ߩ᣿⸥ߪᐕ㦂඙ಽߏߣߦ࠺࡯࠲ࠍಣℂߔࠆߚ߼㧘
ᒻᘒ⛔⺆⺰⊛ᖱႎߪຠ⹖ᖱႎߣ⷗಴ߒ⺆ᖱႎߩ೑↪ߩߚ߼ߦᔅⷐߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ᐕ㦂ߏߣߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ 6 ࡩ᦬න૏ߢ඙ಾߞߚಽᏓࠍ⴫ 1 ߦ᜼ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬ᐕ㦂ߩන૏ߪ‫ޠ᦬ࡩޟ‬
ߢ޽ࠅ㧔એਅోߡߩ࠺࡯࠲ߢห᭽㧕㧘᦬ᧂḩߩᣣߪಾࠅᝥߡߡᛒߞߚ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 1: ᐕ㦂ߏߣߩ࠺࡯࠲ߩಽᏓ
ᐕ㦂㧔ࡩ᦬㧕
ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ᢙ
ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ᢙഀว
ⴕᢙ
ⴕᢙഀว
-30
681
45.1%
159594
33.5%
-36
239
15.8%
90674
19.0%
-42
177
11.7%
55400
11.6%
-48
130
8.6%
43276
9.1%
-54
94
6.2%
72655
15.2%
-60
62
4.1%
20866
4.7%
-66
49
3.2%
14283
3.0%
-72
9
0.6%
1634
0.3%
73-
68
4.5%
18147
3.8%
⴫ 1 ߩಽᏓ߆ࠄ㧘੹࿁ߪࠨࡦࡊ࡞ᢙ㧘⊒⹤ᢙߣ߽ᄢ૕ 1/3 ߕߟߦ඙ಾࠇࠆߣ޿߁ℂ↱ߢ㧘2
ᱦඨ߹ߢ㧔11 ࡩ᦬-30 ࡩ᦬㧕ߩሶଏߩ⊒⹤㧘2 ᱦඨ߆ࠄ 3 ᱦඨ߹ߢ㧔31 ࡩ᦬-42 ࡩ᦬㧕ߩሶଏ
ߩ⊒⹤㧘3 ᱦඨએ਄㧔43 ࡩ᦬-97 ࡩ᦬㧕ߩሶଏߩ⊒⹤ߩ 3 ߟߩ඙ಽߦࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍಽߌߡᛒߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ᢙ୯࠺࡯࠲ࠍᓧࠆߚ߼ߩ⺞ᩏߪోߡ⥄േߢⴕߞߚ‫⥄ޕ‬േ⊛ߦሶଏߩ⊒⹤ߦ฽߹ࠇࠆ⺞ᩏ
ኻ⽎ߩਇᄌൻ⹖㧔ᓟㅀ㧕ߦవⴕߔࠆേ⹖ߣਇᄌൻ⹖ߩ⵬ㇱฬ⹖ฏࠍ᛽಴ߒߡ㓸⸘ߔࠆࡊࡠ
ࠣ࡜ࡓࠍ૞ᚑߒߚ‫৻ࠄ߆ࠬࡄ࡯ࠦߪࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊߩߎޕ‬ᢥߕߟ⺒ߺㄟࠎߢ޿߈㧘⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߩ
ਇᄌൻ⹖߇฽߹ࠇࠆ႐วߦߪ㧘ᒻᘒ⛔⺆⺰⊛ᖱႎࠍ೑↪ߒߡߘߩవⴕߔࠆേ⹖ߣ⵬ㇱฬ⹖
ฏࠍ․ቯߒ㧘ߘࠇࠍ⷗಴ߒ⺆ൻߒߚ਄ߢ㓸⸘ࠍⴕ߁‫ޕ‬
ᧄⓂߢ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߣߒߚਇᄌൻ⹖ߪ between, down, from, in, into, on, out of, over, through, to,
under, up ߩ 12 㗄⋡ߢ㧘ߘߩㆬቯၮḰߪ㧘BNC㧔ᓟㅀ㧕ਛߩᐲᢙߢਇᄌൻ⹖ߩ਄૏ 30 㗄⋡
ߦ฽߹ࠇ㧘߆ߟ Quirk et al. (1985: 686-687)߇ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯᜛ᒛߩ޽ࠆౖဳ⊛ߥⓨ㑆ߩ೨⟎⹖
ߣߒߡ᜼ߍߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 2 ߪߘࠇߙࠇߩᐕ㦂ᦼߦ߅ߌࠆฦ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߩਇᄌൻ⹖ߣ౒⿠ߔࠆ⵬ㇱฬ⹖ฏߣേ⹖ߩ
↢⿠ᢙࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 2: ⵬ㇱฬ⹖ฏߣേ⹖ߩ↢⿠ᢙ৻ⷩ
ਇᄌൻ⹖
age
⵬ㇱฬ⹖ฏ↢⿠ᢙ
͘!278!͘
േ⹖↢⿠ᢙ
目次ページに戻る。
between
down
from
in
into
on
out of
over
through
to
under
up
-30
0
0
31-42
3
0
43-
1
0
-30
190
984
31-42
149
622
43-
131
395
-30
70
29
31-42
149
81
43-
143
79
-30
1759
1206
31-42
1954
1576
43-
2160
1740
-30
14
4
31-42
57
42
43-
113
86
-30
1627
790
31-42
1721
1365
43-
1456
1551
-30
53
37
31-42
76
74
43-
140
149
-30
65
170
110
293
43-
96
292
-30
7
14
31-42
23
25
43-
42
72
-30
389
239
31-42
836
657
43-
1048
903
-30
52
41
31-42
66
48
43-
58
62
-30
187
460
31-42
229
581
31-42
͘!279!͘
目次ページに戻る。
43-
271
906
⴫ 2 ߦ᜼ߍߚਇᄌൻ⹖ߣ౒⿠ߔࠆᐲᢙ߇㜞޿⵬ㇱฬ⹖ฏ࡮േ⹖ࠍ⠨ኤߩኻ⽎ߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬ฬ⹖
ߦߟ޿ߡߪ in ߩ⵬ㇱฬ⹖ฏࠍ㧘േ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡߪ down ߣ in ߦవⴕߔࠆേ⹖ࠍ⠨ኤߩኻ⽎ߣ
ߒߡ⺞ᩏࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬
5. ࠺࡯࠲ߣ⠨ኤ
એਅ㧔⴫ 3-5㧕ߦ␜ߔ࠺࡯࠲ߪోߡ㧘ฦਇᄌൻ⹖ߩ⵬ㇱฬ⹖ฏߣฦਇᄌൻ⹖ߦవⴕߔࠆ
േ⹖ࠍ⷗಴ߒ⺆ൻߒߚ਄ߢ㧘ߘߩ߁ߜߩ਄૏ 20 ⺆ߦ฽߹ࠇ߆ߟ↢⿠ᐲᢙ 10 ᐲએ਄ߩ߽ߩ
ࠍ᜼ߍߡ޿ࠆ‫߅ߥޕ‬㧘ᄢੱߩᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߣᲧセߔࠆߚ߼㧘ฦ࠺࡯࠲ߦߪ㧘BNC(the
Second Edition of the British National Corpus)14ߦ߅ߌࠆห᭽ߩ㗅૏ߩ⺆ߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍઃ⸥ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
5-1. in
⴫ 3 ߪ㧘in ߩ⵬ㇱฬ⹖ฏࠍ㧘ฦᐕ㦂ᦼߦ߅޿ߡ಴⃻ᐲᢙߩ㜞޿㗅ߦ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 3: in ߩ⵬ㇱฬ⹖ฏ
rank/age
14
-31
31-42
43-
BNC
1
box
84 house
89 house
72 way
2
house
83 water
76 water
61 case
3
water
71 bag
66 room
57 fact
4
bed
67 bed
66 school
54 year
5
room
52 room
54 car
47 area
6
bag
50 box
48 bed
44 country
7
chair
48 mouth
44 bag
41 world
8
car
47 kitchen
38 back
38 time
9
minute
47 car
36 front
36 Britain
10
zoo
25 hand
29 box
32 London
11
mouth
21 minute
29 morning
32 form
12
cup
20 crib
22 middle
29 place
13
kitchen
20 chair
20 kitchen
28 mind
14
mommy
20 sky
20 mouth
28 life
15
pocket
20 hole
19 hand
26 sense
16
wastebasket
20 corner
18 pocket
24 day
17
air
19 front
17 chair
21 chapter
18
closet
18 trunk
17 minute
21 Europe
⚂ 1 ం⺆㧔ᦠ߈⸒⪲⚂ 9000 ਁ⺆㧘⹤ߒ⸒⪲⚂ 1000 ਁ⺆㧕߆ࠄᚑࠆ⃻ઍࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ⧷⺆ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ‫ޕ‬
͘!27:!͘
目次ページに戻る。
19
hole
18 middle
16 mirror
21 house
20
bath tub
16 pot
16 sky
21 England
21
garage
16 truck
16
term
✚ߓߡ㧘ሶଏߩ࠺࡯࠲ߢ᜼߇ߞߡ޿ࠆฬ⹖ฏߪ߶ߣࠎߤ߇‛ℂ⊛ߥ႐ᚲࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
․ߦᐕ㦂߇ૐ޿߶ߤ▫⁁ߩ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪߒߞ߆ࠅ඙ಾࠄࠇߚ‛ℂ⊛ⓨ㑆ࠍᜰߔ⺆߇ᄙ޿
(9-10)15‫ޕ‬
(9) *FAT: some of her toys are packed ?
*CHI: yeah .
*FAT: in what ?
*FAT: what are they in ?
*CHI: in um [//] in big box .
*MOT: that's right .
(Bellinger and Gleason (1982); dinner¥patricia.ch; 29 ࡩ᦬)
(10) *CHI: I going in another house xxx .
(Suppes (1974); nina38.cha; 34 ࡩ᦬)
ᐕ㦂߇਄߇ࠆߣዋߒ᜛ᒛߐࠇߚ଀߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ(11-12)‫ޕ‬
(11) *CHI: xxx what that ?
*MOT: that's the band_aid .
*CHI: no that thing in the middle of the band_aid .
%com: nina points to the gauze pad in the center of the band-aid .
*MOT: that's the part of the band_aid that you put over the hurt .
(Suppes (1974); nina36.cha; 34 ࡩ᦬)
(12) *CHI: does dis have a door in back of it ?
(Brown (1973); adam¥adam40.cha; 47 ࡩ᦬)
BNC ߢᦨ߽㗫ᐲߩ㜞޿ way㧘case ߩ૶↪଀(13-14)16߇㧘ሶଏߩ࠺࡯࠲ߦ⷗ࠄࠇߥ޿ߩ߽ᵈ
⋡ߔߴ߈ὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(13) It is stressed in two specific ways. (EFT-1608)
(14) I believe that it is important in most cases for each language to have parity; ...
(FA3-1324)
ߎࠇࠄߩ଀ߪ‛ℂ⊛ߥ࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢߩߥ޿᛽⽎ᐲߩ㜞޿↪ᴺߢ޽ࠅ㧘ሶଏߩ⊒⹤ߦߪ߹ߛ
⷗ࠄࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇࠄߩ੐ታߪ㧘ሶଏߩ↢ᵴ߇‛ℂ⊛ߥᰴరߢⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢᒰὼߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ⠨߃
ࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߘࠇߛߌߢߎࠇࠄߩ੐ታࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆߩߦචಽߥߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬
15
CHILDES ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߩᢳ૕ߣࡏ࡯࡞࠼ߪ⪺⠪ߦࠃࠆ‫ߪ⸥⴫ߩઁߩߘޕ‬రߩ࠺࡯࠲ߩ߹߹ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᧃየߩ
᜝ᒐౝߦߪ㧘ᒁ↪ߒߚᢥ߇฽߹ࠇࠆࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦ㑐ߔࠆᢥ₂㧔ᢥ₂߇ߥ޿႐วߪ࠺࡯࠲෼㓸⠪ฬ㧕࡮࠺࡯࠲෼㍳ࡈ
ࠔࠗ࡞ฬ࡮ሶଏߩᐕ㦂ࠍઃߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߩ CHILDES ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߦߟ޿ߡ߽ห᭽‫ޕ‬
16
BNC ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߩᢳ૕ߣࡏ࡯࡞࠼ߪ⪺⠪ߦࠃࠆ‫ޕ‬ᢥ߇㐳޿႐วߦߪ⋭⇛ߒߡ޿ࠆ႐ว߽޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ᧃየߩ᜝
ᒐౝߦߪ㧘ᒁ↪ߒߚᢥߩ ID ࠍઃߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߩ BNC ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߦߟ޿ߡ߽ห᭽‫ޕ‬㩷
͘!281!͘
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ᒰὼ㧘⁜⟵ߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߪሶଏߩ↢ᵴ⃻႐ߢߪ⊒ߖࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߇߶ߣࠎߤߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ
ࠆ߇㧘⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߦ⹥ᒰߔࠆᗧ๧ࠍᜬߟ⴫⃻߿੐‛ߩ㑐ଥߪ㧘ሶଏ߇↢߹ࠇ
ߚᤨ߆ࠄߘߩ๟࿐ߦㆉ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߕࠄࠊ߆߆߽ߦࠇߘޕ‬㧘ሶଏ߇‛ℂ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ
๧ߩ⊒⹤߫߆ࠅࠍ⷗ߖࠆߣ޿߁ߩߢ޽ࠇ߫㧘ߘࠇߪ᦭ᗧ๧ߥ௑ะߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘
(6-8)ߩ଀ߢ⷗ߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᢥో૕ࠍ⷗ߥ޿ߣਇᄌൻ⹖ㇱಽ߇ሼ⟵ㅢࠅߩᗧ๧ߥߩ߆ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ
࡯⊛ߥᗧ๧ߥߩ߆߇ಽ߆ࠄߥ޿ㇱಽ߇޽ࠆߩߪ⏕߆ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ⵬ㇱฬ⹖ฏߩߺࠍ
ಾࠅ㔌ߒߡ⚿⺰ઃߌߡ޿ߡߪ໧㗴߇޽ࠆߎߣ߽੐ታߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪߡ޿ߟߦࠇߎޕ‬㧘એਅߢ⷗ࠆ
⹦⚦ߥᢥ⣂ߦၮߠ޿ߚ↪଀ߩ⏕⹺ࠍ߽ߣߦౣᐲ⺰ߓࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 4 ߪ㧘in ߦవⴕߔࠆേ⹖ࠍ㧘ฦᐕ㦂ᦼߦ߅޿ߡ಴⃻ᐲᢙߩ㜞޿㗅ߦ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 4: in ߦవⴕߔࠆേ⹖
rank/age
-31
31-42
43-
BNC
1
go
428 go
449 be
572 be
2
be
283 be
382 go
333 come
3
put
108 come
107 get
143 live
4
get
55 get
107 come
5
sit
46 put
76 put
51 work
6
come
40 fit
49 look
43 find
7
fit
38 sit
46 live
42 use
8
look
20 live
37 stay
39 do
9
sleep
15 sleep
35 sit
32 result
10
look
30 fit
28 read
11
stay
20 fall
22 see
12
play
17 play
15 get
13
fall
16 sleep
15 hold
14
ride
11 stick
14 set
color
10 do
13 sit
15
92 go
16
color
11 make
17
have
10 lie
jump
10 appear
19
run
10 have
20
talk
10 show
18
ߎߎߢ߽߿ߪࠅᐕ㦂߇ૐ޿߁ߜߪ࠻࡜ࠫࠚࠢ࠲࡯ߩ‛ℂⓨ㑆ਛߩ⒖േࠍ⴫ߔ↪ᴺ߇߶
ߣࠎߤߢ޽ࠆ(15-16)‫ޕ‬
(15) *CHI: let's go in there .
(MacWhinney (1988); boys08a-in.cha; 17 ࡩ᦬)
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(16) *CHI: you put it in a pocket ?
(Brown (1973); adam¥adam11.cha; 32.ࡩ᦬)
ᐕ㦂߇㜞ߊߥࠆߦߟࠇߡ㧘᜛ᒛߐࠇߚ଀߽⷗ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ(17-18)‫ޕ‬㧔╙ 1 ▵ߢㅀߴߚ
⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩਅ૏ಽ㘃ߦᒰߡߪ߼ࠇ߫㧘(17)ߩ in ߪ 2 ߩᔃ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆ
ᗧ๧ߦ㧘(18)ߩ in ߪ 3 ߩ․ቯߩ࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢ߇޽ࠆ⹺⍮႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧ߦಽ㘃ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬㧕
(17) *CHI: look in nat [: that] winduh [: window] look in na [: the] window # .
(Hall et al. (1984), Hall et al. (1981), and Hall and Tirre (1979); blackwor¥pag.cha;
54 ࡩ᦬)
(18) *CHI: they all have to stay in order .
(Bliss (1988); norwilli.cha; 73 ࡩ᦬)
ߒ߆ߒ㧘ሶଏߩᐕ㦂߇㜞ߊߥࠆߦߟࠇߡ⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯߽૶߁ࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߎߣߪ
޽ߞߡ߽㧘BNC ߢ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ result ߿ read ߩࠃ߁ߥ᛽⽎⊛ߥ႐ᚲ࡮⁁ᘒࠍ⴫ߔ⺆ߣߣ߽ߦ↪
޿ࠆ଀(19-20)ߪሶଏߩ࠺࡯࠲ߦߪ⷗ࠄࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬㧔ห᭽ߦ⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩਅ૏ಽ
㘃ߦᒰߡߪ߼ࠇ߫㧘(19)ߩ in ߪ 2 ߩᔃ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧ߦಽ㘃ߐࠇࠆ߇㧘╙ 1 ▵ߢㅀ
ߴߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩ 4 ߟߩਅ૏ಽ㘃ߪቢోߥಽ㘃ߣߒߡ޽ߍߚ߽ߩߢ
ߪߥ޿ߩߢ㧘(20)ߩ in ߇ಽ㘃ߐࠇࠆߴ߈ㆡᒰߥᨒߪ 4 ߟߩਅ૏ಽ㘃ߩਛߦߪߥ޿‫ߒߛߚޕ‬㧘
ࠁࠆ߿߆ߦ⠨߃ࠇ߫ 3 ߩ․ቯߩ࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢ߇޽ࠆ⹺⍮႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧ߦಽ㘃ߐࠇࠆߣ⠨
߃ࠆߎߣߪචಽน⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧕
(19) It suddenly seemed important to keep the conversation as close as possible to
something you might have read in an old book. (GUU-137)
(20) A gas leak in the gas discharge cooler in the gas compression module then resulted in
the general alarm sounding. (K5D-10793)
એ਄ᄢ߹߆ߥ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ⷗ߡ߈ߚ߇㧘ߎߎߢ㧘⹦⚦ߥᢥ⣂ߩਛߢߩᗧ๧ࠍ⏕⹺ߒ㧘⺆ᒵൻ
ߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߦ⹥ᒰߔࠆᗧ๧ࠍᜬߟ⴫⃻߿੐‛ߩ㑐ଥߪ㧘ሶଏ߇↢߹ࠇߚᤨ߆ࠄߘߩ
๟࿐ߦㆉ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ㧘ሶଏߪ⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩ૶↪ࠍ⷗ߖߕߦ‛
ℂ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧ߩ⊒⹤߫߆ࠅࠍ⷗ߖࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇޽ࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ὐߦߟ޿ߡ
ᬌ⸛ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
be+in ߩ 3 ᱦඨ߆ࠄ 4 ᱦඨ߹ߢ㧔43 ࡩ᦬-54 ࡩ᦬㧕ߩሶଏߩ↪଀ 329 ଀ࠍ⏕⹺ߒߚ‫⚿ޕ‬
ᨐ㧘ߘߩ߁ߜߩ 2 ߩᔃ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧ߩ଀(21)߇ 11 ଀㧘3 ߩ․ቯߩ࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢ߇
޽ࠆ⹺⍮႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧ߩ଀(22)߇ 15 ଀㧘4 ߩㅢᏱߩ⁁ᘒ߇࡜ࡦ࠼ࡑ࡯ࠢߢ޽ࠆ⹺⍮႐ߦ
㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧ߩ଀(23)߇ 1 ଀޽ࠅ㧘৻ㇱߩ್ᢿਇน⢻ߥ߽ߩࠍ㒰޿ߡઁߩᱷࠅోߡߪ‛ℂ⊛
ߦ‫ޟ‬૗߆ߩਛߦ‫ ߁޿ߣޠ‬1 ߩ‛ℂ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧ࠍᜬߟ↪ᴺߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
(21) *CHI: she was in the other &uhm tape .
(Hall et al. (1984), Hall et al. (1981), and Hall and Tirre (1979); blackwor¥anl.cha; 54
ࡩ᦬)
(22) *CHI: he's in work now .
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(Henry (1995), Wilson and Henry (1998); mich12.cha; 47 ࡩ᦬)
(23) *CHI: fire's not in yet, it's sposta [: supposed to] blow up .
(Van Kleeck; ben1.cha; 44 ࡩ᦬)
(21)-(23)ߩࠃ߁ߥߏߊࠊߕ߆ߩ଀ࠍ㒰޿ߡ߶ߣࠎߤ߇‛ℂ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߩᗧ๧ࠍᜬߟ↪ᴺߢ
޽ߞߚߣ޿߁ߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘be േ⹖ߣ޿߁㕖Ᏹߦ᳢↪ᕈߩᐢ޿ߏߊၮᧄ⊛ߥ❬ㄉࠍ઻߁႐วߢ
߽㧘ሶଏߪਇᄌൻ⹖ in ࠍኾࠄ‛ℂ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧ߢ↪޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥ
ߞߚ‫ޕ‬in ߇⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߩ↪ᴺࠍᄙߊᜬߜ㧘ߘߩࠃ߁ߥ⴫⃻ߪ⸒⺆⠌ᓧᦼߩሶ
ଏߩ๟ࠅߦ޽߰ࠇߡ޿ࠆߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ㧘ሶଏߪౕ૕⊛ߥ‛ℂⓨ㑆ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧߫߆ࠅࠍ
↪޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ㧘ߎࠇ߇ in ߩࠦࠕߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎࠇࠍሶଏ߇ᦨೋߦ⠌ᓧߔࠆࠁ߃ߢ޽ࠆߣ
⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
5-2. down
⴫ 5 ߪ㧘down ߦవⴕߔࠆേ⹖ࠍ㧘ฦᐕ㦂ᦼߦ߅޿ߡ಴⃻ᐲᢙߩ㜞޿㗅ߦ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢ
޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 5: down ߦవⴕߔࠆേ⹖
rank/age
-31
31-42
43-
BNC
1
fall
367 fall
211 fall
80 go
2
sit
211 sit
108 go
70 sit
3
lie
128 go
86 sit
44 come
4
get
79 get
50 be
30 be
5
go
55 lie
29 come
25 look
6
lay
43 come
20 get
24 break
7
come
13 be
15 lay
16 put
8
slide
13 lay
12 stay
11 lie
9
put
11 put
11
10
11
knock
10
slide
10
run
turn
settle
ሶଏߩ࠺࡯࠲ߢߪ 3 ߟߩᐕ㦂ᦼోߡࠍㅢߓߡ fall ߇ᦨ߽㜞㗫ᐲߢ޽ࠆߎߣ(24-25)ߪᄢ߈
ߥᵈ⋡ߦ୯ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
(24) *CHI: him cup fall down .
%com: nina is referring to the plastic cups that she was playing with earlier .
(Suppes (1974); nina29.cha; 29 ࡩ᦬)
(25) *CHI: what keeps making it fall down ?
*CHI: Mommy # make it stay under dere .
*MOT: does it really belong under there ?
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(Brown (1973); adam¥adam43.cha; 49 ࡩ᦬)
BNC ߢ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ(26-27)ߩࠃ߁ߥ଀ߪሶଏߩ࠺࡯࠲ߦߪ⷗ࠄࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬
(26) I’ve seen the toughest soldiers break down and weep. (CEC-2684)
(27) It was just sitting there with its headlights on and the battery was running down.
(CBG-761)
ሶଏߩ࠺࡯࠲ߢߪ߶ߣࠎߤߩേ⹖߇‛ℂ⊛⒖േࠍ⴫⃻ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘down ߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ
᜛ᒛߪ⋧ᒰᓟߩᲑ㓏ߢ⠌ᓧߐࠇࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇␜ໂߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
down ߦߟ޿ߡ߽⹦⚦ߥᢥ⣂ߩਛߢߩᗧ๧ࠍ⏕⹺ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘fall+down ߩ 43 ࡩ᦬એ਄ߩ
ሶଏߩోߡߩ↪଀ࠍ⏕⹺ߒߚ߇㧘ోߡ‛ℂ⊛ߦ‫ޟ‬ਅߦ⪭ߜࠆ‫ ߁޿ߣޠ‬1 ߩ‛ℂ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ
㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ ߚ߹ޕ‬sit+down ߩ 43 ࡩ᦬એ਄ߩሶଏߩోߡߩ↪଀߽⏕⹺ߒߚ߇㧘ో
ߡ‛ℂ⊛ߦ‫ޟ‬ᐳࠆ‫ ߁޿ߣޠ‬1 ߩ‛ℂ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬㗫ᐲ߇㜞ߊၮᧄ⊛ߢ
޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆേ⹖ߦ઻ࠊࠇߚ႐วߢ߽ߎߩࠃ߁ߦሶଏߪ‛ℂ⊛⍮ⷡ႐ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧
ߒ߆↪޿ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߩߪ㧘ߎࠇ߇ሶଏߦߣߞߡߩ down ߩਛᔃ⊛ߥࠦࠕߩᗧ๧ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ
ࠍᒝߊ␜ໂߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
5-3. ✚᜝
઒⺑ߢ੍᷹ߒߚㅢࠅ㧘ሶଏߪ㧘․ߦᐕ㦂߇ૐ޿ሶଏ߶ߤ㧘ਇᄌൻ⹖ࠍၮᧄ⊛ߥേ⹖㧘‛
ℂ⊛࡮ౕ૕⊛ߥ‛࡮႐ᚲࠍᜰߔฬ⹖ߣߣ߽ߦ↪޿㧘ᔃ⊛⿛ᩏࠍ઻߁㧘߹ߚߪߐࠄߦ᛽⽎⊛
ߥ⹺⍮ⓨ㑆ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧ߢߩਇᄌൻ⹖ߩ૶↪଀ߪዋߥߊ㧘ኾࠄ࠻࡜ࠫࠚࠢ࠲࡯ߩ‛ℂ⊛⒖
േࠍ␜ߔ㧘႐ᚲ࡮ⓨ㑆࡮り૕⚻㛎ߦ㑐ࠊࠆਇᄌൻ⹖ߩ↪ᴺࠍ⷗ߖࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦ
ߥߞߚ‫ߩ࠲࡯࠺ߚ߹ޕ‬᭎ⷰ߆ࠄߪ㧘ᐕ㦂߇㜞ߊߥࠆߦߟࠇߡ㧘ਇᄌൻ⹖ࠍ᛽⽎⊛ߥ㑐ଥ߿
⁁ᘒࠍᜰߔേ⹖࡮ฬ⹖ߣߣ߽ߦ߽↪޿ࠆ੐଀߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘ሶଏ߇ᚑ㐳
ߒߡ⸒⺆⢻ജ߇⊒㆐ߔࠆߦߟࠇߡ㧘ᔃ⊛⿛ᩏࠍ઻߁㧘߹ߚߪߐࠄߦ᛽⽎⊛ߥਇᄌൻ⹖ߩ૶
↪߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߎߣࠍ෻ᤋߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ㧘Jespersen(1964: 138)ߪ㧘౉ᶎਛߩሶଏ߇"I will wash you in a moment"ߣ⸒߁Უⷫߦ
ኻߒߡ"No, you must wash me in the bath"ߣ╵߃ߚߣ޿߁੐଀ࠍ⚫੺ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
એ਄ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߪ㧘⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߢ໒߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧘り૕⊛⚻㛎߇⸒⺆ߩၮ⋚ߣߥࠆߣ޿߁
ਥᒛ߳ߩᡰᜬࠍ␜ໂߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠃ߁‫ޕ‬
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ߛ߆ࠄߣ޿ߞߡ㧘2 ▵ߢ⺰ߓߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ⓨ㑆㗔ၞߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧߇ᄢੱߩ
⸒⺆ߦ߅޿ߡ߽ήᮡߢ޽ࠅ㧘᜛ᒛߐࠇߚ᛽⽎⊛ߥᗧ๧߇᦭ᮡߛߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߪߥࠄߥ޿ߣ
޿߁ߎߣߦ߽ᵈᗧߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬2 ▵ߢ᜼ߍߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߦ߅ߌࠆ⸒⺆⠌ᓧ⎇
ⓥߢߪ㧘ᣣᏱ↢ᵴߦ߅ߌࠆ⠌ᓧኻ⽎න૏ߩ㗫ᐲߩ㜞ߐ߇ሶଏߩ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߩ㗅⇟ߦߣߞߡ㊀
ⷐߥⷐ⚛ߥߩߢ޽ࠅ㧔ጊ᪸ 2000: 257-259㧕㧘ᄢੱߩ⊒⹤ߢࠃߊ૶ࠊࠇࠆ߽ߩߪ㧘ߚߣ߃り
૕ၮ⋚߆ࠄ᜛ᒛߐࠇߚᗧ๧࡮↪ᴺ㧔⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯㧕ߢ޽ߞߚߣߒߡ߽㧘ሶଏߦ
ߣߞߡߪ․ߦ᦭ᮡߥ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬㧘3 ߟߩᐕ㦂ᦼߩోߡ
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ߩ in ߩ⵬ㇱฬ⹖ߩ਄૏㗄⋡ߦ฽߹ࠇࠆ minute ߇ߘߩ᣿ࠄ߆ߥ଀ߣߒߡ᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ Jespersen(1964: 138)߽㧘ሶଏ߇ᦨೋߦ૶߁ࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ೨⟎⹖ߪ"go to school"㧘"go to
pieces"㧘"lie in bed"㧘"at dinner"ߥߤߩᚑฏߩਛߦ฽߹ࠇࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣਥᒛߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
એ਄㧘ሶଏߩਇᄌൻ⹖ߩ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߩ࠺࡯࠲ߪ㧘り૕ၮ⋚ߣ⹺⍮⢻ജ߇⸒⺆ߩၮ⋚ߦߥߞ
ߡ޿ࠆߣߔࠆ⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߩਥᒛߦᛶ⸅ߒߥ޿ߎߣࠍ␜ߒߚ‫࠺ߚ߈ߡ⷗ߦߢ߹ࠇߎߒ߆ߒޕ‬
࡯࠲ߪߘࠇએ਄ߩ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘⸒⺆⠌ᓧߦ㑐ߔࠆઁߩℂ⺰㧘଀߃߫ UG ߩ⠨߃ᣇࠍุቯ
ߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿ߣ޿߁ὐ߽ᵈᗧߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
6. ੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߣዷᦸ
ሶଏߪਇᄌൻ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡߪ⚻㛎⊛ߥၮ⋚ࠍᜬߟ‛ℂⓨ㑆ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ๧߆ࠄ⠌ᓧߔࠆߣ
޿߁ߎߣࠍߐࠄߦ᣿⊕ߦ␜ߔߚ߼ߦߪ㧘ሶଏߩ⊒⹤ߦ․᦭ߩ⃻⽎ࠍࠃࠅㆡಾߦᛒ߁ᔅⷐ߇
޽ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬㧘ሶଏ߇⷗ߖࠆ⥄ಽߩ⊒⹤ߩ➅ࠅ㄰ߒߪᢙ୯⊛ߦߪߘߩ߹߹㓸⸘ߒߡߪ໧㗴
߇޽ࠅ㧘ᄢੱߩ⊒⹤ߩ➅ࠅ㄰ߒ߽⚐☴ߦሶଏߩ⊒⹤ߣߒߡ⷗ࠆߎߣߦߪ໧㗴߇޽ࠅ㧘⊒⹤
߇ᢿ ⊛ߢ޽ߞߚࠅ⸒޿ᶰߺߩ㑆ᛩ⹖߇޽ߞߚࠅߔࠆ߇ࠁ߃ߦㆡಾߦᬌ⚝ߐࠇߥ޿ᢥ߽
޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ߘ߽ߘ߽ሶଏߩ⊒⹤ߢߪ⺆ᒵ߇㒢ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᄢੱߣหߓၮḰߢ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ⷗
ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ⺆ᒵߩ஍ࠅࠍᏅߒᒁ޿ߚ਄ߢ⠨ኤࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߽߈ࠊ߼ߡ㊀
ⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬ട߃ߡ㧘ሶଏߦኻߒߡ๟࿐ߩᄢੱ߇ߤࠇߛߌߩ⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯
ࠍ฽߻⊒⹤ࠍߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆᔅⷐ߽޽ࠆ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㗫ᐲ߇ሶଏߩ⸒⺆⠌
ᓧߦᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆߣ޿߁⹺⍮⸒⺆ቇߩⷞὐ߆ࠄ⷗ߡ㊀ⷐߥ໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘੹
࿁ߪሶଏߩ࠺࡯࠲ߣߒߡ৻᜝ࠅߦᛒߞߚ߇㧘ᐜఽᦼߪᚑ㐳⪺ߒ޿ᤨᦼߢ޽ࠅ㧘߹ߚᚑ㐳ߩ
ᣧߐ߽୘ੱᏅ߇ᄢ߈޿ᤨᦼߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ሶଏߩᐕ㦂ߩ඙ಽࠍ♖✺ൻߒߚࠅ㧘․ቯߩሶ
ଏߩ⷗ߖࠆ㧘㐳ᦼ㑆ߦࠊߚࠆᚑ㐳ߦ઻߁ᄌൻࠍ⹦⚦ߦⷰኤߔࠆߎߣ߽㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬
ߟ޿ߡߪ㧘CHILDES ߦߪหߓሶଏߩ㐳ᦼ㑆ߦࠊߚࠆ࠺࡯࠲߽޽ࠆߚ߼㧘ߘ߁޿ߞߚ߽ߩ
ࠍ೑↪ߒߡ㧘Ᏹߦᄢੱߩ㧔․ߦ⹤ߒ⸒⪲ߩ㧕࠺࡯࠲߳ߩㅪ⛯߿ߘࠇߣߩ㑐ࠊࠅߣ޿߁ߎߣ
ࠍᔨ㗡ߦ⟎߈ߥ߇ࠄขࠅ⚵߻ߴ߈⺖㗴ߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ቇ⠌⠪ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡ㧘╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߩ႐ว߽ห᭽ߦ⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߚࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯
ࠍᦨೋߪ߁߹ߊ⠌ᓧߢ߈ߥ޿ߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽⺞ᩏߒ㧘ߐࠄߦᢎ᝼ߩ㓙ߦᗧ๧ߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ
࡯᜛ᒛ߹ߢᢎ߃ࠆߴ߈߆ߤ߁߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽ᬌ⸛ߒߚ޿‫ߒߛߚޕ‬㧘ቇ⠌⠪ߪ㧘଀߃߫ about
ߢ޽ࠇ߫㧘‫ޟ‬㨪ߦ㑐ߒߡ‫߽ߣߎ߁޿ߣࠆ߃ⷡߦ⊛⋡⋤ߦ߁ࠃߩޠ‬චಽ޽ࠅ߃ࠆߩߢ㧘ߘ߁
޿ߞߚߎߣߦߪᵈᗧߒߥߊߡߪߥࠄߥ޿‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧߩ႐วߦߪቇ⠌⠪ߩᐕ㦂
߽ᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ࠍᜬߟߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽ⷞ㊁ߦ౉ࠇߡ߅ߊᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ਇᄌൻ⹖ߪᒰὼߥ߇ࠄ‛ℂ⊛ߥⓨ㑆⴫⃻ߦ߫߆ࠅ૶ࠊࠇࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬ਇᄌൻ⹖ߪ‛
ℂ⊛ᗧ๧ࠍਛᔃߣߒߡᜬߜߥ߇ࠄ㧘ኈᤃߦ᜛ᒛߐࠇ㧘ࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߣߒߡᗧ⼂ߐࠇࠆߎߣߥ
ߊ૶ࠊࠇࠆߎߣ߇㕖Ᏹߦᄙߊ㧘ߎࠇ߇ઁߩౝኈ⺆ࠃࠅ߽ᐢ޿ᗧ๧ࠍᜬߟਇᄌൻ⹖ߩ․⦡ߦ
ߥߞߡ޿ߡ㧘⹤⠪ߩ⸃㉼ࠍࠦ࡯࠼ൻߔࠆ㓙ߦ㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ
ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬ਇᄌൻ⹖ߦߪ of ߿ about ߥߤߩⓨ㑆ᕈߩᒙ޿೨⟎⹖߿㧘᭴ᢥߣኒធߥ㑐ㅪࠍᜬ
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ߟ㑆ធ⋡⊛ࠍ␜ߔ೨⟎⹖ߥߤ߽฽߹ࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߎࠇࠄᗧ๧ߩ‛ℂ⊛ᗧ๧߆ࠄߩ᜛ᒛㆊ⒟߿
⠌ᓧߩߐࠇᣇߦߟ޿ߡ߽ᬌ⸛ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ਇᄌൻ⹖ߩᗧ๧ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘‛ℂ
ⓨ㑆ߩᗧ๧߇᭽‫ߥޘ‬᜛ᒛߩၮ␆ࠍᚑߔࡊࡠ࠻࠲ࠗࡊߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ㧘ℂ⺰ౝ⊛ߥേᯏ
ߦࠃࠆᚲਈߩ߽ߩߣߒߡߩᛒ޿ߢᷣ߹ߖߕߦ㧘ሶଏߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ࡮ᄢੱߩᲣ⺆⹤⠪ߩࠦ࡯ࡄ
ࠬ࡮ቇ⠌⠪ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ✚ว⊛ߦ೑↪ߒߡ㧘ታ㓙ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߩ㕙߆ࠄ⏕⹺ߒ㧘ߘߒߡ⸒⺆⴫
⃻߇޿߆ߦࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯⊛ߦᗧ๧ࠍ᜛ᒛߒ㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߥᗧ๧ࠍ₪ᓧߔࠆߩ߆㧘ߐࠄߦᢥߩ᭴
ᚑⷐ⚛߇޿߆ߦᢥో૕ߩࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߦ⚵ߺ਄ߍࠄࠇߡ޿ߊߩ߆ߣ޿߁⸒⺆⴫⃻ߦ߅ߌࠆ
৻⥸ᕈࠍㅊ᳞ߒߡ޿߈ߚ޿‫ޕ‬
ෳᾖᢥ₂
Biber, D., S. Johansson, G. Leech, S. Conrad and E. Finegan. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken
and Written English. Pearson Education.
Gibbs, R. 1994. The Poetics of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language, and Understanding.
Cambridge University Press.
Jespersen, O. 1964. Language: Its Nature, Development, and Origin. Norton.
Kintsch, W. 1998. Comprehension: A Paradigm for Cognition. Cambridge University Press.
Kittay, E. F. 1987. Metaphor: Its Cognitive Force and Linguistic Structure. Clarendon Press.
Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago Press.
Langacker, R. W. 2002. Concept, Image, and Symbol: The Cognitive Basis of Grammar, Second
Edition. Mouton de Gruyter.
Lee, D. 2001. Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction. Oxford University Press.
Levin, S. R. 1977. The Semantics of Metaphor. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech and J. Svartvik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the
English Language. Longman.
Ross, D. 1993. Metaphor, Meaning and Cognition. Peter Lang Publishing.
Sperber, D. and D. Wilson. 1995. Relevance: Communication and Cognition, Second Edition.
Blackwell.
Way, E. C. 1991. Knowledge Representation and Metaphor. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
ㄞᐘᄦ㧔✬㧕. 2002. ‫⹺ޡ‬⍮⸒⺆ቇࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ㄉౖ‫⎇ ޢ‬ⓥ␠.
᧻ᧄᦐ㧔✬㧕. 2003. ‫⹺࠭࡯࡝ࠪޡ‬⍮⸒⺆ቇ౉㐷 ╙ 3 Ꮞ ⹺⍮ᗧ๧⺰‫ ޢ‬ᄢୃ㙚ᦠᐫ.
ጊ᪸ᱜ᣿. 2000. ‫⹺ޡ‬⍮⸒⺆ቇේℂ‫߅ߒࠈߊ ޢ‬಴ .
[CHILDES 㑐ㅪ]
Bellinger, D. and J. Gleason. 1982. “Sex Differences in Parental Directives to Young Children.” In
Journal of Sex Roles, 8, pp. 1123–1139.
Bliss, L. 1988. “The Development of Modals.” In The Journal of Applied Developmental
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Psychology, 9, pp. 253–261.
Bloom, L., L. Hood and P. Lightbown. 1974. “Imitation in Language Development: If, When and
Why.” In Cognitive Psychology, 6, pp. 380–420.
Bloom, L., P. Lightbown and L. Hood. 1975. “Structure and Variation in Child Language.” In
Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 40, Serial No. 160.
Brown, R. 1973. A First Language: The Early Stages. Harvard University Press.
Hall, W. S., W. E. Nagy and R. Linn. 1984. Spoken Words: Effects of Situation and Social Group
on Oral Word Usage and Frequency. Erlbaum.
Hall, W. S., W. E. Nagy and G. Nottenburg. 1981. Situational Variation in the Use of Internal
State Words. University of Illinois.
Hall, W. S. and W. C. Tirre. 1979. The Communicative Environment of Young Children: Social
Class, Ethnic and Situational Differences. University of Illinois.
Henry, A. 1995. Belfast English and Standard English: Dialect Variation and Parameter Setting.
Oxford University Press.
MacWhinney, B. 1988. CHAT Manual (Manual for use of the CHAT transcription coding system of
the child language data exchange system). Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon
University. Available on-line at http://childes.psy.cmu.edu/manuals/CHAT.pdf.
Suppes, P. 1974. “The Semantics of Children’s Language.” In American Psychologist, 29, pp. 103–
114.
Wilson, J. and A. Henry. 1998. “Parameter Setting within a Socially Realistic Linguistics.” In
Language in Society, 27, pp. 1–21.
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‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ޢ‬0Q㧔㧕
ೋᦼㄭઍ⧷⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆ๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺ
̆Shakespeare ߩ႐ว̆
ᵻ੗ ජ⚓ሶ
㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
1.
ᐨ
๮઎࡮൘๔࡮ᙣ㗿ߥߤࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖࡮ฬ⹖࡮ᒻኈ⹖ߪ㧘ฎ⧷⺆ᦼߦߪਥߦ that ▵ࠍᓥ߃㧘
߹ߚ that ▵ౝߩേ⹖ߪ㧘઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ࠍߣࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ߆ߞߚ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߪ๮઎
⊛઒ቯᴺ(mandative subjunctive)ߣ๭߫ࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ฎ⧷⺆ߩ଀ (1) ic ÿe bebeode…Þæt ÿu ÿæt nænegum men cyÿe, ne secge
(=I charge thee …that thou make it known to no one, nor tell it)
(Bede 266, 28)
1
⃻ઍ⧷⺆ߩ଀2
(2) They recommend that this tax be abolished.
(3) It is appropriate that this tax be abolished.
(4) We were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.
ߒ߆ߒ㧘ਛ⧷⺆㧘ㄭઍ⧷⺆ߣᤨઍࠍ⚻ࠆߦߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘ฎ⧷⺆ᦼߦߪሽ࿷ߒߚ઒ቯᴺ⃻
࿷ߩዮ᛬⺆የ߇ᰴ╙ߦᶖᄬߒ㧘⋥⺑ᴺߣߩ඙೎߇ߢ߈ߥߊߥߞߚ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘⋥⺑ᴺߣᴺ
ᕈࠍ඙೎ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘ᰴ╙ߦᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥࠍ that ▵ౝߢ↪޿ࠆߎߣ߇ᄙߊߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
(5) I commanded the sleeves should be cut out, and sew’d up again,
(Shakespeare, The Taming of the Shrew 4.3.145-148)
߹ߚหᤨߦ⋥⺑ᴺ߽ߎߩⅣႺߢ↪޿ࠄࠇᆎ߼ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⧷⺆ผߩᵹࠇࠍ⷗ࠆߣ㧘๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺߪᰴ╙ߦߎࠇࠄߩ⴫⃻ߦߣߞߡઍࠊࠄࠇ㧘⴮ㅌߩ
৻ㅜࠍㄡߞߡ޿ߚߣ޿߁⷗ᣇ߽ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ታ㓙ߪ⃻࿷߽ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ⧷⺆ࠍਛᔃߦ↢↥
⊛ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇ㧘ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ⧷⺆ߩࡔ࠺ࠖࠕ╬ߩᓇ㗀ߢࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ⧷⺆ߢ߽߰߃ࠆ௑ะߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺ߇㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ⧷⺆ߢߪ৻ᤨ⴮ㅌߒߚߩߦኻߒ㧘ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ⧷⺆ߢߪ଻ᜬߐࠇߚ
ℂ↱ߣߒߡ㧘⧷⺆߇ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞᄢ㒽ߦ߽ߚࠄߐࠇߚߩ߇ೋᦼㄭઍ⧷⺆ᦼ(1500-1750)ߢ޽ࠅ㧘
ᒰᤨߩ⧷⺆ߩ․ᓽ߇ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߢߪ଻ߚࠇߚ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆߣߔࠆ⺑߽޽ࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪ㧘ࠕࡔ࡝
ࠞߦ⧷⺆߇߽ߚࠄߐࠇߚᤨઍ㧘ߔߥࠊߜೋᦼㄭઍ⧷⺆ᦼߩࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ⧷⺆ߦ߅޿ߡ๮઎⊛઒
1 ዊ㊁࡮ਛየ (1980: 395-396)
2
Quirk et al (1985: 156)
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ቯᴺ߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆⅣႺࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆ‫ޕ‬๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥⅣႺߢ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ߆ࠍ
ⷰኤߔࠆߚ߼㧘๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺࠍߣࠅ߁ࠆേ⹖࡮ฬ⹖࡮ᒻኈ⹖ࠍᗧ๧೎ߦಽ㘃ߒ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇ
ߩⅣႺߢߤߩ⒟ᐲ㧘๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺ㧘߹ߚߪߘߩઍᦧ⴫⃻߇↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ߚߩ߆ࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
↪଀ߪ㧘Shakespeare (1564-1616)ߩᚨᦛ 20 ૞ຠ߆ࠄ෼㓸ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ਛ⧷⺆(15 ਎♿એ೨)ߣߩᲧセ
߽⧯ᐓ⹜ߺ㧘ਛ⧷⺆߆ࠄೋᦼㄭઍ⧷⺆ᦼߦ߆ߌߡߩ⧷⺆ผ਄ߩᵹࠇࠍ᭎ⷰߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ㧘๮઎࡮൘๔࡮ᙣ㗿ߥߤࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖࡮ฬ⹖࡮ᒻኈ⹖ߪ㧘that ▵ߩઁߦ㧘ਇቯ⹖ઃኻᩰ
㧔Accusative cum infinitive, એਅ ACI ᭴ᢥ㧧e.g. I ask him to go.㧕ࠍߣࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ACI ᭴
ᢥߪ㧘ਛ⧷⺆߆ࠄೋᦼㄭઍ⧷⺆ߦ߆ߌߡ߰߃ߚߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘⃻ઍ⧷⺆ߢߪ߆ߥࠅ㜞޿
㗫ᐲߢ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬Quirk et al (1985: 157)ߪ㧘ACI ᭴ᢥ߽ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ߿⋥⺑ᴺߣߣ߽ߦ๮
઎⊛઒ቯᴺߩઍᦧน⢻⴫⃻ߢ޽ࠆߣߒ㧘ᰴߩ଀ࠍឭ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(6) We ask that the Government be circumspect.
(7) We ask the Government to be circumspect.3
ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘Shakespeare ഍ߩ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ࠍ✎ኒߦ⺞ᩏߒ㧘Ԙthat ▵㧔઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷㧘⋥⺑ᴺ⃻
࿷㧘ᴺഥേ⹖㧕ࠍߣࠆേ⹖㧘ԙਇቯ⹖ઃኻᩰࠍߣࠆേ⹖㧔to ࠍ઻߁߽ߩ㧘઻ࠊߥ޿߽ߩ㧕
ߩ଀ࠍ㓸߼㧘․ߦേ⹖࡮ฬ⹖࡮ᒻኈ⹖ߩᗧ๧⊛․ᓽߦὶὐࠍ޽ߡࠆߎߣߢ㧘ೋᦼㄭઍ⧷⺆
ᦼߩ․ᓽࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
వⴕ⎇ⓥ
ฎ⧷⺆ߢߪ㧘઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߪ⋥⺑ᴺ⃻࿷ߣߪߪߞ߈ࠅߣ⇣ߥࠆዮ᛬ࠍߒߡ޿ߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘
ฎ⧷⺆ᦼߦ⷗ࠄࠇߚ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߩዮ᛬⺆የ-e, -en ߪ㧘ᰴ╙ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇߥߊߥࠅ㧘ೋᦼㄭઍ
⧷⺆ߢߪቢోߦᶖ߃ߡߒ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬વ⛔⊛ߦߪ㧘ਛ⧷⺆ᦼߦ㧘ᒝ൓ࠍ߽ߚߥ޿ᦨ⚳㖸▵
߇᳓ᐔൻߐࠇߚߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘㖸㖿⊛ߦ⋥⺑ᴺߣ඙೎߇ߟ߆ߥߊߥߞߡߒ߹ߞߚߎߣ߇ේ࿃
ߩ߭ߣߟߣߒߡ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ4 ‫ޕ‬
Harsh(1968)ߪ㧘⧷⸶⡛ᦠߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߣߘߩઍᦧ⴫⃻ࠍ⺞ᩏߒ㧘઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ࠍ
ߣࠅᓧࠆⅣႺ߇ᕆỗߦ߆ߟㅪ⛯⊛ߦᷫዋߒߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍႎ๔ߒߡ޿ࠆ5‫ޕ‬઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߪ㧘
Shakespeare ߣหᤨઍߩ᱄ቯ⸶⡛ᦠ(1611)ߦ߅޿ߡ৻ᤨჇടߔࠆ߇㧘ߎࠇߪ᱄ቯ⸶⡛ᦠ߇᡿
ᗧߦฎ㘑ߥ⸒⺆ࠍ↪޿ߚߚ߼ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬1923 ᐕߩ Godspeed ⸶ߢߪ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߪోߊ૶↪ߐࠇ
ߡ޿ߥ޿‫ߡߒߘޕ‬એਅߩ Fowler(1926: 574)߆ࠄߩᒁ↪ߦ␜ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘⃻ઍ⧷⺆ߦ߅޿
ߡ㧘઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߪ߆ߥࠅ⴮ㅌߒᶖṌߒ߆߆ߞߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ⷗߃ߚᤨᦼ߽޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
About the subjunctive, so delimited, the important general facts are:
I. that it is moribund except in a few easily specified uses;
II. that, owing to the capricious influence of the much analysed classical upon the less studied
3
ACI ᭴ᢥߣ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷߇, ห৻ᢥਛߢਗ೉ߒߡ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ଀߽ⷰኤߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
Karzai has asked several times for more peacekeeping troops to be sent to Afghanistan and that they be spread to other major
cities. (USA TODAY, May 1, 2002)
4 Jespersen(1924: 318)߇ㅀߴߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ, ઒ቯᴺߣ⋥⺑ᴺ߇ࠃߊૃߚⅣႺߢ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߎߣ, ߟ߹
ࠅ, ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߩᗧ๧ߩᦌᤒߐ߇ේ࿃ߢ޽ࠆߣߔࠆ⺑߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
5 Harsh(1968)ߪ, ๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺߛߌߢߥߊ೽⹖▵ߦ߅ߌࠆ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߥߤ߽⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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native moods, it probably never would have been possible to draw up a satisfactory table of
the English subjunctive uses;
III. that assuredly no-one will ever find it either possible or worth while to do so now that the
subjunctive is dying;
IV. that subjunctives met with today, outside the few truly living uses, are either deliberate
revivals by poets for legitimate enough archaic effect, or antiquated survivals as in
pretentious journalism, infecting their context with dullness, or new arrivals possible only
in an age to which the grammar of the subjunctive is not natural but artificial.
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߣ⋥⺑ᴺ⃻࿷ߩ㑆ߦᒻᘒ⊛࡮㖸㖿⊛㆑޿ߪ⷗ࠄࠇߥ޿߽ߩߩ㧘
⃻ઍ⧷⺆ߩਛߢ๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺ߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߎߣߪ᳿ߒߡ⃟ߒ޿ߎߣߢߪߥ޿‫߽߆ߒޕ‬㧘ᗧ
࿑⊛ߦฎ㘑ߥ⴫⃻ࠍ↪޿ࠆ႐วߩߺߥࠄߕ㧘ᣂ⡞⸥੐߿ญ⺆⴫⃻ߥߤߦ߅޿ߡ߽⷗ࠄࠇࠆ
㧔Harsh, 1968: 12㧕
‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺߪ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ⧷⺆ࠃࠅ߽ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ⧷⺆ߦ߅޿ߡᄙ
ߊ⷗ࠄࠇ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ⧷⺆ߢ߽ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ⧷⺆ߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߡౣ߮↪޿ࠄࠇᆎ߼ߡ޿ࠆ㧔Quirk
et al, 1985: 157㧕‫ޕ‬
⃻ઍ⧷⺆ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ᓥዻฬ⹖▵ߦ߅ߌࠆ๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺߦߪ㧘ઁߦ㧞ߟߩઍᦧᒻ㧘ߟ߹ࠅ
ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥߣ⋥⺑ᴺ⃻࿷߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(8) The employees have demanded that the manager resign.
<esp AmE>
(9) The employees have demanded that the manager should resign.
<esp BrE>
(10) The employees have demanded that the manager resigns.
<esp BrE>
Övergaard(1995)ߪ㧘20 ਎♿ߦ߅ߌࠆ๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺߦߟ޿ߡ⧷☨ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍಽᨆߒ㧘๮઎
⊛઒ቯᴺࠍߣࠅ߁ࠆേ⹖࡮ฬ⹖ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⚿ᨐࠍᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ߹ߣ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 1 ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ⧷⺆ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ (Övergaard, 1995)
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
⋥⺑ᴺ⃻࿷
ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ
⸘
1900
29(36%)
0 (0%)
52(64%)
81
1920
50(66%)
0 (0%)
26(34%)
76
1940
66(86%)
0 (0%)
11(14%)
77
1960
87(89%)
0 (0%)
11(11%)
98
1990
91(99%)
0 (0%)
1(1%)
92
⴫ 2 ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ⧷⺆ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ (Övergaard, 1995)
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
⋥⺑ᴺ
ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ
⸘
1900
4(4%)
2(2%)
82(94%)
87
1920
9(12%)
0(0%)
69(88%)
78
1940
12(14%)
0(0%)
76(86%)
88
1960
17(19%)
3(3%)
72(78%)
92
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1990
53(57%)
9(10%)
31(33%)
93
⴫ 1, 2 ߆ࠄ߽⺒ߺߣࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ⧷⺆ߢߪ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷߇਄᣹௑ะߦ޽ࠅ㧘1990
ᐕߦߪ߶߷ 100㧑ㄭߊࠍභ߼ࠆ‫ޕ‬ㅒߦᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥߪᷫዋ௑ะߦ޽ࠅ㧘․ߦࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ⧷⺆ߦ
߅޿ߡߪ㧘ߘߩ௑ะ߇㗼⪺ߢ޽ࠆ‫߽ߢ⺆⧷ࠬ࡝ࠡࠗޕ‬㧘ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ⧷⺆ห᭽㧘઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷߇
਄᣹௑ะߦ޽ࠆ߇㧘ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ⧷⺆߶ߤ㗼⪺ߢߪߥ޿‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ࠊߕ߆ߢߪ޽ࠆ߇㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ
⧷⺆ߢߪ㧘⋥⺑ᴺߩ૶↪߇᜛ᄢߒߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߦ⋥⺑ᴺ⃻࿷ߩ଀ࠍ޽ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬
(11) …and it is essential that the ripening is stopped at the correct degree of acidity[…].
(LOB: E33 81)
(12) It is recommended that the saline […] techniques are used in parallel. (LOB: J13 73)
⋥⺑ᴺߩ૶↪ߦࠃߞߡ㧘⹤⠪ߩ߽ߟᗧᕁ⊛ⷐ⚛ߪᒙ߹ࠅ㧘that ▵ౝߩౝኈߪࠦࡔࡦ࠻޽ࠆ޿
ߪ੐ታߦߣߤ߹ࠆ(Övergaard, 1995:63)‫ޕ‬
ACI ᭴ᢥߪ㧘ฎ⧷⺆ߢߪ⃻ઍ߶ߤ㗫❥ߦߪ⷗ࠄࠇߕ㧘૶ᓎࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖㧔e.g. do, let㧕
㧘⍮ⷡ
ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖㧔e.g. hear, see㧕ߦ㒢ࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ᕁ⠨േ⹖㧔e.g. know, think, deem㧕߿⸒᣿േ⹖
㧔e.g. declare, pronounce㧕ߪ㧘ฎ⧷⺆ᦼߦߪ㧘ਥߣߒߡ that ▵ࠍᓥ߃ߡ޿ߚ߇㧘ਛ⧷⺆ᦼߦ
ߪ ACI ᭴ᢥࠍ߽ߣࠅᆎ߼ࠆ㧔Zeitlin, 1908:111㧕
‫ޕ‬ACI ᭴ᢥߪ㧘ೋᦼਛ⧷⺆ߢ৻ᤨ⴮ㅌߒߚ߽
ߩߩ㧘14 ਎♿એ㒠ߪਥᵹဳߣߥࠅ㧘15 ਎♿ߦߪ that ▵ߣ߶߷หߓഀวߢ㧘16 ਎♿ߦߪ that
▵ࠍ਄࿁ߞߡ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔Manabe, 1979:167-168㧕‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ਇቯ⹖ᮡ⼂ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ฎ
⧷⺆ߢߪ to ߥߒਇቯ⹖ߩᣇ߇ήᮡߢ޽ߞߚ߇㧘⃻ઍ⧷⺆ߢߪㅒߢ޽ࠆ‫⃻ޕ‬ઍ⧷⺆ߢߪ㧘to
ߥߒਇቯ⹖ߪ⢻േᘒߩ⍮ⷡേ⹖߿૶ᓎേ⹖ߦ⛯ߊ႐วߥߤߦ㒢ࠄࠇࠆ‫⃻ߦࠄߐޕ‬ઍ⧷⺆ߢ
ߪ㧘to ߩ᦭ήߪ߶߷࿕ቯߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ห৻ⅣႺߦ߅ߌࠆਔ⠪ߩ੤ᦧߪ߶ߣࠎߤ⷗ࠄࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ߒ߆ߒ㧘ೋᦼㄭઍ⧷⺆ߢߪ⃻ઍ⧷⺆߶ߤ↪ᴺ߇࿕ቯߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿6‫ޕ‬
5JCMGURGCTG ߩ⧷⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆ๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺߣߘߩઍᦧ⴫⃻
ߎߎߢߪ㧘Shakespeare ഍߆ࠄߩታ㓙ߩ↪଀ࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆ‫ޕ‬⠨ኤߦ↪޿ߚᚨᦛߪᰴߩ 20 ૞ຠ
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪ࠻ࠬࠠ࠹ޕ‬㧘The Riverside Shakespeare, 2nd edition (Houghton Mifflin, 1997)ࠍ↪޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
Err.=The Comedy of Errors, Shr.= The Taming of the Shrew, Gent.=The Two Gentlemen of Verona,
MND=A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Merch.=The Merchant of Venice, Ado.=Much Ado about
Nothing, Twelf.=Twelfth Night, or What You Will, AWW=All’s Well That Ends Well, R3=The
Tragedy of Richard the Third, R2=The Tragedy of Richard the Second, Rom.=The Tragedy of
Romeo and Juliet, Caes.=The Tragedy of Julies Caesar, Ham.=The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of
6
଀߃߫, entreat ߣ⢻േᘒ make ߇ਇቯ⹖ઃ߈ኻᩰฬ⹖ฏࠍᓥ߃ࠆ႐ว, ਇቯ⹖ߪ⃻ઍ⧷⺆ߢߪⷙೣ⊛ߦߘࠇߙࠇ
TO ઃ߈ߣ TO ߥߒߢ޽ࠆ߇, ೋᦼㄭઍ⧷⺆ߢߪⷙೣᕈߪߪࠆ߆ߦૐ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
Shakespeare ߢߩ⁁ᴫߪᰴߩߣ߅ࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔ቝ⾐ᴦ, 1976:68㧕
TO ߥߒਇቯ⹖ TO ઃ߈ਇቯ⹖
entreat 13 41
make 440 31
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目次ページに戻る。
Denmark, Oth.=The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice, Lear=The Tragedy of King Lear,
Macb.=The Tragedy of Macbeth, Ant.=The Tragedy of Antony and Cleopatra, Cor.=The Tragedy of
Coriolanus, Per.=Pericles, Prince of Tyre, Temp.=The Tempest
એਅ㧘઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ࠍߣࠆേ⹖࡮ฬ⹖࡮ᒻኈ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡ⠨ኤߒߡ޿ߊ߇㧘േ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡߪ
ᗧ๧೎ߦಽ㘃ߔࠆߎߣߣߒ㧘
‫ޟ‬ᙣ㗿‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬േ⹖㧔pray, entreat, beseech, beg㧕㧘๮઎ࠍ⴫ߔേ
⹖㧔bid, charge, command, take order㧕㧘
‫ޟ‬൘๔‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬േ⹖㧔look, see, be sure, have a care, take
heed㧕㧘ߘߒߡએ਄ߩߤࠇߦ߽ಽ㘃ߢ߈ߥ޿଀ࠍ‫ߚ߼ߣ߹ߡߒߣޠઁߩߘޟ‬㧔say, consent,
forbid, hope, wish, prove, swear, think, seem, will is㧕
‫ޕ‬୘‫ߩޘ‬േ⹖ࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆ೨ߦ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩ
ᗧ๧ಽ㊁ߩో⥸⊛ߥ௑ะࠍ᭎ⷰߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩേ⹖߇ߣࠆ᭴ᢥߣ that ▵ౝߩേ⹖
ᒻࠍ⴫ߦࠃߞߡឭ␜ߔࠆ‫߅ߥޕ‬㧘⴫ਛߩ‫ޟ‬that ▵ or ACI ᭴ᢥ‫ߪޠ‬㧘଀߃߫“He prays you stay.”
ߩࠃ߁ߦ you ߇ᒻᘒ⊛ߦਥᩰߣ߽ኻᩰߣ߽⸃㉼น⢻ߢ޽ࠅ㧘that ▵᭴ᢥ޽ࠆ޿ߪ ACI ᭴ᢥ
ߢ޽ࠆߩ߆ߩ್ᢿ߇ኈᤃߢߥ޿଀ࠍ␜ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘‫ޟ‬േ⹖ᒻਇ᣿‫ ߪޠ‬that ▵ౝߩਥ⺆߇㧘3 ੱ
⒓නᢙ㧘2 ੱ⒓නᢙ(thou)㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪേ⹖߇ุቯᒻએᄖߩ଀ߢ㧘⋥⺑ᴺ߆઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߩ඙೎
߇ߟ߆ߥ޿଀ࠍ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
ᙣ㗿ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖
ᙣ㗿ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖ߣߒߡ pray, beg, beseech, entreat ߇޽ߍࠄࠇࠆ‫ ⴫ޕ‬3 ߪ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩേ⹖
߇ߣࠆ᭴ᢥߩഀวࠍ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬pray, beg ߢߪ㧘that ▵ࠍߣࠆഀว߇ ACI ᭴ᢥࠍ਄࿁ࠆ߇㧘entreat,
beseech ߢߪ㧘ACI ᭴ᢥ߇ఝ൓ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 3 ᙣ㗿ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖ߩ᭴ᢥ
that ▵
that ▵ or ACI
ACI
⸘
pray
24
5
8
37
entreat
4
0
22
26
beseech
8
4
25
37
beg
3
0
1
4
⸘
39
9
56
104
(37.5%)
(8.7%)
(53.8%)
ᰴߦ that ▵ౝߩേ⹖ᒻࠍ⷗ࠆߣ㧘ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ߇઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ࠍ߿߿਄࿁ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 4 that ▵ౝߩേ⹖ᒻ
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
േ⹖ᒻਇ᣿
⋥⺑ᴺ⃻࿷
ᴺഥേ⹖
⸘
pray
13
2
0
9
24
entreat
2
1
0
1
4
͘!294!͘
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beseech
1
0
0
7
8
beg
0
0
0
3
3
⸘
16
3
0
20
39
(41.0%)
(7.7%)
(0%)
(51.3%)
ᴺഥേ⹖ߩౝ⸶ࠍ␜ߒߚ⴫ 5 ߦࠃࠆߣ㧘may, might, will ߩ 3 ⒳㘃߇޽ࠅ㧘may ߩභ߼ࠆ
ഀว߇߆ߥࠅ㜞޿‫ޕ‬may, might ߣ޿ߞߚഥേ⹖ߪ should ߥߤߦᲧߴ⋥ធ⊛ߢߥߊ㧘ᙣ㗿ࠍ
ࠃࠅৼካߥ⴫⃻ߦߔࠆߚ߼ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 5 ഥേ⹖
may
might
will
⸘
pray
8
1
0
9
entreat
1
0
0
1
beseech
6
1
0
7
beg
1
0
2
3
⸘
16
2
2
20
(80.0%)
(10.0%)
(10.0%)
ACI ᭴ᢥౝߩਇቯ⹖ᮡ⼂ to ߩ᦭ήߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ᰴߩ⴫ߩߣ߅ࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߤޕ‬േ⹖ߢ߽ to
ࠍ઻߁ᒻ߇ఝ൓ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ࠃࠅ⃻ઍ⧷⺆ߦㄭ޿௑ะ߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 6 ACI ᭴ᢥߩ to ߩ᦭ή
+to
-to
⸘
pray
8
0
8
entreat
17
5
22
beseech
24
1
25
beg
1
0
1
⸘
50
6
56
(89.3%)
(10.7%)
ߎߎ߆ࠄߪ㧘୘‫ߩޘ‬േ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡ⠨ኤߒ㧘ታ㓙ߩ↪଀ࠍឭ␜ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
pray7
7 pray ߩਥ⺆߇㧝ੱ⒓㧘⋡⊛⺆߇㧞ੱ⒓ߩ↪଀߇㕖Ᏹߦᄙߊ㧘ߒ߆߽᭴ᢥߩ್ᢿ߇࿎㔍ߢ޽ࠆ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬, એਅߩ
↪଀(γ)ߪ৻⷗ to ࠍ઻ࠊߥ޿ ACI ᭴ᢥߩ↪଀ߦ⷗߃ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬, ุቯㄉ not ࠍ઻߁↪଀(δ)ߪ, not ߩ૏⟎߇േ⹖ߩ
೨ߢߥߊᓟߦ޽ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ ACI ᭴ᢥߢߥߊ๮઎ᢥߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫(ߡߞࠃޕ‬γ)߽ห᭽ߦ๮઎ᢥߢ޽ࠆน⢻ᕈ
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pray ߪ㧘ᙣ㗿ࠍ⴫ߔઁߩേ⹖ߦᲧߴ㧘ACI ᭴ᢥߦኻߔࠆ that ▵ߩഀว߇㜞޿‫ޕ‬
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷8
(13) but this I pray, / That thou consent to marry us today. (Rom. 2.3.61-64)
ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ
ᴺഥേ⹖ 9 ଀ߩ߁ߜ 8 ଀ߪ may ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(14) Here, father, take the shadow of this tree / For your good host; pray that the right may thrive.
(Lear 5.2.1-2)
that ▵ or ACI ᭴ᢥ
(15) Mistress, your father prays you leave your books, (Shr. 3.1.83)
ACI ᭴ᢥ
(16) And so I pray you all to think yourselves. (Shr. 2.1.112-113)
entreat
ACI ᭴ᢥߩഀว߇߆ߥࠅ㜞޿‫ޕ‬
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
(17) Thy dukedom, I resign, and do entreat / Thou pardon my wrongs. (Temp. 5.1.118-119)
ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ
(18) And, sir, tonight / I do entreat that we may sup together. (Oth. 4.1.261-262)
ACI ᭴ᢥ
(19) They did entreat me to acquaint her of it. (Ado 3.1.40)
beseech
entreat ߣห᭽㧘ACI ᭴ᢥ߇ that ▵ࠍ਄࿁ࠆ‫ޕ‬
߽⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
(γ) Enough of this, I pray thee hold thy peace. (Rom. 1.3.50)
(δ) I pray thee chide me not. (Rom. 2.3.85)
I pray you, I pray thee ߣ޿ߞߚฏߪ please ߦㄭ޿ᗧ๧ߢ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߣ⸃㉼ߢ߈, ⠨ኤኻ⽎ߦߪ฽߼ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
8
OED ߩቯ⟵ߦ߽޽ࠆࠃ߁ߦ God, heaven ߇ᙣ㗿ߩኻ⽎ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿‫ޕ‬
Pray God he keep his oath! (TN 3.4.310)
Pray heav'n he prove so when you come to him! (TGV 2.7.79)
͘!296!͘
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઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
that ▵ࠍߣࠆ 8 ଀ਛ㧘઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ࠍߣࠆ 1 ଀ߪ㧘that ▵ౝߦേ⹖ࠍ 2 ߟ઻߁9‫ޕ‬
(20) I do beseech you, / By all the battles wherein we have fought, / By th’ blood we have shed
together, by th’ vows / We have made to endure friends, that you directly / Set me against Aufidius
and Antiates, / And that you not delay the present, but, / Filling the air with swords advanc’d and
darts, / We prove this very hour. (Cor. 1.6.55-62)
ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ
ᴺഥേ⹖ࠍߣࠆ 7 ଀ਛ 6 ଀ߪ㧘ᰴߩᒁ↪଀ߩࠃ߁ߦ may㧘ᱷࠅ 1 ଀ߪ might ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(21) But I beseech your Grace that I may know / The worst that may befall me in this case, / If I
refuse to wed Demetrius. (MND 1.1.62-64)
ACI ᭴ᢥ
I beseech thee pardon me. ߩࠃ߁ߦ to ߥߒ ACI ᭴ᢥߣ್೎ߢ߈ࠆ଀ߪએਅߩ 1 ଀ߩߺߢ޽
ࠆ‫ޕ‬๮઎ᴺࠍᓥ߃ࠆ႐วߢ޽ࠇ߫㧘ุቯㄉߪ(23)ߩࠃ߁ߦേ⹖ߩᓟߦ⛯ߊ‫ޕ‬
(22) I do beseech you, either not believe / The envious slanders of her false accusers; / Or, if she be
accused in true report, / Bear with her weakness, which, I think proceeds / From wayward sickness,
and no grounded malice. (R3 1.3.25-29)
(23) I beseech thee, youth, / Put not another sin upon my head, / By urging me to fury: O be gone!
(Rom. 5.3.61-63)
ACI ᭴ᢥߩ to ߩ᦭ήߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘એਅߩ଀ߩࠃ߁ߦหߓⅣႺߢ੤ᦧน⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(24) But I beseech your Grace pardon me, (Ado. 2.1.329-330)
(25) I do beseech your Grace to pardon me. (R2 5.2.60)
beg
that ▵ߩ଀ߪోߡᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥߢ㧘ߘߩౝ⸶ߪ will ߇ 2 ଀ may ߇ 1 ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ
(26) on my knees I beg / That you’ll vouchsafe me raiment, bed, and food. (Lear 2.4.147-148)
(27) Beg that thou mayst have leave to hang thyself: (Merch. 4.1.360)
ACI ᭴ᢥ
(28) I do but beg a little changeling boy, / To be my henchman. (MND 2.1.120-121)
9
2 ⇟⋡ߩേ⹖߇ุቯᒻߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߣ․ቯߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
͘!297!͘
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એ਄㧘Shakespeare ഍ߦ߅ߌࠆ‫ޟ‬ᙣ㗿‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬േ⹖ߩ↪ᴺߦߟ޿ߡ⷗ߡ߈ߚ߇㧘that ▵ࠍ
ߣࠆ߽ߩߩ߁ߜ㧘๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺࠍߣࠆ଀ߪ pray ߩ 13 ଀߇ᦨ߽ᄙߊ㧘޽ߣߪ㧘beseech, entreat
ߦߘࠇߙࠇ 1 ଀ߕߟߩߺߢో૕⊛ߦߘࠇ߶ߤᄙߊߪߥ޿‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘
ో૕⊛ߦ may, might ߇ᄙߊ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘⴫⃻ࠍ⋥ធ⊛ߢߥ޿ৼካߥ߽ߩߦߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ACI ᭴ᢥߪ㧘beseech, entreat ߢߪ that ▵ࠍ਄࿁ߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘to ߩ᦭ήߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘to ࠍ઻߁
ᒻ߇ఝ൓ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
๮઎ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖
bid, charge, command, enjoin ߩ↪ᴺߦߟ޿ߡ⠨ኤߒߡ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬take order એᄖߩേ⹖ߢߪ㧘޿
ߕࠇߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘ACI ᭴ᢥ߇ that ▵ࠍ߆ߥࠅߩഀวߢ਄࿁ࠆ‫ޕ‬bid ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘that ▵ࠍߣ
ࠆ଀ߪ଀ᄖ⊛ߣ޿߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬take order ߩ଀ߪ 1 ଀ߩߺߢ㧘േ⹖ᒻߪ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 7 ๮઎ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖ߩ᭴ᢥ
that ▵
that ▵ or ACI
ACI
⸘
bid
1
0
182
183
charge
4
0
14
18
command
3
0
12
15
enjoin
0
0
2
2
take order
1
0
0
1
⸘
9
0
210
219
(4.1%)
(0%)
(95.9%)
that ▵ౝߩേ⹖ᒻߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥߩഀว߇ᦨ߽㜞ߊ㧘઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߪ 2 ଀ߒ߆⷗
ࠄࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬
⴫ 8 that ▵ౝߩേ⹖ᒻ
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
േ⹖ᒻਇ᣿
⋥⺑ᴺ⃻࿷
ᴺഥേ⹖
⸘
bid
0
0
0
1
1
charge
1
2
0
1
4
command
0
0
0
3
3
enjoin
0
0
0
0
0
take order
1
0
0
0
1
⸘
2
2
0
5
9
(22.2%)
(22.2%)
(0%)
(55.6%)
͘!298!͘
目次ページに戻る。
ACI ᭴ᢥߦߟ޿ߡߺࠆߣ㧘charge, command, enjoin ߢߪ㧘ᙣ㗿ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖ߣห᭽㧘to ࠍ઻
߁ᒻ߇ఝ൓ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘bid ߪ଀ᄖ⊛ߢ to ࠍ઻ࠊߥ޿ᒻ߇࿶ୟ⊛ߦᄙ޿‫ޕ‬
⴫ 9 ACI ᭴ᢥߩ to ߩ᦭ή
+to
-to
⸘
bid
2
180
182
charge
9
5
14
command
6
6
12
enjoin
2
0
2
⸘
19
191
210
(9.0%)
(91.0%)
ߎߎ߆ࠄߪ㧘୘‫ߩޘ‬േ⹖ࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
bid
ACI ᭴ᢥ߇࿶ୟ⊛ߦᄙ޿߇㧘଀ᄖ⊛ߦᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥߩ଀߽ 1 ଀ⷰኤߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ
(29) Obedience bids I should not bid again. (R2 1.1.64)
ACI ᭴ᢥ
(30) Bid her send me presently a thousand pound. (R2 2.2.91)
to ࠍ઻߁ᒻߩ଀ߪ㧘ฃേᘒߣ⢻േᘒߘࠇߙࠇ 1 ଀ߕߟ⷗ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
(31) Well, I perceived he was a wise fellow and had a good discretion that, being bid to ask what he
would of the king, desired he might know none of his secrets. (Per. 1.3.3-5)
(32) He says he will return incontinent, / And hath commanded me to go to bed, / And bid me to
dismiss you. (Oth. 4.3.12-14)
charge
ACI ᭴ᢥ߇ that ▵ࠍ਄࿁ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬that ▵ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߣᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥߩ଀߇
⷗ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
(33) One word more: I charge thee / That thou attend me. (Temp. 1.2.453-454)
͘!299!͘
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ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ
(34) For your physicians have expressly charg’d, / In peril to incur your former malady, / That I
should yet absent me from your bed. (Shr. Ind. 2.121-123)
ACI ᭴ᢥ
(35) I charge you on your souls to utter it. (Ado 4.1.13-14)
command
ACI ᭴ᢥ߇ఝ൓ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬that ▵ߪ 3 ଀⷗ࠄࠇ㧘޿ߕࠇ߽ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ
(36) I commanded the sleeves should be cut out, and sew’d up again, and that I’ll prove upon thee,
though thy little finger be arm’d in a thimble. (Shr. 4.3.145-148)
ACI ᭴ᢥ
(37) necessity / Commands me name myself. (Cor. 4.5.56-57)
enjoin
ో૕ߢ 2 ଀ߒ߆ⷰኤߐࠇߥ޿߇㧘޿ߕࠇ߽ ACI ᭴ᢥߩ଀ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
(38) Last night she enjoin’d me to write some lines to one she loves. (TGV 2.1.87-88)
take order
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߩ଀߇ 1 ଀ߩߺ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
(39) Some one take order Buckingham be brought / To Salisbury, the rest march on with me. (R3
4.4.537-538)
๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺߩ଀ߪ take order ߩ 1 ଀ߩߺߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߩઁޕ‬േ⹖ߪ that ▵ߩ႐ว㧘ߔߴߡᴺ
ഥേ⹖ should ࠍ઻߁‫ోޕ‬૕⊛ߦ ACI ᭴ᢥ߇ that ▵ࠍ਄࿁ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬to ߩ᦭ήߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘
command ߢหᢙ㧘charge, enjoin ߢߪ to ࠍ઻߁ᒻ߇ఝ൓ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬bid ߪ଀߇ᦨ߽ᄙ޿߇㧘to
ࠍ઻ࠊߥ޿ ACI ᭴ᢥ߇ߘߩ߶ߣࠎߤࠍභ߼ࠆ‫ޕ‬
൘๔ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖
ߎߎߢߪ㧘⃻ઍ⧷⺆ߩ‘take care’, ‘make sure’ߩᗧ๧ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪേ⹖ฏࠍᛒ߁‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇࠄߩേ⹖ߪᏱߦ that ▵ࠍᓥ߃㧘ACI ᭴ᢥߩ଀ߪ⊝ήߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘޿ߕࠇ߽๮઎ᢥਛ
ߢ↪޿ࠄࠇߚ଀ߢ޽ࠅ㧘that ▵ౝߩേ⹖ߪ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷߇ᄙߊ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬look, see, be sure,
have a care, take heed ߩ଀߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
͘!29:!͘
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⴫ 10
that ▵ౝߩേ⹖ᒻ
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
േ⹖ᒻਇ᣿
⋥⺑ᴺ⃻࿷
ᴺഥേ⹖
⸘
look
8
3
0
0
11
see
3
0
0
0
3
be sure
1
0
0
0
1
have a care
2
0
0
0
2
take heed
3
0
0
0
3
⸘
17
3
0
0
20
(85.0%)
(15.0%)
(0%)
(0%)
(100%)
look
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
(40) And look thou meet me ere the first cock crow. (MND 2.1.267)
േ⹖ᒻਇ᣿
(41) For you, fair Hermia, look you arm yourself / To fit your fancies to your father’s will; (MND
1.1.117-118)
એਅߦ㧘see, be sure, have a care, take heed ߩ଀ࠍ޽ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬
(42) I charge you see that he be forthcoming. (Shr. 5.1.93)
(43) Villain, be sure thou prove my love a whore; (Oth. 3.3.359)
(44) only have a care that your bills be not stol’n. (Ado 3.3.41)
(45) take heed he hear us not, (Shr. 3.1.43-44)
⃻ઍ⧷⺆ߥࠄ߫㧘൘๔ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖ߣߒߡ㧘ensure, make sure, see (to it), take care ߇޽ߍࠄ
ࠇ㧘ߎࠇࠄߪㅢᏱ㧘⋥⺑ᴺ⃻࿷ᒻࠍߣࠆ㧔Quirk et al, 1985: 1008㧕
‫ޕ‬
(46) I’ll see that nobody disturbs you. [also will disturb]
(47) Take care she doesn’t fall.
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘⴫ 10 ߆ࠄ߽ಽ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘Shakespeare ߩ⧷⺆ߢߪ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷߇ᄙߊ↪޿ࠄ
ࠇ㧘that ▵ౝߩ⁁ᘒ߇ߎࠇ߆ࠄ߽ߚࠄߐࠇࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߔߚ߼ߢ޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ߘߩઁ
ߎߎߢߪ㧘એ਄ߩߤߩᗧ๧ಽ㊁ߦ߽⹥ᒰߒߥ޿଀ࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆ‫߽ࠇߕ޿ޕ‬ㅢᏱ⋥⺑ᴺ⃻࿷
ࠍߣࠆേ⹖ߢ㧘઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ࠍߣࠆࠤ࡯ࠬߪ଀ᄖ⊛ߣ޿߃ࠆ‫ߕ߹ޕ‬㧘say, consent, forbid ߦߟ
޿ߡ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߩ⃻ࠇࠆⅣႺߣߘࠇߦઍࠊࠆ⴫⃻ߦߟ޿ߡ߹ߣ߼ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ㧘ㅢᏱߪ⋥⺑
ᴺ⃻࿷ࠍߣࠆ߇㧘଀ᄖ⊛ߦ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߩ଀߇ᢙ଀ⷰኤߐࠇߚ hope, wish, prove, swear, think,
seem, will is ߩ↪଀ࠍ޽ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬
say
േ⹖ say ߩ that ▵ౝߢ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߩߪ㧘Ᏹߦ᧦ઙ࡮઒ቯࠍᗧ๧ߔࠆ႐วߢ㧘
ߎࠇߪ㧘᧦ઙࠍ⴫ߔ if ▵߇઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ࠍߣࠅ߁ࠆߩߣหߓᗧ๧⊛ⅣႺߣ޿߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߩ଀
߇ⷰኤߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
(48) Say that she rail, why then I’ll tell her plain / She sings as sweetly as a nightingale; / Say that
she frown, I’ll say she looks as clear / As morning roses newly wash’d with dew; / Say that she be
mute, and will not a speak a word, / Then I’ll commend her volubility. / And say she utterth piercing
eloquence; (Shr. 2.1.170-176)
(49) Say that she be; yet Valentine thy friend / Survives; (TGV 4.2.108-9)
consent
consent ߪ㧘േ⹖㧘ฬ⹖ߣ߽ߦ that ▵ࠍᓥ߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬േ⹖ߦ߅޿ߡ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷߇ 1 ଀ⷰኤߐࠇ
ߚ‫ޕ‬ਇቯ⹖ࠍ઻߁଀߽ᄙ޿‫ޕ‬
⴫ 10 consent (v.) ߩ᭴ᢥ
that ▵
ACI
that ▵ or ACI
consent + to V
4
0
0
7
⴫ 11 that ▵ౝߩേ⹖ᒻ
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
⋥⺑ᴺ⃻࿷
ᴺഥേ⹖
േ⹖ᒻਇ᣿
1
0
3
0
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
(50) Do not consent / That Antony speak in his funeral. (JC 3.1.232-233)
ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ
ోߡᴺഥേ⹖ shall ߇↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(51) Do not consent we shall acquaint him with it, / As needful in our loves, fitting out duty? (Ham.
1.1.172-173)
͘!2:2!͘
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ฬ⹖ߩ႐ว㧘that ▵ࠍ઻߁ 2 ଀ߣਇቯ⹖ࠍ઻߁ 3 ଀߇ⷰኤߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 12
consent (n.) ߩ᭴ᢥ
that ▵
consent + to V
2
3
that ▵ߪ㧘ᴺഥേ⹖ should, shall ߇ 1 ଀ߕߟⷰኤߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
(52) They would have stol’n away, they would, Demetrius, / Thereby to have defeated you and me: /
You of your wife, and me of my consent, / of my consent that she should be your wife. (MND
4.1.156-159)
(53) Say, have I thy consent that they shall die? (R3 4.2.23)
forbid
⴫ 14 ߆ࠄ߽ಽ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ that ▵ࠍᓥ߃ࠆ႐ว㧘ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥࠍߣࠆ଀߇ᦨ߽ᄙ޿‫ޕ‬ᴺഥ
േ⹖ߪ㧘ోߡ should ߩ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 13 േ⹖ forbid ߩ᭴ᢥ
that ▵
ACI
that ▵ or ACI
forbid + to V
9
4
0
1
⴫ 14 that ▵ߩേ⹖ᒻ
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
⋥⺑ᴺ⃻࿷
ᴺഥേ⹖
േ⹖ᒻਇ᣿
1
0
7
1
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
(54) Fortune forbid my outside have not charm’d her! (TN 2.1.18)
ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ
(55) God forbid it should be so. (Ado 1.1.217)
ਇቯ⹖
(56) Forbid the sun to enter, (Ado 3.1.9)
ߎߎ߆ࠄߪ㧘prove, swear, think ߩ↪଀ࠍ޽ߍࠆ‫߽ࠇߕ޿ޕ‬઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ࠍ઻߁ߩߪ⒘ߥࠤ
࡯ࠬߢ㧘ᢙ଀ߒ߆ⷰኤߐࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬
͘!2:3!͘
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prove
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߩ଀ߪ 3 ଀ߢ㧘ߘߩ߁ߜ 2 ଀ߪ๮઎ᢥߩਛߢ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫(ޕ‬57), (58)ߦ߅
޿ߡ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ࠍߣࠆߩߪ㧘prove ߩᗧ๧⊛ᕈ⾰ߣ޿߁ࠃࠅߪ㧘߻ߒࠈ๮઎ᢥߢ޽ࠆߚ߼ߢ
ߪߥ޿߆ߣផ᷹ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
(57) Make me to see’t; or (at least) so prove it / That the probation bear no hinge nor loop / To hang
a doubt on; (Oth. 3.3.364-365)
(58) O, prove true, / That I, dear brother, be now ta’en for you! (TN 2.2.18)
(59) If it be proved against an alien, / That by direct or indirect attempts / He seek the life of any
citizen, / The party ’gainst the which he doth contrive / Shall seize one half his goods; (Merch.
4.1.349-353)
swear
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߪ㧘The Merchant of Venice ߆ࠄߩએਅߩ ↪଀(60)ߦ߅޿ߡߩߺⷰኤߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
Shakespeare ૞ຠߦ߅޿ߡേ⹖ swear ߇ that ▵ࠍᓥ߃ࠆ଀ߪᄙߊⷰኤߐࠇࠆ߇㧘that ▵ౝߩ
േ⹖ߪㅢᏱ⋥⺑ᴺ⃻࿷ࠍߣࠆ‫ߡ޿߅ߦ଀ᧄޕ‬઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߩߪ㧘swear ߩ߽ߟᗧ
๧⊛ᕈ⾰ߩߚ߼ߣߪ⠨߃ߦߊߊ㧘߻ߒࠈ though ࠍ઻߁⼑ᱠ▵ౝߦ޽ࠅ㧘േ⹖ swear ⥄૕߇
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߢ޽ࠆߚ߼ߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
(60) And other of such vinegar aspect / That they’ll not show their teeth in way of smile / Though
Nestor swear the jest be laughable. (Merch. 1.1.52-56)
think
think ߇ that ▵ࠍߣࠆ଀ߪ߆ߥࠅᄙߊ޽ࠆ߇㧘઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ࠍߣࠆ߽ߩߪ 8 ଀ߦ㒢ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
઒ቯᴺ࡮⋥⺑ᴺ࡮ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥߩᗧ๧ߦࠃࠆ૶޿ಽߌߪ⷗ࠄࠇߥ޿‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘એਅߩ The
Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice ߆ࠄߩᒁ↪ߪ㧘઒ቯᴺߣ⋥⺑ᴺߩ߽ߟᗧ๧ࠍലᨐ⊛ߦ
ኻᲧߐߖߚ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬઒ቯᴺߪㅅ޿߿⇼޿ࠍ㧘⋥⺑ᴺߪ⏕ାࠍ⴫ߒ㧘(61)ߪਔ⠪ࠍਗ೉ߐߖ
ࠆߎߣߢ㧘Othello ߇ᆄ Desdemona ߩਇ⽵ࠍ⇼߁ᔃߩ⪾⮮ࠍ⴫⃻ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(61) I think my wife be honest, and think she is not; (Oth. 3.3.384)
ߎߎ߆ࠄߪ㧘ㅢᏱߪ⋥⺑ᴺ⃻࿷ࠍߣࠆേ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘଀ᄖ⊛ߦ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߩ଀߇ᢙ଀ⷰ
ኤߐࠇߚ hope, wish, seem, will is ߩ↪଀ࠍ޽ߍߡ߅ߊ‫ޕ‬
hope
(62) I hope he be in love. (Ado 3.2.17)
wish
(63) I do wish / That your good beauty be the happy cause / Of Hamlet’s wildness. (Ham. 3.1.37-39)
͘!2:4!͘
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(64) Say that I wish he never find more cause / To change a master. (Ant. 4.3.15-16)
seem
(65) Me seemth good that, with some little train, / Forthwith from Ludlow the young Prince be fet
(=fetched) / Hither to London, to be crown’d our king. (R3 2.2.120-122)
will is
(66) Our will is Antony be took alive; / Make it so known. (Ant. 4.6.2-3)
ᒻኈ⹖߇ᓥ߃ࠆ▵
better, best, fit, meet ߇ that ▵ࠍᓥ߃ࠆ႐วߩേ⹖ᒻߪએਅߩᲧ₸ࠍ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 15 ᒻኈ⹖߇ᓥ߃ࠆ that ▵ౝߩേ⹖ᒻ
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
േ⹖ᒻਇ᣿
ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ
⸘
better
1
0
0
1
best
1
1
0
2
fit
2
0
0
2
meet
2
3
3
8
⸘
6
4
3
13
(46.2%)
(30.8%)
(23.0%)
⴫ 15 ߆ࠄ߽ಽ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ో૕ߣߒߡߪ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߩഀว߇㜞޿‫⺑⋥ޕ‬ᴺ⃻࿷ߪ㧘better
ߦ߅޿ߡ 2 ଀⷗ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥߪ㧘meet ߦ߅޿ߡߩߺⷰኤߐࠇ㧘ᴺഥേ⹖ߪ 3 ଀ߣ
߽ should ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
(67) ’Tis better that the enemy seek us; (JC 4.3.199)
ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ
(68) In such a time as this it is not meet / That every nice offence should bear his comment. (JC
4.3.7-8)
that ▵ࠍ઻߁ᒻኈ⹖▵ߩਛߢ㧘ਥⷰ⊛ᘒᐲ㧘⹏ଔ㧘ᗵᖱࠍ⴫ߔ߽ߩߪ㧘⃻ઍ⧷⺆ߢߪᏱߦ
ᴺഥേ⹖ should ࠍ઻޿㧘Huddleston and Pullum (2002: 1001)ߪ㧘
‫ޟ‬ᘒᐲࠍ⴫ߔ should (attitudinal
should)‫ޠ‬㧘Jespersen (1933: 287)ߪ㧘‫ޟ‬ᗵᖱߩ should (emotional should)‫ߣޠ‬ฬߠߌߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
(69) It is wrong that a judge should sit while his conduct is under investigation.
͘!2:5!͘
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ߎߩ↪ᴺߩ should ߪ⃻ઍ⧷⺆ߢߪ㧘ㅢᏱ઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߣ੤ᦧߢ߈ߥ޿߇㧘ᧄ⺞ᩏߢߪ઒ቯᴺ
⃻࿷ࠍ઻߁଀߇ 1 ଀ⷰኤߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ᰴߩ dangerous ߩ଀ࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬
It’s dangerous
(70) Now, sir, her father counts it dangerous / That she do give her sorrow so much sway; (Rom.
4.1.9-10)
ਛ⧷⺆ߣߩᲧセ
ߎߎߢߪ㧘․ߦ଀߇ᄙߊⷰኤߐࠇߚᙣ㗿࡮๮઎ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘⧯ᐓߥ߇ࠄᓟ
ᦼਛ⧷⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆ௑ะࠍ᭎ⷰߔࠆ‫ޕ‬Kenneth Sisam ߦࠃࠅ✬㓸ߐࠇߚ 14 ਎♿ߩ⹞ᢥㆬ
Fourteenth Century Verse & Prose (Oxford University Press, 1921)ࠍ⾗ᢱߣߒߡ↪޿ߡ㧘ࡄࠗࡠ
࠶࠻ࠬ࠲࠺ࠖ࡯ࠍⴕߞߚ10‫ޕ‬
ᙣ㗿ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖
ᙣ㗿ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖ߣߒߡ㧘pray, beseech ߇ⷰኤߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 16 േ⹖ᒻ㧔ᙣ㗿ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖㧕
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
േ⹖ᒻਇ᣿
⋥⺑ᴺ⃻࿷
ᴺഥേ⹖
ACI ᭴ᢥ
ዊ⸘
pray
2
0
0
1
0
3
beseech
0
0
0
2
0
2
⸘
2
0
0
3
0
5
޿ߕࠇߩേ⹖߽଀߇ዋߥ޿߇㧘pray ߪ㧘઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷࡮ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ࡮๮઎ᴺ߇㧘beseech
ߪ㧘ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ߇ⷰኤߐࠇߚ‫ࠆ޿ߡࠇࠄ޿↪ޕ‬ᴺഥേ⹖ߪ㧘should ߇㧝଀㧘would ߇ 2
଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬may, might ߇⋡┙ߞߚೋᦼㄭઍ⧷⺆ߣߪ㆑ߞߚ௑ะ߇ⷰኤߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
(71) Y pray ¿at ¿ou me telle now.
(Or. 534) (72) ‘ich biseche þe / þatow woldest ˔iue me / ¿at ich leuedi, bri˔t on ble,
[઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷]
(Or. 453-5)
[ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ]
๮઎ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖
10⺞ᩏߒߚ࠹ࠢࠬ࠻ߪ㧘ห⹞ᢥㆬߦ෼߼ࠄࠇߚએਅߩ૞ຠ߆ࠄߩᛮ☴ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Or. =Sir Orfeo, Rich. = Richerd Rolle of Hampole, (The Nature of the Bee, The Seven Gifts of the Holy Ghost), GGK=Sir
Gawayne and the Grene Knight, Pearl=The Pearl, Wiclif=John Wiclif (A=The Translation of the Bible, B=Of Feigned
Contemplative Life), Gower=John Gower (A=Ceix and Alceone, B=Adrian and Bardus), Poem=Miscellaneous Pieces in
Verse (Now springs the spray, Spring, Alysoun, The Irish Dancer, The Maid of the Moor, The Virgin’s Song, Judas, The
Blacksmith, Rats away), H.H.=The York Play of Harrowing of Hell, Noah=The Towneley Play of Noah
͘!2:6!͘
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๮઎ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖ߣߒߡ bid, command, charge, ordain ߇ⷰኤߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 17 േ⹖ᒻ㧔๮઎ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖㧕
઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷
േ⹖ᒻਇ᣿
⋥⺑ᴺ⃻࿷
ᴺഥേ⹖
ACI ᭴ᢥ
ዊ⸘
bid
2
1
0
2
7
12
command
1
1
0
0
2
4
ordain
0
0
0
2
0
2
charge
0
0
0
0
4
4
⸘
3
2
0
4
13
22
bid ߇ᦨ߽ᄙߊⷰኤߐࠇ㧘ACI ᭴ᢥࠍߣࠆഀว߇㜞޿‫ޕ‬charge ߪ ACI ᭴ᢥߩߺ㧘ordain ߪ
ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥߩߺ߇ⷰኤߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᴺഥേ⹖ߪ㧘shall ߇ 1 ଀㧘should ߇ 3 ଀↪޿ࠄࠇߡ
޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬๮઎ࠍ⴫ߔേ⹖ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ೋᦼㄭઍ⧷⺆ߣૃߚ௑ะ߇ⷰኤߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
(73) Noe, My freend, I thee commaunde, from cares the to keyle, / A ship that thou ordand of nayle
and bord ful wele. (Noah. 118-19) [઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷]
(74) Sche bad Yris hir messagere / To Slepes hous that <sc>he schal wende, / And bidde him that he
make an ende,
[઒ቯᴺ⃻࿷ߣᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥߩਗ೉]
(Gower A 46-48)
(75) Also þes blynde ypocritis alleggen þat Crist biddiþ vs preie euermore, and Poul biddiþ þat we
preie wiþoute lettynge, and þan we prestis may not preche, as þei feynen falsly.
(Wiclif B 79-81) [ACI ᭴ᢥߣ that ▵㧔േ⹖ᒻਇ᣿㧕ߩਗ೉]
(76) And Deuyll, I commaunde Þe go doune / Into thy selle where Þou schalte sitte.
[ACI ᭴ᢥ]
(H.H. 341-342) 㧠㧚⚿߮
Shakespeare ߩ⧷⺆ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺࠍᦨ߽㜞޿⏕₸ߢߣࠆߩߪ㧘look, see, take heed
ߥߤࠍߪߓ߼ߣߔࠆ‫ޟ‬൘๔‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬േ⹖ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺࠍ↪޿ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘޽
ࠆ⁁ᘒ߇߽ߚࠄߐࠇࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍࠃࠅᒝߊ⴫⃻ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ޟ‬ᙣ㗿‫⴫ࠍޠ‬
ߔേ⹖ߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺߪ⷗ࠄࠇߚ߇㧘ห᭽ߦᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥߩ଀߽ᄙ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᴺ
ഥേ⹖ߪ may, might ߇߶ߣࠎߤߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᙣ㗿ࠍ⋥ធ⊛ߥ⴫⃻ߦߔࠆߎߣࠍㆱߌ㧘⺆⺞ࠍ๺
ࠄߍߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߣផ᷹ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ޟ‬๮઎‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬േ⹖ߢߪ㧘ACI ᭴ᢥ߇ that ▵ࠃࠅఝ൓ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
that ▵ࠍߣࠆ႐วߪ㧘๮઎⊛઒ቯᴺߩ଀ߪ⒘ߢ㧘ᴺഥേ⹖᭴ᢥ߇⋡┙ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ᴺഥേ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡ⷗ࠆߣ㧘
‫ޟ‬ᙣ㗿‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬േ⹖ߢߪ㧘may, might ߇ఝ൓ߢ޽ߞߚߩߦኻߒ㧘
‫ޟ‬๮઎‫ߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬േ⹖ߢߪ should ߇ఝ൓ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
͘!2:7!͘
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ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
Ando, S. 1976.
A Descriptive Syntax of Christopher Marlowe’s Language. Tokyo: University
of Tokyo Press.
Fowler, H.W. 1926.
---. 1996.
A Dictionary of Modern English Usage.
Oxford: Clarendon Press.
A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, 3rd ed. Revised by R.W.Burchfield Oxford:
Clarendon Press.
Harsh, W.
1968.
The Subjunctive in English. Alabama Linguistic & Philological Series 14.
Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
Huddleston, R. and G. Pullum.
2002.
The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
James, F. 1986.
Semantics of the English Subjunctive. Vancouver: University of British.
Jespersen, O. 1924.
The Philosophy of Grammar.
London: G.Allen & Unwin.
---. 1933.
Essentials of English Grammar.
London: G.Allen & Unwin.
---. 1949.
A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles.
vol. 7. London: G. Allen &
Unwin.
Manabe, K.
1989.
The Syntactic and Stylistic Development of the Infinitive in Middle English.
Fukuoka: Kyushu University Press.
Mustanoja, T. F.
1960.
A Middle English Syntax. Pt. 1. Parts of Speech.
Helsinki: Société
Néophilologique.
OED=The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.
Övergaard, G.
Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1995. The Mandative Subjunctive in American and British English in the 20th
Century. Uppsala: Uppsala University Press.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., and Svartvik, J.
English Language.
Ukaji, M.
1976.
1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the
London: Longman.
“Deletion of the complementizer to in Early Modern English.” SEL 4, 67-77.
Visser, F. Th. 1963-73.
An Historical Syntax of the English Language.
4vols. Leiden: E. j.
Brill.
Zeitlin, J. 1908. The Accusative with Infinitive and some Kindred Constructions in English.
New York: Columbia University Press.
ዊ㊁⨃࡮ਛየବᄦ‫⺆⧷ޡ‬ผ I‫ޢ‬㧨⧷⺆ቇᄢ♽╙ 8 Ꮞ㧪㧔ᄢୃ㙚ᦠᐫ㧘1980㧕
ዊ㊁⨃࡮ਛየବᄦ‫⺆⧷ޡ‬ผ II‫ޢ‬㧨⧷⺆ቇᄢ♽╙ 9 Ꮞ㧪㧔ᄢୃ㙚ᦠᐫ㧘1972㧕
⨹ᧁ৻㓶࡮ቝ⾐ᴦᱜ᦮‫⺆⧷ޡ‬ผ IIIA‫ޢ‬㧨⧷⺆ቇᄢ♽╙ 10 Ꮞ㧪㧔ᄢୃ㙚ᦠᐫ㧘1984㧕
͘!2:8!͘
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㧠㧚ࡠࠪࠕ⺆
目次ページに戻る。
‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ޢ‬0Q㧔㧕
‫ޟ‬ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ㧗േ⹖ਇቯ⹖‫߁޿ߣޠ‬᭴ᢥߦ߅
ߌࠆേ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡ
̆ ᣢሽࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߆ࠄߩ࠺࡯࠲ߦၮߠ޿ߚ
ౣ⸃㉼ ̆
㒙಴Ꮉ ୃཅ
㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
ߪߓ߼ߦ
⃻ઍࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ߩᗧ๧⊛ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯߇㜞ᐲߦᢥᴺൻߐࠇߡ߅
ࠅ㧘ߘߩᗧ๧ࠍᜂ߁‫ޟ‬૕‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᢥᴺ⊛ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ࠍోߡߩേ⹖߇ᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬
ߎߣߪ㧘Ᏹߦߎߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯߇ઁߩᢥᴺ⊛ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߣ⋧੕ߦᓇ㗀ߒว߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣ
ࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘߒߡ㧘ߎߩᢥᴺ⊛ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߪ㧘േ⹖߇ਇቯ⹖ 1ߩᒻᘒߩ႐วߦ߽଻ᜬߐࠇࠆᕈ⾰
ߩ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᕈ⾰ߩߚ߼ߦ⸒⺆૶↪ߦ㓙ߒߡ໧㗴ߣߥߞߡߊࠆߩߪ㧘․ቯߩㅀ
⺆ߣേ⹖ਇቯ⹖߇⚿߮ߟߊ႐วߩ૕ߩᒻᘒߩㆬᛯߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
৻⥸ߦ㧘ㅀ⺆ 2ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ߪ㧘‫ุޟ‬ቯㄉ ɧɟ㧗േ⹖ਇቯ⹖‫ߩޠ‬ᒻᘒߣ⚿߮ߟ߈㧘‫ޟ‬㨪ߖߑࠆ
ࠍ߃ߥ޿‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬㨪ߒߥ޿ࠊߌߦߪ޿߆ߥ޿‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬㨪ߒߥ޿ߢߪ޿ࠄࠇߥ޿‫࡝࠳ࡕ߁޿ߣޠ‬
࠹ࠖߩᗧ๧ࠍ⴫ࠊߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬㓙ߩേ⹖ਇቯ⹖ߩ‫ޟ‬૕‫ߩޠ‬ᒻᘒߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘ቢੌ૕߇ᄙ޿ߣ
޿߁ߎߣ߇ Forsyth ߦࠃߞߡᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔Forsyth 1970: 262-263㧕‫ޕ‬
ᓐߦࠃࠇ߫㧘‫ޡ‬㕖Ᏹߦߒ߫ߒ߫㧘ਇนㆱߩ⃻⽎ߣ޿߁ߩߪ৻࿁ߩേ૞ߥߩߢ㧘ቢੌ
૕ߩേ⹖߇ਇቢੌ૕ߩേ⹖ࠃࠅ߽᥉ㅢ㧔Very frequently the unavoidable phenomenon is a
single action, so that perfective verbs are more common than imperfective verbs,…‫ޣ‬ᓟ⇛╩
⠪‫ޤ‬㧕‫߇ࠆ޽ߢޢ‬㧘ߘࠇߪᏱߦߢߪߥߊ㧘
‫ޡ‬ᜬ⛯ߔࠆ⁁ᘒ߿෻ᓳേ૞ߩ႐วߦߪ㧘ਇቢੌ
૕േ⹖ਇቯ⹖߽↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ㧔In the case of continuous states or repeated actions the
imperfective infinitive is used㧕‫߁޿ߣࠆ޽ߢߩޢ‬㧔Forsyth 1970: 262㧕‫ޕ‬
ߒ߆ߒ㧘ߎߩ Forsyth ߦࠃࠆ‫ޟ‬ቯᑼൻ‫ߪޠ‬㧘ࠃࠅᄙߊߩታ଀ࠍ〯߹߃ߡߩᢙ㊂⊛ߥ
1
ේ⺆ߩ̈ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜ̉ߦኻߒߡߪ㧘ࡠࠪࠕ⺆ቇߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ޟ‬ਇቯᒻ‫߇⺆ⴚ߁޿ߣޠ‬ㅢᏱណ↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ
߇㧘ᧄⓂߢߪࠃࠅ৻⥸⊛ߢ޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޟ‬ਇቯ⹖‫ޕࠆ޿ߡ޿↪ࠍ⺆ⴚ߁޿ߣޠ‬
2
ߎࠇߪࡠࠪࠕ⺆ቇߢߪ޿ࠊࠁࠆ‫ޟ‬ήੱ⒓ㅀ⺆‫ߢ⺆ⴚ߁޿ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߛ߇㧘ᧄⓂߢኻ⽎ߣߒߡ
޿ࠆߩߪోߡήੱ⒓ᢥߢ޽ࠆߚ߼㧘නߦ‫ޟ‬ㅀ⺆‫ޕࠆ޿ߡߒߣޠ‬
͘!2::!͘
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ⵣઃߌߣ޿߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄߔࠆߣਇ⿷ߩ޽ࠆ߽ߩߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘߹ߚ̈ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ̉ߣ⚿߮
ߟߊേ⹖ਇቯ⹖ߩ⺆ᒵߣ޿߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄߩ⠨ኤ߽ᰳߌߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᧄⓂߪ㧘ᣢሽߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߆ࠄߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ↪޿ߡ㧘ߎߩ Forsyth ߩቯᑼൻ߇㧘ታ㓙ߩ
⸒⺆૶↪ࠍ⷗ࠆ਄ߢߤߩ⒟ᐲ⺑᣿ജ߇޽ࠆ߽ߩߥߩ߆ࠍ⏕߆߼㧘߹ߚหᤨߦ㧘⇣ߥߞ
ߚⷺᐲ߆ࠄߎߩ᭴ᢥߦ㑐ߔࠆౣ⸃㉼ࠍ⹜ߺࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⃻ઍࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆᢥᴺ⊛ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߣߒߡߩ‫ޟ‬૕‫ޠ‬
ᢥᴺ⊛ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߣߒߡߩ‫ޟ‬૕‫ޠ‬
⃻ઍࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘േ⹖ߪ‫ޟ‬૕㧔ɜɢɞ㧕‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᢥᴺ⊛ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ࠍᜬߜ㧘ో
ߡߩേ⹖߇‫ޟ‬ቢੌ૕㧔ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ㧕‫ޟߪ޿ࠆ޽ޠ‬ਇቢੌ૕㧔ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ㧕‫ޠ‬
ߩߤߜࠄ߆ߦዻߒߡ޿ࠆߣߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ‫ޟ‬૕‫ߪ࡯࡝ࠧ࠹ࠞ߁޿ߣޠ‬㧘‫⁁ࠆ޽ޡ‬ᴫߩౝ⊛ߥᤨ㑆᭴ㅧߩ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᛠីߩ઀ᣇ
㧔differnt ways of viewing the internal temporal constituency of a situation㧕‫ޢ‬
㧔Comrie 1976:
3㧕ߣ޿߁㧘‫ߩޠ࠻ࠢࡍࠬࠕޟ‬ᗧ๧ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯߇㧘േ⹖ߩᒻᘒ⊛․ᓽࠍ઻ߞߡ⴫ࠊߐࠇ
ࠆ㧘ࡠࠪࠕ⺆㧔෸߮ᄙߊߩࠬ࡜ࡉ⺆㧕ߦ․᦭ߩᢥᴺ⃻⽎ߣߒߡᐢߊ⍮ࠄࠇࠆߣߎࠈߢ
޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᄙߊߩ႐ว㧘ቢੌ⋧㧔Perfective㧕ߩᗧ๧ߪቢੌ૕߇ᜂߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘৻࿁ߩേ૞㧘න৻
ߩ಴᧪੐ࠍឭ␜ߔࠆ㓙ߦߪ㧘ㅢᏱቢੌ૕߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬ኻߒߡ㧘ᧂቢੌ⋧
㧔Imperfective㧕ߩᗧ๧ߪਇቢੌ૕߇ᜂߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬㧘േ૞ߩㆊ⒟߿෻ᓳߔࠆ
േ૞ߥߤߪᄙߊߩ႐วਇቢੌ૕ࠍ↪޿ߡ⴫ࠊߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ౕ૕⊛ߥ଀ࠍ⷗ߡߺࠃ߁㧦
a.
Ɉɧ ɨɬɤɪɵɥ ‫ޣ‬ቢੌ૕࡮ㆊ෰ᒻ࡮නᢙ‫ ޤ‬ɨɤɧɨ.
b.
Ɉɧ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɥ ‫ޣ‬ਇቢੌ૕࡮ㆊ෰ᒻ࡮නᢙ‫ ޤ‬ɨɤɧɨ.
a.ߩ଀ߢߪ㧘ቢੌ૕߇↪޿ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߎࠇߪㆊ෰ߩ޽ࠆ৻ᤨὐߦ߅޿ߡ㧘
‫ޟ‬㐿ߌࠆ‫ޠ‬
ߣ޿߁േ૞߇৻࿁ቢੌߒߚߎߣࠍ␜ߔ㧔⸶㧦‫ޟ‬ᓐߪ⓹ࠍ㐿ߌߚ‫ޠ‬㧕‫ޕ‬
ߘࠇߦኻߒߡ㧘b.ߩ଀ߢߪ㧘ⶄᢙߩ⸃㉼߇น⢻ߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ㆊ෰ߩ޽ࠆ৻ᤨὐߦ߅޿ߡ
ᒰ⹥േ૞߇ㅴⴕਛߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁㧘
‫ޟ‬ㆊ⒟‫㉼⸃߁޿ߣࠆ޿ߡߒࠊ⴫ࠍޠ‬㧔‫ޟ‬ᓐߪ‫ޤᤨߩߘޣ‬
⓹ࠍ㐿ߌࠆߣߎࠈߛߞߚ‫ޠ‬㧕߿㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ߹ߚ㧘ㆊ෰ߩ޽ࠆ৻ቯᦼ㑆ߦ߅ߌࠆ෻ᓳߔࠆ
േ૞ࠍ⴫ࠊߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁⸃㉼߽಴᧪㧔‫ޟ‬ᓐߪ‫ޣ‬૗ᐲ߽‫ࠍ⓹ޤ‬㐿ߌߡ޿ߚ‫ޠ‬㧕㧘ߎࠇߪᦝ
ߦᢥ⣂ߦࠃߞߡߪㆊ෰ߦ߅ߌࠆ⠌ᘠ⊛േ૞ࠍ⴫ࠊߔߎߣߦ߽ߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘߒߡ㧘ߎߩേ⹖ߩ૕ߩᒻᘒߪ㧘੹࿁ߩ⠨ኤߩኻ⽎ߣߥࠆਇቯ⹖ߩ႐วߦ߽଻ᜬߐ
ࠇ㧘਄⸥ߩേ⹖ߩ႐วߦߪߘࠇߙࠇਇቯ⹖ߩᒻᘒߪ̈ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ㧔ቢੌ૕㧕̉㧘
̈ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ
㧔ਇቢੌ૕㧕̉ߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
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േ⹖ߩ⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧㧘ࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ߩᗧ๧‫ޟ‬૕ߩࡍࠕ‫ޠ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘⃻ઍࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߦ߅޿ߡߪࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯߇㜞ᐲߦᢥ
ᴺൻߒേ⹖ᒻᘒ⺰ߦ߹ߢᶐㅘߒߡ޿ࠆ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘વ⛔⊛ߥࡠࠪࠕ⺆ࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻⺰ߢ
ߪ㧘േ⹖ߩᗧ๧ࠍ⠨߃ࠆ㓙ߦߪ㧘േ⹖ߩ‫⺆ޟ‬ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧㧔ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ㧕‫ߣޠ‬㧘
‫ߔࠊ⴫ࠍޠ࠻ࠢࡍࠬࠕޟ‬ᢥᴺ⊛ᗧ๧ߣߒߡߩ‫ޟ‬૕ߩᗧ๧㧔ɜɢɞɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ㧕‫ࠍߣޠ‬ଢ
ቱ⊛ߦಽߌߡ⠨߃ࠆ 3 㨫ࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߩേ⹖ߩᗧ๧ߪ㧘⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧ߣ૕ߩᗧ๧ߩ෺ᣇ߆ࠄߥ
ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ㨫
ߘߒߡᦝߦ㧘⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧ߪห৻ߢ㧘૕ߩᗧ๧ߦ㑐ߒߡߩߺᏅ⇣߇޽ࠆ㧘ੑߟߩᒻᘒ
ߪ㧘‫ޟ‬૕ߩࡍࠕ㧔ɜɢɞɨɜɚɹ ɩɚɪɚ㧕‫߁޿ߣޠ‬᭎ᔨߩਅߦ߹ߣ߼ࠄࠇࠆ‫޿ߣޠࠕࡍޟߩߎޕ‬
߁᭎ᔨߪ㧘ㄉౖਛߩേ⹖ߩ㗄⋡ߩ⸥ㅀߦ㓙ߒߡ߽㧘ኻᔕߔࠆ૕ࠍᜬߟേ⹖߇⷗಴ߒ⺆
ߣਗߴߡ⸥ㅀߐࠇࠆ߶ߤ㧘ࡠࠪࠕ⺆ᢥᴺߩਛߢߪቯ⌕ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
଀߃߫㧘਄ߩ଀ߢ↪޿ߚ㧘
̈ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ̉ߣ̈ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ̉ߣ޿߁ᒻᘒߪ㧘⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧㧔‫ޟ‬㐿
ࠤ࡞‫ޠ‬㧕ߪ౒ㅢߢ㧘ࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻⊛ᗧ๧ߩߺ߇⇣ߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߩߢ㧘ㅢᏱ૕ߩ
ࡍࠕߣߒߡ⹺߼ࠄࠇࠆ 4‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ‫ޟ‬૕ߩࡍࠕ‫ߺ⚵ߡߒߣޠ‬วࠊߐࠇࠆੑߟߩᒻᘒߪ㧘ߎߩ̈ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ – ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ̉
ߩࠃ߁ߥᒻᘒ⺰⊛ߥ౒ㅢᕈࠍ᦭ߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ߇ਥߛ߇㧘̈ɜɡɹɬɶ – ɛɪɚɬɶ㧔ข࡞㧕̉߿
̈ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ – ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ㧔⹤ࠬ㧘⸒࠙㧕̉ߥߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⵬లᴺ㧔ɫɭɩɩɥɟɬɢɜɢɡɦ㧕ߦࠃࠅ૕ߩ
ࡍࠕ߇⸳ቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ႐ว߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
8GPFNGT ߩേ⹖ಽ㘃ߣ૕ߩᒻᘒߣߩ㑐ଥ
Vendler㧔1967㧕ߩേ⹖ಽ㘃ߦࠃߞߡឭ␜ߐࠇ㧘ߘߩᓟࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߩࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻⺰ߦ߽
ᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߚ㧘‫ޟ‬ᵴേ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬㆐ᚑ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬೔㆐‫ޠ‬㧘‫⁁ޟ‬ᘒ‫⺆ߚߞ޿ߣޠ‬ᒵ⊛ࠕࠬ
ࡍࠢ࠻ߣࡠࠪࠕ⺆േ⹖ߩ૕ߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߣߩ㑐ଥࠍ◲ẖߦㅀߴߡ߅ߎ߁‫ޕ‬
ߎߩേ⹖ಽ㘃ߩࡠࠪࠕ⺆േ⹖ߣߩᲧセ㧘ㆡ↪ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘Ƚɥɨɜɢɧɫɤɚɹ㧔2001㧕㧘
ɉɚɞɭɱɟɜɚ㧔1990, 1996, 1998㧕ߥߤߦࠃࠆ⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡ⹦⚦ߦᬌ⸛߇ߥߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߎߢߪȽɥɨɜɢɧɫɤɚɹ㧔2001㧕ߦߥࠄߞߡ㧘⺆ᒵ⊛ࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ߣ૕ߩᒻᘒߣߩ㑐ଥߦ
ߟ޿ߡㅀߴࠆߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧝㧕‫ޡ‬ᵴേ 5㧔activity㧕‫ޢ‬
3
Ƚɥɨɜɢɧɫɤɚɹ㧔1982㧕ߪ㧘േ⹖ߩ⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧ߣ૕ߩᗧ๧ߣߪⲢߌวߞߡ޿ࠆߣਥᒛߒ㧔cf. 1982: 47-54㧕㧘
ߎߎߢㅀߴߚᓥ᧪ߩ┙႐ߣߪ৻✢ࠍ↹ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
4
ߎߎߢߪౖဳ⊛ߥ଀ࠍ↪޿ߡᦨ߽ၮᧄ⊛ߥ⺑᣿ࠍⴕߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߎߩ㧞ߟߩᒻᘒ߇ห৻
ߩ⺆ߩᄌൻᒻߣߺߥߔߩ߆㧔ߟ߹ࠅ⺆ᒻᄌൻ⊛ߥ߽ߩߥߩ߆㧕㧘⇣ߥࠆ⺆ߢ޽ࠆߣߺߥߔߩ߆㧔ߟ߹ࠅ⺆
ಽ㘃⊛ߥ߽ߩߥߩ߆㧕ߦߟ޿ߡߪቇ⠪ߦࠃࠅ⻉⺑ឭ᩺ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᦨ⚳⊛ߥ⸃᳿ࠍ߹ߛ⷗ߡ޿ߥ޿‫ߩߎޕ‬
໧㗴ߦ㑐ߔࠆ◲ẖߥ⸃⺑ߪ Ɂɚɥɢɡɧɹɤ ɢ ɒɦɟɥɟɜ㧔2000: 14-16㧕ࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬
5
ߘࠇߙࠇߩⴚ⺆ߩᣣᧄ⺆⸶ߪᓇጊ㧔1996㧕ߦࠃߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬หᦠߩ Vendler ߩಽ㘃ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⸥ㅀ߽ෳᾖ㧔ᓇ
ጊ 1996: 41-42㧕‫ޕ‬
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ߎࠇߪ㧘ᤨߩਛߦ߅޿ߡㅴⴕߔࠆ‫ޟ‬ㆊ⒟‫ࠅ޽ߢޠ‬㧘ㅪ⛯ߔࠆ‫⋧ޟ‬㧔phase㧕‫ࠄ߆ޠ‬
ߥߞߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩࠍᜰߔ‫ޕ‬Vendler㧔1967㧕ߩ᜼ߍߡ޿ࠆ଀ߦࠃࠇ߫㧘run, walk, swim,
push a cart, drive a car ߥߤ߇ߘࠇࠄࠍ⴫ࠊߔേ⹖ฏߢ޽ࠆߣߐࠇࠆ㧔1967: 107㧕‫߹ޕ‬
ߚ㧘ᰴߩ‫ޡ‬㆐ᚑ㧔accomplishment㧕‫ࠅߥ⇣ߪߣޢ‬㧘‫⚿⚳ޟ‬ὐ㧔terminal point㧕‫ࠍޠ‬ᜬߚ
ߥ޿ߣߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ‫ޟ‬ᵴേ‫ࠆࠇߐࠊ⴫߇ޠ‬႐วߦߪ㧘ࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߢߪ㧘ਇቢੌ૕േ⹖߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ɩɢɫɚɬɶ㧔ᦠࠢ㧕, ɛɟɠɚɬɶ㧔⿛࡞㧕, ɩɟɬɶ㧔᱌࠙㧕, ɤɭɩɚɬɶɫɹ㧔ᵒࠣ㧕, ɢɞɬɢ(ɞɨɠɞɶ)㧔㔎
ࠟ㒠࡞㧕, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ㧔ᒝࡑ࡞㧕, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ㧔Ⴧᄢࠬ࡞㧕, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶɫɹ㧔㜞ࡑ࡞㧕
╬ߩേ⹖߇ߎࠇߦಽ㘃ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ㧘ᰴߦㅀߴࠆ㨬㆐ᚑ㨭ߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ㧘േ૞ߩቢㆀߦⷐߔࠆᦼ㑆ࠍ⴫ࠊߔ̈ɡɚ ɞɜɚ
ɱɚɫɚ㧔㧞ᤨ㑆ߢ㧘㧞ᤨ㑆߆ߌߡ㧕̉ߣ޿߁೽⹖ฏ⴫⃻ߣߪ⚿วߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
㧞㧕‫ޡ‬㆐ᚑ㧔accomplishment㧕‫ޢ‬
ߎࠇߪ㧘ߘࠇ⥄૕߇‫⚿⚳ޟ‬ὐ‫ࠍޠ‬ᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘Vendler㧔1967㧕ߩ᜼ߍ
ߡ޿ࠆ଀ߦࠃࠇ߫㧘paint a picture, make a chair, build a house, write a novel, read a novel,
deliver a sermon, give a class, attend a class, play a game of chess, grow up, push a cart to
the supermarket, recover from illness, get ready for something㧔1967: 107㧕ߥߤ߇ߎࠇߦ
⹥ᒰߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇߪࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߩ႐ว㧘േ⹖ߩᒻᘒߪਇቢੌ૕㧘ቢੌ૕ߩ෺ᣇߦࠃߞߡ⴫ࠊߐࠇ
߁ࠆ‫ޕ‬ቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒߪߎߩേ૞ߩቢㆀࠍ⴫ࠊߒ㧘ਇቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒߪ㧘ߘߩቢㆀߦ޿
ߚࠆࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߩ৻ㇱಽࠍ⴫ࠊߔ‫ޕ‬ɩɢɫɚɬɶ – ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ㧔ᚻ⚕ࡥᦠࠢ㧕, ɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ
– ɧɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɪɭɠɨɱɟɤ㧔౞ࡥឬࠢ㧕, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ – ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɞɨɦ㧔ኅࡥᑪ࠹࡞㧕, ɱɢɬɚɬɶ
– ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ㧔ᚻ⚕ࡥ⺒ࡓ㧕, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ – ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɨɤɧɨ㧔⓹ࡥ㐿ࠤ࡞㧕╬ߩࠃ
߁ߥേ⹖߇ߎߩಽ㘃ߦᒰߡߪ߹ࠆ㧔ߎߎߢ᜼ߍߚ଀ߢߪ޿ߕࠇ߽㧘ᦨೋߩᒻᘒ߇ਇ
ቢੌ૕േ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ㧕‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ㧘਄ߩ‫ޟ‬ᵴേ‫ࠅߥ⇣ߪߣޠ‬㧘̈ɡɚ ɞɜɚ ɱɚɫɚ̉ߣ޿߁⴫⃻ߣ⚿วߢ߈ࠆ㧔଀ᢥߪ
Ƚɥɨɜɢɧɫɤɚɹ 2001 ࠃࠅ㧧଀ᢥߩ㗡ߩ * ߪ㕖ᢥࠍ⴫ࠊߔ㧕‫ޕ‬
*ə ɛɟɠɚɥ䇼ਇቢੌ૕࡮ㆊ෰ᒻ࡮නᢙ䇽 ɡɚ ɞɜɚ ɱɚɫɚ.
*ə ɪɢɫɨɜɚɥ 䇼ਇቢੌ૕࡮ㆊ෰ᒻ࡮නᢙ䇽 ɡɚ ɬɪɢ ɦɢɧɭɬɵ.
ə ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ 䇼ቢੌ૕࡮ㆊ෰ᒻ࡮නᢙ䇽 ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɡɚ ɞɜɚ ɱɚɫɚ.
⑳ߪ㧞ᤨ㑆ߢߘߩᚻ⚕ࠍᦠ߈⚳߃ߚ‫ޕ‬
ə ɧɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɥ䇼ቢੌ૕࡮ㆊ෰ᒻ࡮නᢙ䇽 ɤɪɭɠɨɤ ɡɚ ɬɪɢ ɦɢɧɭɬɵ.
⑳ߪ㧟ಽߢ౞ࠍឬ߈⚳߃ߚ‫ޕ‬
㧟㧕‫ޡ‬೔㆐㧔achievement㧕‫ޢ‬
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ߎࠇߪ㧘േ⹖ߘࠇ⥄૕ߪ㧘ߘߩ⁁ᴫ߇ቢㆀߒߚ႐วࠍឭ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘⧷
⺆ߦ߅޿ߡߪ⃻࿷ㅴⴕᒻߦࠃߞߡ㧘ߘߩ⁁ᴫ㆐ᚑ߳ߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍឭ␜ߔࠆߎߣ߇಴
᧪ߥ޿㧔̈He reached a summit.̉ߦኻߒߡ̈He is reaching a summit.̉ߪ‫ޟ‬ㆊ⒟‫⴫ࠍޠ‬
ߐߥ޿㧕‫ߡߒߘޕ‬૗ࠄ߆ߩ⁁ᘒߩᄌൻࠍ઻߁߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ‫ޟ‬೔㆐‫ߪߢ⺆ࠕࠪࡠߪޠ‬㧘ቢੌ૕േ⹖ߦࠃߞߡ⴫ࠊߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ㧔᳇ઃ
ࠢ㧕, ɧɚɣɬɢ㧔⷗࠷ࠤ࡞㧕, ɩɪɢɣɬɢ㧔೔⌕ࠬ࡞㧕, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ㧔೔㆐ࠬ࡞㧕ߣ޿ߞߚേ
⹖߇ߎߩಽ㘃ߦᒰߡߪ߹ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇߪ㧘ᰴߩ‫⁁ޟ‬ᘒ‫ࠅߥ⇣ߪߣޠ‬㧘
̈ɞɨɥɝɨ㧔㐳ߊ㧘㐳޿ߎߣ㧕̉╬ߩᜬ⛯ᦼ㑆ࠍ⴫
ࠊߔ೽⹖ฏߣߪߣ߽ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬
*ə ɞɨɥɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥ 䇼ਇቢੌ૕࡮ㆊ෰ᒻ࡮නᢙ䇽 ɩɢɫɶɦɨ.
*ə ɞɜɚ ɱɚɫɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥ 䇼ਇቢੌ૕࡮ㆊ෰ᒻ࡮නᢙ䇽 ɤ ɧɟɦɭ.
ߘߩ৻ᣇߢ㧘޽ࠆᤨὐࠍ⴫ࠊߔ೽⹖ฏ㧘଀߃߫̈ɜ ɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ㧔ߘߩᤨ㧕̉㧘̈ɜ
ɞɜɚ ɱɚɫɚ㧔㧞ᤨߦ㧕̉ߥߤߣ⚿߮ߟߊߎߣ߇಴᧪ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ȼ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɚ ɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ 䇼ቢੌ૕࡮ㆊ෰ᒻ࡮නᢙ䇽 ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ.
㧟ᤨߦ⑳ߪ㗂਄ߦ೔㆐ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ə ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥ䇼ቢੌ૕࡮ㆊ෰ᒻ࡮නᢙ䇽 ɟɝɨ ɪɨɜɧɨ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɱɚɫɚ.
⑳ߪߜࠂ߁ߤ㧞ᤨߦᓐߦ᳇ઃ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
㧠㧕‫⁁ޡ‬ᘒ㧔states㧕‫ޢ‬
ߎࠇߪ㧘ਇቢੌ૕േ⹖ߦࠃߞߡ⴫ࠊߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ɡɧɚɬɶ㧔⍮࠶࠹ࠗ࡞㧕, ɥɸɛɢɬɶ㧔ᗲࠪ
࠹ࠗ࡞㧕, ɜɟɪɢɬɶ㧔ାࠫ࠹ࠗ࡞㧕, ɫɤɭɱɚɬɶ㧔኎ࠪࠢᕁ࠙㧕, ɬɨɫɤɨɜɚɬɶ㧔Ⴇࠗ࠺ࠗ࡞㧕,
ɛɨɥɟɬɶ㧔∩ࡓ㧕, ɜɢɫɟɬɶ㧔ដࠞ࠶࠹ࠗ࡞㧕, ɫɬɨɹɬɶ㧔┙࠶࠹ࠗ࡞㧕, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ㧔ࠕ࡞㧘
ሽ࿷ࠬ࡞㧕, ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ㧔ࡒ࠽ࠬ㧘ᕁ࠙㧕ߥߤߩേ⹖߇ߎߩಽ㘃ߦᒰߡߪ߹ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇߪ㧘ɞɨɥɝɨ ╬ߩᜬ⛯ᦼ㑆ࠍ⴫ࠊߔ೽⹖ฏߣߪߣ߽ߦ↪޿ࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ㧦
ə ɡɧɚɥɚ䇼ਇቢੌ૕࡮ㆊ෰ᒻ࡮නᢙ䇽 ɟɝɨ ɞɜɚ ɝɨɞɚ.
⑳ߪ㧞ᐕ㑆ᓐࠍ⍮ߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
ə ɦɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɬ ɥɸɛɥɸ䇼ਇቢੌ૕࡮⃻࿷ᒻ࡮නᢙ䇽 ɟɝɨ.
⑳ߪ㐳ᐕᓐߩߎߣࠍᗲߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘߩ৻ᣇߢ㧘޽ࠆᤨὐࠍ⴫ࠊߔ೽⹖ฏߣߪߣ߽ߦ↪޿ࠆߎߣߪ಴᧪ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
*ȼ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɚ ɹ ɡɧɚɥ (ɥɸɛɢɥ)䇼ਇቢੌ૕࡮ㆊ෰ᒻ࡮නᢙ䇽 ɟɝɨ.
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ߎࠇࠄࠍ〯߹߃ߚ਄ߢ㧘੹࿁ኻ⽎ߣߔࠆ̈ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ㧗േ⹖ਇቯ⹖̉ߣ޿߁᭴ᢥߩᗧ
๧᭴ㅧࠍ⠨߃ߡߺࠆߎߣߦߒࠃ߁‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ᭴ᢥߦ߅޿ߡ߅੕޿ߦᓇ㗀ߒ޽ߞߡ޿ࠆߩߪ㧘̈ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ̉ߣ޿߁ᒻᑼ߇ᜂߞ
ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޟ‬㨪ߖߑࠆࠍ߃ߥ޿‫ߩࠖ࠹࡝࠳ࡕ߁޿ߣޠ‬ᗧ๧㧘േ⹖ਇቯ⹖ߩ⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧㧘ߘ
ߒߡหߓߊേ⹖ߩᜬߟࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ߩᗧ๧㧔૕ߩᗧ๧㧕ߩ㧟ߟߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇࠄߩ⋧㑐㑐ଥࠍᮨᑼ⊛ߦ⴫ࠊߔߣએਅߩࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬㧭㧘㧮㧘㧯ߘࠇߙࠇߩ⍫
ශߪߘࠇߙࠇߩᗧ๧ⷐ⚛߇߅੕޿ߦ⋧㑐㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⴫ࠊߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
േ⹖ਇቯ⹖
⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧
̈ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ̉ 㧭
ࡕ࠳࡝࠹ࠖߩᗧ๧
㧯
㧔㨪ߖߑࠆࠍ߃ߥ޿㧕
㧮
ࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ߩᗧ๧
ߎࠇࠍ⷗ࠆߣ㧘౨㗡ߦᒁ↪ߒߚ Forsyth ߩ⸥ㅀߪ㧘਄⸥ߩ㧟ߟߩ⋧㑐㑐ଥߩ߁ߜߩ㧘
㧮ߩ㑐ଥߦᵈ⋡ߒߚ⺑᣿ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬
એਅߢߪ㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߆ࠄߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ↪޿㧘Forsyth ߇⸒෸ߒߥ߆ߞߚ㧭ߩ㑐ଥ㧔ࡕ࠳
࡝࠹ࠖߩᗧ๧ߣേ⹖ߩ⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧ߣߩ⋧㑐㑐ଥ㧕ߣ㧯ߩ㑐ଥ㧔േ⹖ߩ⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧ߣࠕ
ࠬࡍࠢ࠻ߩᗧ๧ߣߩ⋧㑐㑐ଥ㧕ߦᵈ⋡ߒߥ߇ࠄ⠨ኤࠍട߃ߡ޿ߊߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ㧘એਅᧄⓂߢߪߎߩ‫ޟ‬ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ㧗േ⹖ਇቯ⹖‫⚿߁޿ߣޠ‬วࠍ̈ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ㧗Inf̉
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ᧄ⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡ૶↪ߒߚࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ෸߮࠺࡯࠲ߦߟ޿ߡ
࠴ࡘ࡯ࡆࡦࠥࡦᄢቇߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߢ⾗ᢱߩ෼㓸ߩὑߦ↪޿ߚࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߪ㧘࠴ࡘ࡯ࡆࡦࠥࡦᄢቇߩࠨࠗ࠻ౝߢឭ
ଏߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ 6ࠍ೑↪ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
⸒⺆⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡ⸒⺆⾗ᢱߩ✚૕ߣߒߡߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩዉ౉߇ㅴࠎߢ޿ࠆ⧷⺆࿤╬
6
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ߢឭଏ㧘ᵴ↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߣᲧセߔࠆߣ㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߘࠇ⥄૕ߣߒߡ
ߪਇ஻ߥὐ߇ᢙᄙߊ޽ࠆ߇㧘ࡠࠪࠕ⺆ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚ߽ߩߢ਌ߟ৻⥸ߦ೑↪߇น⢻ߥ߽
ߩߣߒߡߪ㧘໑৻ߩ߽ߩߣ૏⟎ઃߌࠆߎߣ߇಴᧪ࠆ 7‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠨࠗ࠻ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ߘߩᕈᩰߏߣߦ㧘
‫⃻ޟ‬ઍ⺆ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ޟ‬㧞㧜਎♿ᢥቇ૞ຠࠦ
࡯ࡄࠬ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬㧝㧥਎♿ᢥቇ૞ຠࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ‫ߣޠ‬ᄢ߹߆ߦಽ㘃ߒឭଏߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇ
ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆߩߪએਅߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫⃻ޣ‬ઍ⺆ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ‫ޤ‬
࡮ ࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ㧦1988㨪89 ᐕߩᣂ⡞࡮⑼ቇᢥ₂߆ࠄߩ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻㧘1960
㨪88 ᐕߩᢥቇ૞ຠ╬߆ࠄߩ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ 8㧘✚⺆ᢙ 100 ਁ⺆
࡮ ࠗࡦ࠲ࡧࡘ࡯ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ㧦1996 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2002 ᐕߩฦ⒳ࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻਄ߩࠨ
ࠗ࠻ߩࠗࡦ࠲ࡧࡘ࡯⸥੐߆ࠄߩ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻㧘✚⺆ᢙ 288423 ⺆
࡮ ‫ޠࠢ࡯࡚࠾ࠟࠕޟ‬㧦หฬ㔀⹹㧔Ɉɝɨɧɟɤ㧕ߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ ߩ 1996㨪2002
ᐕߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻਄ߩ⸥੐ߩ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻
‫ޣ‬㧞㧜਎♿ᢥቇ૞ຠࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ‫ޤ‬
࡮ ‫࠽࠾࡯࡝ࡑޟ‬㧔Ⱥ.Ɇɚɪɢɧɢɧɚ㧕‫ޠ‬
࡮ ‫ࡈࠦ࡯ࠟ࡞ࡉޟ‬ᢔᢥ㧔Ɇ. Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ: ɉɪɨɡɚ㧕‫ޠ‬
࡮ ‫ࡈࠦ࡯ࠟ࡞ࡉޟ‬ㆬ㓸㧔Ɇ. Ȼɭɥɝɚɤɨɜ: ɋɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ㧕‫ޠ‬
࡮ ‫ࡈࠦࡃࠖ࡞ޟ‬㧔Ⱥ.Ɋɵɛɚɤɨɜ㧕‫ޠ‬
࡮ ‫ࡈ࡝ࠗޟ‬㧘ࡍ࠻ࡠࡈ㧔ɂɥɶɮ ɢ ɉɟɬɪɨɜ㧕‫ޠ‬
࡮ ‫ࠗࠠ࠷ࠟ࡞࠻ࠬޟ‬ఱᒉ㧔Ⱥ. & Ȼ. ɋɬɪɭɝɚɰɤɢɟ㧕‫ޠ‬
࡮ ‫ޟ‬ផℂዊ⺑㧔Ⱦɟɬɟɤɬɢɜɵ㧕‫ޠ‬
‫ޣ‬㧝㧥਎♿ᢥቇ૞ຠࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ‫ޤ‬
࡮ ‫ࠗ࠻ࠬ࡞࠻࡮ࡈ࡟ޟ‬㧔Ʌ.Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ㧕‫ޠ‬
࡮ ‫ࡈࡀ࡯ࠥ࡞࠘࠻ޟ‬㧔ɂ. Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜ㧕‫ޠ‬
࡮ ‫࡯ࠠࠬࡈࠛ࠻ࠬ࠼ޟ‬㧔Ɏ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɢɣ㧕‫ޠ‬
࡮ ‫ࡈࠦࠬ࡟ޟ‬㧔ɇ. Ʌɟɫɤɨɜ㧕‫ޠ‬㧦
޿ߕࠇߩࠦ࡯ࡄ߽ࠬᢥᴺᖱႎࠍ⴫ࠊߔ޿ࠊࠁࠆ‫߇ޠࠣ࠲ޟ‬ઃടߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߚ߼㧘
⚐☴ߥᢥሼ೉ᬌ⚝ߩߺ߇น⢻ߢ㧘ᢥᴺᖱႎࠍട߃ߡߩᬌ⚝ߪ಴᧪ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ߁ߜ޿ߊߟ߆ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦߪ㧘⃻ᤨὐ㧔2004 ᐕ 2 ᦬⃻࿷㧕ߢਇ஻ߥ
7
ߥ߅㧘ߎߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ⹦⚦ߦߟ޿ߡߪዊᨋ㧔2003㧕߽ෳᾖߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬
࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ㧔The Uppsala Russian Corpus㧕ߩ᭎ⷐߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ᄢቇߩࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫ
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ὐ߇޽ࠅ㧘࠺࡯࠲ߣߒߡ૶↪ߢ߈ߥ޿߽ߩ߇޽ࠆ 9‫ޕ‬
੹࿁૶↪ߒߚࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ㧘࠺࡯࠲ߩណ㓸ᣇᴺ
੹࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߢߪ㧘਄⸥ߩ߁ߜ㧘࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ㧘ࠗࡦ࠲ࡧࡘ࡯ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ㧘
‫࠾ࠟࠕޟ‬
࡚࡯ࠢ‫ࠬࡄ࡯ࠦޠ‬㧘
‫ޠ࠽࠾࡯࡝ࡑޟ‬㧘
‫ࠗࠠ࠷ࠟ࡞࠻ࠬޟ‬ఱᒉ‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ޟ‬ផℂዊ⺑‫ߩࠇߙࠇߘߩޠ‬
ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߆ࠄߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍណ↪ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇߪ㧘⃻࿷↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆࡠࠪࠕ⺆ࠍⷰኤߔࠆߣ޿߁⋡⊛ࠍ╙৻ߦ⟎޿ߚߚ߼ߢ
޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩߚ߼੹࿁ߪ㧞㧜਎♿ඨ߫એ㒠ߦᦠ߆ࠇߚߣ್ᢿߢ߈ࠆ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ↪޿ࠆߎߣ
ߦߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ၮḰ߆ࠄ㧝㧥਎♿ߩᢥቇ૞ຠ߆ࠄߩ࠺࡯࠲ߪណ↪ߢ߈ߥ޿ߣ್ᢿߒ੹࿁
ߪኻ⽎߆ࠄ㒰ᄖߒߚ‫ࡈ࡝ࠗߣࡈࠦࡃࠖ࡞ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ࡍ࠻ࡠࡈߩ࠺࡯࠲ߪ਄ߦㅀߴߚਇ஻
߇޽ࠆߚ߼㧘ណ↪ߒߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇࠄ㧡ߟߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦ߅޿ߡ㧘
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ឭ␜ߐࠇߚ⚿ᨐߩਛ߆ࠄ㧘േ⹖ߩਇቯ⹖ࠍ઻ߞߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩࠍᚻ૞ᬺߦࠃࠅᛮ߈಴ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ᢙ㊂⊛⚿ᨐ
ᓧࠄࠇߚࠨࡦࡊ࡞ᢙ
਄⸥ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦ߅޿ߡᒰ⹥ᢥሼ೉ࠍᬌ⚝ߒߚ⚿ᨐ㧘ో࠺࡯࠲ᢙߪ 159 ଀ߢ㧘ߘߩ߁
ߜ̈ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ㧗Inf̉ߩ᭴ᢥߢ޽ࠆߣߺߥߖࠆ଀ߪ 157 ଀⷗ࠄࠇߚ 11‫ޕ‬
ฦࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߏߣߩࠨࡦࡊ࡞ᢙߪએਅߩㅢࠅߢ޽ࠆ㧔࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦߟ޿ߡߪᣂ
⡞࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߣᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ࠍಽߌߡឭ␜ߒߡ޽ࠆ㧕‫ޕ‬
‫࡞ࡊࡦࠨߩߣߏࠬࡄ࡯ࠦޣ‬ᢙ‫ޤ‬
ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬฬ
ࠨࡦࡊ࡞✚ᢙ
9
╩⠪߇⏕⹺ߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡ㧘߹ߕ‫ߪߢࠬࡄ࡯ࠦߩޠࡈࠦࡃࠖ࡞ޟ‬㧘࠺࡯࠲ߣߒߡ಴ജߐࠇࠆ࠹ࠠࠬ
࠻ߩฏ⺒ᴺ߇ᱜ⏕ߢߥ޿߽ߩ߇޽ࠆ‫ࡈ࡝ࠗޟߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ࡍ࠻ࡠࡈ‫ߪߢࠬࡄ࡯ࠦߩޠ‬㧘ᬌ⚝ߩࡅ࠶࠻ᢙߪឭ␜
ߐࠇࠆ߇㧘⢄ᔃߩ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻࠺࡯࠲߇⴫␜ߐࠇߥ޿‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ਇౕว߇╩⠪ߩⅣႺߦ㒢ߞߡ⊒↢ߔࠆ߽ߩߥ
ߩ߆ߤ߁߆ߦߟ޿ߡߪ⃻࿷⺞ᩏਛߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
10
੹࿁࠺࡯࠲ࠍ෼㓸ߔࠆ㓙ߦߪ౉ജߦ࡜࠹ࡦᢥሼࠍ↪޿ߚ߇㧘หࠨࠗ࠻ߢߪࠠ࡝࡞ᢥሼࠍ౉ജߔࠆߎߣߦ
ࠃߞߡ߽ᬌ⚝߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫߅ߥޕ‬㧘ߎߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ࠠ࡝࡞ᢥሼߩ࡜࠹ࡦᢥሼ߳ߩォ౮
ⷙೣ߇⧯ᐓ․ᱶߥ߽ߩߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫࡞࡝ࠠޕ‬ᢥሼߩ㖸ߣ࡜࠹ࡦᢥሼߣߩኻᔕ⴫ߪએਅߩ㨁㧾㧵ࠍෳᾖߐࠇ
ߚ޿㧦
http://www.sfb441.uni-tuebingen.de/b1/en/translit.html
11
ᒰߡߪ߹ࠄߥ߆ߞߚ㧞଀ߪᰴߩ߽ߩ㧦
࡮ ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ.㧔ߘࠇ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿ߩߪ㧘නߦߘ
ࠇ߇޿߆ߥࠆᴺߦࠃߞߡ߽ⷙቯߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿߆ࠄ߫߆ࠅߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬㧕
‫ࠬࡄ࡯ࠦ࡜ࠨࡊ࠙ޣ‬㧔ᣂ⡞࠹ࠠࠬ࠻㧕‫ޤ‬
࡮ ɏɭɥɢɝɚɧɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɬɪɨɟɦ ɢ ɜɱɟɬɜɟɪɨɦ, ɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɬɭ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ
ɭɞɚɪɢɬɶ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɩɥɸɧɭɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ.㧔ߏࠈߟ߈㆐ߪ㧟ੱ㧘㧠ੱߢ৻ੱࠍ᡹᠄ߔࠆߎߣ߇಴᧪ࠆ߇㧘ࠗ
ࡦ࠹࡝ߩᣇߪ㧘Აࠅ㄰ߔߎߣߛߌߢߥߊ㧘ⴊࠍฯ߈߆ߌࠆߎߣ߽಴᧪ߥ޿‫ޕ‬㧕
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157 ଀
ਅ⴫߇㧘᭴ᢥਛߩേ⹖ਇቯ⹖ߩ‫ޟ‬૕‫ߩޠ‬ᒻᘒߩ೎ࠍട߃ߡ࠺࡯࠲ࠍᢛℂߒߚ߽ߩߢ
޽ࠆ‫࡞ࡊࡦࠨߩߣߏࠬࡄ࡯ࠦޕ‬ᢙߣߣ߽ߦ␜ߔߣ㧘એਅߩㅢࠅߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ޣ‬ฦࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߏߣߩ࠺࡯࠲ᢙ‫ޤ‬
ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬฬ
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ቢੌ૕
ਇቢੌ૕
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25 ଀
18
7
4଀
1
3
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1଀
1
0
‫ޠࠢ࡯࡚࠾ࠟࠕޟ‬
82 ଀
61
21
‫ޠ࠽࠾࡯࡝ࡑޟ‬
0଀
0
0
‫ޠࠗࠠ࠷ࠟ࡞࠻ࠬޟ‬
8଀
5
3
‫ޟ‬ផℂዊ⺑‫ޠ‬
34 ଀
15
19
101
53
㧔ᣂ⡞࠹ࠠࠬ࠻㧕
࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ
㧔ᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻㧕
⸘
154 ଀
12
਄⴫ߩㅢࠅ㧘ߎࠇࠄ 154 ଀ߩ߁ߜ㧘⚿วߒߡ޿ࠆേ⹖ߩਇቯ⹖߇㧘ቢੌ૕ߩ߽ߩߪ
101 ଀޽ࠅ㧘৻ᣇ㧘ਇቢੌ૕ߩ߽ߩߪ 53 ଀޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ↪޿ߚᧄᩰ⊛ߥ⎇ⓥࠍⴕ߁ߚ߼ߦߪ㧘੹࿁ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߩᢙ㊂ߪ⛘ኻ⊛ߦਇ
⿷ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪุ߼ߥ޿‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘⃻ᤨὐߢᣢሽߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߆ࠄ౉ᚻߢ߈ࠆ
࠺࡯࠲ߪߎࠇ߇ోߡߢ޽ࠅ㧘એਅߢߪߘߩᢙ㊂ߩዋߥߐࠍ⹺⼂ߒߟߟ߽㧘వⴕ⎇ⓥߣ
ߪ⇣ߥߞߚⷞὐ߆ࠄߩⷰኤࠍⴕߥߞߡ޿ߊߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
12
ᱷࠅߩ 3 ଀ߪ̈ɛɵɬɶ̉ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎࠇߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޟ‬േ⹖‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᨒౝߢߪᝒ߃ߕ㧘੹࿁ߩኻ⽎߆ࠄߪ㒰ᄖ
ߒߚ‫߅ߥޕ‬㧘⃻ࠇߚ଀ߢߪ̈ɛɵɬɶ̉ߪ޿ߕࠇ߽ㅪㄉߣߒߡᯏ⢻ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᓟߦㅧᩰᒻߩฬ⹖㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪᒻ
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േ⹖⺆ᒵߩ࠺࡯࠲
߹ߕ਄ߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ㧘⺆ᒵࠍၮḰߦߒߡᢛℂߒߡߺࠃ߁‫ޕ‬
એਅߦ੹࿁ⷰኤߩኻ⽎ߣߔࠆో 154 ଀ߦ⃻ࠇߚേ⹖ࠍ㧘⺆ᒵߏߣߦ಴⃻ᢙߩᄙ޿㗅
ߦਗߴߡ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ਅ⴫ߪ㧘Ꮐ߆ࠄ㗅ߦ㧘ᒰ⹥േ⹖ߩߘࠇߙࠇ㧘
‫⺆ޟ‬ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ޟ‬ቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒ‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ߩߘޟ‬
಴⃻ᢙ㧔ଢቱ⊛ߦ㧭ߣߔࠆ㧕‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬ਇቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒ‫ޠ‬㧘‫ߩߘޟ‬಴⃻ᢙ㧔ห㧮㧕‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬ว⸘ߩ಴
⃻ᢙ㧔㧭ߣ㧮ߩ๺㧕‫ߣޠ‬ឭ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߥ߅㧘એਅߩ࠺࡯࠲ਛߦߪ㧘ኻᔕߔࠆ૕ߩᒻᘒࠍᜬߚߥ޿㧔ߟ߹ࠅߤߜࠄ߆৻ᣇߩ
૕ߩᒻᘒߒ߆ᜬߚߥ޿㧕‫ޟ‬න૕േ⹖㧔ɨɞɧɨɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ㧕‫ߪޠ‬฽߹ࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ 13‫ޕ‬
‫⺆ޣ‬ᒵߩ࠺࡯࠲Ԙ㧔಴⃻ᢙ㧞એ਄㧕‫ޤ‬
⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧
ቢੌ૕
಴⃻ᢙ
ਇቢੌ૕
㧔㧭㧕
಴⃻ᢙ
಴⃻ᢙ
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2
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੹࿁ኻ⽎ߣߒߥ߆ߞߚන૕േ⹖ߪᰴߩㅢࠅ㧔޿ߕࠇ߽ਇቢੌ૕㧕㧦
ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ, ɜɨɫɬɨɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ, ɝɨɪɞɢɬɶɫɹ, ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɤɭɪɢɬɶ, ɩɨɜɢɞɚɬɶɫɹ, ɪɚɫɬɢ, ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ
14
ߎߩേ⹖ߦߪਇቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒߣߒߡ㧞ߟߩᒻᘒ߇⸳ቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫੹ޕ‬࿁ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߢߪߘߩߤߜࠄ߽⃻ࠊ
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߹ߚ㧘਄⸥ߩઁߦ✚಴⃻ᢙ߇㧝ߛߞߚേ⹖ߪએਅߩ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬૕ߩᒻᘒߪ㧘ᦨೋ
ߦቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒ㧘ᰴߦਇቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒߩ㗅ߢឭ␜ߒߡ޽ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ਅ⴫ਛᄥሼߦߥߞ
ߡ޿ࠆᒻᘒ߇ታ㓙ߦ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ౝߦ⃻ࠊࠇߚᒻᘒߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫⺆ޣ‬ᒵߩ࠺࡯࠲ԙ㧔಴⃻ᢙ߇㧝ߩ߽ߩ㧕‫ޤ‬
ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ – ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ㧔ᚯ࡞㧕, ɜɥɸɛɢɬɶɫɹ – ɜɥɸɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ㧔ᗀ࡟࡞㧕, ɜɧɟɫɬɢ – ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ㧔ᜬ
࠴ㄟࡓ㧕, ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ – ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ㧔೑↪ࠬ࡞㧕, ɜɩɚɫɬɶ – ɜɩɚɞɚɬɶ㧔㒱࡞㧕, ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ
– ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ㧔 ඙೎ࠬ࡞㧕, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ – ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ㧔 ㆀⴕࠬ࡞㧕, ɞɚɬɶ – ɞɚɜɚɬɶ㧔 ਈࠛ࡞㧕, ɞɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ
– ɞɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ㧔ା㗬ࠬ࡞㧕, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ – ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ㧔ḩ࠲ࠬ㧕, ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ – ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ㧔⸥ᙘ
ࠬ࡞㧕, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ – ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ㧔ታⴕࠬ࡞㧕, ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ – ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ㧔ฬઃࠤ࡞㧕, ɧɚɩɢɬɶɫɹ –
ɧɚɩɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ㧔චಽ㘶ࡓ㧕, ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɶ – ɧɚɪɭɲɚɬɶ㧔უࠬ㧕, ɨɬɤɥɢɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ – ɨɬɤɥɢɤɚɬɶɫɹ㧔෻㗀
ࠬ࡞㧕, ɨɬɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ – ɨɬɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ㧔ႎ๔ࠬ࡞㧕, ɩɨɞɢɜɢɬɶɫɹ – ɞɢɜɢɬɶɫɹ㧔㛳ࠢ㧕, ɩɨɞɭɦɚɬɶ –
ɞɭɦɚɬɶ㧔⠨ࠛ࡞㧕, ɩɨɟɯɚɬɶ – ɟɯɚɬɶ㧔಴ࠞࠤ࡞㧕, ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢɬɶɫɹ – ɩɨɤɥɨɧɹɬɶɫɹ㧔ፏ᜙ࠬ࡞㧕,
ɩɨɪɚɞɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ – ɪɚɞɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ㧔༑ࡉ㧕, ɩɨɪɚɡɢɬɶɫɹ – ɩɨɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ㧔ࡅ࠼ࠢ㛳ࠢ㧕, ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ –
ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ㧔⷗࡞㧕, ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ – ɞɟɥɚɬɶ㧔ⴕ࠽࠙㧕, ɫɨɞɪɨɝɚɬɶɫɹ – ɫɨɞɪɨɝɧɭɬɶɫɹ㧔ࠝࡁࡁࠢ㧕,
ɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ – ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ㧔⷗࠷ࠤ࡞㧕, ɭɫɬɚɬɶ – ɭɫɬɚɜɚɬɶ㧔∋࡟࡞㧕
એ਄߇̈ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ㧗Inf̉ߣ޿߁᭴ᢥߦ⃻ࠇࠆേ⹖⺆ᒵߢ޽ࠆ㨫
ߎࠇࠄߩേ⹖⺆ᒵߪ㧘ߘߩᗧ๧․ᓽߦᔕߓߡᰴߩࠃ߁ߦᄢ߹߆ߦಽ㘃߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᄢㇱಽߩേ⹖ߪ㧘એਅߩಽ㘃ߩߤࠇ߆ߦዻߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧝㧕Vendler ߩಽ㘃ߩ‫ޟ‬೔㆐‫ߩࡊࠗ࠲ޠ‬േ⹖
㧔 ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ – ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɶ, ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ – ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ, ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ – ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ, ɩɪɢɣɬɢ –
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ ߥߤ㧕
㧞㧕⊒ ⸒㧘หᗧ߿ᗧ⷗ߥߤࠍ⴫ࠊߔ‫⸒⊒ޟ‬㧘ᘒᐲߩ⴫᣿‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߔࠆേ⹖
㧔ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ – ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ – ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ – ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ, ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ –
ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ, ɨɬɞɚɬɶ – ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ, ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ – ɰɟɧɢɬɶ ߥߤ㧕
㧟㧕Vendler ߩಽ㘃ߩ‫⁁ޟ‬ᘒ‫ߩࡊࠗ࠲ޠ‬േ⹖
㧔ɩɨɥɸɛɢɬɶ – ɥɸɛɢɬɶ, ɜɨɫɯɢɬɢɬɶɫɹ – ɜɨɫɯɢɳɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ – ɜɟɪɢɬɶ, ɩɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ –
ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ߥߤ㧕
㧠㧕⠨ ᘦ㧘ℂ⸃ߥߤߩ㧘⍮⊛ᵴേߦၮߠ޿ߚ‫ޟ‬ᕁ⠨‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߔࠆേ⹖
㧔ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ – ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ – ɭɱɢɬɶ, ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ – ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɧɹɬɶ – ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ߥߤ㧕
ߐࠄߦ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩಽ㘃ߦዻߔࠆേ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘૕ߩᒻᘒߩ಴⃻ಽᏓࠍ⷗ࠆߣ㧘޽
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ࠆಽ㘃ߩേ⹖⺆ᒵߦߟ޿ߡߪቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒ߇ኾࠄ↪޿ࠄࠇ㧘߹ߚ೎ߩ⺆ᒵߦߟ޿ߡߪ
ਇቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒ߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߣ޿߁৻ቯߩ௑ะ߇޽ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᰴ▵ߢߪ㧘ߘߩ૕ߩᒻᘒߩ⃻ࠊࠇߦߟ޿ߡ㧘㗫ᐲᢙߩ㜞߆ߞߚ߽ߩࠍਛᔃߦߒߡ⷗
ߡⴕߊߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
⺆ᒵߩಽ㘃ߏߣߩ․ᓽ
਄⴫ࠍ⷗ߡ߽ಽ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘․ቯߩേ⹖ߩ႐วߦߪ㧘ቢੌ૕ߣਇቢੌ૕ߩߤߜࠄ߆
৻ᣇߩ૕߇ఝవ⊛ߦ⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬
એਅߢߪ㧘ߤߜࠄߩ૕ߩᒻᘒ߇ఝ൓ߢ޽ࠆ߆ߦᔕߓߡ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇࠍᬌ⸛ߒߡ޿ߊߎ
ߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒ߇ఝ൓ߥ⺆ᒵ
ߎߎߢߪ㧘ቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒ߇ᄙߊ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩࠍ⷗ߡ޿ߎ߁‫ޕ‬
‫ޟ‬೔㆐‫ߩࡊࠗ࠲ޠ‬േ⹖
߹ߕᦨೋߦ㧘Vendler ߩേ⹖ಽ㘃ߩ߁ߜߩ‫ޟ‬೔㆐‫ߦޠ‬ಽ㘃ߢ߈ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߢ
޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ޟޣ‬೔㆐‫ߩࡊࠗ࠲ޠ‬േ⹖‫ޤ‬
⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧
ቢੌ૕
಴⃻ᢙ
ਇቢੌ૕
಴⃻ᢙ
㨪࠺ࠕ࡞ࠦ࠻࠾᳇
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9
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1
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7
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0
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4
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0
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2
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0
ઃࠢ㧘ᜰ៰ࠬ࡞
ᜰ៰ࠬ࡞
ᕁࠗ಴ࠬ㧘ᗐ⿠ࠬ࡞
೔⌕ࠬ࡞
ߎߩ࠲ࠗࡊߩേ⹖ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߢߪ㧘ቢੌ૕߇࿶ୟ⊛ߦఝ൓ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
໑৻ਇቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒ߇⃻ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߪએਅߩ଀ᢥߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Ʉɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɧɚɞɨ, ɧɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ ɜ
ɥɭɱɲɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ.
ə, ɩɪɢɟɡɠɚɹ, ɡɚɦɟɱɚɸ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɲɚɝɭ.
߽ߜࠈࠎᛕ್ߪߒߥߊߡߪ޿ߌߥ޿߇㧘޿޿ᣇะ߳ߩᄢ߈ߥᄌൻࠍ⹺߼ߥ޿ࠊߌߦ
ߪ޿߆ߥ޿‫ࠆ᧪ߪ⑳ޕ‬ᐲߦ⛘߃ߕߘࠇࠍ⋡ߦߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ࠬࡄ࡯ࠦޠࠢ࡯࡚࠾ࠟࠕޟޣ‬㧘2001 ᐕ 22 ภ‫ޤ‬
ߎߩ଀ߢߪ㧘⋡⊛⺆߇̈ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ̉ߣⶄᢙߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ㧘ߐࠄߦᓟߩ
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ߩ෻ᓳߣ್ᢿߔࠆߎߣ߇಴᧪ࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫⸒⊒ޟ‬㧘ᘒᐲߩ⴫᣿‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߔࠆേ⹖
ᰴߦቢੌ૕߇ఝ൓ߥߩߪ㧘૗ࠄ߆ߩ⊒⸒㧘หᗧ㧘⹏ଔߥߤߣ޿ߞߚ㧘ᐢ޿ᗧ๧ߢߩ
૗ࠄ߆ߩᘒᐲߩ⴫᣿ߣ㑐ㅪߔࠆ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫⸒⊒ޟޣ‬㧘ᘒᐲߩ⴫᣿‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߔࠆേ⹖‫ޤ‬
⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧
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16
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㨪࠺ࠕ࡞࠻⹺ࡔ࡞
⹏ଔࠬ࡞
(ɞɨɥɠɧɨɟ)
ߎࠇࠄߩਛߢ໑৻ਇቢੌ૕߇↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ଀ߪએਅߩ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ
ɨɛ
Ɋɇȿ,
ɧɟɥɶɡɹ
ɧɟ
ɨ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ
ɟɜɪɟɣɫɤɨɦ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ,
ɨɧ
ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɣ.
RNE ߦߟ޿ߡ⹤ߔᤨߦߪ࡙࠳ࡗੱ໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡ⹤ߐߥ޿ࠊߌߦߪⴕ߆ߥ޿‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬
ၮᧄ⊛ߥ໧㗴ߥߩߛ‫ޕ‬
‫ࠬࡄ࡯ࠦޠࠢ࡯࡚࠾ࠟࠕޟޣ‬㧘1999 ᐕ 6 ภ‫ޤ‬
ߎࠇߪ㧘ᒰ⹥േ૞ߩ෻ᓳ߇ᗧ⼂ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߚ߼ߦਇቢੌ૕߇↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ⸃㉼
ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ਇቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒ߇ఝ൓ߥ⺆ᒵ
ઁᣇ㧘޽ࠆ৻ቯߩേ⹖⺆ᒵߢߪ㧘ਇቢੌ૕߇ᄙߊ⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫⁁ޟ‬ᘒ‫ߩࡊࠗ࠲ޠ‬േ⹖
߹ߕ㧘Vendler ߦࠃࠆಽ㘃ߩਛߩ㧘‫⁁ޟ‬ᘒ‫ࡊࠗ࠲ޠ‬㧘ߣࠅࠊߌ㧘♖␹⊛ߥ⁁ᘒࠍ⴫ࠊ
ߔേ⹖⟲ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫⁁ޟޣ‬ᘒ‫ߩࡊࠗ࠲ޠ‬േ⹖‫ޤ‬
⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧
ቢੌ૕
಴⃻ᢙ
ਇቢੌ૕
಴⃻ᢙ
ᗲࠬ࡞
ɩɨɥɸɛɢɬɶ
0
ɥɸɛɢɬɶ
7
ା࠭࡞
ɩɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ
1
ɜɟɪɢɬɶ
3
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ɂ ɟɟ ɜɫɟ ɥɸɛɹɬ , ɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɢɬɶ, ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɞɨɛɪɨɬɵ ɢ
ɠɢɡɧɟɪɚɞɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ, ɫ
ɛɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɟɤɲɢɦɢ ɧɨɝɚɦɢ, ɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɬɨ ɢ ɞɟɥɨ ɫɞɚɟɬ.
Ⱥɪɤɚɞɢɣ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɢɱ Ⱥɞɚɦɨɜ; «Ɂɥɵɦ ɜɟɬɪɨɦ.»
ᓐᅚߪ⊝ߦᗲߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧘ᗲߐߕߦߪ޿ࠄࠇߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓐᅚߦߪༀ⦟ߐ߿ᭉᄤ
ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫߃޿ߪߣޕ‬㧘ᓐᅚߪஜᐽ⊛ߥੱ㑆߆ࠄߪ⒟㆙ߊ㧘∛⊛ߦᄥߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘⿷ߪ
ਔ⿷ߣ߽∛ࠎߢ߻ߊࠎߢߒ߹ߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᔃ⤳ߪ߭ߞ߈ࠅߥߒߦ⣂ࠍੂߔߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ޣ‬ផℂዊ⺑ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ‫ޤ‬
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘໑৻ ɩɨɱɭɜɫɬɨɜɨɜɚɬɶ – ɱɭɜɫɬɨɜɨɜɚɬɶ ߩࡍࠕߪᝄࠆ⥰޿ࠍ⇣ߦߒߡ߅
ࠅ㧘ቢੌ૕߇ኾࠄ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ɗɬɨ ɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ , ɧɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ: ɨɛɧɚɞɟɠɢɜɚɟɬ
ɫɬɚɪɢɤ!
ߎࠇߪᚒ‫ߊోߪߦޘ‬ℂ⸃ߢ߈ߥ޿߇㧘ߒ߆ߒߎߩߎߣࠍᗵߓߕߦߪ޿ࠄࠇߥ޿㧦⠧
ੱ߇ర᳇ઃߌߡ޿ࠆߩߛ㧍
‫ޣ‬Ɉɝɨɧɟɤ ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ 1998 ᐕ 51 ภ‫ޤ‬
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɲɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬ, ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ.
଀߃߫ᓐߩᦠᢪߦ౉ࠆߣߔࠆߣ㧘ߘߩߎߣߦ᳇ߠ߆ߕߦߪ޿ࠄࠇߥ޿ߩ‫ޕ‬
‫ޣ‬Ɉɝɨɧɟɤ ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ 2000 ᐕ 18 ภ‫ޤ‬
ߎࠇࠄߪ㧘ᓥ᧪ߩ⺑᣿ߦࠃࠇ߫㧘޿ࠊࠁࠆቢੌ૕ߩ‫⊛␜଀ޟ‬ᗧ๧㧔ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ-ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ㧕15‫߇ޠ‬ታ⃻ߒߡ޿ࠆ႐วߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߇㧘ߥߗߎߩേ⹖ߦ㒢ࠅߎߩᗧ
๧߇ታ⃻ߔࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁໧޿ߦኻߔࠆ⸃ࠍ᳞߼ࠆߎߣߪ㧘ᧄⓂߩ▸࿐ࠍᄢ߈ߊ಴ࠆ߽
ߩߣߥࠆ‫ߪߢߎߎޕ‬Ꮕߒᒰߚࠅ଀ᢥߩឭ␜ߛߌߦߣߤ߼ߡ߅ߊߎߣߦߔࠆ 16‫ޕ‬
15
ቢੌ૕ߩ‫⊛␜଀ޟ‬ᗧ๧‫ߪޠ‬㧘
‫ߚߒߣ߈↢߈↢ޟ‬ឬ౮ࠍߔࠆߚ߼ߦන৻ߩ߽ߩߣߒߡឭ␜ߐࠇࠆ෻ᓳേ૞‫ޠ‬
ࠍ⴫ࠊߔ㧔cf. Ɂɚɥɢɡɧɹɤ ɢ ɒɦɟɥɟɜ 2000: 19㧕‫ߩߎޕ‬ᗧ๧ߦߟ޿ߡߪઁߦ㧘Ȼɨɧɞɚɪɤɨ㧔1971㧕෸߮ Ɋɚɫɫɭɞɨɜɚ
㧔1982㧕ߥߤࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬
16
ታ㓙㧘ߎࠇࠄߩേ⹖ߪ㧘Ƚɥɨɜɢɧɫɤɚɹ㧔1982, 2001㧕ߦࠃࠆ૕ߩࡍࠕߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ਇቢੌ૕߇
‫ᤨ⹤⊒ޟ‬ὐߦ߅޿ߡ޽ࠆ⁁ᘒߦ޽ࠆߎߣ‫ߒࠊ⴫ࠍޠ‬㧘ቢੌ૕߇‫⁁ߩߘޟ‬ᘒ߳ߩᄌൻ㧘෸߮⊒⹤ᤨὐߦ߅޿
ߡߘߩ⁁ᘒߦ޽ࠆߎߣ‫ࠆࠇߐߣߔࠊ⴫ࠍޠ‬Φဳߦಽ㘃ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧔cf. Ƚɥɨɜɢɧɫɤɚɹ 2001: 108-124㧕‫ޕ‬
ߘߒߡߎࠇࠄߪ㧘ᓐᅚߩ⺰ߦᓥ߃߫૕ߩࡍࠕߩਛߢ߽߆ߥࠅ๟ㄝ⊛ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ૏⟎ઃߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽
ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬Φဳࠍ᭴ᚑߒߡ޿ࠆേ⹖ߪ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇᗧ๧߇ዋߒߕߟ⇣ߥߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘႐วߦࠃߞߡߪߎ߁
ߒߚᗧ๧⊛ߥᓸᅱߥᏅ⇣߇ਇቯ⹖ߩᒻᘒߢߩ⃻ࠇᣇߩᏅ⇣ߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ࠆน⢻ᕈ߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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‫ޟ‬⠨ᘦ‫ޟ߿ޠ‬ℂ⸃‫ߚߞ޿ߣޠ‬ᕁ⠨ߦࠃࠆᵴേߦ㑐ߔࠆേ
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⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧
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0
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1
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ
1
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ࡍࠕࠍߥߔߣㅢᏱߺߥߐࠇߡ޿ࠆቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒߪ⃻ࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ.
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ⱥɗɋ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ
ɢɯ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ
ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɬɪɟɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ.
ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯໧㗴ߦ߅ߌࠆ౒ㅢߔࠆⶄ㔀ߥ⁁ᴫ߽⠨ᘦߦ౉ࠇߥ޿ࠊߌߦߪ޿߆ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ේሶജ⊒㔚ᚲߩᑪ⸳ࡊ࡜ࡦߪ❗ዊߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߘߩ቟ోᕈߩะ਄ߦ㑐ߔࠆ૞ᬺ㊂ࠍ
㆐ᚑߔࠆߎߣ㧘ߘߩ㧟ಽߩ㧝߇ቯᩰߩ⾗Ḯࠍ↢↥ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧘Ἣജ⊒㔚ᚲߩౣᑪࠍታ
⃻ߔࠆߎߣ߇ⷐ᳞ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ࠬࡄ࡯ࠦ࡜ࠨࡊ࠙ޣ‬㧔ᣂ⡞࠹ࠠࠬ࠻㧕‫ޤ‬
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɥɨɪɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ.
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦߒߡ㧘ᕈᓎഀߩᐔဋ࠺࡯࠲߇⃻ታߣߒߡߘߩ߹߹ᱷߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㧘
ߎߩ⑼ቇᛛⴚߩㅴᱠߩᤨઍߦ⠨ᘦߦ౉ࠇߥ޿ࠊߌߦߪ޿߆ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
‫ࠬࡄ࡯ࠦ࡜ࠨࡊ࠙ޣ‬㧔ᣂ⡞࠹ࠠࠬ࠻㧕‫ޤ‬
਄ߩੑ଀ࠍ⷗ߡ߽ಽ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ߎࠇࠄߪ․ߦേ૞ߩ෻ᓳߣ޿ߞߚᢥ⣂߇ήߊ㧘ߘ
ߩߚ߼ㅢᏱߥࠄቢੌ૕߇੍ᗐߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥᢥ⣂ߢ߽㧘ਇቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒ߇⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇ߇␜ໂߔࠆߎߣߪ㧘ਔᒻᘒߩᏅ⇣߇㧘නߥࠆࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ߩᏅ⇣ߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘
⺆ᒵߣߒߡߩᗧ๧߇ᧄ⾰⊛ߦ⇣ߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘ߎࠇࠄߩേ⹖
⺆ᒵߪ㧘ዋߥߊߣ߽ߎߩ᭴ᢥߢ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ႐วߦ㒢ߞߡ⸒߃߫㧘ቢੌ૕㧘ਇቢੌ૕ߩ
17
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ࠅ㧘ߎߎߢߪ೎ߩ⺆ᒵߣߒߡᛒߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬႐วߩ̈ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ̉ߪ㧘਄ߦㅀߴߚ‫ޟ‬೔㆐‫ߩࡊࠗ࠲ޠ‬േ⹖
ߦዻߔߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ㧘੐ታቢੌ૕ߩߺ߇⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ਔᒻᘒߪࡍࠕࠍᚑߒߡ޿ߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߇಴᧪ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ▵ߩ߹ߣ߼
ߎߩ▵ߢߪ㧘೨▵ߢⴕߥߞߚ㧘
‫ޟ‬೔㆐‫ࡊࠗ࠲ޠ‬㧘
‫⸒⊒ޟ‬㧘ᘒᐲߩ⴫᣿‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߔࠆേ⹖㧘
‫⁁ޟ‬ᘒ‫ࡊࠗ࠲ޠ‬㧘
‫ޟ‬ᕁ⠨‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߔࠆേ⹖ߣ޿߁ߘࠇߙࠇߩಽ㘃ߦᔕߓߡ㧘૕ߩᒻᘒߩ⃻
ࠊࠇᣇߩ௑ะࠍ⷗ߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬
‫ޟ‬೔㆐‫ࡊࠗ࠲ޠ‬㧘෸߮‫⸒⊒ޟ‬㧘ᘒᐲߩ⴫᣿‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߔࠆേ⹖ߪ㧘ߎߩ᭴ᢥߦ߅޿ߡߪ
ኾࠄቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒ߇⃻ࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ਇቢੌ૕߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߩߪ෻ᓳߥߤߩᢥ⣂߇⹺߼ࠄࠇ
ࠆ႐วߢ޽ࠆ㨫
৻ᣇ㧘‫⁁ޟ‬ᘒ‫ޟߣࡊࠗ࠲ޠ‬ᕁ⠨‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߔࠆേ⹖ߪ㧘⧯ᐓߩ଀ᄖߪ޽ࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘ਇቢ
ੌ૕ߩᒻᘒ߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߇࿶ୟ⊛ߦᄙ޿㨫
ߎߩಽ㘃ߦዻߔࠆേ⹖ߪ㧘෻ᓳߣ޿߁ᢥ⣂߇․ߦߥ޿႐ว㧔ߒߚ߇ߞߡቢੌ૕߇੍
ᗐߐࠇࠆ႐ว㧕ߢ߽㧘ਇቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒ߇⃻ࠊࠇࠆ㨫ߘߩߚ߼㧘ߎࠇࠄߩേ⹖ߩ㧞ߟߩᒻ
ᘒߪࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ߩᗧ๧ߩߺߢኻ┙ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧ߦ㑐ߒߡᏅ⇣߇޽
ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ㧘૕ߩࡍࠕࠍᚑߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⹺߼ࠄࠇߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㨫
ߎࠇࠄߩ⚿ᨐࠍ⴫ߩᒻߢ◲ẖߦ߹ߣ߼ࠆߣએਅߩࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ޣ‬േ⹖ߩಽ㘃ߣ૕ߩᒻᘒߩ⋧㑐‫ޤ‬
േ⹖ߩᗧ๧ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ
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஻⠨
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ਇቢੌ૕
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႐วߢ߽ቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒߪ
⃻ࠊࠇߥ޿
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ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘
̈ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ㧗ɧɟ㧗Inf̉ߣ޿߁᭴ᢥߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ᣢሽࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ↪޿ߡ㧘
వⴕ⎇ⓥߩਇ஻ࠍ⵬߁ߴߊ⠨ኤࠍⴕߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ᭴ᢥߦ߅޿ߡ߅੕޿ߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃วߞߡ޿ࠆᗧ๧ⷐ⚛ߣߒߡߪ㧘ࡕ࠳࡝࠹ࠖߩ
ᗧ๧㧘േ⹖ߩ⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧㧘ߘߒߡേ⹖ߩࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ߩᗧ๧ߩ㧟ߟ߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ᭴ᢥߦ㑐ߔࠆ੐ታ਄໑৻ߩవⴕ⎇ⓥߢ޽ࠆ Forsyth ߦࠃࠆ⸥ㅀߪ㧘ߏߊ৻ㇱߩ
੐଀ࠍᛒߞߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘਄⸥ߩ㧟ߟߩᗧ๧ⷐ⚛ߩ⻉㑐ଥߩ߁ߜ㧘ࡕ࠳࡝࠹ࠖߩᗧ๧
ߣࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ߩᗧ๧ߣߩ㑐ଥߦ㊀ὐࠍ⟎޿ߚ⸥ㅀߒ߆ߥߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
߹ߕ㧘ߎߩ᭴ᢥߩࡕ࠳࡝࠹ࠖߩᗧ๧ߣേ⹖ߩ⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧ߩ㑐ଥߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ
߆ࠄߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ↪޿ߡߎߩ᭴ᢥߦ߅޿ߡ⃻ࠊࠇࠆേ⹖⺆ᒵࠍ⺞ߴߚߣߎࠈ㧘․ቯߩᗧ
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๧․ᓽࠍ߽ߟ⺆ᒵ߇ᄙߊ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇࠄߩേ⹖⺆ᒵߪ㧘ߘߩᗧ๧․ᓽߦᔕߓߡᄢ߈ߊ㧠ߟߦಽ㘃߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠇߘޕ‬
ߪߔߥࠊߜ㧘Vendler ߩേ⹖ಽ㘃ߩ߁ߜߩ‫ޟ‬೔㆐‫ߩࡊࠗ࠲ޠ‬േ⹖㧔ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ – ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɶ,
ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ – ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ, ɩɪɢɣɬɢ – ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ ߥߤ㧕㧘‫⸒⊒ޟ‬㧘ᘒᐲߩ⴫᣿‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߔࠆേ⹖
㧔ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ – ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ – ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ – ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ, ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ –
ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ, ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ – ɰɟɧɢɬɶ ߥߤ㧕㧘Vendler ߩಽ㘃ߩ‫⁁ޟ‬ᘒ‫ߩࡊࠗ࠲ޠ‬േ⹖㧔ɩɨɥɸɛɢɬɶ
– ɥɸɛɢɬɶ, ɩɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ – ɜɟɪɢɬɶ, ɜɨɫɯɢɬɢɬɶɫɹ – ɜɨɫɯɢɳɚɬɶɫɹ ߥߤ㧕㧘ߘߒߡ‫ޟ‬ᕁ⠨‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߔ
ࠆേ⹖㧔ɭɱecɬɶ – ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ – ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ, ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ – ɜɢɞɟɬɶ㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘߒߡ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩಽ㘃ߦዻߔࠆേ⹖ߩ૕ߩᒻᘒߩ⃻ࠊࠇߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆߣ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩ
ಽ㘃ߢߤߜࠄ߆৻ᣇߩᒻᘒ߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߣ޿߁ᒝ޿௑ะ߇޽ࠆߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬
߹ߕ㧘
‫ޟ‬೔㆐‫ߩࡊࠗ࠲ޠ‬േ⹖㧘ߘߒߡ‫⸒⊒ޟ‬㧘ᘒᐲߩ⴫᣿‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߔࠆേ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘
ቢੌ૕߇߽ߞ߬ࠄ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬േ⹖ߢਇቢੌ૕߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߩߪ㧘ᒰ⹥േ૞
ߩ෻ᓳߣ޿߁ᢥ⣂߇޽ࠆ႐วߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᰴߦ㧘‫⁁ޟ‬ᘒ‫ߩࡊࠗ࠲ޠ‬േ⹖ߣ㧘‫ޟ‬ᕁ⠨‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߔࠆേ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ਇቢੌ૕ߩᒻᘒ
߇ఝ൓ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬േ⹖ߪ㧘ᒰ⹥േ૞߇න৻ߩേ૞ߩ႐วߢ޽ߞߡ߽㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ
෻ᓳߩᢥ⣂߇ߥ޿ߣ್ᢿߢ߈ࠆ႐วߦ߽㧘ਇቢੌ૕߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᓥߞߡ㧘ߎߩ㧞ߟߩേ⹖ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦߟ޿ߡ⸒߃߫㧘৻⥸⊛ߦࡍࠕࠍᚑߔߣߐࠇߡ޿
ࠆ㧞ߟߩᒻᘒߦߪ㧘ࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻ߩᗧ๧ߩᏅ⇣ߦࠃࠆኻ┙ߢߪߥߊ㧘⺆ᒵ⊛ᗧ๧ߦ㑐ߒ
ߡᏅ⇣߇޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ㧘ߘߩߚ߼ߎߩ㧞ᒻᘒ߇ࡍࠕࠍᚑߒߡ޿ࠆߣ್ᢿߔࠆߎߣߪ
࿎㔍ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
߽ߜࠈࠎ㧘੹ᓟᦝߥࠆ࠺࡯࠲ߩ⵬ల߇ᔅⷐߥߎߣߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘੹࿁⺞ᩏࠍⴕ
ߥߞߚ▸࿐ౝߢߩᥳቯ⊛ߥ⚿⺰ߣߒߡߪએ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
߅ࠊࠅߦ㧧੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴
ᧄ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆ੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡߪ㧘ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥߎߣ߇᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
੹࿁࠺࡯࠲ࠍណขߔࠆߦ޽ߚࠅ㧘̈ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ㧗Inf̉ߣ޿߁⚿ว߇ಽ㔌ߒߡ⃻ࠇࠆ႐
ว㧘ߟ߹ࠅ‫ޟ‬ɧɟ㧗Inf ̆̆ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ.‫⺆ߚߞ޿ߣޠ‬㗅ߩ႐ว߇฽߹ࠇߡ޿ߥ޿‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬
⺆㗅ࠍขࠆࠤ࡯ࠬߪ㧘ᢥߦ߅ߌࠆᖱႎ᭴ㅧ߇૞↪ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᄙߊߪߥ޿߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
੹࿁ߪࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ㒢⇇ߣ޿߁໧㗴߽޽ࠅ㧘࠺࡯࠲ߦട߃ࠆߎߣߪ಴᧪ߥ߆ߞ
ߚ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟߎࠇࠄߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍട߃ߚ਄ߢ⠨ኤࠍ⛯ߌࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
ᰴߦ㧘੹࿁ᛒߞߚ̈ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ㧗Inf̉ߦട߃ߡ㧘ห᭽ߩࡕ࠳࡝࠹ࠖߩᗧ๧ࠍ⴫ࠊߔ߽
ߩߦ㧘േ⹖ ɦɨɱɶ ߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޟ‬ɧɟ ɦɨɱɶ ɧɟ㧗േ⹖ਇቯ⹖‫⚿߁޿ߣޠ‬ว߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇߪࡠࠪࠕ⺆⛔⺆⺰ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘੹࿁ኻ⽎ߣߒߚ೨⠪߇ήੱ⒓ᢥ㧘ᓟ⠪߇ੱ⒓ᢥ
ߣ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇ⛔⺆⺰਄⇣ߥࠆ࠲ࠗࡊߩᢥࠍᒻᚑߔࠆ‫⚿ߩߎޕ‬วߩ಴⃻㗫ᐲᢙ㧘޽ࠆ޿
ߪߎߩ⚿วߦ߅ߌࠆേ⹖⺆ᒵߩ․ᓽ㧘෸߮ߘߩ૕ߩ⃻ࠇᣇߦߟ޿ߡ߽⠨ኤࠍട߃㧘੹
࿁ᓧࠄࠇߚ⚿ᨐߣᲧセᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘⸒⺆૶↪ߩ਄ߢߩήੱ⒓ᢥߣੱ⒓ᢥߩᐔ
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ⴕᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆᬌ⸛߽น⢻ߦߥࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ㧘ࡠࠪࠕ⺆ࠍᛒߞߚࠦ࡯ࡄࠬో૕ߦ㑐ߔࠆᦨᄢߩ໧㗴ߣߒߡߪ㧘⛘ኻ⊛ߥ✚⺆
ᢙߩਇ⿷㧘߹ߚ⹤ߒ⸒⪲ߩ࠺࡯࠲߇ዋߥ޿ߣ޿߁ὐ╬߇᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘ᧄⓂ
ߢឭ಴ߒߚ⚿⺰ߪ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽ᥳቯ⊛ߥᕈᩰࠍᜬߟߦߣߤ߹ࠆ߽ߩߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫߁ߎޕ‬
ߒߚὐߪ੹ᓟࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ᭴▽ߦ㓙ߒߡ㊀ὐ⊛ߦ⸃ᶖࠍ࿑ߞߡ޿ߊߴ߈ㇱಽߢ
޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘੹࿁ߩ⎇ⓥߪ޿ߊߟ߆ߩ໧㗴ὐࠍᛴ߃ߚ߽ߩߣߥߞߡߪ޿ࠆ߇㧘ߒ
߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ᧄ⎇ⓥߦࠃߞߡ㧘⃻ઍࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߩࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡ੹ᓟࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ
ࠍ↪޿ߚ⎇ⓥߦࠃࠆ⵬⿷߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ᄙዋߥࠅߣ߽␜ߖߚߩߢߪߥ޿߆
ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߆ࠄߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ೑↪ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢࡀ࡯࠹ࠖࡧࠬࡇ࡯ࠞ࡯ߩ⋥
ⷰ߳ߩଐሽᐲ߇㜞߆ߞߚࡠࠪࠕ⺆ࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻⎇ⓥࠍ㧘⇣ߥߞߚⷺᐲ߆ࠄ⵬ቢߒ㧘ୃᱜ
ߒߡ޿ߊ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪᡷ߼ߡⵣઃߌߡ޿ߊߣ޿ߞߚߎߣ߇น⢻ߦߥࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎ߁ߒߚὐࠍ〯߹߃㧘੹ᓟ߽੹࿁ߩኻ⽎ߦኻߒߡ࠺࡯࠲ߩ෼㓸ࠍ⛮⛯ߒ㧘ᦝߥࠆ⠨
ኤࠍട߃ߡ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬
ᒁ↪ᢥ₂
Ȼɨɧɞɚɪɤɨ 1971 ̆ Ȼɨɞɧɞɚɪɤɨ Ⱥ.ȼ.
ȼɢɞ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ (ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ). Ʌ., 1971.
Ƚɥɨɜɢɧɫɤɚɹ 1982̆ Ƚɥɨɜɢɧɫɤɚɹ Ɇ.ə. ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɜɢɞɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ
ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ. Ɇ., 1982.
Ƚɥɨɜɢɧɫɤɚɹ 2001 ̆ Ƚɥɨɜɢɧɫɤɚɹ Ɇ.ə.
Ɇɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ. Ɇ., 2001.
Ɂɚɥɢɡɧɹɤ ɢ ɒɦɟɥɟɜ 2000 ̆ Ɂɚɥɢɡɧɹɤ Ⱥɧɧɚ Ⱥ., ɒɦɟɥɟɜ Ⱥ.Ⱦ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɭɸ
ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɥɨɝɢɸ. Ɇ., 2000.
ɉɚɞɭɱɟɜɚ 1990 ̆
ɉɚɞɭɱɟɜɚ ȿ.ȼ.
ȼɢɞ ɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ (ɨɬ
ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ).
Russian
linguistics 14. 1-18.
ɉɚɞɭɱɟɜɚ 1996 ̆ ɉɚɞɭɱɟɜɚ ȿ.ȼ.
ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɇ., 1996.
ɉɚɞɭɱɟɜɚ 1998 ̆ ɉɚɞɭɱɟɜɚ ȿ.ȼ.
Ɉɩɵɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ
ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
Russian linguistics 22. 35-58.
Ɋɚɫɫɭɞɨɜɚ 1982 ̆ Ɋɚɫɫɭɞɨɜɚ Ɉ.ɉ.
ɍɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ
ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ. Ɇ., 1982.
C OMRIE , Bernard. 1976.
problems.
Aspect. An introduction to the study of verbal aspect and related
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
͘!327!͘
目次ページに戻る。
FORSYTH , J. 1970.
A Grammar of Aspect
Usage and meaning in the Russian verb.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
VENDLER, Zeno. 1967.
''Verbs and times''.
Linguistics in Philosophy.
Ithaca, New York:
Cornell University Press.
ᓇጊᄥ㇢ 1996: ‫ޟ‬േ⹖ᗧ๧⺰̆⸒⺆ߣ⹺⍮ߩធὐ̆‫ޠ‬㧘ߊࠈߒ߅಴ 㧚
ዊᨋẖ 2003: ‫ࡦࠥࡦࡆ࡯ࡘ࠹࡮࠷ࠗ࠼ޟ‬ᄢቇߩࡠࠪࠕ⺆ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ‫ޠ‬㧘ࡠࠪࠕ⺆⎇ⓥળ
ᧁੑળᐕႎ‫⎇⺆ࠕࠪࡠޡ‬ⓥ‫ ╙ޢ‬16 ภ㧚
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‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ޢ‬0Q㧔㧕
ࡠࠪࠕ⺆↵ᕈฬ⹖ⶄᢙਥᩰ࡮ኻᩰᒻߩ
ࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻ߦ㑐ߔࠆࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ⎇ⓥ
㧙࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ࠺࡯࠲ߣߒߡ㧙
⑺ጊ ⌀৻
㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
ߪߓ߼ߦ
⃻ઍࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߪ⸒⺆㘃ဳ⺰ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄⲢว⊛(fusional)߹ߚߪዮ᛬⊛(flectional)⸒⺆ߦᢙ
߃ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ2㧘ฬ⹖߽ᕈ㧔↵ᕈ࡮ᅚᕈ࡮ਛᕈ㧕㧘ᢙ㧔නᢙ࡮ⶄᢙ㧕㧘ᩰ㧔ਥᩰ࡮↢ᩰ࡮ਈᩰ࡮
ኻᩰ࡮ㅧᩰ࡮೨⟎ᩰ㧕ߦࠃࠆᄌൻࠍߔࠆߎߣ߇⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ฬ⹖ߩᄌൻߪᄢඨ
߇ⷙೣ⊛ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩฬ⹖ᄌൻࡄ࡜࠳ࠗࡓߦ߅޿ߡ↵ᕈฬ⹖ߪⶄᢙਥᩰ࡮ኻᩰߦ߅޿ߡ⺆የߣߒߡ/-i/㧔ࡠ
ࠪࠕ⺆ߩ⴫⸥਄-ɵ ޽ࠆ޿ߪ-ɢ ߢ㧘ࡠ࡯ࡑሼォ౮ᓟߩ⴫⸥ߣߒߡߪ-y ޽ࠆ޿ߪ-i ߢ⃻ࠇࠆ㧕
ࠍ᦭ߔࠆ‫଀ޕ‬㧦‫ޟ‬Ꮏ႐‫ޠ‬ɡɚɜɨɞ zavod (Sg.Nom.) ̆ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ zavody (Pl.Nom.)3
ߘߩ৻ᣇߢ㧘ߏߊ৻ㇱߩ↵ᕈฬ⹖ߦߪⶄᢙਥᩰ࡮ኻᩰᒻߩ⺆የߣߒߡ/-a/㧔ࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߩ⴫
⸥਄-ɚ ޽ࠆ޿ߪ-ɹ ߢ㧘ࡠ࡯ࡑሼォ౮ᓟߩ⴫⸥ߣߒߡߪ-a ޽ࠆ޿ߪ-ja ߢ⃻ࠇࠆ㧕߇⹺߼ࠄ
ࠇࠆ‫଀ޕ‬㧦‫ޟ‬ㇺᏒ‫ޠ‬ɝɨɪɨɞ gorod (Sg.Nom.) ̆ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ goroda (Pl.Nom.)
߶ߣࠎߤߩ⺆ߦ߅޿ߡⶄᢙਥᩰ࡮ኻᩰߩ⺆የߣߒߡ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟ߽ߩ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟ
߽ߩߪߘࠇߙࠇߦቯ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ ߒ߆ߒޕ‬RJE1998 ߥߤߩᜰ៰ߦࠃࠆߣ㧘ⶄᢙਥᩰ࡮ኻᩰᒻ
ߩᒻᘒ⊛ߥࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻ࠍ߽ߟ߽ߩ㧘ߟ߹ࠅ⺆የ/-i/ߣ⺆የ/-a/ߣߩਔᣇࠍ߽ߟ߽ߩ߇৻ㇱ
ሽ࿷ߔࠆߣ޿߁4‫ޕ‬
ߎ߁ߒߚⶄᢙਥᩰ࡮ኻᩰߩࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻ߣߒߡ⺆የ/-i/ߣ⺆የ/-a/ߣߩਔᣇࠍᜬߟ⺆ߦ㑐
ߒ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩ૶↪௑ะࠍࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ↪޿ߡಽᨆߔࠆߎߣ߇᜕Ⓜߩ⋡⊛ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
1
⃻ઍࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߢߪฬ⹖ߦᵴേ૕࡮ਇᵴേ૕ߩ඙೎߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬නᢙߢߪ↵ᕈฬ⹖ߩኻᩰᒻߩߺ߇ᵴേ૕࡮ਇᵴേ૕
ߩ⋧㆑ߦၮߠߊᒻᘒ⊛ߥᏅ⇣ࠍ߽ߟ߇㧘ⶄᢙߢߪߘߩฬ⹖ߩᕈߦ㑐ࠊࠄߕኻᩰߦ߅޿ߡᵴേ૕࡮ਇᵴേ૕ߩ⋧㆑
ߦၮߠߊᒻᘒ⊛ߥᏅ⇣߇⃻ࠇࠆ‫޿⸒ޕ‬឵߃ࠇ߫㧘ਇᵴേ૕ฬ⹖ߩⶄᢙኻᩰᒻߪⶄᢙਥᩰᒻߣ৻⥌ߔࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘ᵴ
േ૕ฬ⹖ߢߪⶄᢙਥᩰߣⶄᢙኻᩰߩᒻᘒ߇⇣ߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
᜕Ⓜߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޟ‬ਥᩰ࡮ኻᩰ‫ߪ⸥⴫߁޿ߣޠ‬㧘
‫ޟ‬ਥᩰ߅ࠃ߮ߘࠇߣหᒻߩኻᩰ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᗧ๧ߢ↪޿ࠆߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߟ߹ࠅ㧘ᵴേ૕ฬ⹖ߩኻᩰᒻߪ᜕Ⓜߢᛒࠊߥ޿ߎߣߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
2
3
4
Comrie,B. Language universals and linguistic typology, Second edition, Chicago, 1989 pp.44-45
⇛ภ৻ⷩ Sg.:singular නᢙ㧘Pl.:plural ⶄᢙ㧘Nom.:Nominative ਥᩰ
RJE1998:61-64
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వⴕ⎇ⓥ
↵ᕈฬ⹖ߩⶄᢙਥᩰ࡮ኻᩰߩࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻ߢ޽ࠆ⺆የ/-i/ߣ⺆የ/-a/ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘࠺࡯࠲ߦ
ၮߠߊ⠨ኤࠍߒߚ߽ߩߩઍ⴫ߣߒߡ GPRR1976 ߇᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆ‫ߒߣ࠻ࡦࠕ࡝ࠔࡧߪߢߎߘޕ‬
ߡߩ⺆የ/-i/ߣ⺆የ/-a/ߣߩਔᣇࠍ߽ߟ⺆߇ 300 ⺆એ਄޽ࠆߣᜰ៰ߐࠇߚ਄ߢ㧘ߘࠇࠄߩ⺆
ߦߟ޿ߡ 1960㨪70 ᐕઍߩᣂ⡞߆ࠄ 1977 ଀ߩ࠺࡯࠲߇෼㓸ߐࠇ㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ‫ ⴫ޣ‬1-1‫ޤ‬
ߦ޽ࠆࠃ߁ߦ⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟ଀߇ 1758 ଀㧘⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟ଀߇ 219 ଀޽ߞߚߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⊖ಽ₸߽␜ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟ଀߇ 88.92㧑㧘⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟ଀߇ 11.08㧑ߣߥߞߡ
޿ࠆ㧔GPRR1976㧦116-120㧕‫ޕ‬
‫ ⴫ޣ‬1-1‫ޤ‬GPRR1976 ߦࠃࠆ⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᲧ₸
⺆የ/-i/ 1758 ଀ ̆ 219 ଀ ⺆የ/-a/
(88.92%) ̆ (11.08%)
߹ߚ RG1979 ߦࠃࠇ߫㧘⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߪᢥ૕⊛ߥዤᐲߦ߅ߌࠆญ⺆૕߆ࠄਛ┙ߩ૏
⟎ࠍභ߼㧘⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߪਛ┙߆ࠄᢥ⺆૕ߩ૏⟎ࠍභ߼ࠆߣߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔RG1979㧦473㧕‫ޕ‬
ߐࠄߦ GPRR1976 ߅ࠃ߮ RG1980 ߩᜰ៰ߦࠃࠆߣ㧘⺆የߩࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻ߢ޽ࠆ/-i/ߣ/-a/
ߣߦߟ޿ߡ޿ߊߟ߆ߩ㘃೎߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆߣߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔GPRR1976㧦116-120 / GPRR2001㧦
160-167 / RG1980㧦497-498㧕‫ޕ‬GPRR1976 ߩᜰ៰ߪ㧘ߘߩᡷ⸓ ߢ޽ࠆ GPRR2001 ߦ߽⷗ฃ
ߌࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬᜕Ⓜߢߪߘࠇࠄࠍၮߦએਅߩ㧠ߟߩၮḰࠍ⸳ߌࠆߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
Ԙ /-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩਔᒻᘒߣ߽ߦᢥ૕⊛ߦኻ╬ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩ
଀㧦 ɛɭɧɤɟɪɵ — ɛɭɧɤɟɪɚ bunkery — bunkera ‫⬿⾂ޟ‬ᐶ࡮ࠨࠗࡠ‫(ޠ‬Pl.Nom.)
ԙ /-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ߇ࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻ߩ㑐ଥߦ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩ㓙ߦ৻ᣇߩᒻ
ᘒ߇ᢥ૕⊛ߥᏅ⇣ࠍ޽ࠄࠊߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ
଀㧦 ɞɢɡɟɥɢ dizeli ‫࡞࠯࡯ࠖ࠺ޟ‬ᯏ㑐‫(ޠ‬Pl.Nom. ᢥ૕⊛ߦਛ┙⊛)
ɞɢɡɟɥɹ dizelja ‫࡞࠯࡯ࠖ࠺ޟ‬ᯏ㑐‫(ޠ‬Pl.Nom. ᢥ૕⊛ߦኾ㐷↪⺆⊛)
Ԙ /-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ߇ࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻ߩ㑐ଥߦ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩ㓙ߦ৻ᣇߩᒻ
ᘒ߇ᗧ๧⺰⊛ߥᏅ⇣ࠍ޽ࠄࠊߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ
଀㧦 ɬɨɪɦɨɡɵ tormozy ‫ޟ‬㓚ኂ‫(ޠ‬Pl.Nom.)
ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ
tormoza ‫(ޠࠠ࡯࡟ࡉޟ‬Pl.Nom.)
ԙ ࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻ߪ⹺߼ࠄࠇߕ㧘/-a/ߩߺ߇ኈ⹺ߐࠇࠆ߽ߩ5
଀㧦 ɝɨɪɨɞɚ goroda ‫ޟ‬ㇺᏒ‫(ޠ‬Pl.Nom.)
* ɝɨɪɨɞɵ *gorody6
5
6
‫ߪߩࠆ޿ߡߒߣޠ޿ߥࠇࠄ߼⹺ߪ࠻ࡦࠕ࡝ࠔࡧޟ‬㧘⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇⺋↪ߛߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢ޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᘠ଀ߦᓥ޿㧘ᢥᴺ⊛ߥ⺋↪ߦߪ⺆㗡ߦ*(asterisk)ࠍઃߔ‫ޕ‬
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ࠆ‫߅ߥޕ‬㧘⃻ઍࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߩ⺆ᒵߦߟ޿ߡߤߩ⺆ࠍ਄ㅀԘ㨪ԛߩಽ㘃ߩߤࠇߦഀࠅᒰߡࠆ߆
ߪߘࠇߙࠇߩవⴕ⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡᓸᅱߦ⇣ߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫੹ޕ‬࿁ߪߘࠇߙࠇߩ⺆ߦߟ޿ߡᢥ૕⊛
ߥ․ᓽࠍ߽ߞߣ߽⹦⚦ߦ⸥ㅀߒߡ޽ࠆ GPRR2001 ߢ೉᜼ߐࠇߚ⺆ߩಽ㘃ᴺࠍណ↪ߔࠆߎߣ
ߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ࠺࡯࠲
੹࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߪᣢሽߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ࠺࡯࠲ߦၮߠ޿ߡⴕ߁߽ߩߣߒ㧘૶↪ߔࠆ࠺࡯࠲ߣߒߡߪ
ࠬ࠙ࠚ࡯࠺ࡦߦ޽ࠆ࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ᄢቇߩ⃻ઍࡠࠪࠕ⺆ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ The Uppsala Corpus of modern
Russian㧔એਅ㧘࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ㧕ࠍ↪޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦߟ޿ߡ
ߎߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߪหᄢቇߩ࡟࠽࡯࠻࡮࡟ࡦࠣ࡟ࡦ(Lennart Lönngren)ᢎ᝼ߩᜰ␜ߦࠃߞߡ૞
ᚑߐࠇߚ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥ⋡⊛ߦߩߺ೑↪น⢻ߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘໡ᬺ↪ߩ೑↪ߪߢ߈ߥ޿‫࡚ࠪࠢࠖࡈޕ‬
ࡦ߅ࠃ߮ࡁࡦࡈ࡚ࠖࠢࠪࡦߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆ 600 ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻㧘100 ਁ࠻࡯ࠢࡦ㧔ฏ⺒ὐࠍ฽ࠎߛ
✚⺆ᢙ㧕߆ࠄߥࠆࡠࠪࠕ⺆ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᒻᘒ⺰࡮⛔⺆⺰⊛࠲ࠣᖱႎࠍᜬߚߥ޿‫ࡊ࠙ޕ‬
ࠨ࡜ᄢቇ HP ਄ߢߪ౏㐿ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߚ߼㧘ࠝࡦ࡜ࠗࡦ਄ߢᬌ⚝ߥߤߩ૞ᬺࠍⴕ߁႐วߦ
ߪ 2-2 ߦ᜼ߍࠆ࠹ࡘ࡯ࡆࡦࠥࡦᄢቇߦࠃࠆࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ㨯ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ SFB441 ࠍ೑↪ߔࠆߎߣ
ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
࠹ࡘ࡯ࡆࡦࠥࡦᄢቇߩࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫౝߩ࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬᬌ⚝ࠨࠗ࠻
࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍࠝࡦ࡜ࠗࡦ਄ߢᬌ⚝น⢻ߦߒߚ߽ߩ߇࠼ࠗ࠷ߩ࠹ࡘ࡯ࡆ
ࡦࠥࡦᄢቇ(Universität Tübingen)ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ SFB4417ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࡍࡓ࡯ࡎߩߎߎޕ‬
࡯ࠫߦࠕࠢ࠮ࠬࠍߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍࠝࡦ࡜ࠗࡦߢᬌ⚝ߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻
ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
੹࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߪࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ࠍㅢߓߡߎߩ࠹ࡘ࡯ࡆࡦࠥࡦᄢቇߩࠨࠗ࠻߆ࠄ࠙ࡊࠨ࡜
ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ◲ᤃᬌ⚝(simple query)ߦࠃߞߡ᛽಴ߒߚ‫ޕ‬᛽಴ᣇᴺߥߤߩ⹦⚦ߦߟ޿
ߡߪ㧘ዊᨋ㧔2003㧦79-85㧕ࠍෳᾖߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ᬌ⚝ኻ⽎⺆
╙ 1 ┨ߢ߽ㅀߴߚ߇㧘᜕Ⓜߢߪಽᨆߔࠆ⺆ߩኻ⽎ࠍ㧘Ԙ⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ
߽ߟᒻᘒߩਔᒻᘒߣ߽ߦኻ╬ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩ㧘ԙ⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻ
ᘒߣ߇ࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻ߩ㑐ଥߦ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩ㓙ߦ৻ᣇߩᒻᘒ߇ᢥ૕⊛ߥᏅ⇣ࠍ޽ࠄࠊߒߡ޿ࠆ
߽ߩ㧘ߣߦ㒢ቯߔࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ߘߩಽ㘃ᴺߪ GPRR2001 ߦ޽ࠆᢥ૕⊛․ᓽߩᜰ៰ࠍၮߦಽ㘃
ߒߚ߽ߩߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
7
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ಽ㘃Ԙ߅ࠃ߮ಽ㘃ԙߦ⹥ᒰߔࠆ⺆ߣߒߡᬌ⚝ࠍⴕߞߚ⺆ࠍએਅߦ೉᜼ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔ࡠ࡯ࡑሼ
ォ౮ߪ⋭⇛ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧕
‫ޝ‬ಽ㘃Ԙ‫ޞ‬㧔36 ⺆㧕
ɚɥɶɬ‫࠻࡞ࠕޟ‬᱌ᚻ‫ޠ‬
㧔ɚɥɶɬɵ-ɚɥɶɬɚ㧕㧘ɛɭɧɤɟɪ‫ޠࡠࠗࠨ࡮ེ⬿⾂ޟ‬
㧔ɛɭɧɤɟɪɵ-ɛɭɧɤɟɪɚ㧕㧘ɜɟɟɪ‫ޟ‬ᚸ‫ޠ‬
㧔ɜɟɟɪɵ-ɜɟɟɪɚ㧕㧘ɜɟɤɬɨɪ‫ޠ࡞࠻ࠢࡌޟ‬㧔ɜɟɤɬɨɪɵ-ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ㧕㧘ɜɟɧɡɟɥɶ‫ߺ⚵࡮ࡓ࡜ࠣࡁࡕޟ‬ሼ‫ޠ‬
㧔 ɜɟɧɡɟɥɢ-ɜɟɧɡɟɥɹ 㧕㧘 ɞɶɹɤɨɧ ‫ ޟ‬テ ⑂ ‫ޠ‬㧔 ɞɶɹɤɨɧɵ-ɞɶɹɤɨɧɚ 㧕㧘 ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪ ‫ ޟ‬ᩞ ᱜ ⠪ ‫ޠ‬
㧔ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪɵ-ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ㧕㧘ɤɪɟɧɞɟɥɶ‫࡝࠺ࡦ࡟ࠢޟ‬㧔8 ߩሼဳࡄࡦ㧕‫ޠ‬
㧔ɤɪɟɧɞɟɥɢ-ɤɪɟɧɞɟɥɹ㧕㧘
ɥɟɤɚɪɶ‫߱߿ޟ‬ක⠪‫ޠ‬㧔ɥɟɤɚɪɢ-ɥɟɤɚɪɹ㧕㧘ɦɟɫɹɰ‫ޟ‬㧝ࡩ᦬‫ޠ‬㧔ɦɟɫɹɰɵ-ɦɟɫɹɰɚ㧕㧘ɧɟɜɨɞ‫ޟ‬Ṫ✂‫ޠ‬
㧔ɨɬɤɭɩɵ-ɨɬɤɭɩɚ㧕㧘ɨɬɩɭɫɤ‫ޟ‬᡼಴‫ޠ‬
㧔ɨɬɩɭɫɤɢ-ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ㧕㧘
㧔ɧɟɜɨɞɵ-ɧɟɜɨɞɚ㧕㧘ɨɬɤɭɩ‫ޟ‬りઍ㊄‫ޠ‬
ɩɟɤɚɪɶ‫ࡦࡄޟ‬ደ‫ޠ‬
㧔ɩɟɤɚɪɢ-ɩɟɤɚɪɹ㧕㧘ɩɢɫɚɪɶ‫ޠ⸥ᦠޟ‬
㧔ɩɢɫɚɪɢ-ɩɢɫɚɪɹ㧕㧘ɩɨɣɧɬɟɪ‫ޟ‬㧔›ߩ㧕ࡐ
ࠗࡦ࠲࡯‫ޠ‬㧔ɩɨɣɧɬɟɪɵ-ɩɨɣɧɬɟɪɚ㧕㧘ɩɨɥɭɬɨɧ‫ޟ‬ඨ㖸‫ޠ‬㧔ɩɨɥɭɬɨɧɵ-ɩɨɥɭɬɨɧɚ㧕㧘ɩɪɨɠɟɤɬɨɪ‫ࡊޟ‬
ࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠲࡯‫ޠ‬㧔ɩɪɨɠɟɤɬɨɪɵ-ɩɪɨɠɟɤɬɨɪɚ㧕㧘ɩɭɞɟɥɶ‫ޟ‬㧔›ߩ㧕ࡊ࡯࠼࡞‫ޠ‬㧔ɩɭɞɟɥɢ-ɩɭɞɟɥɹ㧕㧘
ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪ‫ޠࠕࠡࡦ࡚ࠪࠢ࠳࡝ޟ‬
㧔ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɵ-ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɚ㧕㧘ɫɟɤɬɨɪ‫ޟ‬ᚸ࡮ㇱ⟑‫ޠ‬
㧔ɫɟɤɬɨɪɵ-ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ㧕㧘
ɫɬɚɩɟɥɶ‫⦁ޟ‬บ‫ ޠ‬㧔ɫɬɚɩɟɥɢ-ɫɬɚɩɟɥɹ㧕㧘ɬɟɧɞɟɪ‫ޟ‬὇᳓ゞ‫ޠ‬㧔ɬɟɧɞɟɪɵ-ɬɟɧɞɟɪɚ㧕㧘ɬɟɧɨɪ‫ࡁ࠹ޟ‬
࡯࡞᱌ᚻ‫ޠ‬
㧔ɬɟɧɨɪɵ-ɬɟɧɨɪɚ㧕㧘ɮɟɥɶɞɴɟɝɟɪɶ‫ޟ‬વᦠ૶‫ޠ‬
㧔ɮɟɥɶɞɴɟɝɟɪɢ-ɮɟɥɶɞɴɟɝɟɪɹ㧕㧘ɮɥɢɝɟɥɶ
‫ޟ‬⠢‫ޠ‬㧔ɮɥɢɝɟɥɢ-ɮɥɢɝɟɥɹ㧕㧘ɯɥɟɜ‫ޟ‬ኅ⇓ዊደ‫ޠ‬㧔ɯɥɟɜɵ-ɯɥɟɜɚ㧕㧘ɰɟɯ‫ޟ‬૞ᬺ႐‫ޠ‬㧔ɰɟɯɢ-ɰɟɯɚ㧕㧘
ɲɤɢɩɟɪ ‫ ⦁ ޟ‬㐳 ‫ޠ‬㧔 ɲɤɢɩɟɪɵ-ɲɤɢɩɟɪɚ 㧕㧘 ɲɧɢɰɟɥɶ ‫ ࡞ ࠚ ࠷ ࠾ ࡘ ࠪ ޟ‬㧔 ⭯ ޿ ࠞ ࠷ ࡟ ࠷ 㧕‫ޠ‬
㧔ɲɧɢɰɟɥɢ-ɲɧɢɰɟɥɹ㧕㧘ɲɨɦɩɨɥ‫ޟ‬ᵞ޿⍫‫ޠ‬
㧔ɲɨɦɩɨɥɵ-ɲɨɦɩɨɥɚ㧕㧘ɲɬɟɩɫɟɥɶ‫ࡊ࠻ࡦ࠮ࡦࠦޟ‬
࡜ ࠣ ‫ޠ‬㧔 ɲɬɟɩɫɟɥɢ-ɲɬɟɩɫɟɥɹ 㧕㧘 ɲɬɨɪɦ ‫ ᥸ ޟ‬㘑 ‫ޠ‬㧔 ɲɬɨɪɦɵ-ɲɬɨɪɦɚ 㧕㧘 ɹɫɬɪɟɛ ‫ޠ ࠞ ࠲ ࠝ ࠝ ޟ‬
㧔ɹɫɬɪɟɛɵ-ɹɫɬɪɟɛɚ㧕㧘ɹɱɦɟɧɶ‫ޠࠡࡓࠝࠝޟ‬㧔ɹɱɦɟɧɢ-ɹɱɦɟɧɹ㧕
‫ޝ‬ಽ㘃ԙ-1‫ޞ‬㧔⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇ᢥ૕⊛ߦኾ㐷↪⺆⊛ߢ޽ࠆ⺆㧕8㧔19 ⺆㧕
ɛɨɰɦɚɧ‫ޟ‬㧔໡⦁ߩ㧕᳓ᄦ㐳‫ޠ‬
㧔ɛɨɰɦɚɧɵ-ɛɨɰɦɚɧɚ㧕㧘ɛɨɱɨɤ‫ޟ‬⣁(ɛɨɤ ߩᜰዊᒻ)‫ޠ‬
㧔ɛɨɱɤɢ-ɛɨɱɤɚ㧕㧘
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɶ‫࡮ࡉ࡞ࡃޟ‬ᑯ‫ޠ‬
㧔ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢ-ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹ㧕㧘ɜɟɫ‫ޟ‬㊀ߐ࡮࠙ࠚࠗ࠻‫ޠ‬
㧔ɜɟɫɵ-ɜɟɫɚ㧕㧘ɞɢɡɟɥɶ‫࠺ޟ‬
ࠖ࡯࠯࡞ᯏ㑐‫ޠ‬㧔ɞɢɡɟɥɢ-ɞɢɡɟɥɹ㧕㧘ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶ‫ࠅ⛉ޟ‬ᑯ࡮ࠬࡠ࠶࠻࡞‫ޠ‬㧔ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢ-ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɹ㧕㧘
ɤɥɚɩɚɧ‫ޟ‬ᑯ࡮ࡃ࡞ࡉ‫ޠ‬㧔ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ-ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ㧕㧘ɤɨɠɭɯ‫ޠ࠻࡯ࠦ⊹⟠ޟ‬㧔ɤɨɠɭɯɢ-ɤɨɠɭɯɚ㧕㧘ɤɨɧɭɫ
‫ޟ‬౞㍙‫ޠ‬㧔ɤɨɧɭɫɵ-ɤɨɧɭɫɚ㧕㧘ɥɨɰɦɚɧ‫ޟ‬᳓వੱ‫ޠ‬㧔ɥɨɰɦɚɧɵ-ɥɨɰɦɚɧɚ㧕㧘ɦɢɱɦɚɧ‫ޟ‬ಎ჻ቭ‫ޠ‬
㧔 ɦɢɱɦɚɧɵ-ɦɢɱɦɚɧɚ 㧕㧘 ɩɪɟɫɫ ‫ ࠬ ࡟ ࡊ ޟ‬ᯏ ‫ޠ‬㧔 ɩɪɟɫɫɵ-ɩɪɟɫɫɚ 㧕㧘 ɩɪɨɦɵɫɟɥ ‫ ޟ‬Ⓙ ᬺ ‫ޠ‬
㧔 ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɵ-ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚ 㧕㧘 ɪɚɩɨɪɬ ‫ ޟ‬ႎ ๔ ‫ޠ‬㧔 ɪɚɩɨɪɬɵ-ɪɚɩɨɪɬɚ 㧕㧘 ɪɨɬɨɪ ‫ޠ ࡜ ࡍ ࡠ ࡊ ޟ‬
㧔ɪɨɬɨɪɵ-ɪɨɬɨɪɚ㧕㧘ɫɚɯɚɪ‫ޠ♧⍾ޟ‬
㧔ɫɚɯɚɪɵ-ɫɚɯɚɪɚ㧕㧘ɫɟɬɬɟɪ‫ޟ‬㧔›ߩ㧕࠮࠶࠲࡯‫ޠ‬
㧔ɫɟɬɬɟɪɵ-ɫɟɬɬɟɪɚ㧕㧘
ɬɟɥɶɮɟɪ‫ࡂ࡝࠹ޟ‬㧔ⓨਛࠤ࡯ࡉ࡞ࠞ࡯ဳ⽻‛ㆇ៝ゞ㧕‫ޠ‬
㧔ɬɟɥɶɮɟɪɵ-ɬɟɥɶɮɟɪɚ㧕㧘ɳɺɥɨɤ‫ޟ‬Ἧ᳝࡮
ࠕ࡞ࠞ࡝ᶧ‫ޠ‬㧔ɳɺɥɨɤɢ-ɳeɥɨɤɚ㧕
8
GPRR2001 ߦ߅޿ߡකቇ↪⺆㧘ᶏᵗ↪⺆㧘ᛛⴚ↪⺆ߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ߽ߎߩಽ㘃ߦ฽߼ߚ‫ޕ‬
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‫ޝ‬ಽ㘃ԙ-2‫ޞ‬㧔⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇ᢥ૕⊛ߦญ⺆⊛࡮ଶ⺆⊛ߢ޽ࠆ⺆㧕㧔18 ⺆㧕
ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪ‫ޟ‬ળ⸘ଥ‫ޠ‬㧔ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɵ-ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɚ㧕㧘ɜɟɪɯ‫ޟ‬㗂਄‫ޠ‬㧔ɜɟɪɯɢ-ɜɟɪɯɚ㧕㧘ɜɟɬɟɪ‫ޟ‬㘑‫ޠ‬
㧔ɜɟɬɪɵ-ɜɟɬɪɚ㧕㧘ɞɠɟɦɩɟɪ‫ߩ࠻࠶࠾ޟ‬ᅚᕈ↪਄⌕‫ޠ‬㧔ɞɠɟɦɩɟɪɵ-ɞɠɟɦɩɟɪɚ㧕㧘ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪ‫ޟ‬Ꮏ
⒟▤ℂ⠪‫ޠ‬㧔ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɵ-ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɚ㧕㧘ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ‫ޟ‬ᄾ⚂‫ޠ‬㧔ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ-ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ㧕㧘ɞɨɩɭɫɤ‫౉ޟ‬
႐ᮭ‫ޠ‬
㧔ɞɨɩɭɫɤɢ-ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚ㧕㧘ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ‫ޟ‬ᛛᏧ‫ޠ‬
㧔ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɵ-ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ㧕㧘ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ‫ޟ‬ᜰዉຬ‫ޠ‬
㧔ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɵ-ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚ㧕㧘ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ‫ޟ‬㓸㈩ᯏ㑐࡮෼㓸ኅ‫ޠ‬㧔ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ㧕㧘
㧔ɫɜɢɬɟɪɵ-ɫɜɢɬɟɪɚ㧕㧘ɫɥɟɫɚɪɶ‫઀ޟ‬਄ߍ
ɪɨɞ‫ޟ‬᳁ᣖ࡮⒳㘃‫ޠ‬
㧔ɪɨɞɵ-ɪɨɞɚ㧕㧘ɫɜɢɬɟɪ‫ޠ࡯࠲࡯࠮ޟ‬
Ꮏ‫ޠ‬
㧔ɫɥɟɫɚɪɢ-ɫɥɟɫɚɪɹ㧕㧘ɫɨɭɫ‫ޠࠬ࡯࠰ޟ‬
㧔ɫɨɭɫɵ-ɫɨɭɫɚ㧕㧘ɬɨɤɚɪɶ‫ޟ‬ᣓ⋚Ꮏ‫ޠ‬
㧔ɬɨɤɚɪɢ-ɬɨɤɚɪɹ㧕㧘
ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪ‫ޠ࡯࠲ࠢ࡜࠻ޟ‬㧔ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɵ-ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚ㧕㧘ɬɪɸɮɟɥɶ‫ޠࡈࡘ࡝࠻ޟ‬㧔ɬɪɸɮɟɥɢ-ɬɪɸɮɟɥɹ㧕㧘
ɲɨɮɺɪ‫ޟ‬ㆇォᚻ‫ޠ‬㧔ɲɨɮɺɪɵ-ɲɨɮɟɪɚ㧕㧘
‫ޝ‬ಽ㘃ԙ-3‫ޞ‬㧔⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇ᢥ૕⊛ߦᡆฎ⊛ߢ޽ࠆ⺆㧕㧔2 ⺆㧕
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ‫ޟ‬㐳࡮✚ⵙ‫ޠ‬㧔ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɵ-ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ㧕㧘ɪɨɝ‫ޠ╍ⷺ࡮ⷺޟ‬㧔ɪɨɝɢ-ɪɨɝɚ㧕
‫ޝ‬ಽ㘃ԙ-4‫ޞ‬㧔․ᱶߥᵈᗧᦠ߈ߣߣ߽ߦࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ⺆㧕㧔2 ⺆㧕
ɝɨɞ‫ޟ‬ᐕ‫ޠ‬㧔ɝɨɞɵ-ɝɨɞɚ㧕㧘ɩɨɥɸɫ‫ޟ‬ᭂ‫ޠ‬㧔ɩɨɥɸɫɵ-ɩɨɥɸɫɚ㧕
ᬌ⚝⚿ᨐߣಽᨆ
╙ 1 ┨ߦ߅޿ߡឝߍߚ 4 ߟߩ⺆ߩಽ㘃ߦၮߠ߈㧘࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬᬌ⚝⚿ᨐࠍએਅߩ⴫
ߦ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬ᒁ↪ᢙߪේೣߣߒߡ⺆න૏ߢࠞ࠙ࡦ࠻ߒߚ‫ߒߛߚޕ‬㧘⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ⺆የ/-a/
ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ߇ߣ߽ߦᒁ↪ᢙ࠯ࡠ(0)ߢ޽ߞߚ႐วߦߪ⴫߆ࠄ೥㒰ߒߚ‫⴫ޕ‬ਛߩᲧ₸ᰣߪߘ
ࠇߙࠇߩ⺆ߩ⺆የ೎ߦ⷗ߚഀวࠍ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
Ԙ /-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩਔᒻᘒߣ߽ߦኻ╬ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩ
‫ ⴫ޣ‬3-1‫ޤ‬㧔13 ⺆㧕
⺆የ/-i/
ㄉᦠ
ឝタᒻ
ᒻᘒ
ɛɭɧɤɟɪ
ɛɭɧɤɟɪɵ
⾂⬿ེ
bunkjery
ɥɟɤɚɪɶ
ɥɟɤɚɪɢ
߿߱ක⠪
ljekari
ɦɟɫɹɰ
ɦɟɫɹɰɵ
㧝ࡩ᦬
mjesjatsy
⺆የ/-a/
ᒁ↪ᢙ
Ყ₸
1
50%
1
100%
21
100%
ᒻᘒ
ɛɭɧɤɟɪɚ
bunkjera
ɥɟɤɚɪɹ
ljekarja
ɦɟɫɹɰɚ
mjesjatsa
9
ᒁ↪ᢙ9
Ყ₸
1
50%
0
0%
0
0%
ᒁ↪ᢙߪ⺆ᢙߢᢙ߃ߚ߇㧘ห৻ᢥਛߦ 2 ᐲએ਄಴ߡߊࠆ႐ว߇޽ࠆߚ߼㧘ᢥන૏ߩᒁ↪ᢙࠍ㧔 㧕ౝߦ౉ࠇߡ
⴫␜ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅ㧘⊖ಽ₸ߦߟ޿ߡ߽หߓ‫ޕ‬
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ɩɟɤɚɪɢ
ࡄࡦደ
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ᦠ⸥
pisari
ɩɪɨɠɟɤɬɨɪ
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㩖㩩㩥㩆㩨㨴㩂㩊㨺
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ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪ
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㩢㩊㩨㩂㩆㨸㩧㩁㩨㨻
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ɫɟɤɬɨɪ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪɵ
ᚸ
sjektory
ɯɥɟɜ
ɯɥɟɜɵ
ኅ⇓ዊደ
khljevy
ɰɟɯ
ɰɟɯɢ
Ꮏ႐
tsjekhi
ɲɬɨɪɦ
ɲɬɨɪɦɵ
᥸㘑
shtormy
ɹɫɬɪɟɛ
ɹɫɬɪɟɛɵ
ࠝࠝ࠲ࠞ
jastrjeby
ว⸘
0
0%
1
100%
0
0%
1
100%
1
100%
1
100%
1
100%
12
100%
1
16.67%
1
100%
42
84%
ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ
otpuska
ɩɟɤɚɪɹ
pjekarja
ɩɢɫɚɪɹ
pisarja
ɩɪɨɠɟɤɬɨɪɚ
prozhjektora
ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɚ
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ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ
sjektora
ɯɥɟɜɚ
khljeva
ɰɟɯɚ
tsjekha
ɲɬɨɪɦɚ
shtorma
ɹɫɬɪɟɛɚ
jastrjeba
1
100%
0
0%
1
100%
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
5
83.33%
0
0%
8
16㧑
࠺࡯࠲ᢙ߇ዋߥ޿ߚ߼㧘ࠊߕ߆ 1-0 ߩኻᔕߢ޽ߞߡ߽㧘⺆ߏߣߦഀวࠍߺߡߒ߹߁ߣ
100%߿ 0%ߣ޿߁㧘Ꮕߩ㐿޿ߚᢙሼߦߥߞߡߒ߹߁ߎߣߪุ߼ߥ޿‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘⺆ߘߩ߽ߩߩ
㗫ᐲᢙ߇ᄢ߈ߊ⇣ߥࠆߩߢ㧔ɦɟɫɹɰ mjesjats‫ޟ‬㧝ࡩ᦬‫ోࠬࡄ࡯ࠦߪߤߥޠ‬૕ߢ 21 ࿁߽಴⃻
ߔࠆ߇㧘ߘߩઁߩᄙߊߩ⺆߇ 1 ࿁ߒ߆಴⃻ߒߡ޿ߥ޿㧘ߥߤ㧕㧘ว⸘ᰣߩᲧ₸߇⺆የ/-i/ࠍ
߽ߟᒻᘒߣ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩ㗫ᐲᢙߩታᘒࠍᱜ⏕ߦ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆߣߪ⸒޿߇ߚ޿‫ޕ‬
ߘߎߢ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩ⺆ߩ⺆የ಴⃻Ყ₸㧔⊖ಽ₸㧕ߩᐔဋࠍขߞߡߺࠆ‫ޕ‬Ყ₸ᰣߩᢙሼ߇
␜ߔ⊖ಽ₸ߪߎߩ⺆߇ 100 ࿁಴⃻ߒߚߣ઒ቯߒߚ႐วߦ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩ⺆የߩ಴⃻࿁ᢙࠍᗧ
๧ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߚ߼㧘Ყ₸ᰣߩ⊖ಽ₸ߩᐔဋࠍขࠇ߫㧘⺆ߘߩ߽ߩߩ಴⃻㗫ᐲᢙߦᓇ㗀
ߐࠇࠆߎߣߩߥ޿㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ⺆ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦ⹥ᒰߔࠆછᗧߩ⺆ߩ⺆የ/-i/ߣ⺆የ/-a/ߣߩ಴
⃻ߔࠆᲧ₸ࠍ߽ߣ߼ࠆᠲ૞ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ10‫ߩߎߚ߹ޕ‬ᣇᴺߢ᳞߼ߚᲧ₸ߪ㧘
੹࿁ᬌ⚝ኻ⽎ߣߒߥ߇ࠄ߽㧘ࡅ࠶࠻ᢙߩ⚿ᨐ߇⺆የ/-i/࡮⺆የ/-a/౒ߦ࠯ࡠ(0)ߢ㧘⴫ߦߪឝ
タߒߥ߆ߞߚ⺆ߦߟ޿ߡ߽㧘⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ࡮⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߘࠇߙࠇ߇಴⃻ߔࠆ
10
⸘▚ᣇᴺ㧦ฦ⺆ߩᲧ₸ᰣߦ޽ࠆ⊖ಽ₸ߩᢙሼࠍ❑ᣇะߦ✚๺ࠍ᳞߼㧘ߘߩ⺆ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩ⺆ᢙߢഀߞߚ‫ޕ‬
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௑ะࠍ‛⺆ࠆ࠺࡯࠲ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⚿ᨐߪએਅߩㅢࠅߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ ⴫ޣ‬3-2‫ޤ‬
⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᲧ₸
74.36% ̆ 25.64% ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᲧ₸
ߎࠇࠄߩ⺆ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦ߅ߌࠆ⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣߩ㗫ᐲᢙߩᏅ
ߦߟ޿ߡ⸒߃ࠆߎߣߪ㧘᭎ߨߤߩ⺆߽⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᣇ߇⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒࠃࠅ߽
ᅢ߹ࠇࠆ௑ะߦ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫଀ޕ‬ᄖ⊛ߦ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇ᅢ߹ࠇࠆ⺆ߪ㧘
ɨɬɩɭɫɤ otpusk‫ޟ‬ᡰ಴࡮ભᥜ‫ޠ‬㧘ɩɢɫɚɪɶ pisar'‫ޠ⸥ᦠޟ‬㧘ɲɬɨɪɦ shtorm‫᥸ޟ‬㘑‫ޕࠆ޽ߢޠ‬
ߎࠇࠄߩ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩઍ⴫଀ࠍ᜼ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔଀ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ-9㧕11
Ɋɟɛɹɬɚ ɟɡɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɫɨɪɟɜɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɧɢɤɭɥɵ , ɡɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɱɟɬ , ɜ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ , ɜ ɨɬɝɭɥɵ - ɜɟɞɶ ɜɫɟ
ɨɧɢ ɭɱɚɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ . («ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɨɪɬ» 1988-07-03)
‫ޟ‬ખ㑆ߚߜߪ㐳ᦼભᥜ㧘ભᥜ㧘ઍભߩᣣߦߥࠆߣ⥄⾌ߢᄢળߦ಴߆ߌࠆ‫߽ߩ߁޿ߣޕ‬
ᓐࠄߪߺߥቇ↢ߛߞߚࠅ㧘௛޿ߡ޿ߚࠅߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠄߛ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔଀ ɩɢɫɚɪɹ-2㧕
" ȼ ɲɬɚɛɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɲɬɚɛɚ ɩɨɥɤɚ , ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɲɬɚɛɚ , ɩɢɫɚɪɹ - ɰɟɥɵɣ
ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ , ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ , - ɢ ɜɨɬ ɹ , ...
(Ȼɚɤɥɚɧɨɜ,
Ƚ. «ȼɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ» 1981)
‫ᧄޟ‬ㇱߦ޿ߚߩߪ㧘ㅪ㓌ᧄㇱ㐳㧘ᧄㇱ㐳ߩഥᚻ㧘ᦠ⸥ߚߜ㧘ߟ߹ࠅ⋧੕ߦ㑐ㅪߒ㧘⋧
੕ߦᓥዻߒ޽߁✚⡯႐⚵❱ߣ㧘ߘߒߡ㧘߆ߩ⑳ߛߞߚ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔଀ ɲɬɨɪɦɚ-2㧕
ȼɢɞɟɥ ɹ ɢ ɲɬɨɪɦɚ ɡɞɟɲɧɢɟ - ɫɜɢɪɟɩɵɟ , ɧɨ ɦɟɥɤɨɜɨɥɧɵɟ . (Ʉɚɡɚɤɨɜ, ɘ. «ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ»
1985)
‫᥸ߩߎߎߪ⑳ޟ‬㘑ࠍ૕㛎ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬⁴ὓߢߪ޽ࠆ߇㧘ᵄߩዊߐߥ᥸㘑ࠍ‫ޠޕ‬
ɨɬɩɭɫɤ otpusk‫ޟ‬ᡰ಴࡮ભᥜ‫ ߮ࠃ߅ޠ‬ɩɢɫɚɪɶ pisar'‫߫߃⸒ߡ޿ߟߦޠ⸥ᦠޟ‬㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ⺆ߩ
಴⃻ᢙߪࠊߕ߆ߦ 1 ଀ߩߺߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎࠇߛߌࠍ߽ߞߡ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇ᅢ߹ࠇࠆߣ⚿⺰
ઃߌࠆߩߪᣧ⸘ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫৻ߩߘޕ‬ᣇߢ㧘ɲɬɨɪɦ shtorm‫᥸ޟ‬㘑‫ ߪޠ‬5 ଀಴⃻ߒߚ‫ߦ⺆ߩߎޕ‬
ߟ޿ߡߪ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇ᅢ߹ࠇࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇⸒߃ߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘5 ଀ਛ 3 ଀
߇㧔଀ ɲɬɨɪɦɚ-2㧕ߦ޽ߍߚᒁ↪రߣหߓᢥ₂ߢ಴⃻ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᢥ₂ᢙߢኻᲧߔࠆߣ‫⴫ޣ‬
3-1‫ߦޤ‬᜼ߍߚᲧ₸߶ߤߦߪ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߪᅢ߹ࠇߥ޿ߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬
11
଀ᢥߩឭ␜ߢߪ㧘ࡠ࡯ࡑሼォ౮ࠍ⋭⇛ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ԙ-1 /-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ߇ࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻ߩ㑐ଥߦ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩ㓙ߦ৻ᣇߩᒻᘒ
߇ᢥ૕⊛ߥᏅ⇣ࠍ޽ࠄࠊߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ㧔⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇ᢥ૕⊛ߦኾ㐷↪⺆⊛ߢ
޽ࠆ⺆㧕
‫ ⴫ޣ‬3-3‫ޤ‬㧔6 ⺆㧕
⺆የ/-i/
ㄉᦠ
ឝタᒻ
ᒻᘒ
ɜɟɬɟɪ
ɜɟɬɪɵ
㘑
vjetry
ɫɥɟɫɚɪɶ
ɫɥɟɫɚɪɢ
઀਄ߍᎿ
sljesari
ɬɨɤɚɪɶ
ɬɨɤɚɪɢ
ᣓ⋚Ꮏ
tokari
ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪ
ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɵ
㩎㩡㩂㩊㨺
traktory
ɯɨɞ
ɯɨɞɵ
ᱠⴕ
khody
ɲɨɮɺɪ
ɲɨɮɺɪɵ
ㆇォᚻ
shofjory
ว⸘
⺆የ/-a/
ᒁ↪ᢙ
Ყ₸
11
100%
0
0%
1
100%
5
55.56%
1
50%
8
88.89%
26
78.79%
ᒻᘒ
ɜɟɬɪɚ
vjetra
ɫɥɟɫɚɪɹ
sljesarja
ɬɨɤɚɪɹ
tokarja
ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚ
traktora
ɯɨɞɚ
khoda
ɲɨɮɟɪɚ
shofjera
ᒁ↪ᢙ
Ყ₸
0
0%
1
100%
0
0%
4
44.44%
1
50%
1
11.11%
7
21.21%
ߎߎߢ߽㧘ฦ⺆ߩ⺆የ಴⃻Ყ₸㧔⊖ಽ₸㧕ߩᐔဋࠍขߞߡߺࠆ‫⚿ޕ‬ᨐߪએਅߩㅢࠅߣߥ
ࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ ⴫ޣ‬3-4‫ޤ‬
⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᲧ₸
65.74% ̆ 34.26% ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᲧ₸
ߎࠇࠄߩ⺆ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦ߅ߌࠆ⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣߩ㗫ᐲᢙߩᏅ
ߦߟ޿ߡ⸒߃ࠆߎߣߪ㧘ߎߩ⺆ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߢ߽᭎ߨ⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᣇ߇⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽
ߟᒻᘒࠃࠅ߽ᅢ߹ࠇࠆ௑ะߦ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᢙሼ⊛ߦߪԘߢ⷗ߚ⺆ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߣ
10㧑⒟ᐲߩᏅ߇⹺߼ࠄࠇࠆ߇㧘ߘࠇߢ߽߅ࠃߘ 3 ࿁ߦ 2 ࿁ߩഀวߢ⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇಴
⃻ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬
଀ᄖ⊛ߦ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇ᅢ߹ࠇࠆ⺆ߪ ɫɥɟɫɚɪɶ sljesar'‫઀ޟ‬਄ߍᎿ‫⺆ޕࠆ޽ߢޠ‬የ/-a/
ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩ଀ࠍ᜼ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬
͘!337!͘
目次ページに戻る。
㧔଀ ɫɥɟɫɚɪɹ-1㧕
ȼ ɜɨɣɧɭ ɢ ɪɨɬɚɦɢ , ɢ ɛɚɬɚɥɶɨɧɚɦɢ , ɢ ɩɨɥɤɚɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɱɟɪɚɲɧɢɟ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ ,
ɤɨɥɯɨɡɧɢɤɢ , ɫɥɟɫɚɪɹ . (Ȼɚɤɥɚɧɨɜ, Ƚ. «ɉɹɞɶ ɡɟɦɥɢ» 1970)
‫ޟ‬ᚢ੎ߢߪਛ㓌߽ᄢ㓌߽ߘߒߡㅪ㓌߹ߢࠍ߽ᤓᣣ߹ߢߩᢎᏧ㧘ࠦ࡞ࡎ࡯࠭ຬ㧘઀਄ߍ
Ꮏࠄ߇ߒ߫ߒ߫ᜰើߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޠޕ‬
⚿ᨐ⊛ߦ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᲧ₸߇ 100%ߦߥߞߡߒ߹ߞߚ߽ߩߩ㧘ᒁ↪ᢙ⊛ߦߪࠊߕ
߆ 0-1 ߦㆊ߉ߕ㧘ߎࠇߛߌߢ↵ᕈฬ⹖ ɫɥɟɫɚɪɶ sljesar'‫઀ޟ‬਄ߍᎿ‫⺆ߡ޿߅ߦޠ‬የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟ
ᒻᘒ߇ᅢ߹ࠇࠆߣߪ⸒޿ಾࠇߥ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ߩߘޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢߪ↵ᕈฬ⹖ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪ traktor‫࡜࠻ޟ‬
ࠢ࠲࡯‫ߩޠ‬ᣇ߇Ყ₸ߢߪ⺆የ/-i/ߦ߭ߌࠍߣࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘቟ቯߒߡ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇૶↪
ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߎߩ⺆ߎߘ߻ߒࠈಽ㘃ԙ-1 ߢߪߥߊಽ㘃Ԙߣߒߡᛒ߁ߴ߈⺆ߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ
߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚ traktora ߩ଀߽ 1 ଀᜼ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔଀ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚ-9㧕
ɇɭɠɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɜɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɬɚɦ , ɜ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ; ɟɳɟ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɫɨɯɧɟɬ ɩɨɱɜɚ ,
ɨɛɞɭɟɬ ɟɟ ɜɟɬɟɪɤɨɦ - ɢ ɡɚɝɭɞɹɬ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚ , ɩɨɩɨɥɡɭɬ ɢɡ
ɤɪɚɹ ɜ ɤɪɚɣ ɤɨɥɯɨɡɧɨɣ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɫ ɤɭɥɶɬɢɜɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ , ɫɟɹɥɤɚɦɢ . (Ƚɨɧɱɚɪɨɜ, ɘ. «ɒɚɲɤɚ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɪɦɚ» 1983)
‫ޟ‬ᔅⷐߥᛛⴚߪ߽߁ߔߴߡߘߎߦ޽ߞߡ㧘૶ࠊࠇࠆḰ஻߽ᢛߞߡ޿ߚ‫ࠃߘޕ‬㘑߇็߈
ߟߌ㧘࿯࿾ߪ߹ߛዋߒੇ῎ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬๟ࠅߩᐢᄢߥ㊁ේߢߪ࠻࡜ࠢ࠲࡯߇߁ߥࠅჿࠍ
޽ߍߡࠦ࡞ࡎ࡯࠭ߩ࿯࿾ߩ┵߆ࠄ┵߹ߢ㒰⨲ᯏ߿⒳߹߈ᯏߣ౒ߦേ߈࿁ߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޠޕ‬
ߎߩ଀ᢥߩᒁ↪రߪᢥቇ૞ຠߢ޽ࠅ㧘ኾ㐷↪⺆߇⊓႐ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ᢥ૕ߢߪߥ޿
ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ԙ-2 /-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ߇ࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻ߩ㑐ଥߦ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩ㓙ߦ৻ᣇߩᒻᘒ
߇ᢥ૕⊛ߥᏅ⇣ࠍ޽ࠄࠊߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ㧔⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇ᢥ૕⊛ߦญ⺆⊛࡮ଶ⺆
⊛ߢ޽ࠆ⺆㧕
‫ ⴫ޣ‬3-5‫ޤ‬㧔7 ⺆㧕
⺆የ/-i/
ㄉᦠ
ឝタᒻ
ᒻᘒ
ɜɟɫ
ɜɟɫɵ
࠙ࠚࠗ࠻
vjesy
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ
᧦⚂࡮ᄾ⚂
dogovory
⺆የ/-a/
ᒁ↪ᢙ
Ყ₸
6
100%
6
66.67%
ᒻᘒ
ɜɟɫɚ
vjesa
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ
dogovora
͘!338!͘
ᒁ↪ᢙ
Ყ₸
0
0%
3
33.33%
目次ページに戻る。
ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ
ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɵ
ᛛᏧ
inzhjenjery
ɤɥɚɩɚɧ
ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ
ᑯ࡮ࡃ࡞ࡉ
klapany
ɩɪɨɦɵɫɟɥ
ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɵ
Ⓙᬺ
promysly
ɪɚɩɨɪɬ
ɪɚɩɨɪɬɵ
ႎ๔
raporty
ɪɨɬɨɪ
ɪɨɬɨɪɵ
ࡊࡠࡍ࡜
rotory
ว⸘
18(17)
100%
1
100%
1
100%
1
100%
2
100%
35(34)
ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ
inzhjenjera
ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ
klapana
ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚ
promysla
ɪɚɩɨɪɬɚ
raporta
ɪɨɬɨɪɚ
rotora
92.11%
(91.89%)
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
3
7.89%
(8.11%)
ߘࠇߙࠇߩ⺆ߩ⺆የ಴⃻Ყ₸㧔⊖ಽ₸㧕ߩᐔဋߪએਅߩㅢࠅߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ ⴫ޣ‬3-6‫ޤ‬
⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᲧ₸
95.24% ̆ 4.76% ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᲧ₸
ߎࠇࠄߩ⺆ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߢߪߐࠄߦ㧘⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᣇ߇⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒࠃࠅ߽
ᅢ߹ࠇࠆ௑ะ߇ᒝߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ߎࠇߪኻ⽎ߣߒߚࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ․ᓽࠍⵣઃߌࠆ߽
ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪ࠲࡯࠺ߩࠬࡄ࡯ࠦ࡜ࠨࡊ࠙ޕ‬ශ೚‛ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩਛߢߪᢥ૕⊛ߦญ⺆⊛ߢ޽ࠆ
⴫⃻߇಴⃻ߔࠆน⢻ᕈߪᭂ߼ߡૐ޿߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧔଀ᄖ⊛ߦ㧘ળ⹤ࠍ⋥ធᒁ↪ߒߚ႐วߦ
ญ⺆⊛ߥ⴫⃻߇಴⃻ߔࠆน⢻ᕈߪ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧕
໑৻⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇಴⃻ߒ㧘ࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻߇⹺߼ࠄࠇߚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ dogovor‫࡮⚂᧦ޟ‬
ᄾ⚂‫ࠍ଀ߩޠ‬᜼ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔଀ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ-1㧕
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɪɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ , ɧɚɪɭɲɢɥɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɡɟɪɧɚ . («ɉɪɚɜɞɚ»
1988-08-12)
‫⸃ߪ⚂᧦ߚ޿ߡࠇߐ⚿✦ޟ‬ᶖߐࠇ㧘Ⓝ‛ㆇ៝ߩ⸘↹⴫ߪੂࠇߚ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔଀ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ-7㧕
... ɟɦɭ ɞɚɥɢ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɭ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɨɜ , ɫɬɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɱɚɬɶ , ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ ɜ
ɩɟɱɚɬɢ , ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɟɦɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɡɵ ,... (Ɍɪɢɮɨɧɨɜ, ɘ. «ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ 4-ɯ
ɬɨɦɚɯ» 1986)
‫ޟ‬ᓐߦߪ⧓ⴚኅߩኅߢߪ㧘ᓐߦ૞ᬺ႐ߣㇱደ߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇ㧘ᓐࠍ૑߹ࠊߖᆎ߼㧘ශ೚ߦ
ߟ޿ߡ⸒෸ߒ㧘ᓐߦᄾ⚂߿ᵈᢥࠍਈ߃ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ޠޕ‬
͘!339!͘
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㧔଀ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ-12㧕
ɉɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɛɨɟɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ ɭ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 6000) ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɩɚɪɢɬɟɬ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ . («Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢ» 1989-06-25)
‫⷗ߢ↹⸘ޟ‬ㄟ߹ࠇߡ޿ߚ㧘෺ᣇߩᩭᒢ㗡ߩ㊂㧔6000 એਅ㧕ߦ㑐ߔࠆ᧦⚂ߪ㧘ⶄ㔀ൻߒ
ߚ⻉᧦ઙߩ߽ߣ㧘ࠃࠅૐ޿᳓Ḱߩᚢ⇛⊛ߥᐔ╬ࠍ଻㓚ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߛ‫ޠޕ‬
3 ߟߩ଀ᢥߩ߁ߜ㧘2 ߟ߹ߢ߽߇ᣂ⡞ߢ޽ࠆ‫଀ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ᢥߢߥߗ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇
↪޿ࠄࠇߚ߆ߪਇ᣿ߢ޽ࠆ‫߽ࠄ߆࠻ࠬࠠ࠹ࡦࠦޕ‬ญ⺆⊛࡮ଶ⺆⊛ߢ޽ࠆᢥ૕ߩᔅⷐᕈߪᗵ
ߓࠄࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄᢥ૕Ꮕߪߣ߽߆ߊ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ଀ߪ 9 ଀ਛߩ 3 ଀ߦㆊ߉ߕ㧘ࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻߇
⷗ฃߌࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘ో૕⊛ߥ௑ะߦ߅޿ߡ⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᣇ߇ᅢ߹ࠇࠆߣ޿߁⃻⽎
ࠍⷒߔ߶ߤߩ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫↵ޕ‬ᕈฬ⹖ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ dogovor‫࡮⚂᧦ޟ‬ᄾ⚂‫ߦޠ‬㒢ߞߡ
ߺࠇ߫㧘߻ߒࠈಽ㘃ԙ-2 ࠃࠅ߽ಽ㘃Ԙߦߔߴ߈⺆ߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ԙ-3 /-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ߇ࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻ߩ㑐ଥߦ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩ㓙ߦ৻ᣇߩᒻᘒ
߇ᢥ૕⊛ߥᏅ⇣ࠍ޽ࠄࠊߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ㧔⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇ᢥ૕⊛ߦᡆฎ⊛ߢ޽ࠆ
⺆㧕
‫ ⴫ޣ‬3-7‫ޤ‬㧔2 ⺆㧕
⺆የ/-i/
ㄉᦠ
ឝタᒻ
ᒻᘒ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɵ
㐳
dirjektory
ɪɨɝ
ɪɨɝɢ
ⷺ࡮ⷺ╍
rogi
ว⸘
ᒁ↪ᢙ
1
0
1
⺆የ/-a/
Ყ₸
ᒻᘒ
16.67%
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ
(20%)
dirjektora
0%
ᒁ↪ᢙ
5(4)
ɪɨɝɚ
9
roga
6.67%
(7.24%)
14(13)
Ყ₸
83.33%
(80%)
100%
93.33%
(92.86%)
ߘࠇߙࠇߩ⺆ߩ⺆የ಴⃻Ყ₸ࠍ᳞߼ࠆ߹ߢ߽ߥߊ㧘᣿ࠄ߆ߦ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᣇ߇ᅢ
߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᔨߩߚ߼㧘⺆የ಴⃻Ყ₸ߩᐔဋࠍએਅߦឝߍࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ ⴫ޣ‬3-8‫ޤ‬
8.335% ̆ 91.665% ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᲧ₸
(10.00%) ̆ (90.00%)
⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᲧ₸
ߎࠇࠄߩ⺆ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߢߪ৻ォ㧘⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᣇ߇⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒࠃࠅ߽ᅢ
߹ࠇࠆ௑ะ߇ᒝߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫߽ߡ޿ߟߦࠇߎߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ․ᓽ߆ࠄߔࠇ߫ᒰὼߩ
͘!33:!͘
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⚿ᨐߣ߽⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬ශ೚‛ߦ߅޿ߡᡆฎ⊛ߥ⴫⃻ࠍߔࠆᔅⷐᕈߪ߶ߣࠎߤߥ޿ߣ޿߃ࠃ߁‫ޕ‬
㧔଀ᄖ⊛ߦ㧘ฎౖ૞ຠࠍߘߩ߹߹ᒁ↪ߒߚࠅߔࠇ߫ᡆฎ⊛ߥ⴫⃻߇಴⃻ߔࠆน⢻ᕈߪ޽
ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧕
໑৻ߩ⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇಴⃻ߒߚ଀ߣߒߡ㧘ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɵ dirjektory‫ޟ‬㐳‫଀ߩޠ‬ᢥࠍ᜼ߍ
ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔଀ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɵ-1㧕
Ɂɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɨɣ " ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ " ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ɉɦɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɤɚɪɨɧɧɨɣ
ɮɚɛɪɢɤɢ ȼ. Ɇɚɥɸɝɚ ɩɢɫɚɥ , ɡɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚɜɟɪɧɹɤɚ , ɱɬɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɤɟɦ : ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɵ ɜ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɧɵɧɱɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɪɨɝɟ ɧɟ ɜɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ . («ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ» 1988-02-22)
‫ߩ᧪ᧄޡޟ‬ᗧ๧ߢ⥄↱ൻߒߡ᰼ߒ޿‫߁޿ߣޢ‬གྷ㗿ߣ౒ߦ㧘ࠝࡓࠬࠢߩࡑࠞࡠ࠾Ꮏ႐㐳
㨂࡮ࡑ࡝ࡘ࡯ࠟ(ȼ. Ɇɚɥɸɝɚ)ߪჿ᣿ࠍ⊒⴫ߒߚ‫⏕߷߶ޕ‬ታߦ⺕߽⥄ಽߩઍℂࠍߟߣ߼ࠆ
⠪ߪ޿ߥ޿ߛࠈ߁ߣ⍮ࠅߥ߇ࠄ߽‫߿੹ޕ‬Ꮏ႐㐳ߩ୥⵬⠪ߥߤߣ޿߁߽ߩߪߤߎߦߢ߽
ォ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥߊߥߞߚ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
ߎߩ଀ᢥ߽ᣂ⡞⸥੐ߢ޽ࠆ‫଀ߩߎޕ‬ᢥߢߥߗ⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇↪޿ࠄࠇߚ߆߽ਇ᣿ߢ
޽ࠆ‫߽ࠄ߆࠻ࠬࠠ࠹ࡦࠦޕ‬ᢥ૕߇ᡆฎ⊛ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ᗵߓߪߒߥ޿‫ߢߎߎࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬
߽↪޿ࠄࠇߚᲧ₸ߪࠊߕ߆ߦ 16.67㧑ߣ 6 ଀ਛߩ 1 ଀ߢߒ߆ߥ޿‫⷗ߪ࠻ࡦࠕ࡝ࠔࡧޕ‬ฃߌ
ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘ో૕⊛ߥ௑ะࠍⷒߔ߶ߤߩ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
ԙ-4
․ᱶߥᵈᗧᦠ߈ߣߣ߽ߦࡧࠔ࡝ࠕࡦ࠻߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ⺆
‫ ⴫ޣ‬3-9‫ޤ‬
⺆የ/-i/
ㄉᦠ
⺆የ/-a/
஻⠨
ឝタᒻ
ᒻᘒ
ɝɨɞ
ɝɨɞɵ
ᐕ
gody
ᒁ↪ᢙ
Ყ₸
354
98.88%
ᒻᘒ
ɝɨɞɚ
goda
ᒁ↪ᢙ
4
Ყ₸
1.12
%
⺆የ/-i/ߩᣇ߇ࠃࠅᄙ޿‫ޕ‬
cf. ɝɨɞɚ ɝɨɞɚɦɢ ߥߤߩ⴫⃻12
↵ᕈฬ⹖ ɝɨɞ god ߪ੹࿁ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ࠺࡯࠲ਛߢᦨᄙߩ಴⃻ᢙࠍ⹶ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᒻᘒ೎ߩᲧ₸ࠍ⷗
ߡ߽㧘98.88%߇⺆የ/-i/ࠍᜬߟᒻᘒߢ⊓႐ߒ㧘࿶ୟ⊛ߥᄙᢙࠍ⹶ࠆ‫⴫ޕ‬ਛߩ஻⠨ᰣߦ߽⸥ߒ
ߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘߽ߣ߽ߣ GPRR2001 ߽⺆የ/-i/ߩᣇ߇ᅢ߹ࠇࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬GPRR2001
ߪ⺆የ/-a/ߩ଀ߣߒߡ ɝɨɞɚ ɝɨɞɚɦɢ ࠍ᜼ߍߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘੹࿁ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ࠺࡯࠲ਛߢ಴⃻ߒߚ⺆
የ/-a/ߩ଀ࠍ᜼ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬
12
GPRR2001:164
͘!341!͘
目次ページに戻る。
㧔଀ ɝɨɞɚ-218㧕
Ɍɨɝɞɚ , ɧɚ ɩɨɦɢɧɤɚɯ , ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɚɹ ɫɬɚɪɭɲɤɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɟɦɭ : " Ƚɨɪɟ ɬɜɨɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɜɟɤ , ɩɪɨɣɞɭɬ
ɝɨɞɚ , ɢ ɩɪɨɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɨɧɨ ɫɨɥɨɞɨɦ " . (Ƚɪɟɤɨɜɚ, ɂ. «Ʉɚɮɟɞɪɚ» 1980)
‫ᤨߩߘޟ‬㧘ㅊᖬળߩ㘩੐ߩᏨߢ㧘⷗⍮ࠄߧ⠧ੱ߇ᓐߦะ߆ߞߡ⸒ߞߚ‫߅ޡޕ‬೨ߩᖤߒ
ߺߪ᳗㆙ߦߪ⛯߆ߥ޿ࠎߛࠃ‫ޕ‬૗ᐕ߽ㆊ߉ࠇ߫㧘ߘࠇߪ㤈⧘ߢⷒ޿㓝ߐࠇࠆߩߐ‫ޠޢޕ‬
㧔଀ ɝɨɞɚ-229㧕
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɥɟɱɭ ɢ ɹ , ɟɞɜɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɹ ɭɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ ɞɧɢ , ɧɟɞɟɥɢ , ɦɟɫɹɰɵ ,
ɝɨɞɚ ... (Ɍɟɧɞɪɹɤɨɜ, ȼ. «ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ 2-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ» 1963)
‫ޟ‬หߓ᳇ᵹߦਸ਼ߞߡ㧘⥄ಽ߽㘧ࠎߢ޿ࠆߩߛߞߚ‫ߦ߆ߕࠊޕ‬ㆊ෰ߩᣣ㧘ㅳ㧘᦬㧘ᐕߩ
ㆊ߉෰ߞߚߎߣ߇ࠄࠍᗵߓߥ߇ࠄ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔଀ ɝɨɞɚ-595㧕
Ⱦɚ , ɞɭɦɚɥ ɉɟɬɪ , ɩɪɨɣɞɭɬ ɝɨɞɚ , ɩɪɨɣɞɭɬ ɜɟɤɚ . (Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜ, Ɏ. «Ȼɪɚɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɵ» 1980)
‫ߪ࡞࠻࡯࡚ࡇޟ‬⠨߃ࠆߩߛߞߚ‫ߐ߁ߘޕ‬㧘૗ᐕ߽ߩ㧘૗਎♿߽ߩᐕ᦬߇ᵹࠇߚߩߐ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔଀ ɝɨɞɚ-600㧕
Ƚɨɞɚ ɦɨɢ , ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ , ɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɟ , ɧɨ ɬɨɩɨɪ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɟɳɟ ɤɪɟɩɤɨ ɞɟɪɠɭ . (Ƚɥɚɞɵɲɟɜ. ɇ.
«Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ» 1988)
‫ߩ⑳ޟ‬ᐕ㦂ߪ߽ߜࠈࠎ⧯ߊߪߥ޿‫߇ߛޕ‬㧘ᢼߪਔᚻߦߒߞ߆ࠅߣីࠅ✦߼ߡ޿ࠆࠎߛ‫ޠޕ‬
᳇ࠍߟߌߚ޿ὐߪ㧘GPRR2001 ߇ᜰ៰ߒߚࠃ߁ߥ ɝɨɞɚ ɝɨɞɚɦɢ goda godami‫ޟ‬૗ᐕ߽⛯ߌ
ߡ‫৻ߪ⃻⴫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᐲ߽಴⃻ߒߥ߆ߞߚߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ㄉᦠߦࠃࠇ߫ⶄᢙਥᩰ࡮ኻᩰߩᒻᘒ
ߣߒߡ⺆የ/-i/ߩ૶↪߇⟵ോߢ޽ࠆᗧ๧ߣߒߡ‫ޟ‬㨪ᐕઍ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᗧ๧߇᜼ߍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ 13
㧔଀㧦ɫɟɦɢɞɟɫɹɬɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ sjemidjesjatyje gody‫ޟ‬70 ᐕઍ‫ޠ‬㧕߇㧘ߘࠇએᄖߩᗧ๧ߢߪ⺆የ/-a/
ߩ૶↪ࠍ೙㒢ߒߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߢ಴⃻ߒߚ ɝɨɞɚ goda ߪߔߴߡ㧘ߎߩ⺆ߩઍ⴫⊛ߥᗧ๧ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޟ‬ᐕ‫ޠ‬
ߩⶄᢙߩᗧ๧ߢ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ߡࠃ޿ߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬਄ㅀߩ‫ޟ‬㨪ᐕઍ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᗧ๧ߢ
↪޿ࠆ႐วࠍ㒰޿ߡ⺆የ/-a/ߩ૶↪೙㒢ߪߎࠇߣ޿ߞߡ⷗ᒰߚࠄߥ޿߇㧘࠺࡯࠲ߩ਄߆ࠄߪ
ᭂ┵ߥ߶ߤߦ⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᣇ߇ᅢ߹ࠇࠆߣ޿߁௑ะ߇ુ߃ߚ‫ޕ‬
ᒁ߈⛯߈㧘ɩɨɥɸɫ poljus‫ޟ‬ᭂ‫ߡ޿ߟߦ଀ߩޠ‬ಽᨆߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
13
ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ. 1983. Ɍɨɦ I. : 324.
Ɉɠɟɝɨɜ 1988: 111
͘!342!͘
目次ページに戻る。
‫ ⴫ޣ‬3-10 ‫ޤ‬
⺆የ/-i/
ㄉᦠ
⺆የ/-a/
஻⠨
ឝタᒻ
ᒻᘒ
ɩɨɥɸɫ
ɩɨɥɸɫɵ
ᭂ
poljusy
ᒁ↪ᢙ
Ყ₸
0
0%
ᒻᘒ
ɩɨɥɸɫɚ
poljusa
ᒁ↪ᢙ
Ყ₸
3
100%
⺆የ/-a/߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߩߪ
ォ↪ߩ႐วߩߺ14
GPRR2001 ߦࠃࠇ߫㧘↵ᕈฬ⹖ ɩɨɥɸɫ ߪォ↪ߩ႐วߦߩߺ⺆የ/-a/ࠍᜬߟᒻᘒ߇⸵ኈߐ
ࠇࠆߣ޿߁‫੹ࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬࿁ߩ࠺࡯࠲߆ࠄ಴⃻ߒߚ߽ߩߪ 3 ଀ߣ߽ߦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɸɫɚ
magnitnyje poljusa‫⏛ޟ‬ᭂ‫଀ޕߚ޿ߡࠇࠄ޿↪ߢޠ‬ᢥࠍ᜼ߍࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔଀ ɩɨɥɸɫɚ-2㧕
Ⱦɜɚ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ - ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɢ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɢɡ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɋɒȺ ɜ Ɇɟɧɥɨ-ɉɚɪɤ
ɜ Ʉɚɧɛɟɪɪɟ , ɚ
(Ʉɚɥɢɮɨɪɧɢɹ) -
ɧɚɲɥɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ , ɱɬɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɸɫɚ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɢɦɟɥɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ " ɦɟɫɬɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ " , ɚ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ . (ɋɢɥɤɢɧ, ȼ.
«Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ-ɫɢɥɚ» 1986)
‫ࠆ޽ߦ࡜ࡌࡦࡖࠠޟ‬࿖┙ࠝ࡯ࠬ࠻࡜࡝ࠕᄢቇߩቇ⠪ߚߜߣ㧘ࡔࡦࡠ࡮ࡄ࡯ࠢ㧔ࠞ࡝ࡈ
ࠜ࡞࠾ࠕᎺ㧕ߦ޽ࠆࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ࿾ℂ౮⌀᠟ᓇ▤ℂዪߩቇ⠪ߚߜ߆ࠄߥࠆ 2 ߟߩቇ⠪ࠣ࡞
࡯ࡊ߇㧘࿾⃿ߩ⏛ᭂߪㆊ෰ߦઁߩ‫ޟ‬૑ᚲ‫ࠍޠ‬ᜬߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᤨߦߪ߅੕޿ߩ႐ᚲࠍ੤ᦧ
ߔࠆߎߣߐ߃น⢻ߢ޽ߞߚ㧘ߣߔࠆ઒⺑ߩ┙⸽ࠍⴕߞߚ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔଀ ɩɨɥɸɫɚ-3㧕
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ , ɬɨ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɥɨɫɶ , ɱɬɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɹɬɶ
ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɥɟɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɸɫɚ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɩɹɬɢ ɪɚɡ ,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ ɞɜɟɫɬɢ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɥɟɬ ! (ɋɢɥɤɢɧ, ȼ. «Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ-ɫɢɥɚ» 1986)
‫ߚߒ߁ߎޟ‬㘃ߩᐕઍ⏕ቯ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߚߣߔࠆߣ㧘ߎߩ 500 ਁᐕߩ㑆ߦ࿾⃿ߩ⏛ᭂߪ
25 ࿁એ਄㧘ߟ߹ࠅᐔဋߒߡ 20 ਁᐕߦ 1 ᐲߩഀวߢ႐ᚲࠍ੤ᦧߒߡ޿ߚߎߣ߇್᣿ߔ
ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
㧔଀ ɩɨɥɸɫɚ-5㧕
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɭɫɩɨɤɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɫ : ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɸɫɚ
Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɪɟɲɚɬ ɩɨɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ , ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɞɚɫɬ ɧɚɦ ɡɚɛɥɚɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ .
(ɋɢɥɤɢɧ, ȼ. «Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ-ɫɢɥɚ» 1986)
14
GPRR2001:165
͘!343!͘
目次ページに戻る。
‫ߡ߼ࠊ߈ߚߒ߁ߎޟ‬᳃ਥਥ⟵⊛ߥࡕ࠺࡞ߪ⑳ߚߜࠍ቟ᔃߐߖߡߊࠇࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘࿾⃿
ߩ⏛ᭂ߇႐ᚲߩ੤ᦧࠍ᳿ቯߔࠆ೨ߦߪ㧘⥄ὼ߇੐೨ߩ੍๔ࠍ⑳ߚߜߦਈ߃ߡߊࠇࠆߩ
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬
ၫ╩⠪ߦߪ㧘ߎߩ‫⏛ޟ‬ᭂ‫↪ߩޠ‬ᴺ߇ᗧ๧⊛ߥォ↪ߢ޽ࠆߣᕁ߃ߥ޿‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ⶄᢙߩㄉᦠ
߇ ɩɨɥɸɫ ࠍ‫⏛ޟ‬ᭂ‫ߩޠ‬ᗧ๧ߢ↪޿ࠆߎߣߪォ↪ߛߣ⹺߼ߡ޿ߥ޿15‫੹ߣࠆߔߣߛޕ‬࿁ߩ⚿
ᨐߪ GPRR2001 ߩᜰ៰ߩ෻଀ߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿߇㧘
㧔଀ ɩɨɥɸɫɚ-2,3,5㧕ߪ޿ߕࠇ
߽ห৻ᢥ₂߆ࠄߩ࠺࡯࠲ߢ޽ࠆὐ߽〯߹߃ࠆߣ㧘හᢿߪㆱߌߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿߆߽ߒࠇߥ
޿‫ޕ‬
߹ߣ߼
࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߆ࠄ᛽಴ߒߚ㧘/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣߩᒁ↪ᢙࠍᲧセߔࠆ
ߣએਅߩࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ ⴫ޣ‬4-1‫ోޤ‬ᒁ↪ᢙߩᲧセ㧔30 ⺆㧕
⺆የ/-i/
ㄉᦠ
ឝタᒻ
ว⸘
ᒻᘒ
ᒁ↪ᢙ
458
⺆የ/-a/
Ყ₸
ᒻᘒ
92.15%
(92.34%)
ᒁ↪ᢙ
39(38)
Ყ₸
7.85%
(7.66%)
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ╙ 3 ┨ߩԘߢ߽ㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ߎߩ࠺࡯࠲ߪ⺆ߘߩ߽ߩߩ㗫ᐲᢙ߇ᄢ߈ߊ
⇣ߥࠆߩߢ㧘Ყ₸߇⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩ㗫ᐲᢙߩታᘒࠍᱜ⏕ߦ⴫ߒ
ߡ޿ࠆߣߪ⸒޿߇ߚ޿‫⺆ߩ⺆ߩࠇߙࠇߘߢߎߘޕ‬የ಴⃻Ყ₸㧔⊖ಽ₸㧕ߩᐔဋࠍขߞߡ㧘
⺆ߘߩ߽ߩߩ㗫ᐲᢙߦࠃࠄߥ޿㧘છᗧߩ⺆ߦߟ޿ߡߩ⺆የ/-i/ߣ⺆የ/-a/ߣߩ಴⃻ߔࠆᲧ₸
ࠍ᳞߼ߡߺࠆ‫⚿ޕ‬ᨐߪએਅߩㅢࠅߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ ⴫ޣ‬4-2‫ޤ‬᛽಴ߐࠇߚ 30 ⺆ਛߩછᗧߩ⺆ߢߘࠇߙࠇߩ⺆የ߇૶↪ߐࠇࠆᲧ₸
⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᲧ₸
71.44% ̆ 28.56% ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᲧ₸
߹ߚ੹࿁ߩಽᨆߢߪ㧘↵ᕈฬ⹖ ɝɨɞ god‫ޟ‬ᐕ‫ߊߒ⪺߇ޠ‬㜞޿㗫ᐲߢ಴⃻ߒߡߒ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘߎߢ㧘ɝɨɞ god‫ޟ‬ᐕ‫ࠍޠ‬㒰޿ߚ࠺࡯࠲߽␜ߒߡߺࠆ‫ޕ‬
15
ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ. 1983. Ɍɨɦ III. : 278.
Ɉɠɟɝɨɜ 1988: 453
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‫ ⴫ޣ‬4-3‫ޤ‬ɝɨɞ god‫ޟ‬ᐕ‫ࠍޠ‬㒰޿ߚᒁ↪ᢙߩᲧセ㧔29 ⺆㧕
⺆የ/-i/
ㄉᦠ
ឝタᒻ
ᒻᘒ
ว⸘
ᒁ↪ᢙ
104
⺆የ/-a/
Ყ₸
ᒻᘒ
74.82%
(75.36%)
ᒁ↪ᢙ
35(34)
Ყ₸
25.18%
(24.64%)
‫ ⴫ޣ‬4-4‫ޤ‬ɝɨɞ god‫ޟ‬ᐕ‫ࠍޠ‬㒰޿ߚ 29 ⺆ਛߩછᗧߩ⺆ߢߘࠇߙࠇߩ⺆የ߇૶↪ߐࠇࠆᲧ₸
⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᲧ₸
70.50% ̆ 29.50% ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩᲧ₸
‫ ⴫ޣ‬4-1‫ ⴫ޣߣޤ‬4-3‫ߩߣޤ‬Ყセ߆ࠄ᣿ࠄ߆ߥࠃ߁ߦ㧘⓭಴ߒߚ࠺࡯࠲߇޽ࠆ႐ว㧘ߘߩ
ታᢙࠍߘߩ߹߹ᛒ߁ߣ࠺࡯࠲߇ᄢ߈ߊᄌേߒߡߒ߹߁‫ߣࠇߘޕ‬Ყセߒߡ㧘
‫ ⴫ޣ‬4-2‫߮ࠃ߅ޤ‬
‫ ⴫ޣ‬4-4‫ࠆߌ߅ߦޤ‬ᢙ୯ߪߘࠇ߶ߤᄢ߈ߊߪᄌേߒߡ޿ߥ޿‫ߩߎޕ‬ᢙ୯ߪ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽ࡧࠔ
࡝ࠕࡦ࠻ߣߒߡ⺆የ/-i/߅ࠃ߮⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟછᗧߩ⺆ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ߤߜࠄߩ⺆የ߇ᄙߊ↪޿
ࠄࠇࠆ߆ߣ޿߁࠺࡯࠲ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪ࠲࡯࠺ߩߎޕ‬㧘੹࿁࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍᬌ⚝ߒߚ⚿ᨐ㧘ࡅ
࠶࠻ߒߚઙᢙ߇⺆የ/-i/࡮⺆የ/-a/౒ߦ࠯ࡠ(0)ߢ޽ߞߚ⺆ߦߟ޿ߡ߽㧘⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߣ
⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߘࠇߙࠇ߇಴⃻ߔࠆ௑ะࠍ‛⺆ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߃ࠃ߁‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ㧘ㄉᦠߥߤߦᢥ૕⊛ߥᜰ៰㧔ኾ㐷↪⺆⊛㧘ญ⺆⊛㧘ଶ⺆⊛㧘ᡆฎ⊛ߥߤ㧕߇޽ߞߚ
႐ว㧘ߘࠇࠄࠍ߽ߣߦ╙ 3 ┨ߢ⺆ߩಽ㘃㗄⋡೎ߦ⷗ߚᲧ₸߇ෳ⠨ߦߥࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ߩ⺆ޕ‬
ಽ㘃ߏߣߩ࠺࡯࠲ߪ෻ᓳߣߥࠆߚ߼ߎߎߢߪഀᗲߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
߅ࠊࠅߦ
੹࿁ߩಽᨆߢߪ࠺࡯࠲ߣߒߡᣢሽߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߢ޽ࠆ࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ↪޿ߚ߇㧘⚿ᨐ
⊛ߦߪฦ‫ߡ޿ߟߦ⺆ߩޘ‬಴⃻ᢙ߇ዋߥߔ߉ࠆ⺆߇ᄙߊ㧘ᢙ୯࠺࡯࠲ߘߩ߹߹ࠍ㡻๘ߺߦߪ
಴᧪ߥ޿⁁ᴫߢ޽ߞߚߎߣߪ⹺߼ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫੹ޕ‬ᓟߪࠃࠅᄙߊߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ෼㓸ߒߡ
ౣᐲಽᨆࠍ⹜ߺߚ޿ߣ⠨߃ߡߪ޿ࠆ‫ߩ࠲࡯࠺ࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬෼㓸ᣇᴺ߭ߣߟࠍߣߞߡ߽㧘
૗ࠍ߽ߞߡࡃ࡜ࡦࠬߩขࠇߚ࠺࡯࠲ߣߔࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ၮḰߪ㕖Ᏹߦ㔍ߒߊ㧘࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄ
ࠬߣࡃ࡜ࡦࠬߩ⇣ߥࠆ࠺࡯࠲ࠍන⚐ߦ෼㓸ߒߡᲧセᬌ⸛ߒߡ߽ߘߩಽᨆ߇ᗧ๧޽ࠆ߽ߩ
ߦߥࠆߣߪ㒢ࠄߥ޿‫ߩߘޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢ⛔⸘ቇ㧘⸘㊂⸒⺆ቇ⊛ߥᚻᴺߦߟ޿ߡߩ⍮⼂ࠍᷓ߼ࠆߎ
ߣ߇⃻Ბ㓏ߢߩ⺖㗴ߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ⹺⼂ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
৻ᣇࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ࠺࡯࠲ߦߟ޿ߡ⋡ࠍォߓࠆߣ㧘࠹ࡘ࡯ࡆࡦࠥࡦᄢቇߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ
࠻ SFB441 ߢߪࡠࠪࠕ⺆ࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ࡯ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߣ޿߁߽ߩ߇ዷ㐿ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫࠺ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬
࡯࠲ࠍၮߦ㧘৻ㇱߩ⺆ߢญ⺆⊛࡮ଶ⺆⊛ߢ޽ࠆ⴫⃻ߣߐࠇߚ⺆የ/-a/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒߩ಴⃻Ყ₸
ߦߟ޿ߡಽᨆߔࠆߎߣߪଔ୯߇޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ߪߡ޿ߟߦࠇߎޕ‬ㄭ޿߁ߜߦ⎇ⓥࠍ㐿ᆎߔ
ࠆߟ߽ࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ㧘⺆የ/-i/ࠍ߽ߟᒻᘒ߇৻ㇱߩ⺆ߢᡆฎ⊛ߢ޽ࠆߣߐࠇࠆὐߦߟ޿ߡ߽㧘࠰ㅪ㇌፣უ
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⹺ߒߡߺࠆᔅⷐ߽޽ࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
޿ߕࠇߦߒߡ߽ࡠࠪࠕ⺆㑐ㅪߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ⸒⺆ቇ߅ࠃ߮⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ߇ߐࠄߦㅴዷߒߡ޿
ߊߚ߼ߦߪ㧘࠲ࠣᖱႎ߇ઃടߐࠇߚᄢⷙᮨߥࡠࠪࠕ⺆ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩቢᚑ߇ᄢ޿ߦᓙߚࠇࠆߣ
ߎࠈߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
Ԙㄉᦠ
OZHJEGOV, S.I.1988: Slovar' russkogo jazyka. 20-th edition. Moscow. (Ɉɠɟɝɨɜ, ɋ.ɂ.1988:
ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɂɡɞ. 20-ɟ, ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɧɨɟ. Ɇ.)
Slovar' russkogo jazyka v chjetyrjokh tomakh. Second edition. 1983. Moscow. (ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ
ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ. ɂɡɞ. ɜɬɨɪɨɟ. 1983. Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ ɇɚɭɤ ɋɋɋɊ. Ɇ.)
ԙᢥ₂
GRAUDINA, L.K. et al. 1976: Grammatichjeskaja pravil’nost’ russkoj rjechi, Mosow.㨇ᧄᢥਛߢߪ
GPRR 1976 ߣ⇛⸥㨉(Ƚɪɚɭɞɢɧɚ, Ʌ.Ʉ. ɢ ɞɪ. 1976: Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ
ɪɟɱɢ. Ɇ.)
GRAUDINA, L.K. et al. 2001: Grammatichjeskaja pravil’nost’ russkoj rjechi, Mosow.㨇ᧄᢥਛߢߪ
GPRR 2001 ߣ⇛⸥㨉(Ƚɪɚɭɞɢɧɚ, Ʌ.Ʉ. ɢ ɞɪ. 2001: Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ
ɪɟɱɢ. Ɇ.)
KARAULOV, J.N. et al. 1998: Russkij jazyk. Entsiklopjedija. Second edition. Moscow. 㨇ᧄᢥਛߢ
ߪ RJE 1998 ߣ⇛⸥㨉(Ʉɚɪɚɭɥɨɜ, ɘ.ɇ. (Ƚɥ. ɪɟɞ.) 1998: Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ. ɗɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ. ɂɡɞ.
2-ɟ. Ɇ.)
Russkaja grammatika. I. 1980: Akadjemija Nauk USSR, Moscow.㨇ᧄᢥਛߢߪ RG1980 ߣ⇛⸥㨉
(Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ. I. 1980. Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ ɇɚɭɤ ɋɋɋɊ, Ɇ.)
Russkaja grammatika. 1. 1979: Praha.㨇ᧄᢥਛߢߪ RG1979 ߣ⇛⸥㨉(Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ. 1.
1979. Praha.)
BIBER, Douglas and REPPEN, Randi and CONRAD, Susan㧔ᢧ⮮ବ㓶࡮ጊፒବᰴ࡮᪢ດᢕሶ࡮ᦺ
የᐘᰴ㇢࡮ᣂ੗ᵗ৻࡮Ⴆᧄ⡡⸶㧕2003:‫⺆⸒ࠬࡄ࡯ࠦޡ‬ቇ‫ޢ‬, ධ㔕ၴ, ᧲੩㧚
㧔ේ㗴 Corpus
Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use, Cambridge U.P. 1998㧕
COMRIE, Bernard 1989: Language universals and linguistic typology, Second edition, Chicago.
ዊᨋẖ 2003:‫ࡦࠥࡦࡆ࡯ࡘ࠹࡮࠷ࠗ࠼ޟ‬ᄢቇߩࡠࠪࠕ⺆ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ‫ޠ‬
‫⎇⺆ࠕࠪࡠޡ‬ⓥ‫ޢ‬16:64-85
᧲ㇹᱜᑧ࡮㘵↰ⷙ๺࡮ൎ↰᣽ੑ࡮┻ᴛᶈਃ㇢࡮ᚭㄝ෷ᣇ࡮ਛᧄାᐘ࡮඘↰ァᰴ✬ 1978:‫ࡠޡ‬
ࠪࠕ࡮࠰ࡆࠛ࠻ ࡂࡦ࠼ࡉ࠶ࠢ‫ޢ‬, ਃ⋭ၴ, ᧲੩㧚
㠽ዬᵏᒾ 1994:‫⸘⛔ߩߡ߼ߓߪޡ‬ቇ‫ޢ‬, ᣣᧄ⚻ᷣᣂ⡞␠, ᧲੩㧚
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Ԛࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻࡮ࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫ
http://www.slaviska.uu.se/korpus.htm㧔࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ᄢቇ㧕
http://www.sfb441.uni-tuebingen.de/b1/en/korpora.html㧔࠹ࡘ࡯ࡆࡦࠥࡦᄢቇ㧕
http://calper.la.psu.edu/corpus.php?page=corpora㧔CALPER: The Center for Advanced Language
Proficiency Education and Research㧕
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‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ޢ‬0Q㧔㧕
ࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߩ pora ߣ౒⿠ߔࠆേ⹖ਇቯᒻߩ૕
ߦߟ޿ߡ㧙ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ↪޿ߚᢙ㊂⊛⠨ኤ㧙
ዊᎹ ᥙ㆏
㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
0.ߪߓ߼ߦ
ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘ࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆ pora ߣ౒⿠ߔࠆേ⹖ߩ૕ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ↪޿ߡ⠨ኤ
ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬pora ߪേ⹖ਇቯᒻߣ⚿วߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘
‫ޟ‬㨪ߔߴ߈ᤨ‫ޕߔ⴫ࠍޠ‬
ήੱ⒓ᢥㅀ⺆ mozhno, nel'zja, neobxodimo, nado....ߪ㧘േ૞߿⁁ᘒࠍታ⃻ߔࠆน⢻ᕈ㧘ᔅ
ὼᕈ㧘ਇนㆱᕈ㧘น⢻㧘ㆡᤨᕈߩሽ࿷ߣ޿ߞߚਥ૕ߩ⁁ᘒࠍ⴫ߔ‫ޕ‬1ߎߩ߁ߜ pora ߪേ૞
ߩᤨ㑆⊛ߥᔅὼᕈࠍ⴫ߔ‫ޕ‬2ᗧ๧਄ߩਥ⺆ߪਈᩰߢ⴫ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
Mne pora jexat'.㧔⑳ߪⴕ߆ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬㧕
৻⥸⊛ߦߪਇቯᒻߣߒߡ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆേ⹖ߪਇቢੌ૕ߩߺ⸥ㅀߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ቢੌ૕߇↪
޿ࠄࠇࠆ႐วߩᗧ๧㧘ߎߩ⴫⃻ߦ߅ߌࠆਇቢੌ૕ߣቢੌ૕ߩᏅ⇣ߦߟ޿ߡㅀߴࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ
߽ߩߪዋߥ޿‫ߩߘޕ‬ਛߢ㧘↪޿ࠄࠇࠆേ⹖ߩ૕ߦࠃࠆᏅ⇣ߦߟ޿ߡߪ Forsyth(1970)߇એਅ
ߩࠃ߁ߦㅀߴߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ޟ‬ㅀ⺆ pora ߪਇቢੌ૕ਇቯᒻࠍᜬߟ௑ะ߇޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ℂ↱ߪਇቢੌ૕ߩ߽ߟಾㄼᕈߢ޽ࠆ
ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬pora ࠍ฽߻ᢥߪㅢᏱ㧘␜ߐࠇߚേ૞߇ߔߢߦሽ࿷ߔࠆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ৻ㇱߣߒ
ߡ⹺߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᴫߦ⿠ߎࠆ‫߃ࠁࠇߘޕ‬㧘േ૞߇ቢੌ૕⊛ߥᣂߒ޿᭎ᔨߣߒߡ␜ߔᔅⷐ
ߪήߊ㧘නߦߥߐࠇࠆߴ߈ᤨ߇᧪ߡ޿ࠆേ૞ࠍฬᜰߔߩߺߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧔ਛ⇛ዊᎹ㧕ቢੌ૕ߪਥ૕ߩᗧᕁߩⓍᭂ⊛㧘᳿ቯ⊛ߥ⴫᣿ࠍ⴫ߔᢥߩਛߢ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ޠ‬3
ᧄⓂߢߪࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ↪޿ߡ Forsyth(1970)ߩ⸥ㅀࠍ↪଀ߩਛߢ⏕⹺ߒ㧘ᢙ㊂⊛ߥࠕࡊࡠ࡯
࠴ߦࠃߞߡਇቢੌ૕㧛ቢੌ૕ߩ಴⃻㗫ᐲߩಽᨆࠍⴕߥ߁‫ޕ‬
૶↪ߔࠆࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߪ㧘࠴ࡘ࡯ࡆࡦࠥࡦᄢቇߩࡠࠪࠕ⺆ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ Russian Corpora4ߢ㧘࠙ࡊ
1
Ǯǻ ǿǿǿǾ, ǾȡȟȟȘȎȭ ȑȞȎȚȚȎȠȖȘȎ. Ƞ.2, 1980 c.323
2 DZȎșȘȖțȎ-ȂȓȒȜȞȡȘ, dz.Ǻ. ǿȜȐȞȓȚȓțțȩȗ ȞȡȟȟȘȖȗ ȭȕȩȘ, ȥ.2 ǺȜȞȢȜșȜȑȖȭ. ǿȖțȠȎȘȟȖȟ, ǺȜȟȘȐȎ, 1964 c.428
3 Forsyth, J. A grammar of aspect. Usage and meaning in Russian verb. Cambridge, 1970 pp.271-272
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ࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ㧔⚂ 600 ࠹ࠢࠬ࠻㧘100 ਁ⺆㧕5ߣࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ࡯⸥੐㧘㔀⹹ Ogonek ߩ 1996 ᐕ
߆ࠄ 2002 ᐕ߹ߢߩ⸥੐㧘20 ਎♿ᢥቇ㧔A. Marinina, M. Bulgakov: Prose works, M. Bulgakov:
Sobrannoe, A. Rybakov, Il’f i Petrov, A.& B. Strugackie, Detektive Stories㨧᭽‫ߥޘ‬૞ኅߩផℂዊ
⺑㨩㧕
㧘19 ਎♿ᢥቇ㧔L. Tolstoj, Turgenev, Dostoevskij, N. Leskov㧕߆ࠄߥࠆ‫ࡄ࡯ࠦ࡜ࠨࡊ࠙ޕ‬
ࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߩ߁ߜ㧘ᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻(press text)ߣᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻(literature text)
ࠍಽߌߡᬌ⚝ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ࠃࠅᄙߊߩ↪଀ࠍ෼㓸ߔࠆߦߪ࠴ࡘ࡯ࡆࡦࠥࡦࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦ߅ߌࠆోߡߩ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ࠍኻ
⽎ߦᬌ⚝ߔࠆߩ߇ᦨㆡߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘Ogonek ৻⹹ߩߺߢ 1996 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2002 ᐕ߹ߢߩ⤘ᄢߥ࠹
ࠠࠬ࠻㊂ࠍ᦭ߒ㧘ᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ౝߩ௑ะࠍតࠆߦᒰߚߞߡ⓭಴ߒߚ࠺࡯࠲߇↢ߓࠆ
ᕟࠇ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߪ⃻ሽߔࠆࡠࠪࠕ⺆ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩਛߢ૕♽⊛ߦ᭴ᚑߐࠇߚࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߣ
ߒߡᦨᄢⷙᮨߢ޽ࠅ㧘ࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߩ⃻⽎ࠍ⷗ࠆ㓙ߦᄢ߹߆ߥ௑ะࠍߟ߆߻ߩߦචಽߥ߹ߣ߹
ࠅߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃㧘࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬౝߢߩ pora ߩ↪଀ࠍᬌ⚝ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
⛔⺆᭴ㅧ਄ฬ⹖⊛ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ߽޽ࠆ߇㧘⚿วߔࠆേ⹖ߩ૕ߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆߚ߼㧘
േ⹖ߩਇቯᒻߣ౒⿠ߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߔߴߡࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬
A potom prixodit pora proshchat’sja.6
ߘߩᓟ೎ࠇࠆᤨ߇᧪ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Legko li otkryt’ teatr, kogda rezhisser ne poxozh na drugix. "Pravda" 87-09-22 (l.274).
ᧄⓂߢߪ߹ߕ Forsyth(1970)ߦ߅ߌࠆ⸥ㅀࠍታ଀ߣᾖࠄߒวࠊߖࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡⵣߠߌࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᰴߦ㧘࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦ߅ߌࠆਇቢੌ૕㧛ቢੌ૕ߩഀวࠍ␜ߒ㧘ߘߩᬌ⚝⚿ᨐߦၮߠ߈㧘
ᣂ⡞㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߣᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߦ߅ߌࠆਇቢੌ૕㧛ቢੌ૕ߩ಴⃻ᢙࠍᲧセߔࠆ‫ߖࠊ޽ޕ‬
ߡᢥਛߦ౒⿠ߔࠆⷐ⚛ߦࠃࠆਇቢੌ૕㧛ቢੌ૕ߩഀว߽⷗ߡࠁߊ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟᗧ๧ߩ㆑޿߇࠹
ࠠࠬ࠻ߩࠫࡖࡦ࡞ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߦ෻ᤋߐࠇࠆ߆ࠍⷰኤߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
వⴕ⎇ⓥߩ⸥ㅀ
Forsyth(1970)ߩ⸥ㅀߦࠃࠇ߫㧘pora ߣ⚿วߔࠆേ⹖ߩ૕ߪ㧘ਇቢੌ૕ߪᤨ㑆ߦ㧘ቢੌ૕
ߪᗧᕁߦ㊀ὐ߇⟎߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘ਇቢੌ૕ߪᤨ㑆♽೉਄ߔߢߦሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ߥߌࠇ߫
ߥࠄߥ޿േ૞㧘ቢੌ૕ߪਥ૕ߩᗧᕁ߇ሽ࿷ࠍ᳞߼ߡ޿ࠆേ૞ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
4 http://www.sfb441.uni-tuebingen.de/b1/en/korpora.html
5 http://www.slaviska.uu.se/ryska/corpus.html
6 ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߢߪࠠ࡝࡞ᢥሼߩ Ȫ ߪ࡜࠹ࡦᢥሼߩ q ߦ㧘ȧ ߪ w ߦ⟎߈឵߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ᧄⓂߢߪォ౮ߩ৻⥸⊛
ߥᘠ଀ߦᓥ޿㧘Ȫ ߪࠕࡐࠬ࠻ࡠࡈࠖ࡯ߢ㧘ȧ ߪ shch ߣ⸥ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
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ਇቢੌ૕ ਇቢੌ૕ߦࠃߞߡ⴫ߐࠇࠆേ૞ߪ‫ߦߢߔޟ‬ሽ࿷ߔࠆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ‫ߩޠ‬ਛߢታ⃻ߐࠇߥߌࠇ
߫ߥࠄߥ޿േ૞ߢ޽ࠆ‫߇ߣߎࠆߎ⿠ޕ‬ᒰὼ੍ᗐߐࠇߡ޿ࠆേ૞ࠍ⴫ߔਇቢੌ૕ߩᗧ๧ߦㄭ
޿߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬ಾㄼᕈ㧘߅ࠃ߮േ૞ߩฬᜰߒߩᯏ⢻ߣߒߡߩਇቢੌ૕ߢ޽ࠆߣㅀߴ
ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫♽ᤨߪࠇߎޕ‬೉ߩ਄ߢሽ࿷ߔߴ߈േ૞ߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Ne pora li obedat’?
㧔ᤤ㘩ࠍߣࠆᤨ㑆ߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߆㧫㧕
Tolstaja, T., Sonja, v kn. "Na zolotom kryl’ce sideli...", M., 1987,
str. 136-146 (2.545).
Emu za tridcat’ - pora sem’ej obzavodit’sja.
㧔ᓐߪ 30 ࠍㆊ߉ߡ޿ࠆʊߘࠈߘࠈኅᣖࠍᜬߞߡ߽޿޿㗃ߛ‫ޕ‬㧕
Tendrjakov, V., "Podenka - vek korotkij", M., 1967, str. 3-25 (5.002).
I kogda sxlynuli pervye mesjacy s ix radostnym nasyshcheniem drug drugom i pora bylo
otpravljat’sja v put’, stalo jasno, chto klad’ - svoja u kazhdogo i razdelit’ ee na dvoix - pochti
nemyslimaja zadacha.
㧔ߘߒߡᦨೋߩᢙࡩ᦬߇੕޿ߩḩ⿷ߩ㘻๺ߣߣ߽ߦ〔ᒻ߽ߥߊㆊ߉෰ߞߡ಴⊒ߩᤨ㑆
ߦߥߞߚᤨ㧘⩄‛ߪߘࠇߙࠇߩᚻߦᷰࠅ㧘ߘࠇࠍੑߟߦಽߌࠆߎߣߪ߶ߣࠎߤᕁ޿߽ࠃ
ࠄߧ⺖㗴ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬
㧕
Zorin L, Krapivnica, "Novyj mir", 1987:11, str. 95-105 (4.991).
ᦨೋߩ଀ᢥߢߪᲤᣣ⸰ࠇࠆ‫ޟ‬ᤤ㘩ߩᤨ㑆‫ᤨ⹤⊒߇ޠ‬ὐߦ߅޿ߡ೔᧪ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔޽ࠆ޿ߪ
ㄭߠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ㧘ㆊ߉ߡߒ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ㧕ߎߣ߇␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧞⇟⋡ߩ଀ᢥߢߪ‫ޟ‬ᆄᏪߔߴ
߈ᤨ‫߇ޠ‬ᐕ㦂ߦࠃߞߡ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫߽ࠇߕ޿ޕ‬Ფᣣߩ㘩੐ߩᤨ㑆߿⚿ᇕㆡ㦂ᦼߥߤ⠌ᘠ⊛
ߥⷰὐ߆ࠄߘࠇ߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆߴ߈ᤨࠍ⴫ߒ㧘ߘࠇ߇޽ࠄ߆ߓ߼ሽ࿷ߔࠆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߣߥߞߡ
޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ઁߦ⠌ᘠߩᗧ๧ࠍᜬߚߕߦਇቢੌ૕േ⹖߽ pora ߣߣ߽ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ଀߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧟⇟
⋡ߩ଀ᢥߢߪ޽ࠄ߆ߓ߼੍ቯߐࠇߡ޿ߚേ૞߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆߴ߈ᤨ㑆߇೔᧪ߒߚߎߣ߇⴫ߐ
ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇࠄߩ଀ߪනߦേ૞߇ฬᜰߐࠇ㧘޽ࠆ⁁ᴫߦ߅޿ߡߔߢߦⴕߥࠊࠇߡ޿ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄ
ߥ޿േ૞ࠍ⴫ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘⁁ᴫ߇․ߦ⺑᣿ߐࠇߡߥ޿႐㕙ߢ߽⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ pora㧗ਇቢੌ૕േ⹖ߦࠃߞߡ⴫ߐࠇࠆᔅὼᕈߪ㧘․ߦ⁁ᴫ⊛ߥᔅὼᕈߣ⸒߃
ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ቢੌ૕
ቢੌ૕ߩ↪଀ࠍએਅߦ᜼ߍ㧘ਥ૕ߩᗧᕁߩ⴫᣿߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⃻ࠇࠆ߆ࠍ⷗ߡⴕߊ‫ޕ‬
Pedagog s 30-letnim stazhem O. Lesina iz Tashkenta pishet nam : " Shkoly i klassy nuzhny
raznye, s matematicheskim, gumanitarnym, ximiko-biologicheskim, trudovym uklonami. V
sel’skoj mestnosti neobxodimy klassy s uklonami ". Podytozhivaja mnenija stolichnyx
matematikov, uchenyx i uchitelej, professor MGU, predsedatel’ sekcii srednix shkol
moskovskogo matematicheskogo obshchestva N. Rozov s gorech’ju otmechal, chto bylo vremja,
kogda u nas naxodili primer matematicheskoj podgotovki shkol’nikov, teper’ nam nado
dogonjat’ drugix : " I pora nazvat’ veshchi svoimi imenami.
㧔ൕ⛯ 30 ᐕߩᢎᏧߢ޽ࠆ࡟ࠪ࠽᳁ߪᚻ⚕ߢߎ߁ᦠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ޟ‬ቇᩞߣࠢ࡜ࠬߪᢙቇ㧘ੱ
ᢥ⑼ቇ㧘↢‛ൻቇ㧘ഭ௛ߥߤߩኾ㐷ߦࠃߞߡᄙ᭽ߢ޽ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ㄘ᧛ㇱߦ߅޿ߡߪ
ኾ㐷⑼⋡ߩࠢ࡜ࠬ߇ᔅⷐਇนᰳߢ޽ࠆ‫ޠޕ‬㚂ㇺߦ޿ࠆᢙቇ⠪㧘ቇ⠪㧘ᢎᏧߩᗧ⷗ࠍ✚᜝
ߒ㧘ࡕࠬࠢࡢᄢቇߩᢎ᝼ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ࡕࠬࠢࡢᢙቇදળਛ╬ቇᩞ⺖ߩࡠ࠱ࡈ᳁ߪᱷᔨߘ߁ߦ
ᜰ៰ߒߚ‫↢ߪߡߟ߆ޕ‬ᓤߩᢙቇߩ੍⠌ߩ଀ࠍ⠨߃ࠆᤨߛߞߚ߇㧘޿߹߿ઁߩቇᩞߦㅊ޿
ߟߊߎߣߢ♖৻᧰ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩ⥄⁛ߪߦߣߏߩ߽ޕ‬ฬ೨ࠍઃߌࠆߴ߈ᤨߛ‫ޕ‬
㧕
Ne nizhe srednego... mezhdu shkoloj i vuzom. "Izvestija", 87-08-26 (2.416).
Perestrojka zatragivaet soznanie i psixologiju ljudej, ix interesy, polozhenie v trudovom
kollektive. V etix uslovijax ne menee vazhnym delom, chem sovershenstvovanie
ekonomicheskogo mexanizma, stanovitsja sovershenstvovanie chelovecheskix otnoshenij. Kak
mozhno segodnja sidet’ slozha ruki radi spokojstvija, da eshche i mnimogo? Mozhet byt’, pora
sdelat’ shag navstrechu drug drugu, podumat’ vmeste, kak zhit’ dal’she?
㧔ᡷ㕟ߪੱ‫ߦޘ‬ᗧ⼂߿ᔃℂ㧘㑐ᔃ㧘ഭ௛㓸࿅ߦ߅ߌࠆ࿾૏ߦᓇ㗀ࠍ෸߷ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬
⁁ᴫਅߢ⚻ᷣᯏ᭴ߩะ਄ࠃࠅ߽㊀ⷐߥ੐ᨩߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߩߪ㧘ੱ㑆㑐ଥߩะ਄ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᐔ㕒㧘ߘࠇ߽઒ᗐߩᐔ㕒ߩߚ߼ߦᚻࠍߎ߹ߨ޿ߡᐳߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ߤ߁߿ߞߡߢ߈ࠆߛ
ࠈ߁߆㧫߅ߘࠄߊ㧘੕޿ߦᱠߺነࠅ㧘ߎߩవߤߩࠃ߁ߦ↢߈ߡ޿ߊ߆ࠍߣ߽ߦ⠨߃ࠆߴ
߈ᤨߢߪ㧫㧕
Direktor prosit ob otstavke. "Izvestija", 88-02-22 (1.614).
No i sistema obshchestvennogo vospitanija ne svorachivaetsja, v chastnosti postavlena zadacha
usilit’ rabotu po polovomu vospitaniju v detskix doshkol’nyx i shkol’nyx uchrezhdenijax kak
mal’chikov, tak i devochek. Rezul’tatom dolzhna stat’ bol’shaja napravlennost’ devushek na
zhenskij stereotip povedenija - zamuzhestva, rozhdenie i vospitanie rebenka, zabota o muzhe, o
dome. Zhenshchina dolzhna byt’ podgotovlena k tomu, chto preimushchestvennost’ ee social’noj
orientacii postepenno smenjaetsja na semejno-brachnuju. A poka social’naja politika gosudarstva
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dolzhna vse v bol’shej stepeni uchityvat’ to, chto zhenshchina neobxodima sem’e i poetomu
nuzhna ej material’naja podderzhka, a eshche nuzhnej - vremja, svobodnoe ot zanjatosti na
proizvodstve. Nam vsem pora produmat’, kak luchshe eto sdelat’.
㧔ߒ߆ߒ␠ળߩᢎ⢒૕೙ߪ❗ዊߒߡ߅ࠄߕ㧘↵ሶ߅ࠃ߮ᅚሶߩዞቇ೨ߣቇᩞᯏ㑐ߢߩᕈ
ᢎ⢒ࠍᒝൻߔࠆ⺖㗴߇․ߦ಴ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ᇾ౉ࠅ㧘಴↥࡮⢒ఽ㧘ᄦ߿ኅߩߎߣߦ㑐ߔࠆ᳇㆜
޿ߥߤߣ޿ߞߚᝄࠆ⥰޿ߩᅚᕈ⊛ࠬ࠹࡟ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ߳ߩᅚሶߩᔒะ߇⚿ᨐߣߥࠆߪߕߢ
޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᅚᕈߪ␠ળ⊛ߥᔒะߩᄢㇱಽ߇ᓢ‫ߦޘ‬ኅᐸ߿⚿ᇕ߳ߣᄌࠊࠅߟߟ޽ࠆߎߣࠍⷡᖗ
ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ࠈߎߣߩ੹ޕ‬࿖ኅߩ᡽ᴦߪᄢㇱಽߪᅚᕈ߇ኅᐸߦߪᔅⷐਇนᰳߢ޽
ࠅ㧘ߒߚ߇ߞߡᅚᕈߦߪ‛⾰⊛ߥេഥ߇ᔅⷐߢ㧘ߐࠄߦᔅⷐߥߩߪ↢↥ߩᄙᔔ߆ࠄߩ⥄
↱ߥᤨ㑆ߢ޽ࠆߣ⸘▚ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߊ߹߁ߦ߆޿ࠍߣߎߩߎ߇⊝ޘ‬ታⴕߢ߈ࠆ߆ᾫᘦߔ
ࠆᤨߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㧕
Nam vsem pora podumat’ i produmat’, N. Simakova, "Sputnik", 1988:10, str. 78-80 (1.047).
ᦨೋߩ଀ᢥߢߪᢎ⢒ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ⃻⁁ߦߟ޿ߡㅀߴࠄࠇ㧘ቇᩞ߿ࠢ࡜ࠬߩኾ㐷ߦࠃࠆ඙ಽ
ߦߟ޿ߡㅀߴࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬᭎ᔨࠍᢛℂߒㆡಾߥฬ⒓ࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡⶄ㔀ൻߒߚ⃻⁁
ߦኻᔕߒߚࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇ᓧࠄࠇࠆߣ޿߁⹤⠪ߩ⠨߃߇ㅀߴࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬2 ⇟⋡ߩ଀ᢥߢߪ␠
ળ⊛ߥ⃻⁁߇ㅀߴࠄࠇ㧘੹߹ߢ㊀ⷐߢ޽ߞߚ੐ᨩߦᄌࠊߞߡੱ㑆㑐ଥ߇㊀ⷐߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ
ߣ޿߁ౝኈߢ޽ࠆ‫⹤ޕ‬⠪ߪߘߩੱ㑆㑐ଥߩะ਄ߩߚ߼ߩ╙৻ᱠߣߒߡᔅⷐߥ੐ߪ૗߆ߣ޿
߁໧㗴ឭ⿠ࠍߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߩ଀ᢥߢ߽߹ߕ⃻⁁߇ㅀߴࠄࠇ㧘ߘࠇߦߟ޿ߡߩᗧ⼂ࠍ㜞߼
ࠆࠃ߁ߦߣ޿߁໧㗴ឭ⿠ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ቢੌ૕േ⹖߇↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ଀ᢥߩᄙߊߪ㧘߹ߕ⁁ᴫ߇⺑᣿ߐࠇ㧘ߘߩ⃻⁁ࠍᡷༀߔࠆ
ߚ߼ߦᔅⷐߥേ૞߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ਥᒛ߇ㄟ߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ቢੌ૕ߪേ૞ߩ⌕ᚻߣ޿߁
ὐߦ߅޿ߡਇቢੌ૕ߣ⇣ߥߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ਥ૕ߩᗧᕁ߇੺࿷ߔࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߦ߅޿ߡ
ߩߺߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ቢੌ૕ߦࠃߞߡ⴫ߐࠇࠆᔅὼᕈߪ㧘ᗧᕁ⊛ߥᔅὼᕈߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ਇቢੌ૕㧛ቢੌ૕ߩᏅ⇣
ਇቢੌ૕ߪߔߢߦሽ࿷ߔࠆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩਛߢേ૞ࠍฬᜰߒ㧘⁁ᴫߦ߅޿ߡᔅὼ⊛ߥേ૞
ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ቢੌ૕ߪਥ૕ߩᗧᕁߩ਄ߢߩᔅὼ⊛ߥേ૞ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⏕⹺ߒߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘‫ޟ‬Ⓧ
ᭂ⊛ߥ‫⴫ޠ‬᣿ߣ Forsyth(1970)߽ㅀߴߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘
ߎߩኻ┙ߪ㓒⛘ᕈࠍᜬߟ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘
ਥ૕ߩᗧᕁߩ⴫᣿ߦ㑐ߒߡήᮡߢ޽ࠆߩ߇ਇቢੌ૕㧘᦭ᮡߢ޽ࠆߩ߇ቢੌ૕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߎߢ⏕⹺ߒߚ⸥ㅀࠍ߽ߣߦਇቢੌ૕㧛ቢੌ૕ߩ಴⃻ᢙߩ࠺࡯࠲ߦ߅ߌࠆ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߩ
ࠫࡖࡦ࡞ߏߣߩ௑ะߦߟ޿ߡㅀߴߡࠁߊ‫ޕ‬
ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬᬌ⚝ߦࠃࠆᢙ㊂⊛࠺࡯࠲ Forsyth(1970)ߪਇቢੌ૕߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ௑ะ߇޽ࠆߣᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ᢙ୯ߢߪ␜ߐࠇߡ
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޿ߥ޿‫ࠆߌ߅ߦࠬࡄ࡯ࠦ࡜ࠨࡊ࠙ߢߎߘޕ‬ታ㓙ߩ↪଀ࠍ⷗ߡߺࠆ‫ޕ‬
࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦ߅ߌࠆᬌ⚝⺆ pora ߩ✚ࡅ࠶࠻ᢙߪ 79 ଀޽ߞߚ‫ߜ߁ޕ‬㧘ਇቯᒻ߇಴
⃻ߖߕቢోߦฬ⹖ߣߒߡ಴⃻ߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߣ઒ቯᴺߩᜰᮡߢ޽ࠆഥ⹖ by ߇⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽
ߩ㧔3 ଀㧕ࠍ㒰޿ߚ‫ޕ‬pora by ߪ޿ߕࠇ߽ᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻㧘ᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ࠍ໧ࠊߕቢੌ
૕ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߪߡ޿ߟߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻ┙ߔࠆਇቢੌ૕ߩ↪଀߇ή߆ߞߚߚ߼㧘߹ߚ pora ߣ౒⿠ߔ
ࠆേ⹖ߩ௑ะߣߪ೎ߩ௑ะ߇ⷰኤߐࠇࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆߚ߼㧘੹࿁ߪ⺞ᩏߩኻ⽎ߣߒߥ޿‫ޕ‬
ਇቢੌ૕㧛ቢੌ૕ߩ಴⃻㗫ᐲ
pora ߣ౒⿠ߒߡ޿ࠆേ⹖ਇቯᒻߩ૕ߪਇቢੌ૕ 19 ଀㧘ቢੌ૕ 27 ଀㧘ㅀ⺆ߩߺߢേ⹖ਇ
ቯᒻߩή޿߽ߩ߇ 7 ଀޽ߞߚ㧔⴫㧝㧕
‫ޕ‬േ⹖ਇቯᒻߩ૕ߩഀวߪ࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬో૕ߢ
ߪਇቢੌ૕ 41.3㧑㧘ቢੌ૕ 58.7㧑ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߎߩᢙሼߪ Forsyth(1970)ߩ‫ޟ‬pora ߪਇቢੌ૕
ਇቯᒻࠍᜬߟ௑ะ߇޽ࠆ‫⸥߁޿ߣޠ‬ㅀߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ‫ߢߎߘޕ‬㧘࠹ࠠࠬ࠻೎ߩ಴⃻㗫ᐲࠍ⷗ߡ
ߺࠆߣ㧘એਅߩࠃ߁ߦᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߦ߅ߌࠆਇቢੌ૕ߣቢੌ૕ߩഀวߪ 8㧦23㧘ᢥ
ቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߢߪ 11㧦4 ߢ޽ߞߚ㧔⴫ 2㧕‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘ㅀ⺆ߩߺߩ଀ߪ㧣଀޽ࠅ㧘ߎࠇࠄߪోߡᢥ
ቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߦߩߺ⃻ࠊࠇ㧘ᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߦߪή߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
േ⹖ਇቯᒻߩ૕ߩഀวߪᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߢߪਇቢੌ૕ 25.8㧑㧘ቢੌ૕ 74.㧞㧑㧘ᢥ
ቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߢߪਇቢੌ૕ 73.3㧑㧘ቢੌ૕ 26.7㧑ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Forsyth(1970)ߢ↪଀ߣߒߡ᜼ߍ
ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ଀ᢥߪోߡᢥቇ૞ຠ߆ࠄߩ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘߹ߚߘߩᢙ㊂⊛࠺࡯࠲ߪㄉౖ㘃ࠍ㒰޿
ߡߪᢥቇ૞ຠౝߦ⃻ࠇࠆ↪଀ᢙߦၮߠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬Forsyth(1970)ߩ⸒߁‫ޟ‬ਇቢੌ૕ߩ௑ะ‫ޠ‬
߇ᚒ‫⺞ߩޘ‬ᩏߢᓧࠄࠇߚᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߦߩߺᒰߡߪ߹ࠆߩߪએ਄ߩℂ↱ߦࠃࠆ
߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬ኻߒߡᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߦ߅޿ߡߪోߊㅒߩഀวߢቢ
ੌ૕߇ᄙߊ⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫㧝㧦࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬో૕
↪଀ᢙ
േ⹖ਇቯᒻߩ
૕ߩഀว㧔㧑㧕
✚ᢙ
79
100
ਇቢੌ૕
19
41.3
ቢੌ૕
27
58.7
⴫ 2㧦࠹ࠠࠬ࠻೎ߩേ⹖ਇቯᒻߩ૕ߩഀว
ਇቯᒻ✚ᢙ
ᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹
േ⹖ਇቯᒻߩ
࠹ࠠࠬ࠻
૕ߩഀว㧔㧑㧕
31
100
͘!353!͘
ᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻
േ⹖ਇቯᒻߩ
૕ߩഀว㧔㧑㧕
15
100
目次ページに戻る。
ਇቢੌ૕
8
25.8
11
73.3
ቢੌ૕
23
74.2
4
26.7
ઁߩ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߦ߅ߌࠆ㗫ᐲᏅ
࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ 79 ଀ߣ޿߁↪଀ᢙߪ᳿ߒߡᄙ޿ߣߪ޿߃ߥ޿߇㧘એਅߦ᜼
ߍࠆ࠴ࡘ࡯ࡆࡦࠥࡦࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩઁߩ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߩᬌ⚝⚿ᨐߦ߅ߌࠆਇቢੌ૕㧛ቢੌ૕ߩ಴
⃻㗫ᐲᢙࠍ⷗ߡ߽㧘ᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߣᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߘࠇߙࠇߦ߅ߌࠆഀวߩ௑ะߪⵣ
ઃߌࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
࠴ࡘ࡯ࡆࡦࠥࡦࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ 20 ਎♿ᢥቇ૞ຠߦ߅ߌࠆਇቢੌ૕ߣቢੌ૕ߩഀวߪᰴߩㅢ
ࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬A. Marinina ߢߪో૕ߢ 19 ଀‫ޕ‬ਇቢੌ૕ 12 ଀㧔85.7㧑㧕
㧘ቢੌ૕ 2 ଀㧔14.3㧑㧕
ߢ㧘ㅀ⺆ߩߺߩ଀߇ 5 ߟ޽ߞߚ㧔⴫ 3㧕‫ ߩઁޕ‬2 ੱߩ૞ኅ߽ห᭽ߦ㧘A. Rybakov ߢߪో૕ߢ
13 ଀㧘߁ߜਇቢੌ૕ 7 ଀㧔77.8㧑㧕
㧘ቢੌ૕ 2 ଀㧔22.㧞㧑㧕
㧔⴫ 4㧕㧘A. & B. Strugackie ߢ
ߪో૕ߢ 52 ଀㧘ਇቢੌ૕ 29 ଀㧔80.6㧑㧕
㧘ቢੌ૕ 7 ଀㧔19.6㧑㧕ߢ޽ߞߚ㧔⴫ 5㧕
‫ߒߛߚޕ‬㧘
ࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ࡯⸥੐ߢߪ✚ᢙ 8 ଀ߩ߁ߜ㧘ਇቢੌ૕ 4 ଀㧘ቢੌ૕ 4 ଀ߢ޽ߞߚ㧔⴫ 6㧕
‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇࠄߩ૞ኅߦࠃࠆᢥቇ૞ຠ߅ߌࠆਇቢੌ૕㧛ቢੌ૕ߩ಴⃻㗫ᐲߪ㧘࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ
ߩᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߦ߅ߌࠆਇቢੌ૕㧛ቢੌ૕ߩ಴⃻㗫ᐲߩ௑ะߣ߶߷৻⥌ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 3㧦A. Marinina
↪଀ᢙ
േ⹖ਇቯᒻߩ
૕ߩഀว㧔㧑㧕
✚ᢙ
19
100
ਇቢੌ૕
12
85.7
ቢੌ૕
2
14.3
↪଀ᢙ
േ⹖ਇቯᒻߩ
⴫ 4㧦A. Rybakov
૕ߩഀว㧔㧑㧕
✚ᢙ
13
100
ਇቢੌ૕
7
77.8
ቢੌ૕
2
22.2
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⴫ 5㧦A. & B. Strugackie
↪଀ᢙ
േ⹖ਇቯᒻߩ
૕ߩഀว㧔㧑㧕
✚ᢙ
52
100
ਇቢੌ૕
29
80.6
ቢੌ૕
7
19.4
⴫ 6㧦ࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ࡯⸥੐
↪଀ᢙ
േ⹖ਇቯᒻߩ
૕ߩഀว㧔㧑㧕
✚ᢙ
8
100
ਇቢੌ૕
4
50.0
ቢੌ૕
4
50.0
RQTC㧗ਇቢੌ૕㧛ቢੌ૕േ⹖ߣ౒⿠ߔࠆߘߩઁߩᜰᮡ
ਇቯᒻࠍ઻ߞߡ޿ߥ߇ࠄ߽ฬ⹖⊛ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߩ߁ߜ㧘േ⹖߇ㅀ⺆ߣߥߞߡ޿
ࠆᢥߪ࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߢߪ 7 ଀޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬prixodit㧔േ⹖ prixodit'
ߩ⃻࿷ᒻ 3 ੱ⒓නᢙ㧕㧘prishla㧔േ⹖ prijti ߩㆊ෰ᒻ㧕
㧘nastala㧔േ⹖ nastat'ߩㆊ෰ᒻ㧕
㧘nazrela
㧔േ⹖ nazret'ߩㆊ෰ᒻ㧕ߥߤߩߎࠇࠄߩേ⹖ߪ prishla pora‫ޟ‬㨪ߔߴ߈ᤨ߇᧪ߚ‫ߦ߁ࠃߩޠ‬
pora ߣߣ߽ߦᤨߩ⸰ࠇࠍ⴫ߔ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧘৻⥌ቯ⺆ samaja㧔ቯઍฬ⹖ samyj‫ߩޠߩߘߦߐ߹ޟ‬
ᅚᕈᒻ㧕ߣ⚿วߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߪ 1 ଀޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ߘࠇߦኻߒߡᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߢߪ 0 ଀ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ౝߦ߅ߌࠆౝ⸶ߪਇቢੌ૕ 3 ଀㧘ቢੌ૕ 5 ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬േ⹖ߩ૕ߩ಴⃻
ᢙߩਛߢߪਇቢੌ૕ 8 ଀ਛ 3 ଀㧔37.5㧑㧕㧘ቢੌ૕ 27 ଀ਛ 5 ଀㧔18.5㧑㧕ߣ⚂ 2 ୚ߩᏅ߇
ߢߚ‫ޕ‬ᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߦߒ߆⃻ࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߎߣ߇ᄢ߈ߥ․ᓽߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ㧘ุቯߩഥ⹖ ne ߅ࠃ߮⇼໧ߩഥ⹖ li ߣߣ߽ߦ⃻ࠇߚ଀߇ 7 ଀޽ߞߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ੑߟߩ
ഥ⹖ߪ‫ޟ‬㨪ߔߴ߈ᤨߢߪߥ޿߆‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᇑᦛ⴫⃻ߢ޽ࠆ㧔1.1.଀ᢥෳᾖ㧕
‫ޕ‬ౝ⸶ߪᣂ⡞࡮㔀
⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߩਇቢੌ૕ 8 ଀ߩ߁ߜ 1 ଀㧔12.5㧑㧕
㧘ቢੌ૕ 23 ଀ߩ߁ߜ 4 ଀㧔17.3㧑㧕
㧘ᢥቇ
࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߩਇቢੌ૕ 4 ଀ߩ߁ߜ 1 ଀㧔25.0㧑㧕
㧘ቢੌ૕ 11 ଀ߩ߁ߜ 1 ଀㧔9.0㧑㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߩਇቢੌ૕㧛ቢੌ૕ߘࠇߙࠇߦ߅ߌࠆ ne pora li ߩ಴⃻㗫ᐲߪᄢ߈ߥ㆑
޿ߪߥ޿߇㧘ᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߦ߅޿ߡߪ⚂ 3 ୚ߩᏅߢ ne pora li㧗ਇቢੌ૕ߩ㗫ᐲ߇㜞޿‫ޕ‬
ᤨߩ⸰ࠇߣ޿߁⁁ᴫ⊛ߥⷐ⚛߿ᇑᦛ⴫⃻ߣᗧᕁߣߩ㑐ଥߪ⥝๧ᷓ޿߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘੹࿁
ߩ⺞ᩏߢߪ಴⃻ᢙ߇ዋߥߊ㧘ߐࠄߦᐢ޿▸࿐ߢߩ⺞ᩏ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪߢߎߎޕ‬௑ะߦߟ޿
ߡㅀߴࠆߦߣߤ߼ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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⴫ 7㧦ᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻
ne pora li
ne pora li ߩ಴⃻࿁ᢙ
㧛ߘࠇߙࠇߩ૕ߩ
಴⃻࿁ᢙ㧔㧑㧕
ਇቢੌ૕
1
12.5
ቢੌ૕
4
17.3
ne pora li
ne pora li ߩ಴⃻࿁ᢙ
⴫ 8㧦ᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻
㧛ߘࠇߙࠇߩ૕ߩ
಴⃻࿁ᢙ㧔㧑㧕
ਇቢੌ૕
1
25.0
ቢੌ૕
1
9.0
࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߩࠫࡖࡦ࡞ߣਇቢੌ૕㧛ቢੌ૕ߩಽᏓ
ᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߢߪਇቢੌ૕߇⚂ 25㧑㧘ቢੌ૕߇ 75㧑ߩഀวߢ⃻ࠇ㧘ߘࠇߦኻߒ
ߡᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߢߪਇቢੌ૕߇⚂ 75㧑㧘ቢੌ૕߇ 25㧑ߣ߶߷ㅒߩഀวߢ⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߎޕ‬
ߩ಴⃻㗫ᐲᢙߩᏅߪ૗ߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆⷐ࿃ߣߒߡ㧘࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߩࠫࡖࡦ
࡞ߦࠃࠆ⴫⃻ౝኈߣᚻᴺߩ㆑޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߩ․ᓽߪᢥ
┨ߏߣߦ޽ࠆ⹤㗴ߦᴪߞߚࡕࡁࡠ࡯ࠣ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ⊒⸒ߩᒁ↪߇ߥߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘
㊀ⷐߥߩߪߘߎߦ⹤㗴ߦኻߔࠆ⸥⠪࡮⊒⸒⠪࡮ⵍข᧚⠪ߩᘒᐲ㧘․ߦ 1.2.ߢㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߥ
ਥᒛߩⷐ⚛߇⃻ࠇࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬ኻߒߡᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߩ․ᓽߪ㧘૞ຠࠍㅢߒߡ਎⇇
ࠍ૞ࠅ਄ߍ㧘ߘߎߦ⊓႐ߔࠆ⁁ᴫߥߤࠍឬ౮ߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ឬ౮ߪ࿾ߩᢥߢߥߐࠇࠆ੐
߽޽ࠇ߫㧘⊓႐ੱ‛ߩ⊒⹤ߣ޿߁ᒻߢߥߐࠇࠆ੐߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎ߁ߒߚ․ᓽ߇⴫⃻ᚻᲑߩᒻࠍߣߞߡ㧘ਇቢੌ૕ߣቢੌ૕ߩ㗫ᐲߩᏅߦ⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢ
ߪߥ޿ߛࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬ਥᒛ߇ᄙߊ⃻ࠇࠆᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߦਥ૕ߩᗧᕁࠍ⴫ߔ pora㧗ቢੌ૕
߇ᄙߊ↪޿ࠄࠇ㧘⁁ᴫឬ౮߇ᄙߊ⃻ࠇࠆᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߢߪ⁁ᴫ⊛ߥᔅὼᕈࠍ⴫ߔ pora㧗ਇ
ቢੌ૕߇ᄙߊ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬
߅ࠊࠅߦ
pora㧗േ⹖ਇቯᒻߩ૕ߪ㧘࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߣᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߢߪ
⇣ߥࠆಽᏓࠍ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߢߪਇቢੌ૕ 25.8㧑㧘ቢੌ૕ 74.2㧑㧘ߘࠇߦኻ
ߒߡᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߢߪਇቢੌ૕ 73.3㧑㧘ቢੌ૕ 26.7㧑ߣ޿߁ഀวߪ㧘࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ࠫࡖࡦ࡞ߩ
ౝኈߩ․ᓽ߇ߘߩ⴫⃻ᣇᴺߦ⃻ࠇࠆߎߣߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣᜰ៰ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
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੹࿁ߪᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹㧛ᢥቇ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻Ფߦᬌ⚝น⢻ߣ޿߁⃻ሽߔࠆࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩᯏ⢻ߦၮߠ޿
ߚ↪଀෼㓸ߢ޽ߞߚ߇㧘એਅߩὐߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘ߎߩ⃻⽎ߩࠃࠅ⹦⚦ߥ⸥ㅀ߇
น⢻ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
1) ᦠ߈ߎߣ߫㧘⹤ߒߎߣ߫
࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߏߣߩᬌ⚝ߪ಴᧪ߚ߇㧘⹤ߒߎߣ߫࡮ᦠ߈ߎߣ߫ߦࠃࠆ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߩಽ㘃ߪߥߐ
ࠇߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚ‫⸥࡯ࡘࡆ࠲ࡦࠗޕ‬੐ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߪ޽ߞߚ߇㧘ᣂ⡞࡮㔀⹹࠹ࠠࠬ࠻㧘ᢥቇ࠹ࠠ
ࠬ࠻ౝߦ߅ߌࠆߎࠇࠄߩಽ㘃ߪࠦ࡯ࡄࠬᬌ⚝ߢߪ෻ᤋߐࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬෼㓸ߐࠇߚ↪଀ࠍ⹤ߒߎ
ߣ߫ߣᦠ߈ߎߣ߫ߦಽߌࠆ૞ᬺࠍ⚻ߚ਄ߢ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߦ߅ߌࠆಽᏓߩ⺞ᩏߣߘߩಽᨆ߇ᔅ
ⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
2)
⁁ᴫߣ޿߁ⷰὐ
ㅀߴࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᴫߣߘߩォ឵ߦ⌕⋡ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬pora ߩ๟ㄝߩ⁁ᴫ߇⺑᣿ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߆ߤ߁
߆ߣ㧘⹤㗴ߩᑧ㐳✢਄ߦ޽ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ᢙ୯ൻߔࠆ߁߃ߢߩ⺞ᩏ㗄⋡ߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇߦߪ pora ࠍ฽߻৻ᢥߛߌߢߥߊ㧘೨ᓟߩࠦࡦ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻߽ኻ⽎ߣߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬
3) ਥ૕ߩᗧᕁߣ޿߁ⷰὐ
(1) ᇑᦛ⴫⃻ ne pora li
ਥ૕ߩᗧᕁ߇ᇑᦛ⴫⃻ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⃻ࠇࠆ߆ߦ⌕⋡ߒߚ਄ߢ㧘੹࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߢߪචಽߥᢙ
ߩ↪଀߇ᓧࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚേ⹖ਇቯᒻߩਇቢੌ૕㧛ቢੌ૕ߩಽᏓࠍߐࠄߦᐢ޿▸࿐ߢ⺞ᩏ
ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
(2) ਈᩰߦࠃߞߡ⴫ߐࠇࠆᗧ๧਄ߩਥ⺆
ᗧᕁࠍ⴫᣿ߔࠆਥ૕ߣ޿߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄ㧘ήੱ⒓ㅀ⺆ pora ߩᗧ๧਄ߩਥ⺆ߢ޽ࠆਈᩰߩฬ⹖
ߏߣߦਇቢੌ૕㧛ቢੌ૕ߩಽᏓࠍ⺞ᩏߔࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬㓙ߦߪਈᩰฬ⹖ߢ⴫ߐࠇࠆേ૞ߩਥ૕ߦ
ኻߔࠆ⊒⹤⠪ߩᘒᐲࠍ⠨ᘦߦ౉ࠇࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
એ਄ߩὐߦၮߠ޿ߡ੹ᓟ⠨ኤࠍㅴ߼ߡⴕ߈㧘ᧄ⎇ⓥ߇ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ↪޿ߚᢙ㊂⊛ߥಽᨆߦ
ࠃߞߡࠕࠬࡍࠢ࠻⎇ⓥ߿࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ࠫࡖࡦ࡞ߏߣߩᢥ૕⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆᓥ᧪ߩ⎇ⓥߩᚑᨐࠍ
ⵣߠߌ㧘ᣂߚߥ⊒⷗߳ߣߟߥ߇ߞߡ޿ߊน⢻ᕈ߳ߩ৻ഥߣߥࠇ߫ᐘ޿ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ᢥ₂
ȼɚɥɝɢɧɚ, ɇ.ɋ. 1973: ɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
Ƚɚɥɤɢɧɚ-Ɏɟɞɨɪɭɤ, ȿ.Ɇ. 1964: ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ, ɱ.2 Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ. ɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ,
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ ɇɚɭɤ ɋɋɋɊ 1980: Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ. Τ., Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
Forsyth, J. 1970. A Grammar of Aspect
Usage and meaning in the Russian verb. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
ዊᨋẖ 2003㧦‫ࡦࠥࡦࡆ࡯ࡘ࠹࡮࠷ࠗ࠼ޟ‬ᄢቇߩࡠࠪࠕ⺆ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ‫⎇⺆ࠕࠪࡠޡޠ‬ⓥ‫ޢ‬16㧦
64-85
ࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫ
http://www.slaviska.uu.se/ryska/corpus.html㧔࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ᄢቇࡠࠪࠕ⺆ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ㧕
http://www.sfb441.uni-tuebingen.de/b1/en/korpora.html㧔࠴ࡘ࡯ࡆࡦࠥࡦᄢቇࡠࠪࠕ⺆ࠦ࡯ࡄ
ࠬ㧕
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‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ޢ‬0Q㧔㧕
ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆ᭴ᢥߩ⒳㘃ߣߘߩ㗫ᐲ
ዊ⮮ ⚔⒤
㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
ߪߓ߼ߦ
ᧄⓂߪ㧘ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ⺆ߩ࠹ࠢࠬ࠻㧔ᢥߩਥ▵ߩߺ㧕ߦ⊓႐ߔࠆ᭴ᢥࠍߘߩ᭴ㅧߏߣߦಽ㘃
ߒ㧘࠹ࠢࠬ࠻ో૕ߦኻߔࠆฦ᭴ᢥဳߩ಴⃻㗫ᐲᢙߩᲧセߦࠃࠅ㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ᭴ᢥ߇ࡈ࡜ࡦ
ࠬ⺆ߦ߅޿ߡࠃߊ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ࠍ⓭߈ᱛ߼ࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫࡯ࡠࡊࠕߩ৻╙ޕ‬
࠴ߣߒߡߪࡈ࡜ࡦࠬߩᣂ⡞ Le Monde ߩ␠⺑ 2001 ᐕ 1 ᦬ 1 ᣣ㨪30 ᣣಽࠍ↪޿㧘ߘߎߦ⊓
႐ߔࠆ᭴ᢥߩ⒳㘃ߣಽᏓࠍ⺞ᩏߔࠆ‫ߡߞࠃߦࠇߘޕ‬ᓧࠄࠇߚ㗫ᐲᢙߩᏅ߆ࠄ㧘ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ⺆
ߩਛߢߤߩ᭴ᢥ߇․ߦ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠅ㧘ࠃࠅᄙߊߩ⠨ኤ߇ߥߐࠇࠆߴ߈ߥߩ߆ࠍ⍮ࠆߩ߇⋡⊛
ߢ޽ࠆ‫╙ޕ‬ੑߩࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߣߒߡߪേ⹖ toucher㨬ߐࠊࠆ㨭ࠍߣࠅ޽ߍ㧘ߎߩേ⹖ߩขࠅ߁ࠆ
᭴ᢥဳߩ಴⃻㗫ᐲᏅࠍ⺞ᩏߔࠆ‫ߪࠄߜߎޕ‬േ⹖ߣ⋡⊛⺆ߩ㑐ଥߦᔕߓߡ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ᭴ᢥߩ
㗫ᐲߦᏅ߇↢ߓࠆߩ߆ߤ߁߆ࠍ⺞ᩏߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩࠬࡦ࡜ࡈߪߡߒߣࠬࡄ࡯ࠦޕ‬ᄢⷙᮨ
ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ Frantext ߆ࠄ᛽಴ߒߚ㧘1980 ᐕ㨪2000 ᐕߩ㑆ߦ಴ ߐࠇߚዊ⺑ߦ಴⃻ߔࠆ toucher
㧔ߣߘߩᵴ↪ᒻ㧕ࠍ฽߻ 1128 ᢥࠍ↪޿ࠆ߇㧘Frantext ߢߪຠ⹖ࠍ㒢ቯߒߡᬌ⚝߇ߢ߈ߥ޿
㑐ଥߢ㧘േ⹖ toucher ߩᵴ↪ᒻߣหߓᒻࠍߒߚฬ⹖ touche(f)㧘toucher(m)߽ߎߩਛߦ฽߹ࠇ
ߡߒ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠄ߆ߎߎޕ‬ᢥߩਥ▵ߩേ⹖ߣߒߡ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩࠍ߹ߕ᛽಴ߒ㧘᭴ᢥ
ߦࠃߞߡಽߌ㧘ߘߩᓟᓟࠈߦ⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆ⋡⊛⺆ߦࠃߞߡߐࠄߦਅ૏ಽ㘃ߒߡ޿ߊ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߦ
ੑߟߩࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴߆ࠄ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߎߣࠍ߹ߣ߼㧘੹࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߩ⚿⺰ߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
.G/QPFG ߦߟ޿ߡ
ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ⺆ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ోߡߩᢥߪᰴߦ޽ߍࠆ 10 ୘ߩဳߩ޿ߕࠇ߆ߦዻߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃
ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
Σ. Constructions transitives avec un objet direct㨬⋥ធ⋡⊛⺆ࠍ઻ߞߚઁേ⹖᭴ᢥ㨭
Τ. Constructions indirectes㨬㑆ធ⋡⊛᭴ᢥ㨭
Υ. Constructions avec se㨬se ࠍ઻ߞߚ᭴ᢥ㨭
Φ. Construction intransitive㨬⥄േ⹖᭴ᢥ㨭
Χ. Constructions passives㨬ฃേ᭴ᢥ㨭
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Ψ. Constructions attributives㨬ዻ⹖᭴ᢥ㨭
Ω. Constructions avec être㨬être ࠍ઻ߞߚ᭴ᢥ㨭
Ϊ. Constructions impersonnelles㨬㕖ੱ⒓᭴ᢥ㨭
Ϋ. Constructions avec centre syntagmatique㨬േ⹖⊛ㅪㄉᩭࠍ઻ߞߚ᭴ᢥ㨭
ά. Constructions non verbales㨬㕖േ⹖᭴ᢥ㨭
ฦ᭴ᢥဳߦߟ޿ߡ⺑᣿ߔࠆߣ㧘േ⹖߇ਥ⺆ࠍขࠅ㧘ߘߎ߆ࠄੱ⒓ߣᢙࠍਈ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ႐
ว㧘ߟ߹ࠅᧄേ⹖ߣߒߡ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ႐วࠍ߹ߕΣ㨪Ϊ߳ߣಽ㘃㧘ߘࠇએᄖࠍΫ㧘άߦ
ಽ㘃ߒߚ‫ޕ‬Σ㧘Τߦߟ޿ߡߪߘࠇߙࠇേ⹖ߩ⋥ᓟߦ⋡⊛⺆ࠍขࠆ߆㧘ߘࠇߣ߽೨⟎⹖ࠍ੺
ߒߡ⋡⊛⺆ࠍขࠆ߆ߢ඙೎ߐࠇࠆ‫ߒߛߚޕ‬േ⹖ߩᓟߦ೨⟎⹖ߣฬ⹖߇⛯޿ߡ߽㧘ߘࠇ߇᣿
ࠄ߆ߦ⁁ᴫ⵬⺆ߢ޽ࠅ㧘⋡⊛⺆ߢߥ޿ߣ್ᢿߐࠇࠆ႐วߦߪΤߣߪ⹺߼ߕ㧘߹ߚߘߩㇱಽ
ߪ᭴ᢥಽ㘃ߦ߅޿ߡ⠨ᘦߒߥ޿‫ޕ‬Υߪേ⹖߇ౣᏫઍฬ⹖ se㧔߅ࠃ߮ߘߩᵴ↪ᒻ㧕ࠍ઻ߞߡ
޿ࠆ᭴ᢥߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Φߪേ⹖߇⋡⊛⺆ࠍขࠄߥ޿㧔⁁ᴫ⵬⺆ߪ⹺߼ࠆ㧕᭴ᢥ㧘Χߪฃേᘒߩ
᭴ᢥߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ψߪേ⹖㧔être એᄖ㧕ߩᓟߦ⛯ߊⷐ⚛߇ዻ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ᭴ᢥߢ޽ࠅ㧘Ωߪ être ߇
ᢥߩㅀㇱߩᩭߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ᭴ᢥߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ϊߪ㕖ੱ⒓᭴ᢥߢ޽ࠅ㧘㕖ੱ⒓ਥ⺆ il ࠍ↪޿ߚᢥ
એᄖߦ㧘ce ࠍ↪޿ߚᒝ⺞᭴ᢥ߽ߎߎߦ฽߹ࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬Ϋߪ voici㧘 voilà ߩࠃ߁ߥⷐ⚛߇ᩭߣߥ
ߞߡ޿ࠆ᭴ᢥߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬άߦߪ਄⸥એᄖߩ߽ߩ߇฽߹ࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇࠄߩဳߪ㧘േ⹖ߩ⴫ߔ⚻㛎ߦෳടߒߡ޿ࠆ㗄㧔ෳട㗄㧕ߩᢙߣຠ⹖߿㧘↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ೨
⟎⹖ߩᓟߩฬ⹖ߦࠃߞߡߘߩਛߢߐࠄߦਅ૏ಽ㘃ߐࠇࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ಽ㘃ߩ৻ⷩߣ㧘ߘࠇߦᓥߞ
ߡవߦㅀߴߚ Le Monde ߆ࠄᬌ಴ߐࠇߚ᭴ᢥࠍ޽ߡߪ߼ߡ޿ߞߚ⚿ᨐࠍ⴫ߒߚߩ߇ᰴࡍ࡯
ࠫߩ⴫ߢ޽ࠆ‫ ߅ߥޕ‬N ߪฬ⹖㧘V ߪേ⹖㧘A ߪᒻኈ⹖㧘Ad ߪ೽⹖㧘Vinf ߪਇቯ⹖㧘Vé ߪ
ㆊ෰ಽ⹖ࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ฝ஥ߩᢙሼ߇಴⃻ᢙߢ޽ࠅ㧘߹ߚߘࠇߙࠇߩ⷗಴ߒߏߣߦ㗫ᐲᢙ
ࠍว⸘ߒߡ޽ࠆ‫⷗ޕ‬಴ߒߩᮮߩഀวߪዋᢙ╙ੑ૏ࠍ྾ᝥ੖౉ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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Σ. Constructions transitives avec un objet direct
223(37.7%)
Transitives avec 2 arguments: N-V-Positionnel
181
N-V-N
121(20.4%)
N-V-Vinf
51
N-V-de-Vinf
8
N-V-que-V
41
Transitives avec 3 arguments
42
N-V-N-N
1
N-V-N-Vinf
1
N-V-Vinf-N
1
N-V-N-A
1
N-V-N-à-N
14
N-V-N-à-Vinf
3
N-V-N-de-N
5
N-V-N-de-Vinf
4
N-V-N-comme-N
1
N-V-N-pour-N
1
N-V-N-pour-A
1
N-V-N-dans-N
1
N-V-N-en-N
1
N-V-N-sur-N
4
N-V-N-entre-N
1
N-V-de-Vinf-à-N
1
N-V-que-V-à-N
1
Τ. Constructions indirectes
37(6.3%)
Indirectes avec 2 arguments
36
N-V-à-N
11
N-V-à-Vinf
7
N-V-de-N
9
N-V-de-Vinf
1
N-V-par-Vinf
1
N-V-en-N
1
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N-V-pour-N
1
N-V-vers-N
1
N-V-Ad
4
Indirectes avec 3 arguments
1
N-V-de-N-à-N
1
Υ. Constructions avec se
38(6.4%)
Pronominales avec 2 arguments
18
N-se-V(se comme objet direct)
18
Pronominales avec 3 arguments
20
N-se-V-N
3
N-se-V-Vinf
1
N-se-V-A(Vé)
1
N-se-V-à-N
6
N-se-V-à-Vinf
1
N-se-V-de-N
2
N-se-V-de-Vinf
2
N-se-V-en-N
1
N-se-V-dans-N
1
N-se-V-sur-N
2
Φ. Construction intransitive
16(2.7%)
N-V
16
Χ. Constructions passives
34(5.7%)
Passives avec 1 argument : N-être-Vé
13
Passives avec 2 arguments
20
N-être-Vé-A
2
N-être-Vé-à-N
1
N-être-Vé-à-Vinf
2
N-être-Vé-de-N
2
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N-être-Vé-de-Vinf
3
N-être-Vé-par-N
8
N-être-Vé-en-N
1
N-être-Vé-dans-N
1
Passives avec 3 arguments
1
N-être-Vé-à-Vinf-par-N
1
Ψ. Constructions attributives
21(3.5%)
Constructions attributives avec 2 arguments
18
N-V-N
2
N-V-Vinf
6
N-V-A
3
N-V-Vé
2
N-V-de-Vinf
2
N-V-comme-N
3
Constructions attributives avec 3 arguments
3
N-V-A-à-Vinf
2
N-V-A-de-Vinf
1
Ω. Constructions avec être
110(18.6%)
Être avec 2 arguments
99
N-être-N
44
N-être-Vinf
3
N-être-de-Vinf
2
N-être-que-V
3
N-être-A
31
N-être-Ad
2
N-être-à-N
2
N-être-de-N
3
N-être-en-N
1
N-être-dans-N
2
N-être-en train de-Vinf
1
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N-être-à l’origine de-N
2
N-être-au cœur de-N
1
N-être-sur le point de-Vinf
2
Être avec 3 arguments
11
N-être-pour-N-dans-N
1
N-être-A-à-N
3
N-être-A-à-Vinf
1
N-être-A-de-N
3
N-être-A-de-Vinf
1
N-être-A-que-V
1
N-être-A-dans-N
1
N-être-Ad-de-Vinf
1
Ϊ. Constructions impersonnelles
50(8.4%)
Impersonnelles avec il
Impersonnelles avec un positionnel
Avec 2 arguments
17
il-V-N
7
il-V-Vinf
8
il-V-que-V
2
Avec 3 arguments
3
il-V-N-à-N
2
il-V-N-que-V(que = depuis que)
1
Impersonnelles indirectes
Avec 3 arguments
3
il-V-de-Vinf-à-N
3
Impersonnelles avec se
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Avec 3 arguments
4
il-se-V-N
1
il-se-V-de-N
2
il-se-V-de-Vinf
1
Impersonnelles passives
Avec 2 arguments
1
il-être-Vé-que-V
1
Impersonnel être
Avec 2 arguments
1
il-être-N
1
Avec 3 arguments
11
il-être-A-de-Vinf
3
il-être-A-que-V
3
il-être-Ad-pour-Vinf
3
il-être-de-N-de-Vinf
2
Impersonnelles avec ce
10
Avec 2 arguments
1
Ce-être-N
1
Avec 3 arguments
9
ce-être-N-qui-V
5
ce-être-N-que-V
2
ce-être-au sein de-N-que-V
1
ce-être-grâce à-N-que-V
1
Ϋ. Constructions avec centre syantagmatique
0(0%)
ά. Constructions non verbales
63(10.6%)
Total
592 occurrences(100%)
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⠨ኤ
੹࿁↪޿ߚ✚ᢙ 592 ߩᢥߩਛߢ⋥ធ⋡⊛⺆ࠍ઻ߞߚઁേ⹖᭴ᢥߩ㗫ᐲᢙߪ 223 ߣ࿶ୟ⊛
ߦ㜞ߊ㧘᭴ᢥో૕ߩ 4 ഀㄭߊࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ਛߢ߽ N-V-N ߩ⚵ߺวࠊߖߪ 121 ଀ߣ㧘
ߎࠇߛߌߢో૕ߩ 20%ࠍ⿥߃ߡ߅ࠅ㧘ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆઁേ⹖᭴ᢥߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߇߁߆߇޿
⍮ࠇࠃ߁‫ޕ‬N-V-Vinf ߽ 51 ଀ߣ߆ߥࠅᄙ޿߇㧘ߎߩਛߦߪ pouvoir㧘 vouloir㧘 devoir ߩࠃ
߁ߦ㧘േ⹖ࠍ⋡⊛⺆ߣߒߡขߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ࠃࠅ߽㧘ඨ߫ഥേ⹖⊛ߥᓎഀࠍߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ
߽฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓎഀߣߒߡߪቢోߦേ⹖ߣߪ⸒޿ಾࠇߥ޿߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿߇㧘੹࿁ߪᧄേ
⹖ߣߒߡᛒ߁᧦ઙࠍੱ⒓ߣᢙࠍਈ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ߆ุ߆㧘ߣߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ㧘ߎࠇࠄ߽േ⹖ߣ
ߒߡᛒ߁‫ޕ‬3 㗄ࠍ฽߻᭴ᢥߩਛߢߪ N-V-N-à-N㧘N-V-N-à-Vinf㧘N-V-N-de-N㧘N-V-N-de-Vinf
ߩ 4 ߟ߇ᄢඨࠍභ߼㧘೨⟎⹖ à㧘de ߇᭴ᢥߩᒻᚑߦ߅޿ߡ޿߆ߦᄙ↪ߐࠇࠆ߆ࠍ␜ߒߡ޿
ࠆ‫ޕ‬
㑆ធ⋡⊛᭴ᢥ㧔37 ଀㧕ߦ߅޿ߡ߽ à㧘de ࠍขࠆ࠲ࠗࡊߩ᭴ᢥ߇⋡┙ߟ߇㧘೽⹖ࠍ઻߁᭴
ᢥ߽⷗ฃߌࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬೽⹖ߪర᧪᭴ᢥߦ⋥ធ㑐ଥߥ޿߽ߩߛ߇㧘ߎߩ႐วߩ೽⹖ߪേ⹖ߦኒ
ធߦ⚿߮ߟ߈㧘േ⹖ߣ৻૕ߣߥߞߡᣂߚߥᗧ๧ࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔߣ޿߁ඨ߫ࠗ࠺ࠖࠝࡓߩࠃ߁ߥ
㑐ଥࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢ㧘᭴ᢥߩ৻ෳട㗄ߣߒߡ⠨߃ࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
ઍฬേ⹖ 38 ଀ߩਛߢߪ㧘N-se-V ဳ߇ᦨ߽ᄙߊ㧘ᰴ޿ߢ N-se-V-à-N ဳߩ㗫ᐲ߇㜞ߊߥߞ
ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⥄േ⹖᭴ᢥߪ 16 ଀ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ర᧪⥄േ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ߽ߩߩઁߦ㧘ઁേ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ߇⋡⊛⺆߇
⋭⇛ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ߽౉ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ฃേᘒߪ 34 ଀ߢ㧘ߘߩਛߢߪേ૞ਥࠍ␜ߐߥ޿ N-être-Vé ဳ߇ᦨ߽⋡┙ߟ‫ޕ‬ฃേᘒߩ᭴
ᢥߢᰴߦࠃߊ૶ࠊࠇࠆߩߪേ૞ਥࠍ␜ߔ par ࠍ฽߻߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
être એᄖߩዻ⹖᭴ᢥߪ 21 ଀ߢ㧘N-V-Vinf ဳ߇߿߿⋡┙ߟ߇㧘ᛒ߁⾗ᢱࠍߐࠄߦჇ߿ߒߡ
޿ߌ߫ߘࠇએᄖߩ᭴ᢥ߽ห᭽ߦ⷗ߟ߆ࠆน⢻ᕈߪ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
être ᭴ᢥߪ 110 ଀ߣ߆ߥࠅᄙߊ㧘ߣࠅࠊߌ N-être-N ߽ߒߊߪ N-être-A ߣ㧘être ߩᓟߦ㗄
ࠍ৻ߟขࠆ߽ߩ߇⋡┙ߟ‫ޕ‬
㕖ੱ⒓᭴ᢥ㧔50 ଀㧕ߦߪਥㄉ߇㕖ੱ⒓ߩ il ߩ߽ߩ㧔40 ଀㧕ߣ ce ߩ߽ߩ㧔10 ଀㧕߇޽ࠆ
߇㧘ᓟ⠪ߩਛߢᒝ⺞᭴ᢥ߇ 7 ଀޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩ߶ߣࠎߤࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬೨⠪ߦ߅޿ߡߪ être ࠍ
↪޿ࠆ߽ߩ߇⋡┙ߟ߇㧘ߎࠇߪ il ߇઒ਥ⺆ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ߇ᄢඨߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ਥㄉߥߒߩേ⹖⊛ㅪㄉᩭߩ߽ߩߪ੹࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߢߪᬌ಴ߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
㕖േ⹖ᢥߪ 63 ଀޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩ޿ߊࠄ߆ࠍ␠⺑ߩ⴫㗴߇භ߼ߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍᏅߒᒁ޿ߡ߽㧘
ઁߩ᭴ᢥߣᲧߴߡᗧᄖߦᄙ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿ߛࠈ߁߆‫⎇߽ࠄߜߎޕ‬ⓥߩ૛࿾ߪᄢ޿ߦ޽ࠆߣᕁ
ࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
592 ଀ߣ޿߁ߩߪ߿߿ዋߥ޿߇㧘ߘࠇߢ߽ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ⺆ߩേ⹖᭴ᢥߩಽᏓߦߟ޿ߡ޿ࠈ޿
ࠈߣ␜ໂߒߡߊࠇࠆߣߎࠈ߇޽ࠆ‫ߦࠄߐࠍ଀↪ޕ‬Ⴧ߿ߒߡ޿ߊߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘⸒⺆⎇ⓥߩ
⾗ᢱߣߒߡᓎ┙ߟߩߪ߽ߜࠈࠎߛ߇㧘⎇ⓥߔߴ߈ኻ⽎ࠍቯ߼ࠆߚ߼ߩ㆏ᮡߣߒߡ↪޿ࠆߎ
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ߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
VQWEJGT ߦߟ޿ߡ
వߩ Le Monde ߩಽ㘃ᚻᴺࠍᔕ↪ߒ㧘ߎߎߢߪ୘೎ߩേ⹖ߦὶὐࠍᒰߡ㧘േ⹖ toucher ߩ
ขࠅ߁ࠆ᭴ᢥߩᲧセࠍⴕ߁‫ߩߘޕ‬ਛߢ߽⥝๧ᷓ޿ߩߪ㧘ߣࠅࠊߌࠃߊ⷗ฃߌࠄࠇࠆ⋥ធ⋡
⊛᭴ᢥߣ㑆ធ⋡⊛᭴ᢥߩᲧセߢ޽ࠆ‫੹ޕ‬࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߪ㧘േ⹖ߩ toucher ߦ㑐ߒߡߪߤߜࠄߩ
᭴ᢥ߽ߘߎߘߎߩ㗫ᐲߢ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ㧔ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ㧕߇㧘ታ㓙ߦߪߤߜࠄߩ᭴ᢥߩ㗫ᐲᢙ߇
㜞޿ߩ߆㧘ߘߒߡ⋡⊛⺆ߦࠃߞߡ᭴ᢥߦᏅ߇↢ߓࠆߩ߆ࠍ⺞ߴࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
േ⹖ toucher ߩขࠅ߁ࠆ᭴ᢥߪᄢ߈ߊಽߌߡએਅߩ㧡ㅢࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ಽ㘃ၮḰߪ Le Monde
ߩಽ㘃ߩ㓙ߣห᭽ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Σ. Constructions transitives avec un objet direct㨬⋥ធ⋡⊛⺆ࠍ઻ߞߚઁേ⹖᭴ᢥ㨭
Τ. Constructions indirectes㨬㑆ធ⋡⊛᭴ᢥ㨭
Υ. Constructions avec se㨬se ࠍ઻ߞߚ᭴ᢥ㨭
Φ. Construction intransitive㨬⥄േ⹖᭴ᢥ㨭
Χ. Constructions passives㨬ฃേ᭴ᢥ㨭
ߎߩಽ㘃ߦ㧘੹࿁ߪ⋡⊛⺆ߩ⒳㘃ߦࠃߞߡ㧘ቯ㧛ਇቯ㧘නᢙ㧛ⶄᢙ㧘ౕ૕‛㧛᛽⽎‛ߩಽ
㘃ࠍ⸳ߌ㧘⚿ᨐߣߒߡ᭴ᢥߣᢥߩෳട㗄ߩ㑆ߦ㑐ㅪ߇޽ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ࠍ⺞ᩏߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ቯ㧛ਇቯ
ߣߪ㧘⋡⊛⺆߇․ቯߩ߽ߩ߆ߘ߁ߢߥ޿߆ߩ඙೎ߢ㧘ਥߣߒߡ౰⹖ߩ඙೎㧔ቯ౰⹖㧛ਇቯ
౰⹖㧕ߦࠃߞߡⴕࠊࠇࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬࿕᦭ฬ⹖ߪቯߩㇱ㘃ߦ฽߼㧘ㇱಽ౰⹖߿౰⹖ߥߒߩ߽ߩߪ
ਇቯߩㇱ㘃ߦ฽߼ߚ‫ޕ‬නᢙ㧛ⶄᢙߩ඙೎ߪනᢙᒻ㧘ⶄᢙᒻߩ඙೎ߪ߽ߜࠈࠎߛ߇㧘ㇱಽ౰
⹖ߦࠃߞߡ␜ߐࠇࠆਇน▚ฬ⹖ߪනᢙᒻߦ฽߼ࠆߎߣߦߒߚ‫ౕޕ‬૕㧛᛽⽎ߩ඙೎ߪ㧘ታ㓙
ߦሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆㧘ࠍၮḰߦߒߚ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬㨬࠹࡯ࡉ࡞㨭ߪ߽ߜࠈࠎౕ૕‛ߢ޽ࠅ㧘߹
ߚ㨬ⓨ᳇㨭߿㨬శ㨭߽ታ㓙ߦሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠄౕ૕‛ߣ⷗ߥߔ‫߁߸ߞ޿ޕ‬㨬㔓࿐᳇㨭߿㨬Ꮧᦸ㨭ߥ
ߤߪታ㓙ߦሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿ߩߢ᛽⽎‛ߣ⷗ߥߔ‫߅ߥޕ‬᭴ᢥဳΥ߅ࠃ߮Χߦ߅޿
ߡߪ㧘ฃേᘒ߇⋥ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥߩᄌᒻߣ⠨߃㧘ઁേ⹖᭴ᢥߦᚯߒߚ㓙ߩ⋥ធ⋡⊛⺆ߣߥࠆ㧘
ฃേᘒߩਥ⺆ߦߟ޿ߡ਄⸥ߩಽ㘃ࠍⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ಽ㘃ߩ⚿ᨐߪએਅߩㅢࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ቯ
ਇቯ
නᢙ
ⶄᢙ
ౕ૕
᛽⽎
Σ.Transitive directe(329)(65.28%)
N-V-N
248
31
219
60
236
43
N-V-N-à-N
21
1
20
2
17
5
N-V-N-de-N
23
2
21
4
21
4
N-V-N-avec-N
2
2
2
N-V-N-à-N-de-N
1
1
1
Τ. Transitive indirect(120)(23.8%)
N-V-à-N
97
N-V-de-N
5
N-V-par-N
N-V-à-N-de-N
16
1
100
13
46
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
67
Υ. se(24)(4.77%)
N-se-V
19
7
12
19
N-se-V-N
4
1
3
4
N-se-V-de-N
1
1
1
8
7
1
Φ. Intransitive(⋡⊛⺆ߥߒ)(16)(3.2%)
N-V
16
Χ. Passive(15)(3%)
N-être-Vé
7
N-être-Vé-à-N
1
1
N-être-Vé-de-N
3
2
N-être-Vé-de-Vinf 1
1
N-être-Vé-par-N
10
N-être-Vé-que-V
4
1
1
9
4
Total
1
2
1
2
11
4
504 occurrences(100%)
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1
1
目次ページに戻る。
㗫ᐲᢙో૕ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⠨ኤ
⚿ᨐߣߒߡ㧘⢻േᘒࠍ⷗ߚߛߌߢ߽㧘⋥ធ⋡⊛⺆ࠍขࠆ᭴ᢥߪ㑆ធ⋡⊛⺆ࠍขࠆ᭴ᢥߩ㧟
୚ㄭ޿㗫ᐲߢ⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬ฃേᘒߪߘ߽ߘ߽⋥ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥ߆ࠄᵷ
↢ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߒ㧘߹ߚઍฬേ⹖ߩ se ߇⋥ធ⋡⊛⺆ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ߽⋥ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥ
ߩᄌᒻߣ⷗ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߢ㧘ታ㓙ߦߪ㧟୚ࠍ⿥߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬వߩ Le Monde ߩಽᨆߣ૬
ߖߡ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ୘೎ߩേ⹖ߩ⺞ᩏࠍㅢߓߡ߽㧘㧔⋥ធ㧕ઁേ⹖⎇ⓥߩᦝߥࠆᔅⷐᕈ߇߁
߆߇߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߐࠄߦ⋡⊛⺆ߦࠃࠆਅ૏ಽ㘃ߩ⚿ᨐࠍ⷗ߡ޿ߊߎߣߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ቯ㧛ਇቯߩಽ㘃ߦ㑐ߒߡ
⋥ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥ㧘㑆ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥߩ޿ߕࠇߦ߅޿ߡ߽ቯߩ߽ߩ߇ᄙ߆ߞߚ߇㧘ቯ㧛ਇቯ
ߩᲧ₸߇⋥ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥߢߪ 295 : 33㧘ߟ߹ࠅ߶߷ 9 : 1 ߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒ㧘㑆ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥ
ߢߪ 103 : 17 ߣ㧘߶߷ 6 : 1 ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ਇቯߩ߽ߩߦኻߒߡᓟ⠪ߩ᭴ᢥߩ㗫ᐲᢙ߇߿߿㜞߼
ߥߩߪ㧘toucher à tout ߣ޿߁⴫⃻߇ᄙ޿ߩ߇ᓇ㗀ߒߡ޿ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬㨬૗ߦߢ߽ᚻࠍ಴ߔ㨭
ߣ޿߁ߎߩ⴫⃻ߛ߇㧘ౕ૕⊛ߦ㨬ߘߩ႐ߦ޽ࠆోߡߩ߽ߩ㨭ߦ⸅ࠆ㧘ߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢߪߥߊ㧘
ਥ⺆ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆੱ޽ࠆ޿ߪ‛ߩ๟ࠅߩ㨬․ߦ᳿߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߣߦ߆ߊోߡ㨭޽ࠆ޿ߪ
‫ౕޟ‬૕ᕈߩᒙ޿ਇቯߩ߽ߩ‫ߦޠ‬㧘⸒޿឵߃ࠇ߫േ૞ਥࠍขࠅ߹ߊ㨬㗔ၞ㨭ߦᚻࠍ಴ߔ㧘ߣ޿
߁࠾ࡘࠕࡦࠬࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߦ․ޕ‬᳿߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ޿߽ߩࠍᜰߔߣ޿߁࠾ࡘࠕ
ࡦࠬࠁ߃ߦਇቯߩ߽ߩߦಽ㘃ߒߚ߇㧘ߎߩ⴫⃻ߦ㒢ࠄߕ㧘⹤⠪ߦߣߞߡ߽߁ᣢߦ․ቯߐࠇ
ߡߒ߹ߞߚ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ਇቯߩ߽ߩߦᚻࠍ಴ߔ႐วߦߪ㑆ធ⋡⊛᭴ᢥ߇ᅢ߹ࠇࠆ௑ะ߇
޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
නᢙ㧛ⶄᢙߩಽ㘃ߦ㑐ߒߡ
⋥ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥ㧘㑆ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥࠍ໧ࠊߕ㧘නᢙߩฬ⹖߇ᄙ߆ߞߚ‫ߛߚޕ‬Ყ₸ࠍ⷗ߡߺ
ࠆߣ㧘೨⠪߇ 263 : 66 ߢ߅ࠃߘ 4 : 1 ߩᲧߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒ㧘ᓟ⠪ߪ 106 : 14㧘ߟ߹ࠅ߅ࠃߘ 7 :
1 ߣ㧘․ߦනᢙߩฬ⹖ߩᄙߐ߇⋡┙ߞߚ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ㅢᏱනᢙᒻߢ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ᛽⽎ฬ⹖߇ߎߜ
ࠄߦ㓸ਛߒߚߩ߇ේ࿃ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ㅒߦ⋥ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥߢߪ㧘ฬ⹖ߦᧄᒰߦ㨬ធ⸅㨭ߔࠆ
ߚ߼㧘ⶄᢙᒻࠍขࠇࠆౕ૕‛߇ਥߦߎߜࠄߦಽ㘃ߐࠇ㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐⶄᢙฬ⹖ߩ㗫ᐲ߇⧯ᐓ਄
߇ߞߚߩߢߪߥ޿ߛࠈ߁߆‫߅ߥޕ‬ฬ⹖ߩౕ૕ᕈ㧛᛽⽎ᕈߦߟ޿ߡߪᰴߢߐࠄߦ⹦⚦ߦ⺑᣿
ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ౕ૕㧛᛽⽎ߩಽ㘃ߦ㑐ߒߡ
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ᦨ߽ᄢ߈ߥ㆑޿߇಴ߚߩߪߎߩ඙ಽߢ޽ࠈ߁‫⋥ޕ‬ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥߩઍ⴫ᩰߢ޽ࠆ N-V-N ߣ
㑆ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥߩઍ⴫ᩰߢ޽ࠆ N-V-à-N ࠍᲧߴߚߛߌߢ߽㧘೨⠪ߢߪ 236 : 43 ߣౕ૕‛߇
ᄙ޿ߩߦኻߒߡ㧘ᓟ⠪ߢߪ 46 : 67 ߣ᛽⽎‛ߩ߶߁߇ᄙߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ౕߪࠇߎޕ‬૕‛ߦኻߒ
ߡߪ⋥ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥ߇㧘᛽⽎‛ߦኻߒߡߪ㑆ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥߩᣇ߇⋧ᕈ߇޿޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ
⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬la fin ߿ la perfection ߩࠃ߁ߥ᛽⽎‛߇㑆ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥߢߒ߆↪
޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߩ߇ߘߩᅢ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ౕ߃ߣߚߚ߹ޕ‬૕‛߇⋡⊛⺆ߣߥߞߡ߽㧘㑆ធ⋡⊛᭴
ᢥ ߩ ႐ ว ߪ ᄙ ዋ ߥ ࠅ ߣ ߽ ᛽ ⽎ ⊛ ߥ ᗧ ๧ ว ޿ ࠍ Ꮺ ߮ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߇ 㧘 toucher ࠍ ᛒ ߞ ߚ
VANDELOISE Claude ߩ⺰ᢥ‫ޝ‬LA PRÉPOSITION à PÂLIT-ELLE DERRIÈRE toucher?‫ߢޞ‬ㅀ
ߴࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘੹࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߪߘࠇࠍⵣઃߌࠆ⚿ᨐߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬᛽⽎⊛ߥᗧ๧ว޿ࠍᏪ߮ࠆ
႐วߣߒߡߪ㧘ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ଀߇޽ߍࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
Il n’avait pas touché à son déjeuner.
㨬ᓐߪᤤ㘩ߦᚻࠍߟߌߥ޿ߢ޿ߚߩߛߞߚ‫ޕ‬㨭
㨬ᤤ㘩㨭ߪౕ૕‛ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߎߩ႐วታ㓙ߦᢱℂߦ㨬⸅ࠆ㨭ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘వߩቯ㧛ਇቯߩಽᨆ
ߢ߽ㅀߴߚ㨬ᚻࠍ಴ߔ㨭ߣ޿߁࠾ࡘࠕࡦࠬߢ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴߩ଀ߢߪߐࠄߦߘߩ௑ะ߇
ᒝߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Et il a crié : « Celui qui touche à ce gosse aura affaire à moi! »
㨬ߘߒߡ㨬ߎߩሶߦᚻࠍ಴ߔᅛߦߪ⋧ᚻߦߥࠆߙ㧍㨭ߣᓐߪตࠎߛ‫ޕ‬㨭
⸶಴ߒߚㅢࠅ㧘ኾࠄ㨬ᚻࠍ಴ߔ㨭ߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߦ․ൻߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ౕޕ‬૕‛ߦኻߒߡታ㓙ߦ㨬ធ⸅㨭
ߔࠆ㧔ߢ߈ࠆ㧕႐วߦߪ⋥ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥ߇㧘ታ㓙ߦߪ⸅ࠇࠄࠇߥ޿᛽⽎‛ߦኻߒߡ㧘޽ࠆ
޿ߪౕ૕‛ߢ߽㧘ุቯᒻߩ႐ว㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪታ㓙ߦ⸅ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘߿߿〒㔌ࠍ⟎޿ߡ㧘ኻ
⽎ߦะߌߡ㨬ᚻࠍ಴ߔ㨭ߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ࠍ⴫ߔ႐วߦߪ㑆ធઁേ⹖᭴ᢥ߇↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ௑ะ߇޽
ࠆߣ⠨߃ߡࠃ޿ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
⚿⺰
Le Monde ߩಽᨆ㧘toucher ߩಽᨆߣ߽㧘500 ଀⒟ᐲߢ޽ߞߚ߇㧘᭴ᢥߦࠃߞߡ㗫ᐲ߇⪺
ߒߊ⇣ߥߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘․ߦઁേ⹖᭴ᢥߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߇⏕⹺ߐࠇߚ‫ߩߡోޕ‬ᖱႎ߇ห೉ߦᦠ߆ࠇߡ
޿ࠆㄉᦠࠍᒁ޿ߚߛߌߢߪࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿᭴ᢥߩ㊀ⷐᐲࠍ␜ໂߔࠆߦߪචಽߥᚑᨐࠍ޽ߍࠄ
ࠇߚߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ߩߎޕ‬ᚻᴺࠍߐࠄߦᄢ㊂ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦ↪޿ࠆߥࠄ߫㧘᭴ᢥߩ㊀ⷐᕈߩಽᨆߪ
ߐࠄߦ♖ᐲࠍ਄ߍࠄࠇࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ߒ㧘߹ߚ୘೎ߩ⺆ߩขࠆ᭴ᢥߩᲧセ⎇ⓥ೨ߦߎߩಽᨆࠍ
ⴕ߃߫㧘⌀ߦᲧセߦ୯ߔࠆ᭴ᢥߥߩ߆ࠍ್ᢿߔࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁‫੹ޕ‬ᓟߩߐࠄߥࠆ
⎇ⓥ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇࠆߣߎࠈߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ᒁ↪ర
Le Monde(2001 ᐕ㧝᦬㧝ᣣ㨪31 ᣣ)
http://atilf.atilf.fr/frantext.htm
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
VANDELOISE Claude :‫ޝ‬LA PRÉPOSITION à PÂLIT-ELLE DERRIÈRE toucher?‫ޞ‬, Langages
110, 1993, p. 107-127.
㑐ㅪ⎇ⓥ⋡㍳
1939 ᐕ ߆ ࠄ 1998 ᐕ ߹ ߢ ฦ ᐕ ߩ BIBLIOGRAPHIE LINGUISTIQUE DE L’ANNEE
㧔SPECTRUM UTRECHT-ANVERS㧕ߦ෼߼ࠄࠇߚ⎇ⓥߩਛߢ㧘ࡠࡑࡦࠬ⻉⺆ߩ┨㧘⃻ઍ
ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ⺆ߩ grammaire, sémantique, syntaxe ߩ㗄⋡ࠃࠅ㧘੹࿁ߩ⎇ⓥߣᷓߊ㑐ଥߔࠆߣ
ᕁࠊࠇࠆ߽ߩࠍᛮ☴ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬㓙ߦࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߣߒߡ↪޿ߚ⺆ฏߣߪ㨬㑆ធ⋡⊛⵬⺆㨭
㨬⋥ធ⋡⊛⵬⺆㨭㨬ਈᩰ㨭㨬⋡⊛⺆㨭㨬⒖ⴕߩേ⹖㨭㨬೨⟎⹖㨭㨬à㨭㨬႐ᚲ㨭㨬ઁേ⹖ᕈ㨭㨬⥄േ⹖
ᕈ㨭ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߥ߅㔀⹹ฬߩ⇛ภߪએਅߩㅢࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
BIG=Bibliothèque de l’Information grammaticale.
BL=Bibliographie linguistique, le Comité International Permanent des Linguistes.
BSRLR=Bulletin de la Société Roumaine de Linguistique Romane (S. R. L. R.).
CdG=Cahiers de Grammaire.
CFS=Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure.
Clex=Cahiers de lexicologe : revue internationale de lexicologie et de lexicograhie.
CognL=Cognitive linguistics.
DAb=Dissertation Abstracts International. Abstracts of dissertations available on microfilm or as
xerographic reproductions. A. The Humanities and Social Sciences. Ann Arbor, MI.
EFOu=Études finno-ougriennes.
ELF=Étude de la langue française.
ESCOL=Proceedings of the...Eastern states conference on linguistics.
FB=Het Franse Boek.
FM=Le Français Moderne.
FR=The French Review.
FS=French Studies.
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HFM=Historisk-filosofiske meddelelser udgivet af Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes
Selskab.
HFYW=Hsi-fang Yü-wen(Western languages and literatures).
IG=L’Information Grammaticale.
KNf=Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny.
LB=Leuvense bijdragen : tijdschrift voor Germaanse filologie.
LFr=Langue Française.
Lg=Language. Journal of the Linguistic Society of America.
LI=Linguistic inquiry.
Linv=Lingvisticae Investigationes. Revue Internationale de Linguistique Française et de
Linguistique Générale.
Lrev=The linguistic review.
LSil=Linguistica Silesiana.
LSRL=Linguistic Symposium on Romance Language.
MLN=Modern Language Notes.
MLR=The Modern Language Review.
MSpråk=Moderna Språk.
Nph=Neophilologus.
OYon=ǁhak Yǂn’gu=Language Research.
PICL=Proceedings of the…international congress of linguists.
Probus=Probus : an international journal of Latin and Romance linguistics.
PSCL=Papers and studies in contrastive linguistics.
RF=Romanische Forschungen. Vierteljahrsschrift für romanische Sprachen und Literaturen.
RFRG=Revista de Filologie Romanică úi Germanica.
RLaR=Revue des Langues Romanes.
RLiR=Revue de Linguistique Romane, la Société de Linguistique Romane.
RomPh=Romance philology.
RomW=Romanica Wratislaviensia.
RQL=Revue Québécoise de linguistique, Trois Rivières.
Rrom=Revue Romane.
SNPh=Studia Neophilologica. A journal of Germanic and Romanic Philology.
StUBB=Studia Universitatis Babeú – Bolyai, Series Philologica Cluj.
TdL=Travaux de linguistique : revue internationale de linguistique française.
TLL=Travaux de Linguistique et de Littérature, le Centre de Philologie et Littératures romanes de
l’Université de Strasbourg.
TraLiPhi=Travaux de linguistique et de philologie.
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VR=Vox Romanica. Annales Helvetici explorandis linguis Romanicis destinati.
ZFSL=Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur.
ZRPh=Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie.
1939-47
L. BERGH, L’idée de direction exprimée par un adverbe ou par une préposition en suédois, par
un verbe et une préposition en français: SNPh XII 1939-40, 66-90.
1948
M. COHEN, changements dans l’ordre des mots en français contemporain : FM XVI 1948,
11-18| (1) Permutation de complément direct et complément indirect. (2) Déplacements d’adverbes.
(3) Dissociation du groupe du nom et de son complément. (4) Déplacement du sujet.
1949
C. H. BISSELL, Prepositions in French and English : New York, R. R. Simth 1947,
xiv-561p.|MLR XLIV 1949, 573-574 J. Marks.
1950
C. H. BISSELL, Prepositions in French and English : New York, R. R. Smith 1947, xiv-561p.|
MLN LXV 1950, 359-360 H. F. Muller.
B. POTTIER, Prépositions et conjonctions en français: Documents pédagogique, suppl. au n°21
de, L’éducation nationale”; Paris 1950, 8p.
1958
COHEN, Marcel, Compléments de verbe et dictionnaires : Omagiu Iordan(cf. Mélanges),
173-181.
JAEGGI, Adolphe, Le rôle de la préposition....dans les rapports abstraits en français moderne :
Romanica Helvetica 58 ; Berne 1956, 188p.| Cf. BL 1956, 134.| MLR LIII 1958, 256T. B. W. Reid|
RLaR LXXII 1957-58, 420-421 C. Camproux| FM XXVI 1958, 136-138 G. Moignet.
SHIMAOKA, Shigeru, Sur le complément d’objet du verbe[ en jap. avec rés. Fr.]: ELF 1958,
N°18, 16-18.
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1959
JAEGGI, Adolphe, Le rôle de la préposition....dans les rapports abstraits en français moderne :
Romanica Helvetica 58 ; Berne 1956, 188p.| Cf. BL 1956, 134.| ZRPh LXXVI 1960, 144-148 C.
Th. Gossen.
1961
BLINKENBERG, Andreas, Le problème de la transitivité en français moderne : HFM 38, 1 ;
København 1960| 159.| Lg XXXVII 1961, 287-289 R. L. Politzer | FM XXIX 1961, 309-312 G.
Gougenheim| CFS XVIII 1961, 87-89 F. Kahn| FS XVI 1962, 164-166 T. B. W. Reid| Romania
LXXXIII 1962, 272-275 R. L. Wagner| RFRG V 1961, 131-133 T. Cristea.
1962
BLINKENBERG, Andreas, Le problème de la transitivité en français moderne . ʊHFM 38,
1 ; København 1960| Cf. BL 1960, 159.| ZFSL LXXII 1962, 96-100 H. Bihler | MSpråk LVI 1962,
350-354 S. Anderson.
1963
BLINKENBERG, Andreas, Le problème de la transitivité en français moderne . ʊHFM 38,
1 ; København 1960| Cf. BL 1960, 159.| RF LXXV 1963, 145-153 G. Hilty.
CRISTEA, Teodora, & TĂNASE, Aurelian : O nouă clasificare a complementelor verbului (cu
aplicare la limba franceză). ʊ RFRG VII 1963, 17-24| Une nouv. Classification des compléments
du verbe(avec application à la langue fr.). Rés. Russe et fr.
SANDMANN, Manfred: Zur Frage der Transitivität. ʊ ZRPh LXXIX 1963, 567-592| A propos
de l’ouvrage de BLINKENBERG, Le problème de la transitivité en fr. mod.
1964
ARRIVÉ Michel: Attribut et complément d’objet en français moderne. ʊ FM XXXII 1964,
241-258.
DELATTRE, Pierre : Le jeu des prépositions dans l’enchaînement des verbes en français. ʊ FR
XXXVIII 1964, 1-26.
KUO, Lin-ko : Hsien-tai Fa-yü chung chieh-tz’u à yü de te yung-fa(I; II). ʊ HFYW I 1957,
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46-53 ; 189-197| Sur l’emploi des prépositions à et de dans la langue fr.
1965
GESCHIERE, L. : Le problème de la transitivité en français moderne. ʊ Nph XLIX 1965,
220-222| A propos de l’ouvrage de Andreas BLINKENBERG, Le problème de la transitivité…,
1960(cf. BL 1960, 159).
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1969
ROTHEMBERG, Mira: Les verbes à la fois transitifs et intransitifs en français contemporain.
ʊThèse Paris...., 355, 129 p.(ronéotypée)| FM 37, 1969, 254-255 G. Gougenheim.
RUWET, Nicolas : A propos des prépositions de lieu en français.ʊ Mélanges Fohalle, 115-135.
ZWANENBURG, W.: Les compléments du verbe en français moderne.ʊ FB 39, 1969, 59-70.
1971
ROTHEMBERG, Mira: Les verbes à la fois transitifs et intransitifs en français contemporain.
ʊThèse Paris, sans date| Cf. BL 1969, 4086.| VR 30, 1971, 181-190 Theodor Ebneter|BSL 65,
1970/2 (1971), 82-84 R. L. Wagner.
1974
MOIGNET, Gérard : Sur la “transitivité indirecte’’ en français. ʊ TLL 12, 1974/1, 281-299.
ROTHEMBERG, Mira: Les verbes à la fois transitifs et intransitifs en français contemporain.
ʊ JanL, Series practica 215 ; The Hague : Mouton, 1974, x, 335 p| Thèse Paris 1968 ; cf. BL 1969,
4086.| RLiR 38, 1974, 594-596 Jean Bourguignon |RRom 9, 1974, 316 Knud Togeby.
1975
BOGACKI, B. Krzysztof : Des verbes à complément circonstanciel de lieu.ʊ KNf 22, 1975,
3-19.
MOIGNET, Gérard: Incidence et attribut du complément d’objet.ʊ TLL 13, 1975/1, 253-270.
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1978
LECLÈRE, Christian: Sur une classe de verbes datifs.ʊ LFr 39, 1978, 66-75
ROTHEMBERG, Mira: Les verbes à la fois transitifs et intransitifs en français contemporain.
ʊ The Hague: 1974| BL 1974, 5323.| KNf 25, 1978, 103-107 G. SáawiĔska.
VÖLGYES, Gyöngyvér: Totalité du complément d’objet et aspect verbal.ʊ EFOuII,
1974(1976), 275-284| français. et hongrois.
1980
BARNES, Betsy K. : The notion of ‘dative’ in linguistic theory and the grammar of French.ʊ
LInv 4, 1980, 245-292| Indiana Univ. diss. With same title, 1979, 309 p. (DAb 40/10, 1980,
5422-A).
KALIK, A.: L’infinitif complément d’objet.ʊ BSRLR 13, 1978, 319-325.
1983
HUFFMAN, Alan : ‘Government of the dative’ in French.ʊ Lingua 60/3, 1983, 283-309.
LAMIROY, B.: Les verbes de mouvement en fr. Et en esp....ʊ 6072.
POHL, Jacques : LěC. O. D.’’.ʊ, 135-145| =̌complément d’objet direct’’.
1984
HONG, C.-S. : La classe des verbes de mouvement en coréen et en fr..
PORTE, Marie-Dominique : A propos de Mira ROTHENBERG : Les verbes à la fois transitives
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1987
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–RQL 15/2, 1986, 57-90|Rés. fr. & angl.
͘!377!͘
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GUILLET, Alain: Prépositions de lieu et verbes supports. –RQL 13/2, 1984, 59-93.
HÉRIAU, Michel: Verve impersonnel et transitives. –Tétralogiques1, 1984, 95-127.
LÉTOUBLON, Françoise: Il vient de pleuvoir, il va faire beau: verbes de mouvement et
auxiliaries. –ZFSL 94/1, 1984, 25-41.
LINDGRÉN, L.: Quelques problèmes contrastifs de l’ordre des constituants…
SEELBACH, Dieter: A propos d’un à-datif en français. 133-168.
VANDELOISE, Claude: L’espace en français. –Travaux Linguistiques; Paris: Seuil, 1986,
245p.|RliR51(201-202), 1987, 237-240 G. Kleiber.
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FLOREA, Ligia Stela : Transitif vs intransitif, une division dichotomique en français ? –St UBB
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JUNKER, Marie-Odile: Transitive, intransitive and reflexive uses of adjectival verbs in French.
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LAMIROY Béatrice: Les verbes de mouvement en français et en espagnol...-Amsterdam:
1983|BL1983, 6082|ZFSL 96/2, 1986, 219-220 H. Berschin.
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1989
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BAT-ZEEV SHYLDKROT, Hava: Les compléments de temps et de lieu sont-ils toujours des
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HERSLUND, Michael: Le datif en français. –BIG 14; Louvain: Peeters, 1988, 360p.|Biblio.,
331-344; Dan. summ. 357-360.
LAMIROY, Béatrice ; Les verbes de mouvement: emplois figurés et extensions métaphoriques.
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SIKORA, Edmund: La sémantique des verbes de mouvement à orientation déictique en français
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͘!378!͘
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1990
GUILLET, Alain : Une classification des verbes transitifs locatifs. –Linv 14/2, 1990,
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1991
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234-238 H. Kleineidam.
CADIOT, Pierre: La préposition interprétation par codage et interprétation par inférénce. –CdG
14, 1989(1990), 23-50.
1992
AUTHIER, J.-Marc; REED, Lisa: On the syntactic status of French affected datives. –Lrev9/4,
1992, 295-311.
HERSLUND, Michael: Le datif en français. –Louvain:1988|BL1989, 8714|RliR56(221-222),
1992, 271-276 M. Riegel|Rrom 25/1, 1990, 122-126 E.Spang-Hanssen; 126-128 author’s reply;
128-133 C. Vikner; 133-135, 1991, 73-74G. Boysen.
KÜBLER, Natalie: Verbes de transfert en français et en anglais. –Linv 16/1, 1992, 267-315|E.
ab.
LABELLE, Marie: La structure argumentale des verbes locatifs à base nominale. –Linv 16/2,
1992, 267-315|E. ab.
MELIS, Ludo: Prépositions en alternance ou rencontre fortuite, le cas de à et de pour en
concurrence avec lui comme expression du “datif” en français. –LB 81/1-3, 1992, 311-326.
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1993
BORILLO, Andrée :Le lexique de l’espace :prépositions et locutions prépositionnelles de lieu en
français. 176-190.
CUYCKENS, Hubert: Spatial prepositions in French revisited: rev. art. on Claude Vandeloise:
Spatial prepositions: a case study from French.-CognL, 4/3, 1993, 291-310|Cf. 10009. DARDEL,
Robert DE: Distinction lexicale des sexes…
TASMOWSKI-DE RYCK, Liliane: Le verbe transitif sans complement. 407-427.
VANDELOISE, Claude: Spatial prepositions: a case study from French / Transl. By Anna R. K.
BOSCH. -Chicago, IL: Chicago UP, 1991 –x, 265p.|Transl. Of BL1987, 7495|Probus 4/2, 1992,
183-185 Martin HIETBRINK|Cf. 9949.
1994
BORILLO, Andrée: Prépositions de lieu et anaphore, Langages 110, 1993, 27-46.
CADIOT Pierre: Contrôle anaphorique et prepositions, Langages 97, 1990, 8-23.
DEVOS, Filip; MARTENS, L. MUYNCK, Rik DE: “Object” problems in contrastive analysis,
PSCL28, 1993, 21-38, Evidence from Fr. & E.
PIJNENBURG, Johannes, A. M.: Datives in French - Datieven in het Frans, Amsterdam: [sine
nomine] 1991, 146p. |Du. ab| Amsterdam Univ. diss.
SACHS, Hilary: The dative “orphan-preposition” construction in French, ESCOL 10, 1993,
312-323.
SACHS, Hilary: French indirect object cliticization and the thematic role hierarchy, ESCOL 6,
1989(1990), 229-239.
SACHS, Hilary: Thematic roles and French dative clitics: lui vs y –ESCOL 7, 1990(1991),
240-248.
TASMOWSKI – DE RYCK Liliane: Le verbe transitif sans complement – TraLiPhi 30, 1992,
157-170.
HOTTENROTH, Priska-Monika: Prepositions and object concepts: a contribution to cognitive
semantics 442, 179-219.
Prépositions, representations reference /[Ed. Par] Anne Marie BERTHONNEAU: Pierre CADIOT
–Paris: Larousse, 1991, 124p. –(LFr; 91, 1991)|Special issue.
VOGELEER, Svelana: L’accès perceptuel à l’information à propos des expressions
un homme arrive – on voit arriver un homme.-LFr.102, 1994, 69-83|E.ab.
VOORST, Jan VAN: Un modèle localiste de la transitivité –LFr.100, 1993, 31-48|E.ab.
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1995
GROSS, Maurice: La notion de lieu argument du verbe, 173-200.
HERSLUND, Michael: Le datif en français, Louvain, 1998 |BL1989, 8714| RomPh 47/1, 1993,
83-87, Betsy K. Barnes.
1996
CANAE MARQUIS, Réjean: The distribution of à and de in tough constructions in French,
LSRL25, 1995(1996), 35-46.
HUFFMAN Alan: The categories of grammar: French lui and le.
MELIS Ludo: The dative in Modern French.
1997
BORILLO, Andrée: Quand le complément direct d’objet est un ‘’lieu’’.ʊ TdL 35, 1997, 51-65|
Fr. & E. Ab.
CAFFAREL, Alice : Models of transitivity in French : a systemic-functional interpretation, 249-296.
GAATONE, David : L’objet direct comme notion formelle dans la formulation des règles
syantaxiques.ʊ TdL 35, 1997, 13-20| Evidence from French| Fr. & E. Ab.
SARDA, Laure : Éléments pour une typologie des verbes de déplacement transitifs directs du
français.ʊ CdG 21, 1996(1997), 95-123.
[BOGACKI, Krzysztof] BOGACKI, Christophe : Locativité et temporalité dans les verbes
polysémiques, 253-266.
CLAS, André; GROSS, Gaston: Les classes d’objets et la désambigüisation des synonymes.ʊ
CLex 1997/1 (70), 27-40| Object classes and the disambiguation of synonyms.
FLORCZAK, Jacek : Relations sémantiques entre les verbes de mouvement et de position du
polonais et du français.
VANDELOISE, Claude: Touching: a minimal transmission of energy, 541-566.
1998
LARJAVAARA, Meri : Les villes embouteillent et On rivalise autrui : la transitivité vacillante, 65-73.
LECLÈRE, Christian: Sur une restructuration dative.ʊ OYon 31/1, 1995, 179-198| E. ab.| On
dative restructuration.
BORILLO, Andrée : L’espace et son expression en français.ʊ Gap : Ophrys, 1998.ʊ vi,
͘!381!͘
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㧢㧚ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆
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‫⺆⸒ޡ‬ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔‫ޢ‬0Q㧔㧕
ࠃࠅല₸⊛ߥ⸒⺆⎇ⓥࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚ
ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ㐿⊒
⚿ၔ ஜᄥ㇢
㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
ᧁ⿧ ീ
㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
㗇⮮ ᱞᢥ
㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄖ࿖⺆ቇㇱ㧕
1. ߪߓ߼ߦ
ᧄⓂߢߪࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆⎇ⓥߩ⃻⁁ࠍ〯߹߃㧘⺆ቇ⎇ⓥߢ૶↪ߔࠆࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ໧㗴ὐߣߘߩ
⸃᳿╷ࠍឭ᩺ߒ㧘ߘߩലᨐᕈߩᬌ⸽ࠍⴕ߁‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢᛒࠊࠇࠆ㐿⊒ߪ 21 ਎♿ COE‫⺆⸒ޟ‬ㆇ
↪ࠍၮ⋚ߣߔࠆ⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ᜚ὐ‫⺆⸒ߩޠ‬ቇ⃰⎇ⓥࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ‫ߩࠬࡄ࡯ࠦ⺆ࡦࠗࡍࠬޟ‬᭴▽ߣ
㑐ㅪ࠷࡯࡞㐿⊒ߦࠃࠆࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆⎇ⓥߩ㜞ᐲൻ‫ޠ‬ౝߢⴕࠊࠇߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ೋߦߎߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩ⎇
ⓥߩ᭎ⷐࠍ⚫੺ߒ㧘ߘߩᓟߦᒻᘒ⚛ઃਈࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ૶↪ߣࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩಽᨆࡒࠬߩ࠴ࠚ
࠶ࠢࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ⸳⸘ࠍᛒ߁‫ߦ࠲࡯࠺⺆⸒ߦࠄߐޕ‬ኻߔࠆ XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
ᛛⴚߩᔕ↪ࠍ⚫੺ߒ㧘ᦨᓟߦߘࠇࠄ߇⸒⺆⎇ⓥߢߤࠇ߶ߤലᨐ⊛߆ࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
2. ⎇ⓥࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩ᭎ⷐ
⎇ⓥࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ‫ߩࠬࡄ࡯ࠦ⺆ࡦࠗࡍࠬޟ‬᭴▽ߣ㑐ㅪ࠷࡯࡞㐿⊒ߦࠃࠆࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆⎇ⓥߩ㜞
ᐲൻ‫ߪޠ‬㧘᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇߩ㜞၂ᢅඳᢎ᝼ࠍਛᔃߦ㧘␹ᚭᏒᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇߩችᧄᱜ⟤ᢎ᝼㧘
ᄢኅᱜੱ᳁㧘ߘߒߡ᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ߩᧁ⿧ീ㧘⚿ၔஜᄥ㇢㧘᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄖ࿖⺆
ቇㇱߩ㗇⮮ᱞᢥ߇ෳടߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᓥ᧪ߩࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆⎇ⓥࠍࠃࠅല₸⊛ߢ㜞ᐲߥ߽ߩߣߔߴߊ㧘
⸒⺆࠺࡯࠲ߩ෼㓸ߣ ICT(Information and Communication Technology)ߩᔕ↪ߦࠃࠅ㔚ሶൻࠦ
࡯ࡄࠬߣߘߩಣℂ࠷࡯࡞ߩ㐿⊒ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ⎇ⓥߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߥࠬ࠹࠶ࡊߢⴕࠊࠇߚ‫(ޕ‬1)⸒⺆࠺࡯࠲ߩ౉ᚻ㧘(2)ᣢሽߩ໧㗴ߩ⸃᳿
ᣇᴺߩᬌ⸛㧘(3)㐿⊒ᣇᴺߩ⏕┙㧘(4)㐿⊒૞ᬺ㧘(5)ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆߘߩᚑᨐߩ૶
↪ߢ޽ࠆ‫(ޕ‬1)ߦߟ޿ߡߪ౉ᚻߒߚ⸒⺆࠺࡯࠲ߩ࡝ࠬ࠻ࠍᦨᓟߦឝタߔࠆ‫(ޕ‬2)ߣ(3)ߪᧄⓂ
ߩ 3 ┨ߣ 4 ┨ߢᛒࠊࠇࠆ‫(ޕ‬4)ߦߟ޿ߡߪ SAMPER et al.(1998)ߦࠃࠆ Macrocorpus de la norma
lingüística culta de las principales ciudades del mundo hispánico ߩ㔚ሶൻߐࠇߚ ߦߟ޿ߡߩ
ߺⴕࠊࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘੹ᓟߪᣢߦᚻߦ౉ࠇߚ⸒⺆࠺࡯࠲ߦߘߩ㐿⊒ᚻᴺࠍ޽ߡߪ߼ߡ޿ߊߎߣ
ߦߥࠆ‫(ޕ‬5)ߦߟ޿ߡߪᧁ⿧(2004)ߢߪ․ቯߩᒻኈ⹖ࠍ฽߻ᢥߩ᛽಴ߦ㧘⚿ၔ(2004)ߢߪ․
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ቯߩ⒖േേ⹖ࠍ฽߻ᢥߩ᛽಴ߦ߅޿ߡᧄ⎇ⓥߢ㐿⊒ߐࠇߚࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߇૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫߹ޕ‬
ߚᧄ㐿⊒ߩㅜਛ⚻ㆊߦߟ޿ߡߪ⚿ၔ࡮㗇⮮(2003)1ߢ㧘3 ┨ߢߣࠅ޽ߍࠄࠇࠆᒻᘒ⚛ᖱႎୃ
ᱜࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ⚫੺ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㗇⮮(2004)ߢᛒࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
3-1. ᓥ᧪ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ໧㗴ὐ
ઁߩᄙߊߩ⸒⺆ߣหߓߊ㧘ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡ߽㔚ሶൻߐࠇߚࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߇૶ࠊࠇࠆ
႐ว߇޽ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆⎇ⓥ⠪߇୘೎ߦ૞ᚑߒߚ㔚ሶൻࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦߟ޿ߡߪᰴߩ
੖ὐߩ⺖㗴ࠍ⃻⁁ߢߪᛴ߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᦨೋߩ໧㗴ὐߪ⷗಴ߒ⺆㧔࠲ࠗࡊ㧕ߢߩᬌ⚝߇㔍ߒ޿ὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦ࠻ࡈ࠰ࡠࡊ࡯ࡢޕ‬ઃടߐ
ࠇߡ޿ࠆන⚐ߥᬌ⚝ᯏ⢻ࠍ૶↪ߔࠆߣ㧘ᬌ⚝ኻ⽎ߩ⺆ߩᵴ↪ᒻߦߟ޿ߡ৻ߟߕߟᬌ⚝ࠍⴕߞ
ߡ޿ߊᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ࠆ޽߫߃଀ޕ‬േ⹖ࠍᬌ⚝ߔࠆ႐วߪ㧘ᴺ߿ᤨ೙㧘ੱ⒓߿ᢙߥߤࠍ㒢ቯߒߥ
ߌࠇ߫㧘৻ߟߩേ⹖ߦߟ޿ߡ߆ߥࠅߩ࿁ᢙߩᬌ⚝ࠍⴕ߁ᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ࠍࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޕ‬૞ᚑߒ㧘
৻ߟߩേ⹖ߩ⷗಴ߒ⺆ߦߟ޿ߡ৻࿁ߩᠲ૞ߢోߡߩᵴ↪ᒻࠍᬌ⚝ߒߚ႐วߢ߽㧘ᦨೋߦᵴ↪
ᒻࠍ࠺࡯࠲ߣߒߡਈ߃ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߕ㧘ߘߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍḰ஻ߔࠆߩߦᚻ㑆߇߆߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ੑߟ⋡ߩ໧㗴ὐߪ㧘ຠ⹖ࠍᬌ⚝߿ಽᨆߩኻ⽎ߦߔࠆߩ߇㔍ߒ޿ὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ઍฬ⹖ߩࠃ߁
ߦຠ⹖ߦዻߔࠆ⺆߇㒢ቯߐࠇࠆ႐วߪ㧘ߘࠇࠄߩ⺆ࠍ࡝ࠬ࠻ൻߒ߹ߣ߼ߡᬌ⚝ߔࠆߎߣ߽
น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ฬ⹖߿േ⹖㧘ᒻኈ⹖ߥߤຠ⹖ߦዻߔࠆ⺆ߩᢙ߇㒢ቯߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿႐ว
ߪ㧘૗ࠄ߆ߩ᧦ઙࠍ⸳ቯߒߡຠ⹖ߦዻߔࠆ⺆ࠍ㒢ቯߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ਃߟ⋡ߩ໧㗴ὐߪ㧘േ⹖ߥࠄᴺ߿ᤨ೙㧘ੱ⒓߿ᢙ㧘߹ߚฬ⹖߿ᒻኈ⹖ߥࠄᕈ߿ᢙߣ޿ߞ
ߚዻᕈߦߟ޿ߡߩᬌ⚝߿ಽᨆ߇㔍ߒ޿ὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᵴ↪⺆የߥߤ․ቯߩᒻᘒⷐ⚛ߦᵈ⋡ߒߡ
ᬌ⚝ߔࠆߎߣ߽น⢻ߛ߇㧘ਇⷙೣߥᵴ↪ࠍߔࠆ߽ߩߥߤࠍ฽߼ߡ޿ߊߣⶄ㔀ߥ૞ᬺߦߥࠆ
႐ว߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
྾ߟ⋡ߩ໧㗴ὐߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߢ߹੹ޕ‬ਃߟߩ໧㗴ࠍ⸃᳿ߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ࠲ࠣ
ઃਈࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ૶↪߇᦭ലߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ߘߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߇ઃਈߔࠆᒻᘒ⚛ᖱႎࠍ㑆㆑߃ࠆ
႐ว߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㑆㆑ߞߚᒻᘒ⚛ᖱႎࠍ㗬ࠅߦᬌ⚝ࠍⴕߞߚ႐ว㧘ᬌ⚝⚿ᨐߣߒߡㆡಾߥ߽ߩ
߇ᬌ⚝⚿ᨐ߆ࠄṳࠇߚࠅ㧘ㅒߦᬌ⚝⚿ᨐߣߒߡਇㆡಾߥ߽ߩ߇ᬌ⚝⚿ᨐߦ฽߼ࠄࠇߡߒ߹
ߞߚࠅߔࠆ႐วߥߤ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘߒߡᦨᓟߩ໧㗴ὐߪࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩౣ೑↪ᕈ߿᳢↪ᕈߢ޽ࠆ‫․߇ࠬࡄ࡯ࠦࠆ޽ޕ‬ቯߩࡄ࠰
ࠦࡦߩᯏ⒳߿ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩⅣႺߦ߅޿ߡߩߺ⴫␜࡮૶↪߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ႐ว߇޽ࠆ‫ⶄߚ߹ޕ‬
ᢙߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍหߓ᧦ઙߢᬌ⚝࡮ಽᨆߒߚࠅ㧘ߘࠇࠄߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ⛔วߒߚࠅߔࠆ႐วߦ㧘
ઃടߐࠇߡ޿ࠆᖱႎ߿ߘߩᒻᑼߦ㆑޿߇޽ࠆߎߣ߇ේ࿃ߢ㧘ᄌ឵૞ᬺ߇ᔅⷐߦߥࠆ႐ว߇
޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
1 ߎߩ⊒⴫ߪ Seminario de lingüística española de Japón 2003 ߢⴕࠊࠇߚ߇㧘ߘߩ႐ߢߩ⾆㊀ߥߏᗧ⷗࡮ߏᛕ್ߦෘ
ߊᗵ⻢↳ߒ਄ߍߚ޿‫ޕ‬
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3-2. ᧄ㐿⊒ߦ߅ߌࠆ⸃᳿╷
ᧄ㐿⊒ߢߪᰴߩੑߟߩᣇᴺߢߎࠇࠄߩ⺖㗴ߩ⸃᳿ࠍ⹜ߺߚ‫⷗ߕ߹ޕ‬಴ߒ⺆࡮ຠ⹖࡮ฦ⒳
ዻᕈන૏ߢߩᬌ⚝࡮ಽᨆߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ᒻᘒ⚛⸃ᨆ࡮ᒻᘒ⚛࠲ࠣઃਈࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ૶↪ߢ⸃
᳿ࠍ⋡ᜰߔ‫ࠣ࠲ߩߎޕ‬ઃਈࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩࡒࠬߩୃᱜ૞ᬺߦߟ޿ߡߪߘߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ㐿⊒ߒ
ߡ㧘ੱ㑆߇⋡ߢ⷗ߥ߇ࠄୃᱜࠍⴕ߁‫ߩࠬࡄ࡯ࠦߚ߹ޕ‬᳢↪ᕈ߿ౣ೑↪ᕈߩ໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡߪ
SGML(Standard Generalized Markup Language) ߣ XML ߦ Ḱ ᜚ ߒ ߚ TEI(Text Encoding
Initiative)ߩⷙᩰࠍណ↪ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ⸃᳿ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ ߦࠄߐޕ‬XSLT(eXtensible
Stylesheet Language Transformations)ߣ CSS(Cascading Style Sheet)ࠍ↪޿ߡน⺒ᕈߩะ਄ߣ
ᬌ⚝ᯏ⢻ߩઃടࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
3-3. ૶↪ߒߚ㔚ሶ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻
਄ߢㅀߴߚߣ߅ࠅ㧘ᧄ㐿⊒ߩ಴⊒ὐߣߥࠆ㔚ሶൻ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߪ SAMPER et al.ߦࠃࠆ
Macrocorpus de la norma lingüística culta de las principales ciudades del mundo hispánico
(1998)ߢ޽ࠆ‫⺆ࡦࠗࡍࠬߪࠇߎޕ‬࿤ߩ 12 ߩㇺᏒ México㧘Caracas㧘Santiago de Chile㧘Santafé
de Bogotá㧘Buenos Aires㧘Lima㧘San Juan de Puerto Rico㧘La Paz㧘San José de Costa Rica㧘
Madrid㧘Sevilla ߘߒߡ Las Palmas de Gran Canaria ߦ߅ߌࠆ 84 ᤨ㑆ಽߩળ⹤ߩ⸥㍳ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ో✬߇ࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘࠕ࡯ߣࠗࡦࡈࠜ࡯ࡑࡦ࠻ߩኻ⹤ߩᒻᑼߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩ࠻ࡦࡑ࡯ࠜࡈࡦࠗޕ‬ᐕ
㦂࡮ᕈ೎ߪ᭽‫߇ࠆ޽ߢޘ‬㧘⍮⊛⡯ᬺߦߚߕߐࠊࠆੱ‛߇ㆬ߫ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
3-4. ᒻᘒ⚛⸃ᨆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ
‫ޟ‬ᒻᘒ⚛⸃ᨆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ‫ߪߣޠ‬ᵻේ(2003:146-153)ߦࠃࠇ߫ᢥࠍන⺆㧔⸒⺆ߦࠃߞߡߪᒻ
ᘒ⚛㧕න૏ߦಽഀߒຠ⹖ᖱႎࠍઃਈߔࠆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬㐿⊒ߢ૶↪ߒߚᒻᘒ⚛
⸃ᨆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ MACO+ߣ RELAX ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਔ⠪ߣ߽ࠞ࠲࡞࡯࠾ࡖᎿ⑼ᄢቇߣࡃ࡞࠮ࡠ࠽
ᄢቇߩ౒ห⎇ⓥߢ㐿⊒ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬MACO+ߪᢥࠍ౉ജߔࠆߣ಴ജߣߒߡฦ࠻࡯ࠢࡦ㧔࠹ࠠࠬ࠻
ߦ޽ࠄࠊࠇࠆᒻ㧕ߦᒻᘒ⚛ᖱႎߩ୥⵬ߣߘࠇߦኻᔕߔࠆ࠲ࠗࡊ㧔⷗಴ߒ⺆㧕ߩ୥⵬ࠍ৻ߟએ
਄ઃടߔࠆ‫ޕ‬RELAX ߪ MACO+ߦࠃߞߡ޽ߍࠄࠇߚ࠲ࠗࡊ㧔⷗಴ߒ⺆㧕ߣᒻᘒ⚛ᖱႎߩ୥
⵬߇ⶄᢙ޽ࠆ႐วߦߘߩਛ߆ࠄ৻ߟࠍㆬ߮㧘ߘࠇࠍ࠻࡯ࠢࡦ㧔࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߦ޽ࠄࠊࠇࠆᒻ㧕
㧘
࠲ࠗࡊ㧔⷗಴ߒ⺆㧕
㧘ᒻᘒ⚛ᖱႎߩ৻ⷩߦߒߡ಴ജߔࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜᧃየߩ࠺࡯࠲଀ 1 ߪ౉ജ࠺࡯
࠲㧘࠺࡯࠲଀ 2 ߪ಴ജ࠺࡯࠲ߩ଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ ଀࠲࡯࠺ޕ‬2 ߢߪ৻ⴕߏߣߦ৻න⺆߇ಽᨆߐࠇ㧘Ꮐ
߆ࠄ࠻࡯ࠢࡦ㧔࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ߦ޽ࠄࠊࠇࠆᒻ㧕
㧘࠲ࠗࡊ㧔⷗಴ߒ⺆㧕
㧘ᒻᘒ⚛ᖱႎߩ㗅⇟ߢਗߴࠄ
ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᒻᘒ⚛ᖱႎߪᰴߦ⺑᣿ߔࠆ EAGLES(Expert Advisory Group on Language Engineering
Standards)ߩࠦ࡯࠼ࠍ૶↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
3-5. ઃടߐࠇࠆᖱႎ
MACO+ߩᒻᘒ⚛⸃ᨆߪ EAGLES ߣ޿߁ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ߇⸳ቯߒߚᒻᘒ⚛ᖱႎߩࠦ࡯࠼ൻߩⷙ
ᩰߦᴪߞߡⴕࠊࠇࠆ‫ߪࡊ࡯࡞ࠣߩߎޕ‬ᄢⷙᮨࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ࡮ಽᨆ࠷࡯࡞࡮⸒⺆⾗Ḯߩ⹏ଔߦ㑐
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ߔࠆⷙᩰߩ૞ᚑࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ຠ⹖ߏߣߦ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ዻᕈߩᖱႎ߇↪ᗧߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘േ
⹖ߦߟ޿ߡ޿߃߫േ⹖ߩ⒳㘃㧔ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆ߢߪഥേ⹖ߣߒߡ haber㧘ser ߣߘߩઁߩേ⹖ߦ
ಽ㘃ߐࠇࠆ㧕
㧘ᴺ㧘ᤨ೙㧘ੱ⒓㧘ᢙ㧘ᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆᖱႎ߇↪ᗧߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
଀ߣߒߡࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆ߩേ⹖ IR ߩᵴ↪ᒻ voy ߦട߃ࠄࠇࠆᒻᘒ⚛ᖱႎࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆ‫ࠇߎޕ‬
ߦਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆᖱႎߪ VMIP1S0 ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ꮐ߆ࠄ৻ᩴ⋡ߪຠ⹖ࠍ␜ߒ㧘V ߪേ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ੑ
ᩴ⋡ߪຠ⹖ౝߢߩ⒳㘃ࠍ␜ߒ㧘M ߪഥേ⹖ߢߥ޿േ⹖ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਃᩴ⋡ߪᴺࠍ␜ߒ㧘I ߪ⋥
⺑ᴺߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬྾ᩴ⋡ߪᤨ೙ࠍ␜ߒ㧘P ߪ⃻࿷ᤨ೙ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬੖ᩴ⋡ߪੱ⒓ࠍ␜ߒ㧘1 ߪ৻ੱ
⒓ߢ޽ࠆ‫౐ޕ‬ᩴ⋡ߪᢙࠍ␜ߒ㧘S ߪනᢙߢ޽ࠆ‫৾ޕ‬ᩴ⋡ߪᕈࠍ␜ߔ߇㧘ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆ߩേ⹖
ߦߪᕈߩ඙೎ߪߥ޿ߩߢ 0 ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
3-6. 㑆㆑޿ߩୃᱜ
MACO+ߣ RELAX ߪఝ⑲ߥࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ࡒࠬࠍ߅߆ߐߥ޿ࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫߃଀ޕ‬
߫ฬ⹖ߣߒߡᢥਛߦ޽ࠄࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ COMIDA ߇േ⹖ COMER㧔ߩ৻ᵴ↪ᒻ㧕ߣߒߡ␜ߐࠇ
ࠆߥߤߩ‫ޟ‬ห㖸⇣⟵⺆‫߇ޠ‬໧㗴ߦߥࠆࠤ࡯ࠬ߿㧘SE ߥߤ⸃㉼߇㔍ߒ޿⺆ߥߤߦᄙߊ⷗ࠄ
ࠇࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬㑆㆑޿ߪੱ㑆߇⏕⹺ߒߡୃᱜߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ߇㧘ᧄ㐿⊒ߢߪߘߩୃᱜࠪࠬ
࠹ࡓߩ⸳⸘߽ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
MACO+߇޽ߍߚⶄᢙߩᒻᘒ⚛ᖱႎ୥⵬߆ࠄ RELAX ߇ㆡಾߣ್ᢿߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩࠍㆬࠎ
ߢ޿ࠆߚ߼㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐ߇㑆㆑ߞߡ޿ࠆ႐วߦߪ MACO+ߩ಴ജ⚿ᨐ߹ߢߐ߆ߩ߷ߞߡᖱႎ
ࠍ㓸߼㧘ߘࠇࠍឭ␜ߒߚ߁߃ߢ⸓ᱜ୥⵬ࠍㆬ߱ᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ㆬ߱૞ᬺࠍⴕ߁ߩߪੱ㑆ߢ޽
ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥࠬ࠹࠶ࡊߢୃᱜ૞ᬺࠍⴕ߁‫(ޕ‬1)ᦨೋߩ಴ജ⚿ᨐߩ࠺࡯࠲ࡈࠔࠗ࡞ࠍ HTML
ᒻᑼߦᄌ឵ߒࠨ࡯ࡃ਄ߦ⟎߈㧘(2)ߘߩ HTML ࡈࠔࠗ࡞ࠍ Web ࡉ࡜࠙ࠩߦ⺒ߺㄟߺ㧘(3)න
⺆ࠍࠢ࡝࠶ࠢߔࠆߣ㧘(3)ᒻᘒ⚛ᖱႎߩ୥⵬߇⴫␜ߐࠇ㧘ߘߎ߆ࠄㆡಾߥ߽ߩࠍੱ㑆߇⋡ⷞ
ߢ್ᢿߒߡㆬ߮㧘(4)ᔅⷐߥ⺆ࠍ࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢߒߚࠄㅍାࡏ࠲ࡦࠍ᛼ߒࠨ࡯ࡃ਄ߢ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ଻ሽ
ߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩᣇᴺߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ೑ὐ߇޽ࠆ‫৻ߢࡃ࡯ࠨߕ߹ޕ‬᜝▤ℂߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢᜂ
ᒰ⠪߇࠺࡯࠲ࠍಽᜂߒߡࡠ࡯ࠞ࡞ߩ PC ߢᛒ߁ᔅⷐ߇ߥ޿ὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ ߚ߹ޕ‬Web ࡉ࡜࠙ࠩࠍ
૶↪ߒߡ޿ࠆߚ߼㧘ⅣႺࠍㆬ߫ߕߦⶄ㔀ߥୃᱜ૞ᬺ߇น⢻ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㊀ⷐߥὐ
ߣߒߡ㧘ੱ㑆߇⋡ⷞߢᖱႎࠍ࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢߒߡ޿ࠆߚ߼㧘ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆ࠍℂ⸃ߒߡ޿ࠆੱ㑆߇࠴
ࠚ࠶ࠢࠍⴕ߁ߥࠄᱜ⏕ߥᖱႎࠍㆬᛯߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
4-1. XML ᛛⴚߩᔕ↪
MACO+ߣ RELAX ߦࠃߞߡ૞ࠄࠇߚ࠺࡯࠲ߪ㧘࠺࡯࠲଀ 2 ߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ⺆ᒵ߇❑
ߦ⛯ߊߚ߼น⺒ᕈ߇⪺ߒߊૐߊ㧘ߎߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ૶↪ߒߚࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓಣℂ߽ⶄ㔀ߦߥࠆ‫ߐޕ‬
ࠄߦ 3-1 ߢ޽ߍߚౣ೑↪ᕈ࡮᳢↪ᕈߩ⺖㗴߽⸃᳿ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿‫⺖ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬㗴ࠍ⸃᳿ߔࠆ
ߚ߼ߦᧄ㐿⊒ߢߪ TEI ߦࠃߞߡឭ໒ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆⷙᩰࠍណ↪ߒߚ‫ⷙߩߎޕ‬ᩰߪ XML ߩⷙᩰ
ߦḰ᜚ߒߡ޿ࠆߚ߼㧘ߘߩ⺑᣿ࠍ߹ߕⴕ߁‫ޕ‬
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XML ߪ HTML(Hypertext Markup Language)ߣหߓߊ SGML ߆ࠄᵷ↢ߒߚࡑ࡯ࠢࠕ࠶ࡊ⸒
⺆ߢ޽ࠅ㧘࠺࡯࠲⸥ㅀࠍਥߥ⋡⊛ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬Ḱ᜚ߒߚ߽ߩࠍ㔚ሶൻࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦ૶
↪ߔࠆߎߣߦߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ೑ὐ߇޽ࠆ‫ߕ߹ޕ‬㜞޿᳢↪ᕈߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬XML ߪ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ࡌ࡯ࠬ
ߢ޽ࠆߚ߼⇣ߥࠆࡊ࡜࠶࠻ࡈࠜ࡯ࡓ਄߿ᯏ⒳ߢߩ߿ࠅߣࠅ߇ኈᤃߦߥࠅ㧘ౣ೑↪߿ⶄᢙߩ
ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ⛔ว߇ⴕ޿߿ߔߊߥࠆ‫ޕ‬หᤨߦ࠺࡯࠲ߩ✬㓸ߩⅣႺ߽ㆬ߫ߕ㧘࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ࠛ࠺ࠖ
࠲߿ࡢ࡯ࡊࡠ࠰ࡈ࠻ߢ✬㓸߇น⢻ߦߥࠆ‫߽␜⴫ޕ‬ᄙߊߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ࡉ࡜࠙ࠩߢน⢻ߦ
ߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬㧘XML ဳߩ࠺࡯࠲ߢ޽ࠇ߫⥄ಽߩᚻరߦ޽ࠆࡄ࠰ࠦࡦߢ૗߇ߒ߆ߩ
೑↪߇น⢻ߦߥࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ㧘࠲ࠣ⸳ቯߩ⥄↱ᐲ߇㜞޿ὐ߽᦭⋉ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦ⊛⋡↪૶ߩࠬࡄ࡯ࠦࠅࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬วࠊ
ߖߚ࠲ࠣߩ⸳ቯ߇น⢻ߦߥࠆ৻ᣇ㧘ࡑ࡯ࠢࠕ࠶ࡊߐࠇߚ࠺࡯࠲߇૗ࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ࠊ߆
ࠅ߿ߔߊߥࠆߣ޿߁೑ὐ߇޽ࠆ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧘࠺࡯࠲ߩ᭴ㅧൻ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ὐ߽㊀ⷐߢ
޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬㓏ጀൻߐࠇߚ࠺࡯࠲᭴ㅧࠍ↪޿ߡ㧘ࠃࠅᄙ᭽ߢᨵエߥᬌ⚝߿ಽᨆࠍ⸒⺆࠺࡯࠲
ߦኻߒߡⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘XML ဳߩ࠺࡯࠲ߪઁߩ࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬߩᒻᑼߦᲧߴ
ߡ⸒⺆࠺࡯࠲ߩࠃ߁ߥนᄌ㐳࠺࡯࠲ࠍᛒ߁ߩߦㆡߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߎߩὐ߽㔚ሶൻࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦ
XML ࠍ೑↪ߔࠆℂ↱ߣߥࠆ‫ ߩߎޕ‬XML ߦᧄ㐿⊒ߢ૶↪ߒߚ TEI ߩⷙᩰߪḰ᜚ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ XML Ḱ᜚ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߦᄌ឵ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘ᧄ㐿⊒ߢߪ࠺࡯࠲଀ 2 ߩࠃ߁ߥ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ޿
ߞߚࠎ CSV(Comma-Separated Value)ᒻᑼߦᄌ឵ߒ㧘ߘߩᓟߘࠇࠍ XML Ḱ᜚ߩᒻᑼߦᄌ឵
ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬CSV ᒻᑼ߳ߩᄌ឵ߪ╩⠪ࠄߩ⥄૞ࠬࠢ࡝ࡊ࠻ࠍ㧘ߘߒߡ XML ᒻᑼ߳ߩᄌ឵ߦ
ߪਣᧄᔀ᳁ߦࠃࠆ eXconv ࠍ૶↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔http://www.aparto-soft.com/eXeries/eXconv/㧕‫࠺ޕ‬
࡯࠲଀ 32ߪ CSV ᒻᑼߩ࠺࡯࠲ߢ޽ࠆ‫ ࠍࠇߎߡߒߘޕ‬XML ᒻᑼߦᄌ឵ߒߚ߽ߩ߇࠺࡯࠲଀
4 ߢ޽ࠆ‫ᤨߩߎޕ‬ὐߢߪ߹ߛ TEI ߩ࠲ࠣ࠮࠶࠻ࠍㆡ↪ߒߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
4-2. TEI
TEI ߪ࠹ࠠࠬ࠻࠺࡯࠲ߩ⒳㘃߿⴫⸥ߥߤߩᖱႎߦߟ޿ߡߩⷙᩰࠍ૞ᚑߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡
ᜰߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬TEI ߩࠟࠗ࠼࡜ࠗࡦߪ᭽‫ࠍ࠲࡯࠺࠻ࠬࠠ࠹ߥޘ‬ขࠅᛒ޿ߩኻ⽎ߦߒߡ޿
ࠆ߇㧘ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ⸥ㅀߦ㑐ߔࠆ߽ߩ㧘⸒⺆ߘߩ߽ߩࠍಽᨆ࡮⸃㉼ߩኻ⽎ߣߒߚ⸥ㅀߦ
㑐ߔࠆ߽ߩ߽✂⟜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩࠍ଀ߣߒߡ޽ߍࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫<ޕ‬p>ߪ
ࡄ࡜ࠣ࡜ࡈࠍ㧘<q>ߪᒁ↪ࠍ㧘<s>ߪᢥࠍ㧘<cl>ߪ▵ࠍ㧘<w>ߪ⺆ࠍ㧘<m>ߪᒻᘒ⚛ࠍ
␜ߔ‫ᧄޕ‬㐿⊒ߢߪࡄ࡜ࠣ࡜ࡈࠍ␜ߔ<p>㧘ᢥ⊛ߥ߽ߩࠍ␜ߔ<s>㧘⺆ᒵⷐ⚛ࠍ␜ߔ<w>㧘
⊒⸒⠪ࠍ␜ߔ<speaker>ࠍ૶↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠍࠇߎޕ‬ㆡ↪ߒߚ࠺࡯࠲߇࠺࡯࠲଀ 5 ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩᤨὐߢߪᢥߣࡄ࡜ࠣ࡜ࡈߩ⚳ࠊࠅߦߪᡷⴕ߇ᝌ౉ߐࠇ㧘น⺒ᕈ߇޽ࠆ⒟ᐲਈ߃ࠄ
ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
2
࠺࡯࠲଀ 3 એ㒠㧘ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆ߩ․ᱶᢥሼߦߟ޿ߡߪᎹ਄(1997)ߦࠃࠆ EspText ߇⴫␜ߦ૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ
ߩ⼏⺰ߦࠃࠅ㧘ߎࠇࠍ૶↪ߔࠆࠃࠅߪ߻ߒࠈ Unicode UTF-8 (UCS Transformation Format 8)ࠍ૶↪ߔࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠆ
ߣ޿߁⚿⺰ߦ㆐ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
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4-4. XSLT ߣ CSS
XSLT ߪ XML ߆ࠄⷐ⚛߿ዻᕈࠍขࠅ಴ߒߡ࡟ࠗࠕ࠙࠻ࠍᢛ߃㧘HTML ߿ PDF(Portable
Document Format)ߩᒻߦᄌ឵ߔࠆ⸒⺆ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠅࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬㧘XML ߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍࠃࠅน⺒ᕈߩ
㜞޿ᒻߢ⴫␜ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬㧘ⷐ⚛߿ዻᕈࠍขࠅ಴ߔ㓙ߦ૗߆ߩ᧦ઙߦว⥌ߔ
ࠆ߽ߩࠍขࠅ಴ߒߚࠅ㧘ਗߴᦧ߃ߚࠅߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߚ߼㧘XML ဳ࠺࡯࠲ߦᬌ⚝ᯏ⢻
ߩઃടࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ ߚ߹ޕ‬CSS ߪ⴫␜ߩ㓙ߦ⦡߿ᢥሼⵝ㘼ߥߤߩലᨐࠍട߃ࠆߎߣ
ࠍน⢻ߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴߦ޽ߍࠆ࠺࡯࠲଀ 6 ߪ XSLT ࠍ૶↪ߒ㧘േ⹖ PASAR ࠍ฽߻ᢥࠍ㐿⊒ߒ
ߚࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߆ࠄขࠅ಴ߒߚ⚿ᨐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬಴ജ࠺࡯࠲ߪᢥᲤߦ࡝ࠬ࠻ൻߐࠇ㧘ฦᢥߩ⺆ᢙ߇
ᦨᓟߦ⴫␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ3‫ ߚߒ↪૶ߦ߼ߚ߁ⴕࠍ␜⴫ߩߎߚ߹ޕ‬XSLT ߩࡈࠔࠗ࡞࠺࡯࠲ࠍ࠺
࡯࠲଀ 7 ߦ␜ߔ‫ޕ‬
5. ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆⎇ⓥߩല₸ൻߩᬌ⸽
5-1. ᬌ⸽଀ߦߟ޿ߡ
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㐿⊒ߒߚࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߦࠃࠅ㧘ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆⎇ⓥ߇ߤߩ⒟ᐲല₸ൻߐࠇࠆ߆ࠍᬌ⸽
ߔࠆ‫ߩ⺆ࡦࠗࡍࠬޕ‬േ⹖ PASAR㧔‫ޟ‬ㅢࠆ‫ޠ‬㧘
‫ޟ‬ㅢࠅㆊ߉ࠆ‫ޠ‬
㧕ߣߘߩਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎㑐ଥࠍⷰኤߔ
ࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘೨ㅀߩ Macrocorpus ߆ࠄ PASAR ߣฬ⹖࡮ઍฬ⹖4ࠍ฽߻ᢥࠍ᛽಴ߔࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬૞
ᬺߢ㧘නߦ㔚ሶൻߐࠇߚߛߌߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ↪޿ࠆ႐วߣ㧘ઃടᖱႎࠍ฽߻ߎߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ
↪޿ࠆ႐วߦߤࠇ߶ߤߩᏅ߇↢ߓࠆ߆ࠍⷰኤߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
5-2. PASAR ࠍ฽߻ᢥߩ᛽಴
ᦨೋߦ PASAR ߛߌࠍ฽߻ᢥࠍ᛽಴ߔࠆᬌ⚝ߦߟ޿ߡᛒ߁‫ޕ‬නߦ㔚ሶൻߐࠇߚߛߌߩ࠹
ࠠࠬ࠻ࠍශ೚߽ߒߊߪ࠺ࠖࠬࡊ࡟ࠗ਄ߦ⴫␜ߐߖ㧘ᦨೋ߆ࠄ⺒ࠎߢ࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢߔࠆ႐วߪో
ㇱߢ 48496 ᢥࠍ⺒߻ᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㔚ሶൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁೑ὐࠍ↢߆ߒ㧘ࡢ࡯ࡊࡠ࠰ࡈ࠻
ߥߤߦઃዻߔࠆන⚐ߥᢥሼ೉ᬌ⚝ᯏ⢻ࠍ૶ߞߡ㧘PASAR ߩ⺆ᐙߢ޽ࠆᢥሼ೉”pas”ࠍᬌ⚝
ߒߚߣߒߡ߽⺒߻ߴ߈ᢥߪᄙ޿‫ߩߎޕ‬න⚐ߥᢥሼ೉ᬌ⚝ߩ႐วߪ㧘ᬌ⚝⚿ᨐߩਛߦ
PASAPORTE㧔‫ޠ࠻࡯ࡐࠬࡄޟ‬
㧕߿ REPASADOR㧔‫ޟ‬㔀Ꮠ‫ޠ‬
㧕ߣ޿ߞߚ⺆߽฽߹ࠇߡߒ߹߁ߚ
߼㧘PASAR ࠍ฽߹ߥ޿ᢥ߽ᄙᢙሽ࿷ߔࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᬌ⚝↪ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍ೑↪ߔࠇ߫࠹ࠠࠬ࠻ਛߩ࠻࡯ࠢࡦߦኻߒߡ PASAR ߩᵴ↪ᒻߩᬌ
⚝ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎߩ႐วߪ PASAPORTE ߿ REPASADOR ߩࠃ߁ߦᢥሼ೉”pas”
ࠍᜬߟ⺆ࠍ฽߻ߛߌߢ PASAR ࠍ฽߹ߥ޿ᢥߪᬌ⚝⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ㒰߆ࠇࠆ‫ߩߎߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᬌ⚝ߩ
⚿ᨐߦߪ PASAR ߩ⋥ធᴺ⃻࿷ߩਃੱ⒓නᢙᒻ”pasa”ߣหߓᒻߢ޽ࠆฬ⹖ PASA㧔‫ޟ‬ᐓߒࡉ
3 ߎߩ⺆ᢙߦߪࡇ࡝ࠝ࠼߿ࠢࠛࠬ࠴࡚ࡦࡑ࡯ࠢߥߤߩ⸥ภߥߤ߽฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߡߒߣ⺆ߪࠇߎޕ‬ᢙ߃ࠄࠇࠆߴ߈
߽ߩߢߪߥ޿߇㧘੹ᓟߩᡷༀὐߣߒߡᱷߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
4 ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆ߢߪਥ⺆߇ᢥਛߦ᣿␜⊛ߦ⃻ࠇߥ޿႐ว߇޽ࠅ㧘ߎߩ႐วߪേ⹖ߣਥ⺆ߩ૏⟎㑐ଥࠍⷰኤߔࠆߎߣ
ߪߢ߈ߥ޿‫ߦ߃ࠁޕ‬㧘᧦ઙߦ‫ޟ‬ਥ⺆ࠍ฽߻‫ࠍޠ‬ട߃ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ߩࠬࡄ࡯ࠦߩߎࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕ‬ઃടᖱႎߦߪ‫ޟ‬ਥ
⺆‫ߥ⊛⺆⛔ߚߞ޿ߣޠ‬ᖱႎߪ฽߹ࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߚ߼㧘
‫ޟ‬ฬ⹖࡮ઍฬ⹖ࠍ฽߻‫᧦߁޿ߣޠ‬ઙߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਥ⺆ߦߥ
ࠅ߁ࠆߩߪฬ⹖ߣઍฬ⹖ߛ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㧘ᦨ⚳⊛ߦ᛽಴ߐࠇߚᢥߪߘߩਛߦ޽ࠆฬ⹖߽ߒߊߪઍฬ⹖߇
PASAR ߩਥ⺆ߣߒߡ޽ࠄࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ࠍ࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
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࠼࠙‫ޠ‬㧕㧘߹ߚㆊ෰ಽ⹖ᒻ”pasado”ߣหߓᒻߢ޽ࠆᒻኈ⹖ PASADO㧔‫ޟ‬ㆊ෰ߩ‫ޠ‬㧕߿ฬ⹖
PASADO㧔‫ޟ‬ㆊ෰‫ޠ‬㧕㧘߹ߚធ⛯ᴺ⃻࿷ߩ৻ੱ⒓࡮ਃੱ⒓නᢙᒻ”pase”ߣหߓᒻߢ޽ࠆฬ⹖
PASE㧔‫⸵ޟ‬น‫ޠ‬㧕
㧘ߐࠄߦ⋥ធᴺ⃻࿷ߩ৻ੱ⒓නᢙᒻ”paso”ߣหߓᒻߢ޽ࠆฬ⹖ PASO㧔‫ޟ‬ᱠ
ߺ‫ޠ‬
㧕ߥߤߩ⺆ࠍ฽ࠎߢߒ߹޿ PASAR ࠍ฽߹ߥ޿ᢥ߽ᄙᢙሽ࿷ߒߡߒ߹߁‫ޕ‬
ߐࠄߦߎߩᬌ⚝ࠍⴕ߁ߦ޽ߚߞߡߪ PASAR ߩోߡߩᵴ↪ᒻࠍࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߣߒߡḰ஻ߔ
ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬PASAR ߇ዻߔࠆ ar േ⹖ߪ㧘ਇቯᒻ࡮ಽ⹖ᒻ࡮๮઎ᒻࠍട߃ࠆߣ 53 ୘ߩᵴ
↪ᒻ߇޽ࠆ‫✢ޕ‬ㆊ෰৻ੱ⒓නᢙ”cantaba”ߣ✢ㆊ෰ਃੱ⒓නᢙ”cantaba”ߩࠃ߁ߦหߓᒻߩ߽
ߩࠍ㒰޿ߡ߽ว⸘ 46 ୘ߩᵴ↪ᒻ߇޽ࠆ5‫ࠍ࠲࡯࠺ߡ޿ߟߦࠄࠇߎޕ‬Ḱ஻ߔࠆߎߣߪน⢻ߢ
޽ࠆ߇㧘㕙ୟߥ૞ᬺߦߥࠆ6‫ޕ‬
ߒ߆ߒᧄ㐿⊒ߢ૞ᚑߒߚ⷗಴ߒ⺆㧔࠲ࠗࡊ㧕ߩᖱႎ߇฽߹ࠇߚࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ૶↪ߔࠆ
ߣ㧘”pas”ߣ޿߁ᢥሼ೉ࠍ฽߻ߛߌߩ⺆߿ PASAR ߩᵴ↪ᒻߣห㖸⇣⟵ߩ⺆ࠍ฽߻ߛߌߢ㧘
PASAR ߩᵴ↪ᒻࠍ฽߹ߥ޿ᢥߪᬌ⚝⚿ᨐߦߪ฽߹ࠇߥ޿ߩߢ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩᢥࠍ࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢߔࠆ
ᔅⷐ߇ߥߊߥࠆ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬ᵴ↪ᒻߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ૞ᚑߔࠆᚻ㑆߽⋭ߌࠆ‫ߪࠄࠇߎޕ‬ᄢ᏷ߥ⋭ജൻ
ߣ⸒߃ࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
5-3. ฬ⹖߽ߒߊߪઍฬ⹖ࠍ฽߻ᢥߩ᛽಴
ੑߟ⋡ߩ᧦ઙߢ޽ࠆ‫ޟ‬ฬ⹖߽ߒߊߪઍฬ⹖ࠍ฽߻‫߽ޠ‬ട߃ࠆߣ㧘ߎߩઃടᖱႎࠍᜬߟࠦ
࡯ࡄࠬߩ೑ὐ߇ߐࠄߦ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥࠆ‫ߪ⺆ࡦࠗࡍࠬޕ‬ઍฬ⹖ߩᢙߪ㒢ቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߚ߼㧘ઃ
ടᖱႎࠍᜬߚߥ޿ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ૶↪ߒߡ߽㧘ోߡߩઍฬ⹖ߩోߡߩᵴ↪ᒻࠍࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߣߒ
ߡᜰቯߒ࠻࡯ࠢࡦߦኻߒߡᬌ⚝ࠍⴕ߃߫㧘ઍฬ⹖ࠍ฽߻ᢥߩ᛽಴ߪน⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ฬ
⹖ߩᢙߪ㒢ቯߐࠇߡ߅ࠄߕ㧘߹ߚฬ⹖ࠍ․ቯߩᢥሼ೉ߢ᛽಴ߔࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ޿‫ߦ߃ࠁޕ‬
ઃടᖱႎࠍᜬߚߥ޿ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ೑↪ߔࠆ႐ว㧘PASAR ࠍ฽ߺ߆ߟฬ⹖߽ߒߊߪઍฬ⹖ࠍ฽
߻ᢥࠍ᛽಴ߔࠆߎߣߪᭂ߼ߡ࿎㔍ߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄߒ߆ߒޕ‬㐿⊒ߢ૞ᚑߒߚࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߪຠ⹖ߩᖱႎ
߽฽ࠎߢ޿ࠆߚ߼㧘ฬ⹖ࠍ฽߻ߎߣࠍ᧦ઙߦߔࠆߎߣ߽น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ઃടᖱႎࠍട߃
ߚࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍ૶↪ߒ㧘PASAR ࠍ฽ߺ߆ߟฬ⹖߽ߒߊߪઍฬ⹖ࠍ฽ࠎߛᢥࠍᬌ⚝ߒߚ⚿ᨐߪ
1063 ᢥߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
5-4. ᬌ⸽ߩ߹ߣ߼
PASAR ࠍ฽ߺ߆ߟฬ⹖߽ߒߊߪઍฬ⹖ࠍ฽߻ᢥࠍࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߆ࠄ᛽಴ߔࠆ૞ᬺࠍⴕ߁႐
ว㧘
ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬਛߩᢥࠍන⚐ߦ৻ᢥ৻ᢥ⺒ࠎߢ޿ߊߣోㇱߢ 48496 ᢥ⺒߻ᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
৻ᣇ㧘
ઃടᖱႎࠍ฽߻ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߣߘߩᬌ⚝ᯏ⢻ࠍ೑↪ߔࠆߣ 1063 ᢥߒ߆⺒߻ᔅⷐߪߥ޿‫߃ࠁޕ‬
ߦߎߩ᛽಴૞ᬺߪ 1/46 ߦߥࠅᄢ޿ߦല₸ൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬ઃടᖱႎࠍ฽߻ࠦ
࡯ࡄࠬࠍ૶↪ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ઃടᖱႎࠍᜬߚߥ޿ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍᬌ⚝ߔࠆ㓙ߦⴕࠊߥߌࠇ߫
5 േ⹖ HABER ߩᵴ↪ᒻߣㆊ෰ಽ⹖ߩ⚵ߺวࠊߖߦࠃߞߡ⴫ߐࠇࠆⶄวᤨ೙ߩᵴ↪ᒻߪߎߩᢙߦߪ฽߹ࠇߡ޿ߥ
޿‫ޕ‬
6 ߚߛߒ㧘⺆ᐙߣᵴ↪⺆የߦಽߌߡ࠺࡯࠲ࠍḰ஻ߔࠇ߫੹ᓟ PASAR એᄖߩⷙೣᵴ↪ߩ ar േ⹖ࠍᬌ⚝ߔࠆ႐วߦ
ᵴ↪⺆የߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ૶↪ߔࠆߎߣߪน⢻ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬
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ߥࠄߥ߆ߞߚᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ૞ᬺࠍߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ߥߊߥࠆ‫ޕ‬PASAR ߩ⺆ᐙߩᢥሼ೉ࠍ৻ㇱߦ฽߻
ߛߌߩ⺆㧔଀㧦PASAPORTE㧕߿ PASAR ߩᵴ↪ᒻߩห㖸⇣⟵⺆㧔଀㧦PASADO㧕ߥߤ߇฽
߹ࠇࠆߛߌߢ㧘PASAR ࠍ฽߹ߥ޿ᢥࠍ৻ᢥ৻ᢥ⺒ࠎߢᬌ⚝⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ㒰ᄖߔࠆ૞ᬺ㧘߹ߚᵴ
↪ᒻߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ੐೨ߦḰ஻ߔࠆ૞ᬺ㧘߹ߚฬ⹖߽ߒߊߪઍฬ⹖ࠍ฽߹ߥ޿ᢥࠍᬌ⚝⚿ᨐ߆
ࠄ㒰ߊ૞ᬺߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ὐࠍ⠨ᘦߔࠆߣઃടᖱႎࠍᜬߟ㔚ሶൻࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ૶↪ߪࠬࡍ
ࠗࡦ⺆⎇ⓥࠍല₸ൻߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
6. ߹ߣ߼
⸒⺆⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆ㔚ሶൻࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ૶↪ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ઃടᖱႎߩਇ⿷ߦࠃࠅ⺆ߩ⷗
಴ߒ⺆㧔࠲ࠗࡊ㧕߿ຠ⹖㧘ዻᕈߦࠃࠆᬌ⚝߇㔍ߒ߆ߞߚࠅ㧘᳢↪ᕈ࡮น⺒ᕈ߇໧㗴ߦ
ߥߞߚࠅߔࠆ႐ว߇޽ࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪᒻᘒ⚛⸃ᨆ࡮࠲ࠣઃਈࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ MACO+RELAX
ࠍ⚫੺ߒ㧘ߘࠇࠍ೑↪ߒߡᣢሽߩ⸒⺆࠺࡯࠲ߦઃട⊛ߥᖱႎࠍട߃ࠆᣇᴺߣઃടᖱႎߩୃ
ᱜࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩឭ᩺ࠍⴕߞߚ‫ ߦࠄߐޕ‬XML ᛛⴚࠍᔕ↪ߒ㔚ሶൻࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ᳢↪ᕈߣน
⺒ᕈࠍะ਄ߔࠆᣇᴺߦߟ޿ߡ߽ᛒߞߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߦ‫ޟ‬േ⹖ PASAR ࠍ฽ߺ߆ߟฬ⹖߽ߒߊ
ߪઍฬ⹖ࠍ฽߻‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᬌ⚝᧦ઙࠍ଀ߦߣࠅ㧘ઃടᖱႎࠍᜬߟ㔚ሶൻࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ߇⸒⺆
⎇ⓥࠍല₸ൻߔࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
ᵻේᱜᐘ 2003:‫ࠬࡄ࡯ࠦޟ‬ಣℂ↪࠰ࡈ࠻ߩ૶޿ᣇ‫ޠ‬
‫⺆⸒ࠬࡄ࡯ࠦޡ‬ቇ ᣣᧄ⺆ቇ ⥃ᤨჇೀภ‫ޢ‬㧘
᣿ᴦᦠ㒮㧘᧲੩㧚
BIBER, Douglas, CONRAD, Susan and REPPEN, Randi 1998: Corpus Linguistic – Investigating
language Structure and Use, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
⍹ፒ㓷ੱ 2003: ‫ࠣ࠲ޟ‬ઃ߈ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬߩ౒᦭ൻ‫⺆⸒ࠬࡄ࡯ࠦޡޠ‬ቇ ᣣᧄ⺆ቇ ⥃ᤨჇೀภ‫ޢ‬
㧘
᣿ᴦᦠ㒮㧘᧲੩㧚
Ꮉ਄⨃ା 1997: ‫ޟ‬EspText Ver.2‫⺆ࡦࠗࡍࠬޡޠ‬ቇ⎇ⓥ‫ޢ‬㧘 ᧲੩ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥળ㧘᧲੩㧚
ᧁ⿧ീ 2004: ‫⺆ࡦࠗࡍࠬޟ‬ฬ⹖ฏౝߩᒻኈ⹖ߩ૏⟎‫ޠ‬㧘 ᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ୃ჻⺰ᢥ.
PINO, Marta 1996: Encoding two large Spanish corpora with the TEI scheme: design and technical
aspects of textual markup, ACM.
㗇⮮ᱞᢥ 2004: ‫⺆ࡦࠗࡍࠬޟ‬ຠ⹖࠲ࠣߟ߈ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ᭴▽ߦ߅ߌࠆ࠲ࠣ⸓ᱜ૞ᬺᡰេ࠷࡯࡞
ߩ૞ᚑ‫ޠ‬㧘᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇතᬺ⺰ᢥ㧚
㥱⮮ᢅ㓶࡮ਛ᧛⚐૞࡮⿒㊁৻㇢✬ 1998: ‫⺆⸒ࠬࡄ࡯ࠦ⺆⧷ޡ‬ቇ‫ޢ‬
㧘⎇ⓥ␠㧘᧲੩㧚
㣔ኅ⑲ผ࡮㗇⾐ᑝ 1998: ‫ޡ‬ታ〣ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ⸒⺆ቇ‫ޢ‬
㧘 ᩿ේᦠᐫ㧘᧲੩㧚
⚿ၔஜᄥ㇢ 2004: ‫⺆ߩ⺆ࡦࠗࡍࠬޟ‬㗅-․ߦ⒖േേ⹖߇฽߹ࠇࠆᢥߦߟ޿ߡ-‫ޠ‬㧘᧲੩ᄖ࿖
⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ୃ჻⺰ᢥ㧚
⚿ၔஜᄥ㇢࡮㗇⮮ᱞᢥ 2003: ‫ޟ‬േ⹖⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆᖱႎઃਈࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߣ XML ဳࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ
ߩ૶↪‫ޠ‬㧘ญ㗡⊒⴫: Seminario de lingüística española de Japón 2003.
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౉ᚻߒߚ⸒⺆࠺࡯࠲ߩ࡝ࠬ࠻㧔ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆ߦߟ޿ߡߩߺ㧘߹ߚήఘߩ߽ߩࠍ฽߻㧕
BERNSTEIN, Jared, GRUNDY, Bill, ROSENFELD, Elizabeth, NAJMI, Amir and MANCOSKI, Psi
1995: LATINO-40 Spanish Read News LDC95S28, Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia.
CANAVAN, Alexandra and ZIPPERLEN, George 1996: CALLFRIEND Spanish-Caribbean Dialect
LDC96S57, Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia.
CANAVAN, Alexandra and ZIPPERLEN, George 1996: CALLFRIEND Spanish-Non-Caribbean
Dialect LDC96S58, Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia.
CANAVAN, Alexandra and ZIPPERLEN, George 1996: CALLHOME Spanish Speech LDC96S35,
Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia.
COLE, Ron and MUTHUSAMY, Yeshwant 1994: OGI Multilanguage Corpus LDC94S17.
Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia.
FISCUS, Jonathan, GAROFOLO, John, PRZYBOCKI, Mark, FISHER, William, PALLETT, David
1997: 1997 HUB-4 Broadcast News Evaluation Non English Test Material LDC2001S91,
Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia.
FOX, Michelle A. 2001: Syllable-Final /s/ Lenition LDC2001T60, Linguistic Data Consortium.
Philadelphia.
GARRETT, Susan, MORTON, Tom and MCLEMORE, Cynthia 1996: CALLHOME Spanish Lexicon
LDC96L16, Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia.
GRAFF, David 1994: UN Parallel Text LDC94T4A, Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia.
GRAFF, David and GALLEGOS, Gallegos 1995: Spanish News Text LDC95T9, Linguistic Data
Consortium, Philadelphia.
GRAFF, David and GALLEGOS, Gallegos 1999: Spanish Newswire Text, Volume 2 LDC99T41,
Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia.
LINGUISTIC DATA CONSORTIUM 1994: ECI Multilingual Text LDC94T5, Linguistic Data
Consortium, Philadelphia.
MUÑOZ, Elisa, ALABISO, Jennifer and GRAFF, David 1998: 1997 Spanish Broadcast News Speech
(Hub-4NE) LDC98S74, Linguistic Data Consortium., Philadelphia.
MUÑOZ, Elisa, ALABISO, Jennifer and GRAFF, David 1998. 1997 Spanish Broadcast News
Transcripts (Hub-4NE) LDC98T29, Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia.
MUÑOZ, Elisa, ALABISO, Jennifer, MACINTYRE, Robert and GRAFF, David 2002: 1997 HUB5
Spanish Evaluation LDC2002S25, Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia.
MUÑOZ, Elisa, ALABISO, Jennifer, MACINTYRE, Robert and GRAFF, David 1998: Hub-5 Spanish
Telephone Speech Corpus LDC98S70, Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia.
MUÑOZ, Elisa, ALABISO, Jennifer, MACINTYRE, Robert and GRAFF, David 2003: 1997 HUB5
Spanish Transcripts LDC2003T04, Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia.
MUÑOZ, Elisa, ALABISO, Jennifer, MACINTYRE, Robert and GRAFF, David 1998: Hub-5 Spanish
͘!38:!͘
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Transcripts LDC98T27, Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia.
MUTHUSAMY, Yeshwant K. 1996: VAHA (POLYPHONE II) LDC96S41, Linguistic Data
Consortium, Philadelphia.
MOLINER, Maria 2002: Diccionario de Uso del Espanol Maria Moliner, Editorial Gredos. S.A.,
Madrid.
REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA 2003: Diccionario de la Lengua Española, Espasa Calpe, Madrid.
ROGERS, Willie 2000: TREC Spanish LDC2000T51, Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia.
SAMPER, Pedilla, ANTONIO, José et al. 1998. Macrocorpos De La Norma Linguistica Culta De
Las Principales Ciudades Del Mundo Hispanico ULIPGC, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.
WAIBEL, Alex, LAVIE, Alon, LEVIN, Lori, RIES, Klaus and VALLE-ARGUETA, Liza 2001:
CALLHOME Spanish Dialogue Act Annotation LDC2001T61, Linguistic Data Consortium,
Philadelphia.
WHEATLEY, Barbara 1996: CALLHOME Spanish Transcripts LDC96T17, Linguistic Data
Consortium, Philadelphia.
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࠺࡯࠲଀ 3
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͘!396!͘
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͘!397!͘
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͘!399!͘
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࿕᦭ฬ⹖
BIBLIOGRAPHIE LINGUISTIQUE DE
MACO+
Ɉɠɟɝɨɜ, ɋ. ɂ.
Övergaard,G. Quirk, R. et al
L’ANNEE
CHILDES
Comrie, B
Expert Advisory Group on Language
Forsyth, J.
RELAX
Text Encoding Initiative (TEI)
Vandeloise, C.
Fowler, H. W.
Vendler, Z.
Frantext
Ƚɥɨɜɢɧɫɤɚɹ, Ɇ. ə.
࠙ࡊࠨ࡜ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ
Engineering Standards (EAGLES)
Harsh, W.
Hassan, A.
Karim, N. S.
Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M.
Langacker, R. W.
ዊᨋẖ
࠴ࡘ࡯ࡆࡦࠥࡦ㧔ࠦ࡯ࡄࠬ㧕
࡜ࡀࠞ࡯㧔Langacker㧕
࡟࠽࡯࠻࡮࡟ࡦࠣ࡟ࡦ㧔Lönngren㧕
Lönngren, L.
͘!39:!͘
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⾗ᢱ
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ࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߩฬ⹖ ɩɨɪɚ ߣ౒⿠ߔࠆਇቯᒻേ⹖ߩ૕ߦߟ޿ߡ
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⊒⴫⠪
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㖿ᓞ⊛․ᓽߦࠃࠆࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ⺆ᢥ޽޿߹޿ᕈߩ⸃ᶖ
⊒⴫⠪ ਛ↰㩷 ବ੺㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
╙ 13 ࿁⎇ⓥળ 㧔౒௅ ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕
ᣣᤨ
10 ᦬ 16 ᣣ㧔ᧁ㧕 18㧦30㨪20㧦30
႐ᚲ
⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ 㧔419 ภቶ㧕
࠹࡯ࡑ ⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔ Φ
㗴⋡
ᛛ⢻ࠪ࡜ࡃࠬߦၮߠ޿ߚ⊒㖸✵⠌
⊒⴫⠪ ⮮ේ ᗲ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
㗴⋡
㧳ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞㧦 b ࠨࠗ࠻ࠦࡦ࠹ࡦ࠷⸳⸘᩺ႎ๔
⊒⴫⠪ 㒙ㇱ㩷 ৻຦㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
╙ 12 ࿁⎇ⓥળ 㧔౒௅ ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕
ᣣᤨ
10 ᦬ 9 ᣣ㧔ᧁ㧕 18㧦30㨪20㧦30
႐ᚲ
⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ 㧔419 ภቶ㧕
࠹࡯ࡑ ⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔ Υ
㗴⋡
ᣣᧄ⺆ߩ⹤ߒ⸒⪲ߩࠦ࡯ࡄࠬࠍᢛ஻ߔࠆㆊ⒟ߩᬌ⸛
⊒⴫⠪ ᧁᨋ ℂᕺઁ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
㗴⋡
ᣣᧄ⺆ߩ⥄ὼળ⹤࠺࡯࠲ߣ TUFS-D ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆ⺣⹤ⴕേߩᲧセಽᨆ
㧙ળ⹤ᢎ⢒ᢎ᧚ߩ㐿⊒ߦ␜ໂߔࠆߎߣ㧙
⊒⴫⠪ ⻢㩷 㖯ઁ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
╙ 11 ࿁⎇ⓥળ 㧔౒௅ ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕
ᣣᤨ
10 ᦬ 3 ᣣ㧔㊄㧕 18㧦00㨪20㧦00
႐ᚲ
⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ 㧔419 ภቶ㧕
⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔ Τ
㗴⋡
TUFS ⸒⺆ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ 㐿⊒ߣ⹏ଔ㧙ᄙ⸒⺆ e-learning ᢎ᧚㐿⊒ߩ႐ว㧙
͘!3:7!͘
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⊒⴫⠪
㗴⋡
⊒⴫⠪
㒙ㇱ ৻຦㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
TUFS ⸒⺆ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞㧙⊒㖸ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߩ㐿⊒
ᧁ⿧ ീ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
╙ 10 ࿁⎇ⓥળ 㧔౒௅ ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕
ᣣᤨ
9 ᦬ 26 ᣣ㧔㊄㧕 18㧦00㨪20㧦00
႐ᚲ
⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ 㧔419 ภቶ㧕
⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ⎇ⓥႎ๔ Σ
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ᄙᄌ㊂⸃ᨆࠍ↪޿ߚࡄ࡝๟ㄝ࿾ၞߩᮡḰ⺆ൻߩ⎇ⓥ
⊒⴫⠪ 㐕᳓ ౗⾆㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
㗴⋡
TUFS ⸒⺆࠳ࠗࠕࡠࠣࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞㐿⊒ߣ⹏ଔ㧙ᄙ⸒⺆᳢↪ࠪ࡜ࡃࠬߣᯏ⢻ࠪ
࡜ࡃࠬߩⷞὐ߆ࠄ
⊒⴫⠪ ⚿ၔ ஜᄥ㇢㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
╙ 9 ࿁⎇ⓥળ 㧔౒௅ ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕
ᣣᤨ
7 ᦬ 17 ᣣ㧔㊄㧕 19㧦00㨪20㧦30
႐ᚲ
⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ 㧔419 ภቶ㧕
࠹࡯ࡑ ቇ⠌⠪ࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡝ࡦࠣߣࡐ࡯࠻ࡈࠜ࡝ࠝ⹏ଔߩၮ␆᭎ᔨ
⊒⴫⠪ ጊ᫪ శ㓁㧔࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ⎇ⓥຬ㧕
╙ 8 ࿁⎇ⓥળ 㧔౒௅ ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕
ᣣᤨ
7 ᦬ 4 ᣣ㧔᳓㧕 18㧦00㨪20㧦00
႐ᚲ
⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ 㧔419 ภቶ㧕
࠹࡯ࡑ ⸒⺆㘃ဳ⺰
㗴⋡
Johanna Nichols, ‘Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar’
⊒⴫⠪ ᜙↰ ᷡ㧔ࠕࠫࠕ࡮ࠕࡈ࡝ࠞ⸒⺆ᢥൻ⎇ⓥᚲ⎇ⓥ↢㧕
㗴⋡
ᢥᴺ⸥ㅀߩࠬࠦ࡯ࡊࠍᎼߞߡ㧙ᡰ㈩㧘ଐሽ㑐ଥࠍ଀ߦ
⊒⴫⠪ ፄጯ ⌀ℙ㧔ࠕࠫࠕ࡮ࠕࡈ࡝ࠞ⸒⺆ᢥൻ⎇ⓥᚲᢎ᝼㧕
╙ 7 ࿁⎇ⓥળ 㧔౒௅ ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕
ᣣᤨ
6 ᦬ 4 ᣣ㧔᳓㧕 18㧦00㨪20㧦00
႐ᚲ
⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ 㧔419 ภቶ㧕
࠹࡯ࡑ TUFS ⸒⺆ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ D ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞㧔⹜૞ 㧕
⊒⴫⠪ ᨋ ବᚑ 㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄖ࿖⺆ቇㇱ⻠Ꮷ㧕
㐳ᴧ ำਥ㧔ᷡᴰᅚሶᄢቇᢥቇㇱኾછ⻠Ꮷ㧕
㒙ㇱ ৻຦㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
⚿ၔ ஜᄥ㇢㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
╙ 6 ࿁⎇ⓥળ 㧔౒௅ ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕
ᣣᤨ
5 ᦬ 30 ᣣ㧔㊄㧕 18㧦00㨪20㧦00
႐ᚲ
⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ 㧔419 ภቶ㧕
͘!3:8!͘
目次ページに戻る。
࠹࡯ࡑ
㗴⋡
⊒⴫⠪
࠹࡯ࡑ
㗴⋡
⊒⴫⠪
ၮᧄᢥᴺࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞⎇ⓥΥ
ਛ࿖⺆ߩၮᧄᢥᴺࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞
㗇⮮ ⑲᮸㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
⥄ὼ⸒⺆ಣℂ
ᣣᧄ⺆⎇ⓥ↪࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕߣߘߩᔕ↪଀
ᐘ᧻ ⧷ᕺ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
૒㊁ ᵗ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄖ࿖⺆ቇㇱഥᢎ᝼㧕
╙ 5 ࿁⎇ⓥળ 㧔౒௅ ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕
ᣣᤨ
4 ᦬ 21 ᣣ㧔᦬㧕 18㧦00㨪19㧦30
႐ᚲ
⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ 㧔419 ภቶ㧕
࠹࡯ࡑ ⸒⺆㘃ဳ⺰
⊒⴫⠪ ᫪ญ ᕡ৻㧔㕒ጟᄢቇੱᢥቇㇱᢎ᝼㧕
╙ 4 ࿁⎇ⓥળ 㧔౒௅ ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕
ᣣᤨ
4 ᦬ 18 ᣣ㧔㊄㧕 18㧦00㨪19㧦30
႐ᚲ
⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ 㧔419 ภቶ㧕
࠹࡯ࡑ ⊒㖸ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߩ⹏ଔ
⊒⴫⠪ ⮮ේ ᗲ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
╙ 3 ࿁⎇ⓥળ 㧔౒௅ ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧘ᄖ࿖⺆ᢎ⢒ቇળ㧕
ᣣᤨ
3 ᦬ 19 ᣣ㧔᳓㧕 17㧦00㨪20㧦00
႐ᚲ
⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ 㧔419 ภቶ㧕
࠹࡯ࡑ ၮᧄᢥᴺࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞⎇ⓥΤ
㗴⋡
ࡠࠪࠕ⺆ߩၮᧄᢥᴺࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞
⊒⴫⠪ ਛỈ ⧷ᒾ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄖ࿖⺆ቇㇱᢎ᝼㧕
㗴⋡
ㅢ⸒⺆⊛ⷞὐ
⊒⴫⠪ ᜙↰ ᷡ 㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
࠹࡯ࡑ ၮ␆⺆ᒵ⎇ⓥ
㗴⋡
ၮ␆⺆ᒵߣ⧷⺆
⊒⴫⠪ ᵻ੗ ජ⚓ሶ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
╙ 2 ࿁⎇ⓥળ 㧔౒௅ ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧘ᄖ࿖⺆ᢎ⢒ቇળ㧕
ᣣᤨ
3 ᦬ 13 ᣣ㧔ᧁ㧕 18㧦00㨪20㧦00
႐ᚲ
⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ 㧔419 ภቶ㧕
࠹࡯ࡑ ၮᧄᢥᴺࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞⎇ⓥΣ
㗴⋡
ࠬࡍࠗࡦ⺆ߩၮᧄᢥᴺࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞
⊒⴫⠪ ችਅ ๺ᄢ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
㗴⋡
ᣣᧄ⺆ߩၮᧄᢥᴺࡊࡠࡈࠔࠗ࡞
⊒⴫⠪ ᔒᵄ ᓀሶ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
͘!3:9!͘
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╙ 1 ࿁⎇ⓥળ 㧔౒௅ ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧘ᄖ࿖⺆ᢎ⢒ቇળ㧕
ᣣᤨ
1 ᦬ 23 ᣣ㧔ᧁ㧕 18㧦00㨪20㧦00
႐ᚲ
⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ 㧔419 ภቶ㧕
࠹࡯ࡑ ᢥᴺ࡮⺆ᒵࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞㐿⊒
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ᢥᴺ࡮⺆ᒵࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߩ⸳⸘ᕁᗐ࡮㐿⊒ࠬࠤࠫࡘ࡯࡞
⊒⴫⠪ Ꮉญ ⵨ม㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄖ࿖⺆ቇㇱᢎ᝼㧕
ᐕᐲ㧔 ᐕ ᦬㨪 ᐕ ᦬㧕
᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲቯ଀⎇ⓥળ㧔╙ 6 ࿁㧕
᦬ᣣ
10 ᦬ 31 ᣣ
႐ᚲ
᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ⎇ⓥ⻠⟵᫟
࠹࡯ࡑ TUFS Language Module ⸳⸘ᦨ⚳᩺
㗴⋡
㧼ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ᦨ⚳⸳⸘᩺
⊒⴫⠪ ᧁ⿧ ീ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
㗴⋡
D ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆᯏ⢻ 50 ߣߘߩಽ㘃ᨒ⚵ߺ
⊒⴫⠪ ⚿ၔ ஜᄥ㇢㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
᧻ᧄ ೰ᰴ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲቯ଀⎇ⓥળ㧔╙ 5 ࿁㧕
᦬ᣣ
10 ᦬ 30 ᣣ
႐ᚲ
᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ⎇ⓥ⻠⟵᫟
࠹࡯ࡑ TUFS Language Module ⎇ⓥ㧔ߘߩ 5㧕ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ᢎ᧚㐿⊒ߦะߌߡ㧦
╙ੑ⸒⺆⠌ᓧ⎇ⓥ߆ࠄߩ␜ໂ
㗴⋡
ቇ⠌⠪⸒⺆ಽᨆߩᄌㆫ㧦ߘߩᚑᨐߣ╙ੑ⸒⺆ᜰዉߦ߻ߌߡߩ␜ໂ
⊒⴫⠪ ศ౷ ᦺሶ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄖ࿖⺆ቇㇱ⻠Ꮷ㧕
㗴⋡
ቇ⠌ࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠫ࡯⎇ⓥ㧦ߘߩᚑᨐߣ╙ੑ⸒⺆ᜰዉߦ߻ߌߡߩ␜ໂ
⊒⴫⠪ ᶏ㊁ ᄙᨑ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄖ࿖⺆ቇㇱഥᢎ᝼㧕
᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲቯ଀⎇ⓥળ㧔╙ 4 ࿁㧕
᦬ᣣ
10 ᦬ 25 ᣣ
႐ᚲ
᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ⎇ⓥ⻠⟵᫟
࠹࡯ࡑ TUFS Language Module ⎇ⓥ㧔ߘߩ 4㧕
㗴⋡
TUFS ⸒⺆ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆࠪ࡜ࡃࠬ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ
⊒⴫⠪ 㐳ᴧ ำਥ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
㗴⋡
TUFS P ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆ㖸㖿᭴ㅧߩዉ౉
⊒⴫⠪ ਛ↰ ବ੺㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲቯ଀⎇ⓥળ㧔╙ 3 ࿁㧕
᦬ᣣ
9 ᦬ 25 ᣣ
႐ᚲ
᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ⎇ⓥ⻠⟵᫟
࠹࡯ࡑ TUFS Language Module ⎇ⓥ㧔ߘߩ 3㧕
͘!3::!͘
目次ページに戻る。
㗴⋡
⊒⴫⠪
㗴⋡
⊒⴫⠪
⺆න૏ߩ㖸⠌ᓧߣઁߩࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߣߩ㑐ㅪߦߟ޿ߡ
㥲ᧁ ඳ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
TUFS D ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞㐿⊒ ⹜૞ 㧙ࠨࠗ࠻ߩ᭴▽ߣઁߩࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߣߩ㑐
ㅪᕈ㧙
㒙ㇱ ৻຦㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ⺆ቇ⎇ⓥᚲቯ଀⎇ⓥળ㧔╙ 2 ࿁㧕
᦬ᣣ
8᦬1ᣣ
႐ᚲ
᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ⎇ⓥ⻠⟵᫟
࠹࡯ࡑ TUFS Language Module ⎇ⓥ㧔ߘߩ 2㧕
㗴⋡
ೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⑼ᦠߩࠪ࡜ࡃࠬಽᨆߣ D ࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞ߩ⸳ቯߦ㑐ߔࠆ⠨ኤ
⊒⴫⠪ ᧻ᧄ ೰ᰴ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
㗴⋡
⸒⺆⢻ജߩ⊒㆐Ბ㓏ߩ⸥ㅀߦߟ޿ߡ
⊒⴫⠪ 㐳ᴧ ำਥ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
๺↰ ᦮ሶ㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕
↰ਛ ᢕ⧷㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
㣐⷗ ⾫৻㧔᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ඳ჻೨ᦼ⺖⒟㧕
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࠹࡯ࡑ TUFS Language Module ⎇ⓥ㧔ߘߩ 1㧕
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⸒⺆ᖱႎቇΣ
Proceedings of the First
International Conference on
Linguistic Informatics
Edited by
Yuji KAWAGUCHI, Susumu ZAIMA,
Toshihiro TAKAGAKI, Kohji SHIBANO,
Mayumi USAMI
2003 ᐕ 10 ᦬⊒ⴕ
⸒⺆ᖱႎቇ Τ
Corpus-Based Analyses on
Sentence Structures
Edited by
Toshihiro TAKAGAKI, Susumu ZAIMA,
Yoichiro TSURUGA, Yuji KAWAGUCHI
2004 ᐕ 4 ᦬ೀⴕ
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21 ਎♿ COE ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ
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