pdf - MARGARET ARBANAS

MARGARET ARBANAS
ARCHITECTURE
STRATEGY
RESEARCH
Margaret Arbanas bio
Margaret Arbanas is a New York based
architect specializing in developing innovative concepts in architecture, urbanism and
culture. She started her own practice after
working for the the Pritzker Prize winner Rem
Koolhaas’ Office for Metropolitan architecture
for more then six years.
Between 2006 and 2010 Margaret was
working on numerous projects for OMA office in New York. She was the project leader
for the CAA (Creative Artist Agency) Screening
Room and one of the 3 core team members for
the design of a 22-story high condominium,
both in New York and one of the three core
team members on a 1.2 million square foot
Jersey City development with a mix of programs of condominiums, public amenities
and a hotel, artist work/live studios, gallery
and retail. She also worked on the recently
completed new building for Cornell University
School of Architecture and Planning and a 1.7
million square feet 70 stories high mixed-use
building in Mexico City.
Margaret Arbanas considers architecture to be inseparable from a wider context
of cultural and intellectual production and is
specializing in research, strategy, concept and
content development. Most recently Margaret
consulted Guggenheim Museum on developing concepts for special events for BMW
Guggenheim Lab and worked on a research
project investigating art in public space for
Harvard Graduate School of Design. This approach stems from her extensive experience
at AMO - a think tank within OMA ( Office for
Metropolitan Architecture). Between 2003 and
2006 she was one of the driving forces behind
AMO - applying architectural thinking to
disciplines beyond the traditional borders of
architecture - including media, politics, sociology, renewable energy, technology, fashion, curating, publishing, and graphic design.
While at AMO she was one of the key people
responsible for the creation and production
of the exhibition ‘The Image of Europe” that
provided a history of European political representation and created new visual identity
for European Union. She was a contributor
to OMA-AMO retrospective publication and
exhibition Content and among other things
worked on developing growth strategies for
Shanghai municipality, developing preservation models for city of Beijing and developing spatial strategy for a prominent hedge
fund in Chicago. While at AMO Margaret
was also responsible for creating visualization study for IBM’s internal virtual platform
and creating development strategy for IFF’s
(International Flavors and Fragrances) NY
offices.
She was leading a research project on
Preservation at Harvard University Graduate
School of Design with Rem Koolhaas in 2008.
In addition Margaret lectured at University
of Toronto and was a guest critic at Columbia University GSAPP in New York, UPenn
and Pratt Institute. She is currently doing an
independent research on post-revolutionary
architecture in Cuba.
Margaret Arbanas holds a Master of
Architecture degree from Harvard University
Graduate School of Design, Cambridge and
Architecture Diploma from University of Zagreb Faculty of Architecture, Croatia.
CAA SCREENING ROOM
Client
Slazer Enterprise / Creative Artists Agency
Location
New York City, NY
Program / Area
1,600 sq. ft. screening room and lounge, 41
Seats, 35 mm and video projection enabled
/ Dolby Surround Sound, Videoconference
/ Simulcast enabled, Small Stage for musical performances and lectures, 245 sq. ft.
meeting room
Status
Commission 2008
Associate Architects and Engineers:
Cetra/Ruddy Incorporated
Key Consultants
WSP Cantor Seinuk (Structure)
Axis Facades (Façade)
Blessing & Company (Theater Consultant)
Level Acoustics (Acoustics))
Role
Margaret Arbanas was the project leader
while at OMA.
At the base of OMA’s first building in New
York City, 23 East 22nd Street, the Creative
Artists Agency (CAA) Screening Room provides an important cultural anchor for the
building. The slope of the screening room
is allowed to continue to the ground level,
playfully connecting the building’s most
prominent and public feature to the street.
Within the screening room, a pre-function
lounge and the screening room seating are
both accommodated on a single grand stair.
Larger steps within the grand stair are designed to host pre-function events whilst
spaces that serve the screening room —
bar, cloakroom, casual seating, projection
booth — are embedded within.
23 EAST 22ND STREET
building’s form is at once familiar and unique.
Client:
Residences/Variety
As the building steps out to the east and then
back from the west, the area of every other
floor differs. balconies at the upper part of
the building and floor windows at the lower
part. At the highest and lowest portions of
the building, loft-like scenarios are played out
while in the larger, middle floors, lower ceilings
reinforce the units’ panoramic breadth and
help establish a more intimate scale.
Slazer Enterprises
Location:
New York, USA.
Program:
50,052 ft2 / 4,650 m2 - 18 luxury residences (15 full floor, 2 duplex residencies, 1
quadraplex penthouse); largest residence:
6,100 sq.ft, smallest residence: 1,800 sq.ft;
Residences with unit-long floor windows
(5 Total): 7, 9, 11, 13, 15; Residences with
outdoor terraces (7 Terraces Total): 3, 6, 17,
Duplex (19), Penthouse (21, 23, Roof); Price
Range: approx. $7M - $50M+
Status :
Commission 2008
Role:
Margaret Arbanas was a team member
while at OMA
The base of 23 East 22nd Street is a transparent screening room that has a view to the
city. More than the typical New York building,
the tower above had to respond to a number
of complex demands: in addition to the zoning
law and neighbors, it had to avoid blocking the
view of One Madison Park, its 60-story neighbor to the north. Using the complexity — even
strangeness — of the site, unusual qualities
were introduced to the apartments: irregular
ceiling heights, views around the tower to the
north, and overhangs with windows to the city
below.
Form
Rising to a height of 355 feet, 23 East 22nd
Street stretches up to the east and stepsback from, gaining additional area as it cantilevers 30 feet over its neighbor. This asymmetrical form simultaneously provides views
of Madison Square Park whilst maximizing
light penetration to the neighbors below. Mirroring the traditional New York setback, the
Structure
23 East 22nd Street is supported by a structural façade: a set of shear walls with openings for light and air that has been developed
in collaboration with structural engineers WSP
Cantor Seinuk. In areas under greatest stress,
the window spacing is modified to provide increased structural area and rigidity, supporting
the building like a structural corset.
Living/Program Distribution—
While the division between public and private
remains consistent throughout the building, the
arrangement of public spaces (great room, kitchen,
dining) changes as the scale of spaces adjacent
to the elevator core at the south increases and
decreases.
+363’-9”
+354’-11”
roof terrace
+338’-9”
level 24
+322’-7”
level 23
great room
kitchen/ dining
bedroom
bathroom
utilities/ closet
entrance/ gallery
vertical circulation
caa
lobby
mechanical/ storage
+306’-5”
level 22
+290’-3”
level 21
+278’-3”
level 20
+266’-3”
level 19
+254’-3”
level 18
+242’-3”
level 17
+230’-7”
level 16
+219’-0”
level 15
+207’-0”
level 14
+195’-0”
level 13
+183’-0”
level 12
+171’-0”
level 11
+154’-10”
level 10
+138’-8”
level 09
+122’-6”
level 08
+107’-0”
level 07
+96’-0”
level 06B
+85’-0”
level 06A
+73’-0”
level 50
+61’-0”
level 04
+49’-0”
level 03
+37’-0”
level 02C CAA
+27’-9”
level 02B CAA
+8’-1”
level 02A CAA
0’-0”
level 01 Lobby
-13’-4”
level B1
AMENITIES FOR 1 MADISON PARK
AND 23 EAST 22ND STREET
Client:
Slazer Enterprises
Location:
New York, USA.
Program:
Amenities for 1 Madison park and 23 East
22nd Street - a spa, a gym, a bar, wine storage, swimming pool, a club room
Status :
Commission 2008
Role:
Margaret Arbanas was a team member
while at OMA
MILLSTEIN HALL
Client:
Cornell University, College of Architecture, Art
and Planning (AAP)
Status:
Commission 2006, Ground breaking 2009,
completion October 2011
Location
Ithaca, New York (US)
Program:
47,000 sq.ft. addition to the College of Architecture, Art and Planning - Studios, Crit spaces, Auditorium, Exhibition, Exterior Workspace
and Plaza.
Role
Margaret Arbanas was a team member while
at OMA.
Milstein Hall is the first new building in over
100 years for the renowned College of Architecture, Art and Planning (AAP) at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. The new
building is situated between Cornell’s historic Arts Quad and the natural Falls Creek
Gorge redefining the entry for the northern
end of the campus.
Currently the AAP is housed in four separate
buildings, distinct in architectural style and
programmatic use but similar in typology.
Rather than creating a new free-standing
building Milstein Hall is an addition to the
AAP buildings creating a unified complex
with continuous levels of indoor and outdoor
interconnected spaces. Milstein Hall provides 47,000 additional square feet for the
AAP, adding much-needed space for studios,
gallery space, critique space and a 253-seat
auditorium. The additional space enabled a
new master plan of the College’s facilities
creating extraordinary new spatial relationships between internal programmatic elements.
111 FIRST STREET
JERSEY CITY
Clients:
BLDG Management Co. Inc.
The Athena Group, LLC
Status:
Comission 2006
Location:
Jersey City, NJ
Program:
Total 1.2 million SF: 415,000 SF of apartments,
210,000 SF of hotel and amenities, 160,000
SF of artist work / live studios, 19,000 SF of
gallery, 87,000 SF of retail and 240,000 SF of
parking
Building height: 592 ft
Role:
Margaret Arbanas was a team member while
at OMA
The 1.2 million square foot development’s mix
of program of condominiums, public amenities and hotel, artist work/live studios, gallery, retail and parking will act as a beacon for
the future development of the area into Jersey
City’s arts district.
Each component of the program is concentrated into individual blocks: a cube of artist
work/live studios and galleries, a slab that
combines hotel rooms and apartments, and a
wider slab that accommodates deeper apartments. The resulting volumes are stacked perpendicularly in plan to create a 52 story tower.
This stacking maintains the independence
of each block optimizes potential views from
the site and creates a dynamic relationship
between the building and its surroundings: a
spectacle from convention.
Alternating the orientation of each block creates a series of open spaces at their junctions. Adjacent to each terrace is a public
space that activates it during the day (gallery,
spa, gym, pool, restaurant) and night (cabaret,
bar, restaurant, residential lounge).
RESIDENTIAL PUBLIC
330 UNITS
357,320 sf
4,896 sf
HOTEL ROOMS
126,140 sf
HOTEL PUBLIC
65,916 sf
HOTEL SERVICE
21,552 sf
ARTIST LOFTS
53,792 sf
73’
252 UNITS
68’
ARTIST STUDIO
161,376 sf
MECHANICAL
46,768 sf
PARKING
239,205 sf
120 UNITS
7,872 sf
86,940 sf
GALLERY
LOBBIES
19,024 sf
18,314 sf
86’
164’ (50m)
APARTMENTS
68’ (21m)
RETAIL
72’ (22m)
265’ (81m)
HOTEL ROOMS
ARTIST WORK / LIVE STUDIOS
164’ (50m)
MECHANICAL
207’ (63m)
CABARET
86’
40 UNITS
164’ (50m)
f GROSS
APARTMENTS
MECHANICAL
MECHANICAL
RETAIL
APARTMENTS
APARTMENTS
RESIDEN. TERRACE RES. LOUNGE RESIDEN. TERRACE
UTILITY RES. LOUNGE UTILITY
APARTMENTS
APARTMENTS
APARTMENTS
HOTEL
ROOMS
HOTEL ROOMS
APARTMENTS
UTILITY RES. LOUNGE UTILITY
401’ (122m)
RESTAURANT
RESTAUR.
GYM / POOL
/ BAR
TERRACE
TERRACE
UTILITY
RESTAURANT / BAR
HOTEL
ROOMS
RESTAURANT
RESTAUR.
GYM / POOL
/ BAR
TERRACE
TERRACE
UTILITY
GYM / POOL / SPA
GYM / POOL / SPA
LOFTS
LOFTS
LOFTS
ARTIST WORK / LIVE
STUDIOS
ARTIST WORK / LIVE
STUDIOS
ARTIST WORK / LIVE
STUDIOS
HOTEL PUBLIC
HOTEL SERVICE
UTILITY
HOTEL SERVICE
TER. GALLERY
CABARET
PARKING
HOTEL PUBLIC
HOTEL SERVICE
TER.
PUBLIC TERRACE
CABARET
RETAIL
GYM / POOL / SPA
HOTEL SERVICE
UTILITY
GALLERY
PUBLIC TERRACE
PARKING
HOTEL PUBLIC
HOTEL SERVICE
UTILITY
HOTEL SERVICE
TER. GALLERY
CABARET
PARKING
TER.
TORRE BICENTENARIO
Client:
Grupo DANHOS
Status:
Discontinued; 2007 commission; concept design completed
Location:
Mexico City, Mexico
Program:
AAA offices, ballroom, convention space, gym,
lobbies, shops / restaurants, loading, storage,
kitchen, mechanical space, site museum, parking. Final concept design floor areas: *BOMA
gross area: 173,158.5m2
Role:
Margaret Arbanas was a team member while
at OMA
Poised to harness the economic and symbolic
potential of the Bicentennial, Mexico City will
celebrate a historic moment with the emergence of a new skyscraper, the Torre Bicentenario. In an architectural age defined by the
pursuit of expression at all costs, the Torre
Bicentenario is building whose unique form
is responsive rather than frivolous; a building
whose form facilitates rather than complicates its use: the stacking of two pyramidal
forms produces a building simultaneously familiar and unexpected, historic yet visionary.
Skyscrapers tend to internalize their features.
Atriums typically create dramatic spaces
within, hidden from the city around them.
Here, a void cuts through the building’s widest point, providing access to light and natural
ventilation and creating a relationship between the floors within. Public programs are
located at the junction of the two pyramids,
at 100m, the datum of the buildings that
surround it. The void twists at its midpoint,
opening at the bottom toward the park and at
the top toward the city. Rather than exacerbating the skyscraper’s isolation, it connects
the building to its surroundings.
SHANTOU UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
Advisors:
Jacques Herzog and Pierre deMeuron
Year:
2004
Status:
Student project at Harvard Graduate School of
Design
Program:
The Central Library for Shantou University
Collaborators:
Julie Firkin and Jeffrey Barnes
The new library is set in the luscious subtropical landscape of Shantou University
and is the gateway building for the whole
campus.
By bending and slicing the library’s skin ad
nauseam the structure becomes fragmented
into infinitude of slices. This simple operation generates opportunities for a range of
scales of inhabitation - from a single desk to
a small group area to a large reading room.
The fragmentation of the structure acts
as a brise-soleil as well. The structure is
interwoven with library stacks into an organic whole. The resonant box seems like a
delicate bird cage in the midst of a tropical
forest.
MUSEUM IN BOSTON
Advisor:
Adrian Geuze
Year:
2004
Status:
Student project at Harvard Graduate School
of Design
Program:
The new museum for Boston waterfront
floats above an artificial island - a coral reef
protruding from the black asphalt below.
Interaction of the museum and the garden
range from subtle to violent and creates mul-
tiple scenarios - access to the museum, outside exhibtion space, auditorium, sneak-peak
of the museum, birch tree garden, playground,
viewing platform etc.. Inside the labyrinthine
museum compresses the space and expands
the time. One is free to chose her own path
and curate her own show. The multitude of
small rubber tubes envelopes the austere
museum volume in a disheveled cloud of
translucency.
PLAN STUDIES
FACADE STUDIES
MATERIAL STUDIES
FASTFORWARD CITY
Year:
2005
process,propelling itself at the forefront of
innovation.
Status:
Competition
A city built in 3 years must achieve instant
diversity - proximities and juxtapositions
that generate cross-pollination from its
first day of creation. Typical urban conditions, where cities acquire diversity through
decades of layering, no longer apply. Slicing the fabric into functional bands as opposed to conventional districts allows for
an instantly diverse fabric. Over time, these
bands will mutate and disappear as impurities of the urban process take hold. New
inventions weave into the extant, creating
a city that constantly transforms and reforms like the patterns of a kaleidoscope.
Program:
A new administrative capital for Korea
Collaborators:
Jeanette Kuo and Uenal Karamuk
Fast Forward City is a continuous experiment -- an urban collaborative between
Government and the city -- that constantly
develops new urban concepts. This is a
city that reinvents itself in a perpetuating
THE CITY AS A TESTING GROUND
FastForward City is a city where the Government is an agent for Research and Development, spurring Experiment
and Innovation. Here Government catalyzes, orchestrates and propagates new urban paradigms. Unlike the static
monumentality of typical administrative cities, FastForward City will be recognized for its perpetual advancement
and innovation and the progressive participation of its government. The city will be a testing ground for new urban
ideas that will inform the futures of other global cities.
Ministries, Think Tanks and Research Labs
Market Hall
Urban Agro-Park
Rentable plots for the urban gardener promoting organic farming,
gardening as urban therapy and
community building.
Commerce
Industry
Energy
Education
Experimental Energy Farms
Human
Recources
Renewable energy farming such as windfarms an solar
farms integrated into existing industrial zone.
Public Forum
Culture
Eco-Housing Towers
Tourism
Self-sufficient towers set into the hillside, pioneering
sustainable lifestyle with 100% self-produced energy and
recources.
Finance
Economy
National Tax Service
Park
Amphitheater
Science
Co-Op Garden Apartments
Technology
Agriculture
Forestry
Pioneering new forms of public-private space and community
living in the urban setting. Gardens and terraces weave through
the buildings at different levels.
Presidential Commission
Plug-In Park
Prime Ministers
Commission
Promoting outdoor „offices“ in a wireless city
Health
Start-Up Business Park
Welfare
Promoting entrepreneurs and innovation
24 Hour Shopping Zone
An intensified compact round-the-clock commercial web.
Homeopathic Health Spa
A Fitness and recreation complex promotes new techniques for self
improvement with homeopathic clinics.
Inverse Season Park
Ever want to summer when it is winter? Ever want to ski in
the summer? This park will be an artificial climatic zone.
Construction
Information
Communication
Civic Center
Maritime Affairs
Urban Infrastructure Park
A conflation of multiple modes of transportation and leisure produces a bridge that is both infrastructure and destination. It
is and extension of the city.
Artist Residencies for Experimental Art
Residencies and galleries promote young artists and new artistic expressions.
Open-Curriculum University
A vertical campus promoting cross-disciplinary education where students can
design their majors.
Fisheries
Dome
Labor
Environment
Assembly Hall
Urban Smart Houses
Rowhouses with artificial intelligence, able to self regulate and respond
to environmental changes.
Experimental Band
Park
0m
100 m
200 m
300 m
400 m
500 m
THE CITY AS A PERPETUAL PROCESS
The New Administrative City is an opportunity to rethink the city not as a static monument, but as a living process that evolves with
the needs of a future it will help determine. At the same time, it is an opportunity to rethink the role of Government in the life of a
city. In an era when ubiquitous broadband technology is heralding internet-based government functions, the stoicism of traditional
government bureaus must give way to a newer role as a catalyst and active collaborator in urban life.
FastForward City is a continuous experiment -- an urban collaborative between Government and the city -- that constantly develops
new urban concepts. This is a city that reinvents itself in a perpetuating process, propelling itself at the forefront of innovation.
2 Activate Urban Laboratory
The Experimental Band forms the second distinctive
zone of the city. It is a showcase and a testing
ground for prototypes generated within the
Government-Research Band. Its themes are derived
from the functions it intersects. Here design and
experiment are exposed to the public, engaging the
city in its process.
1 Synergize Government & Research
Government and Research institutions are hybridized in a zone that
traverses the city, activating every aspect of urban life. Government
becomes not only a legislative and bureaucratic institution but a public
forum for research and discourse.
3 Deploy Large-Scale
4 Integrate into System
0m
500 m
The most successful experiments from
the Experimental Band are introduced
full force across the river, creating an
area identifiable by its innovations. This
is the “Wild East” of the city, an area at
the frontier of cutting edge development.
Successful projects weave back into the
city in a self-editing process that inspires a
new round of research and development starting the cycle all over again.
KALEIDOSCOPE
Space Lab
Theater
Opera
Soccer Stadium
Convention Center
Concert Hall
Local Identity
Public Library
Baseball Stadium
Housing
Art Museum
Shopping
Amusement
Housing
1
Slicing the fabric into FUNCTIONALBANDS as opposed to
conventional districts allows for an instantly diverse fabric.
2
The banding distorts to anomalous conditions, hybrid programs and large
scale attractors, inviting difference within its regularity.
Instant Diversity
URBAN INTENSITY
A city to be built in a blink of 3 years must achieve instant diversity.
Slicing the fabric into FUNCTIONAL BANDS acknowledges the artifice
of the city cast onto a virginlandscape. It is precisely the intensified
experiences of this functional specialization that exposes the diversity
of the city. Each band retains a distinct identity. At the same time, the
banding allows for radically diverse neighborhoods traversed in no
time at all..
3
Each band begins with 30% programmatic contamination,
triggering random hybrids which in turn spur further diversity.
4 Over time, these bands will mutate and disappear as impurities of the
urban process take hold. New inventions weave into the extant, creating a
city that constantly transforms and re-forms like the patterns of a
kaleidoscope.
@AMO
CONTENT
Client:
OMA
Program:
Publication / Exhibition
Status:
Published 2004, Out of Print
Exhibition 2004 - Berlin and Rotterdam
Role:
Margaret Arbanas created an OMA*AMO
Timeline for the “Content” publication and
exhibition.
By juxtaposing OMA*AMO projects with the
concurrent major and marginal events in
politics, economics and pop-culture Its work
is contextualized in the grand scheme of
things.
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A Brief History of OMA by Rem Koolhaas
General Augusto Pinochet (backed by the US Central Intelligence Agency) leads a military cou
Prologue
In 1966, I first heard of a brief moment in time - the Constructivists in the
President Ford distributes "Whip Inflation Now" - WIN - buttons "Coming Home", Jon Voight an
Soviet Union, 1923 - where the most intimate details of daily lif e became the legitimate subject of the architect's imagination. I could not resist Sinclair releases Executive pocket calculator "Dog Day Afternoon" is released Egyptian President Anwar S
my late participation - to think of architecture not as form, but as organization, to influence the way lives are lived, an ult imate form of Church of England and Vatican end a 400 year dispute Concorde supersonic airplane makes its first transatlan
script writing. I went to America in 1972; the Twin Towers seemed Utopian insertions in Manhattan's skyline. It is now c lear that the John Boorman's "Deliverance" releasedSouth Africa voted out of UN for apartheid policies
'70s marked the beginning of the new financial/political twin regimes,
Liberalism and Globalization.
Liberalization would, in the
New York discoteque Studio
Jordan expels the PLO to Lebanon Alaska okays private use of marijuana Gang of Four arrested in China Firs
west, reduce the involvement of the state in favor of the market as t he overriding mechanism for assigning structure and Indo-Pakistan War - Bangladesh declared independent republic
value. For the architect, the market implies a definitive l oss of identity and status. Since (s)he no longer works for a public entity, (s)he can no
Erno Rubik applies for a Hungarian patent for the Magic Cube
Yasser Arafat's PLO recognized as political representative Palestinians
First o
New York City experiences 25-ho
longer claim to work for the public good. All his work is at the service of the private. Globalization implies a new challenge: can you ever know what the Other "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" by Stanley Cubrick is releasedAmnesty International awarde
needs? No longer "planning," the architect has become essentially passive, someone waiting for a private impulse to
Former Manson cult figure Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme attempts to kill President Ford in Sacramento 1st laser printer by Xerox intro
"call" him. There are two kinds: those who demand an architecture that enables them to make money, and those who already have money and want
The Rolling Stones become first band from the West to receive royalties from the Soviet Union
to invest it in architecture. The vast majority of his knowledge is counterproductive to serve the first; the second sucks East and West Germany become members of the UN
lationship erodes the respect. Architect and client are only truly united in their knowledge that the "Master" is a phony; the task of
commissioned Mies to emulate that effort less than 50 years later, the budget per square foot was one fifth of the
earlier building. Had architecture suffered an 80% loss of (self) worth? Instead of being able to state and
US passes legislation for independent power pr
"Last Tango in Paris" by Bernardo Bertolucci Communists triumph in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Groucho Marx dies Full d
the architect is only to produce "master" pieces. The Seagram building by Mies was perhaps one of the last moments when the dig ni- Allende nationalizes large mines in Chile
ty of architecture could make private ambitions "public." When we were invited by the grandson of the tycoon who had
Steven Biko is
Portugal recognises the independence of Mozambique Electronic typewriter introdu
him into a vicious circle: to get his money's worth, the client wants to "respect" the architect, but the essential inequality of the re- John Le CarrÈ's spy novel "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy is" published
Jaws and Nashville are released Jimmy Carter elected US president Muhammed Zia
Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom join EC (Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and The Netherlands) Charlie Chaplin di
Indira Ghandi becomes Prime Minister of India First optical scanners used at checkout counters Cult leader Jim Jones and 910 followers c
US launches Pioneer II to explore outer planets Sara Jane Moore attempts to assassinate President Ford Konica introduces the point-and-shoot,
represent an ideal, we were asked to represent a commercial intention, the merger of four businesses: liquor, film, President Nixon becomes first U.S. President to visit Moscow Apple Computer is founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak Iranian Revolut
music, and Internet. The entity was so unstable that six m onths after its beginning, 20% of these
entities had disappeared.
Universal
C, a programming language for the Unix operating system developed The Clash performs its first concert in London, England
became the first warning of a fundamental change in architecture, a progressive
virus, at a pace that no architecture could hope to main - Quaker Oats, first commercial granola is introduced Nixon visits China
tain. There was a conflict between the slowness of architecture and the
volatility of the market.
pure form, without the superhuman effort that each realization implies.
Perhaps we could become more Utopian without
the classical burden that architects carry on
SMLXL
Dutch colony of Surinam achieves independence Commodore and Tandy begin selli
Benoit Mandelbrot discovers the Mandelbrot fractal set African bloc boycotts Montreal Olympics Carter drops the ban on
Pascal programming language developed President Ford grants Richard Nixon a "full, free, and absolute pardon." Martin Scorsese's "Taxi Driver" released
Welfare Palace Hotel, Study,
Death of Mao Zedong; succeeded by Deng Xiaoping
"That's The Way (I Like It)" by KC & the Sunshine Band released
The first book of
Wattstax concert held in L.A. Coliseum commemorating the seventh anniversary of the Watts riots
We were tempted to abandon the complexity of building to see if we could apply architectural thinking in its
their shoulders.
Deregulation comes to the U.S.
Playgirl introduced Communists in Italy propose a Democratic-Communist Coalition, but Christian Democrats refuse 64 countries bo
evaporation of a project's feasibility simply because the company was mutating as fast as a 442 m high Sears Tower in Chicago completed - the tallest building at the time
Deep Purple releases "Smoke on the Water" Arab oil embargo ends The Spanish Monarchy is restored
Afghan president Muhammad Daoud is overthrow
Soviet Prime Minister Brezhnev and President Nixon sign a strategic arms limitation agreement NBC airs first program of "Saturday Night Live" "Saturday Night Fever" becomes a best
Stanley Kubrick makes "A Clockwork Orange" 1st mass produced video game, "Pong," becomes available Indonesian troops occupy East Timor New Welfare Island, Study, 1976 Aldo Moro assassinated by leftist Re
Palestinian terrorists attacked the Israeli team at the 1972 Summer Olympics
WTC completed
ATM patented North Vietnamese troops capture Saigon First G7 summit in France
Louise Brown, the first test-tub
embodied a "grand ecart." It combined projects with other forms of Death of Jim Morrison Gang of Four takes over in China Roosevelt Island, Study, 1975 Birmingham Pub bombings by IRA The Sex Pistolsí "God Save the Queen" reach
reporting that were, for the moment, divorced from the production of archi- Mark Spitz wins 7 gold medals at Munich Olympics
tecture. There was little hope that the two would meet. The "reporting" caused a big misunder-
United Nations adopts resolution that equates Zionism with racism Chiang Kai-shek dies Gaddafi declares a "people's revoluti
First Starbucks opens Yom Kippur War begins Hotel Sphinx, Study, 1975 Bill Gates (age 19) and Paul Allen (age 21) found Microsoft The Story of The Pool, St
Oil crisis: Arab-nations impose oil embargo on United States for its support of Israel during the October 6th Yom Kippur War Pink Floyd releases "Dark Side of the Moon" News baron Rupert Murdoch acquires The New York Post Howard Hughes dies
Dutch Parl
standing - colliding with architecture's fundamental(ist) moralism: be- Marlon Brando rejects Oscar because he objects to the film industry's treatment of Indians in films In Italy, Communists win 35% of votes in election for the Chamber of Deputies I
cause we are "good," we are not allowed to look at the "bad"; because we manage, we should not Exodus, or the Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture, Study, 1972 Mysterious ailment dubbed "Legionnaire's Disease" kills 29 people attending American Le
engage the unmanageable. To be more systematic,
Harvard
Design school's Project on United States suspends the convertibility of the dollar into gold
the City offered a position of independence that enabled us to define an agenda - to document
the combined effects of the market economy and globalization on the architectural
Social Democrat Helmut Schmidt becomes West Germany Chancelor Deng Xiaoping launches "Four Moderniz
Greenpeace founded City of The Captive Globe, Study, 1972
An Air France airliner is hijacked by a joint German Baader-Meinhof/Popular Front for the Liberati
David Bowie releases "Ziggy Stardust" Treaty recognizes East and West Germany as sovereign states President Nixon Resigns after Watergate affair The Ramones "Rocket to Rus
discipline and to speculate how it should be redefined. W e also began partnerships within architec- Bretton-Woods postwar economic system ends Bloody Sunday in Ireland Abba has 3 UK number one hits - "Mamma Mia", "Fernando", and "Dancing Queen" Elvi
ture. Inspired by
Merger-Mania,
we arranged intensive collabora- Pablo Neruda awarded nobel prize for litterature Ceylon becomes independent Republic of Sri Lanka Black Sabbath Release "Sabbath Bloddy Sabbath" Baader-Meinhof Gang (leftist terrorist
tions, with our alleged frères enemies - Herzog & de Meuron, combining the Klaus Schwab founds the World Economic Forum (WEF)as a not-for-profit foundation Pablo Picasso dies 1975 Water Tower Place, the first vertical mall, Chicago Last of the 14 Co
best in vertical planes with the most ingenious in horizontal plat es - or sim- Charles Manson and three followers are convicted of murdering seven Juan Peron is re-elected president of Argentina Civil war breaks out in Angola Steven Spielberg makes
ply the most "architectural" and least "architectural," or
Idi Amin overthrows President Milton Obote of Uganda and becomes dictator British impose direct rule over Northern Ireland "The Man Who Fell to Earth" starring David Bowie is released ETA (Basq
even more simply the good and the bad. There is a blatant contradiction: architecture itself is per- Michael Hart starts Project Gutenberg -online database Giscard's prime minister, Jacques Chirac, resigns after failing to "modernize" the French econ
haps the profession where collaboration is most systematic, essential, and inevitable
First word processor the "Wang 1200" introduced Valery Giscard d'Estaing becomes French president, succeding Georges Pompidou Richard Nixon sells memoirs for $2 millio
- and, admitted or not, the foundation of every office. But collaboration between offices upsets. With Herzog and de Meuron, we
planned to work as a team in the most literal sense: not to simply do a project together, but
US secretary of state Henry Kissinger secretly visits China Barcode products appear in US
King Faisal of Saudi Arabia assas
European manufacturers (Decca, Philips, AEG) introduce the video disc Civil war between Muslim and Christian forces begins in Lebanon George Lucas releases
to eventually create a new entity that would produce knowledge, a pool where our in dividual signatures, LIFE magazine ceases publication Henry Kissinger awarded the Nobel Peace Prize First drive-through McDonalds Patricia Hearst released on $1.5 milli
identities, etc. would be subsumed in a larger whole. As "authors" we could remain relatively small entities, but we would share a factory
of competencies. The density of the project we produced was too much for the client to stomach. The market economy has complete ly
Desktop computer introduced by HP
First Apollo-Soyuz joint space mission by USSR and the US Centre Pompidou com
Emperor Haile Selassie is deposed in Ethiopia by a military coup
"No Woman No Cry" by
Bob Marley and the Wailers
Ca
eroded the possibility of Utopia, partly for good reasons, but also at a loss. At the moment where most of the profession was obsessively focused on "The Godfather Part II" becomes the first film sequel to win an Academy Award for Best Picture Radic
Ground Zero, we entered a competition to design the new headquarters of
CCTV.
We proposed a scheme of almost
Mitterrand becomes leader of the French Socialist Party "Blazing Saddles" is released Israel under Menachem Begin begins construction of West
Utopian purity - to integrate every element of TV making i n a single entity. In any other commercial operation the
studios would be built in a cheap area outside the city, the administrators might go to the business dis-
Metcalfe describes Ethernet, inspired by ALOHANET, in his doctoral thesis for Harvard Pol Pot comes to power in Cambodia Queen release
Sony's Portapak, a portable video recorder comes out Portugal overthrows dictatorship - Antonio de Spinola becomes President Czech intellectuals
trict, the creative people would go to the old or rehabilitated parts of town; they would never be together and would perpetually complain about each oth- Portugal grants independence to Mozambique, Angola and other colonies Floppy disk (5 1/4") introd
er. The possibility of creating a single, self-sustaining entity inspired us to merge two skyscrapers into a loop, Ray Tomlinson of BBN develops a program to send e-mail messages British ambassador to Irish Republic, Christopher Ewart Briggs, killed
representing interconnectedness and intelligence moving through all its components. An explicit ambition of the building was to try to hasten the end of the skyscraper as a typology, to explode its increasingly vacuous nature, loss of program, and refuse the futile competition for height. Instead of the two separate towers of the WTC, there was now a single, integrated loop, where two towers merge.
to/inspiration of architecture-triggered by
Epilogue
Foreign language film Oscar - "Amarcord", Italy Turkey invades Cyprus United States promises
India explodes first nuclear device
CIA Factbook made available to the public Sony introduces h
The initial attraction McDonald's open in Japan, Germany, Australia, Guam, Holland and Panama Under the leadership of King Juan Carlos, Spain ado pts
Communism 40 years ago - consummated under Communism 40 years later?
27 August 03
US Completes Withdrawal from Vietnam Roman Polanski's "Chinatown" is released Pakistan's prime minister
Alexsandr Solzhenitsyn is deported by the U.S.S.R. to West Germany Spanish Dictator Franco Bahamonde
IMAGE OF EUROPE
Client:
Dutch Government
Lcation:
Brussels, Vienna, Munich
Status:
Comission 2004
Program:
A travelling exhibition examining the representation of Europe, coinciding with the
Netherlands 2004 Presidency of the European
Union.
Role:
Margaret Arbanas was in charge of the collages representing 25 European countries
To mark the occasion of the Netherland’s
2004 Presidency of the European Union, AMO
was asked by the European Commission to
create an exhibition in Brussels (which then
travelled to Munich and Vienna), “The Image
of Europe” celebrating an end to the EU’s inhibited iconography, its coming out…
On two panoramic murals – concentric circles
of 60 and 80 meters in length – the evolution of “Europe”, as a concept, identity, and
political reality, is sketched. The inner ring
presents the history of Europe, from continental drift to the Madrid bombing, as an
accelerating sequence that gradually gains
detail as it approaches the present. Beginning as a sparsely populated archipelago, the
pivotal moments of early development – the
age of the dinosaur, the Neanderthal, Ancient
Greece, Rome – inhabit discreet islands. Arrows indicate the critical interactions with
the outside world, particularly with Africa and
Asia, that enriched Europe’s early civilizations. From there the history plots a cyclical
alternation between ‘good’ and ‘bad’, idealism
and zealotry, through the spread of Christianity, the emergence of modernity, the rise of
colonialism and industrialization, nationalism,
and eventually the catastrophic violence of
the 20th century. Our current moment of uncertainty, affluence, and opportunity provides
a provisional climax.
The complexities of Europe’s past provide a tumultuous foreground against which the outer
ring narrates the history of European integration. Starting shortly after World War Two, the
story of the European Union – its watersheds
and breakdowns, heroes and villains – is, for
once, boldly declared. The outer ring attempts
to undo 50 years of calculated quiet by turning
the EU’s non-events into celebrations, its nobodies into heroes, its drabness into grandeur.
The story closes somewhere in the 2020s, in
a speculative conclusion on Europe’s possible
future(s).
“The Image of Europe” is at once a celebration
of the European Union’s accomplishments and
an exploration into the EU’s enormous untapped potential. It marks a new stage in the
Europe’s evolution – a denial of understatement in favor of inspiration and engagement.
From now on the EU will be bold, explicit,
popular...
BEIJING PRESERVATION
Client:
Beijing planning Bureau
HISTORICAL MONUMENTS
ARE TO BE GIVEN STRICT
CUSTODIAL PROTECTION
ANCIENT MONUMENTS
WARDENS OF CIVILIZATION
PROPERTY OF MANKIND
EXPERTS UNANIMOUSLY AGREED
1925
The most visionary approach to preservation
would be to use it in a prospective rather
than retrospective way by declaring different areas of the city to be preserved for different periods of time. Instead of a temporal
monolith – a permanent center and an ever
changing periphery, the city will be defined
and enriched by planned phase differences
between its parts. The contrast between
past and present will become more relative
– older and newer will share a permanent
interface. It means new architecture will not
limits its contributions to the periphery. But
the construction can take place – visions articulated – in the center, where it counts. It
also means that new architecture could appear anywhere and that new ‘building’ would
be distributed instead of concentrated in
predictable extensions.
1950
NARA, 1994
1975
2000
200 BC
Role:
Margaret Arbanas was a team member while
at AMO
1882
Act
1900
revision
20th
century
1712
In a society that is modernizing with passion, it is perhaps hard to share the defense
of the past that characterizes societies that
have their modernization behind them. But
responding to internal and foreign criticism,
the issue is now taken very seriously by
Beijing planners. By consensus, the hutongs
– the generic substance of the Chinese city
– are most characteristic of Beijing’s ‘past’.
The dilemma: building is less permanent in
Asia and restoration often leads to a harsh
reconstruction from zero that removes all
traces of authenticity in favor of rigid, bloated rebuilding. In the name of preservation,
the past is made unrecognizable.
VENICE, 1964
Program:
Research and analysis of historic preservation
ATHENS, 1931
Status:
Commission 2003
1960
revision
?
500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Source: G.J. Ashworth, Heritage Planning
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HEDGE FUND
Client:
Confidential
Status:
Study 2005
Location:
United States of America
Program:
Configuration and planning strategy for a
new trading floor of a Hedge Fund
Role:
Margaret Arbanas was a team member while
at OMA
In the summer of 2005, a prominent hedge
fund headquartered in the United States
asked AMO to investigate the role of spatial
organization in their business, from prototyping new trading floors to developing new
facility management strategies.
Hedge funds have blended the traditional
office typology of other financial institutions
with stock market’s trading floor. Large expanses of open office are assumed to foster
the pace and intensity of interaction required
to invent and execute new profitable trading
models. The purity of this diagram is complicated by the mix of disciplines that allows
a hedge fund to analyze and take advantage
of irregularities in the market itself. PhD’s,
traders, analysts and technology specialists
work together on an hourly basis. Nevertheless, each of them has their own requirements for privacy and interaction. In addition, the physical presence of ever-increasing
layers of technology – up to eight screens
of graphs, news feeds and instant messenger windows, stacked in a wall at each desk
– undermine the “openness” of the trading
floor.
Within the generic sandwich of typical plans,
between drop ceiling and raised floor, subtle
variations suddenly acquire architectural
significance. The height of chairs, desks, keyboards and LCD screens become the limiting
factors of a space that must simultaneously
facilitate individual work and team interaction. At the scale of the micro-section, localized adjustments can transform the potential of the office environment. Manipulating
the different strata of the micro-section
– folding the surface of a desk, or bending
it to allow multiple potential team configurations – allows the infrastructure of the
office environment to facilitate rather than
impede the core business of the hedge fund:
collaboration.
Microsection: Hinge Desk
Microsection: Hinge Desk
Microsection: Folded Desk
Microsection: Folded Desk
TEACHING
& RESEARCH
PRESERVATION RESEARCH
University:
Harvard Graduate School of Design
Year:
2008/2009
Students:
Defne Bozkurt, Landon Brown, Darren Chang,
Dina Ge, Chris Parlato, Lisa Su, Lindsay Wai
Role
Margaret Arbanas was co-teaching a year
long Independent Master Thesis on Preservation with Rem Koolhaas
As our energy reserves are depleting, so are
our history’s. In the last century, preservation
has been eclipsed by a protective conservatism that, at its most perverse, no longer
serves the authenticity of history but rather
brokers claims to it. The fabricated modern
reconstruction of Dresden city centre now
wields its UNESCO World Heritage status
against any authentic modern construction
in its vicinity. Considered antithetical to its
mandate, contemporary architecture is excluded from preservation’s domain. In kind,
modern architectural discourse and practice
have returned the snub. Ironically, the resulting confusion has created an insatiable
appetite and production of the pseudo-historical – the pathological displacement of the
modern architect’s suppressed desire? Or the
manifest form of the preservationist’s blind
assault on authenticity?
The subject of this research was to interrogate this relationship and suggest that within the authentic process of modern architectural production, the act and understanding
of preservation is acutely integral. The work
was organized as a collective research project
divided into specific parts. It started by establishing a preliminary overview of the no-
tion of preservation – its historical basis, its
political position, its operative mechanisms,
its scale(s) of operation, its political et al. The
final work is as a comprehensive study of the
phenomenon and mechanisms of preservation worldwide and a catalogue of case studies situated within this landscape.
a conscious revival of Classical Greek and Roma
n
emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry
RENAISSANCE
᭛㡎໡݈亢Ḑ
1400-1600
Preser
As our energy reserves are depleting, so are our history’s. In the
tive conservatism that, at its most perverse, no longer serves the
fabricated modern reconstruction of Dresden city centre now wie
thentic modern construction in its vicinity.
Considered antithetical to its mandate, contemporary architectur
architectural discourse and practice have returned the snub.
Further more preservation is increasingly seen as an agenda or a
non-governmental preservation organizations – in United States
the first academic program dedicated exclusively to preservation
the first and only specialized journal for historical preservation w
Ironically, the resulting confusion has created an insatiable appe
ical displacement of the modern architect’s suppressed desire? O
on authenticity?
This deficit of theoretical platform adds even more confusion to
tablishing conceptual framework for introspection. Increasingly,
al doctrinal documents, such as the Venice Charter or the Nara D
The origin of preservation discourse can be traced back to the du
cians, Ruskin and Violet-le-Duc. Even though this dualism still d
sion of preservation today is mostly concerned with how externa
main ambition – to preserve and protect heritage.
Preservation therefore sees itself as inherently opposed to forces
this dialectic model and imagine an alternative where preservatio
within the critically constructive development of our built enviro
PROJ E CT T E AM
AMO
HARVARD GSD
Rem Koolhaas
Defne Bozkurt
Landon Brown
Darren Chang
Dina Ge
Chris Parlato
Lisa Su
Lindsay Wai
with
Margaret Arbanas
Talia Dorsey
Heritage Distribution: Preservation of District Boundaries
New York City is currently experiencing what many are calling one of the most expansive and significant building booms on record. Rivaled only by the real estate fervor witnessed during the decades
of the 1920’s when enormous amounts of capital and private investment were channeled in the construction industry and in the 1960’s when developers scrambled to build in response to changing
zoning laws, the city is witnessing another “renaissance” in the construction market. While from
these periods emerged some of the most iconic edifices to the modern construction age such as the
Chrysler Building (William Van Allen, 1928-1930) and the Met Life Building (Emery Roth & Sons
with Walter Gropius and Pietro Bellushi, 1909-1913), the 21st century has ushered in it’s own celebrity roster of architects to reaffirm New York City’s cultural competitiveness.
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
New York, United States of America
Figure 4. Manhattan Landmark District Designation Activity 1966-2007
Including Landmark District Amendments and Extensions
2
16
17
10/100
While in pervious surges Manhattan has proven to be the repository for the most salient of financial
and creative statements of the city’s reflection of it’s own machinations, around the city, throughout
all five boroughs the rising of new cranes and the requisite plumes of demolition dust tells of new
trends. For example, The New York City Department of Buildings claimed that in 2005 the total
number of residential building permits issued citywide approached 28,000, 10% more than the previous year and 5 times that of a decade ago. At this rate reports suggest that in the current year some
35,000 new residential units may be added to the city’s new building stock and more permits for new
construction citywide will amount to more than any other time in history.
31
23
28
21
Figure 7 Manhattan Land Area Percentage
Under the Jurisdiction of the Landmarks
Preservation Commission (LPC) (2007)
29
3
27
45
14
22
44
15
42
Figure 4 (below )
Comparative total land areas of Landmark
Preservation Districts (Manhattan) and Central Park,
New York City
Figure 5 (below )
Manhattan land area under the jurisdiction of
the Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC),
New York City
2/100
Figure 6 (below and following page )
Landmark Preservation Commission
Preservation districts (Manhattan)
41
38
40
57.2 MILLION SF
New York City Landmarks Preservation
Commission (LPC)
Landmark Districts
Manhattan
36.8 MILLION SF
New York City
Department of
Parks and
RecreationCentral Park
The Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC)
acts as the primary means by which historic
preservation districts throughout the five boroughs
of New York City are established and administered.
Through the establishment of Landmark Districts,
or those blocks, neighborhoods and regions which
are seen to represent the living historic stock of the
city, the LPC assumes a significant role in
contemporary planning, zoning and construction
initiatives throughout the city as a whole.
Consolidated Into a Single Region LPC Districts would
amount to an area equal to the entire southern tip of the island
of Manhattan.
10% of the
total land area of
the borough of
Manhattan
lies within the
jurisdiction of the
Landmarks
Preservation
Commission (LPC)
with 6% of all
structures in New
York City
designated with
Landmark status.
With an area nearly thirty-percent larger than that
of Central Park and representing approximately
ten-percent of the island itself, Manhattan
Landmark Districts constitute a significant and
distributed form of preservation territory. As
undeveloped land in Manhattan is virtually
nonexistent, the desire to preserve and to develop
is often expressed within the same territory. Thus,
as conflicting desires amount to new spatial
typologies and legislative measures, the ground in
the city is reinforced as contested territory.
1. African Burial Ground (1991)
2. Audobon Terrace (1979)
3. Carnegie Hill (1974) (expanded 1993)
4. Charlton-King-Vandam (1966)
5. Chelsea (1970) (expanded 1981)
6. East 17th Street/ Irving Place (1981)
7. Ellis Island (1993)
8. Fraunces Tavern Block (1978)
9. Gansevort Market (2003)
10. Govenors Island (1996)
11. Gramercy Park (1966) (expanded 1988)
12. Greenwich Village (1966)
13. Greenwich Village Extension (2006)
14. Hardenbergh/ Rhinelander (1998)
15. Henderson Place (1969)
16. Jumel Terrace (1970)
17. Hamilton Heights Sugar Hill Districts (1974, 2002)
18. Ladies’ Mile (1989)
19. Macdougal-Sullivan Gardens (1967)
20. Madison Square North (2001)
21. Manhattan Avenue (2007)
22. Metropolitan Museum (1977)
23. Mt. Morris Park (1971)
24. Murray Hill (2004)
25. NOHO (1999)
26. NOHO East (2003)
27. Riverside Drive- West 80th-81st Street (1985)
28. Riverside Drive- West 105th Street (1973)
29. Riverside- West End (1989)
30. St. Marks (1969) (expanded 1983)
31. St. Nicholas (1967)
32. Sniffen Court (1966)
33. SOHO-Cast Iron District (1973)
34. South Street Seaport (1977) (expanded 1989)
35. Stone Street (1996)
36. Stuyvesent Square (1975)
37. Treadwell Farm (1967)
38. Tribeca Districts (1991-1992, 2002)
39. Tudor City (1988)
40. Turtle Bay Gardens (1966)
41. Upper East Side (1981)
42. Upper West Side- Central Park West (1990)
43. Weehawken Street (2006)
44. West 71st Street (1989)
45. West End Collegiate (1984
24
32
5
Figure 8 New York City Total Property
Percentage of Taxable Lot’s Listed Within Landmark
Preservation Districts (2007)
38
20
18
9
11
6
13
43
36
12
4
18
25
30
Figure 6 (Underlay): Landmark Districts in the
Borough of Manhattan Under the Zoning
Jurisdiction of the New York City Landmarks
Preservation Commission (2007)
26
33
38
1
34
35
8
7
10
36
37
Growth Typologies: Urban Scale
Growth Typologies
Dual Cities
The history of how different nations and municipalities
have guided systemic changes in the density, scale,
parcelization, and spatial order of cities during the late 19th
and early 20th century is a history of national encounters
Laissez-faire Cities
with architectural and social modernity. The plurality of this
encounter will be explored through a comparative analysis of
urban morphological histories during periods of accelerated
growth, and in some cases, accelerated decline. The following
Centripetal Cities
chapters will attempt to highlight the role of planning
operations in dening and regulating changes in the urban
fabric, with a particular interest in the negative gure of
preservation that this growth denes. Having surveyed a large
number of cities from disparate geographical and historical
Erased Cities
contexts, a certain general spatial taxonomy of urban growth
became apparent. To accommodate accelerated growth or
decline, a city might decide to:
Satellite Cities
I.
II.
Build a new city adjacent to the old one
Expand the city centripetally
III.
IV.
Create new towns in the metropolitan region to
release pressure on the old city
Renew the old city by destroying or substantially
V.
modifying existing building stock and street
patterns to accommodate construction at new
levels of density
Raze the old city; build anew on the same site
U.N. Model
Renewed Cities
no change
limited change
systemic change
Each of these spatial planning strategies, in dening
a pattern of morphological change also denes a pattern of
preservation. This is the story of what does not change rather
than what is preserved; it is also the story of the margins
between, around and outside of growth—what gets left out,
left behind, or forgotten in the process of development and
modernization.
238
239
City
City
Istanbul, TUR
St. Petersburg, RUS
Administration
Administration
Ministry of Culture; High Office of Cultural and Natural Heritage Protection; Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality
The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
The Komitet for the Preservation and Use of Monuments of History and Culture (GIOP)
The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization
Typology
Typology
Urban Municipalities
Percentage of
Preserved Urban
Area Under
Municipal and/or
International
Administration
Urban Municipalities
Territory
98.2 Square Miles (2,738216448 SF) of Preserved Area
Urbanized Area = 598 Square Miles
14/100
0
Territory
51.4 Square Miles (1,432,949,760 Million SF) of Preserved Area
Urbanized Area= 234 Square Miles
10mi
2mi
5km
10mi
2mi
5km
0
5/100
Percentage of
Preserved Urban
Area Under
Municipal and/or
International
Administration
28
29
Territories of Preservation
Spatial Operations and Administrative Territories
Operations
Mapping Strategies: Territories of Preservation
Administrations
State and Municipal Preservation Agencies
International Preservation Bodies
Typologies
Buildings and Monuments; Blocks and Districts; Municipalities
Municipal Area Under Preservation Administration*
Greater Continuous Built-Up Urban Region
Amsterdam, NLD
3/100
New York City, USA
Historic Preservation is no longer equipped to read the city as an
accumulation of buildings, but rather as an aggregation of territories. At this point preservation, as understood through statutes,
legislation, administration and design committee review appears
lost in its ability to convincingly argue that buildings possess the
ability to act as stewards of local histories and cultural vernaculars.
Architecture, as conceived as the repository for historical information and the contemporary subject’s reection on this ‘data’, thus
appears to have reached its limit condition.
2/100
2/100
Beijing, PRC
5/100
5/100
St. Petersburg, RUS
5/100
At their most benign, municipal level preservation districts in the
city seek out historic preservation zoning for added protection
of buildings against alterations and new construction, which is
viewed as ‘unsympathetic’. Architecture in this role functions as
a discrete alibi for legislation designed to perpetuate perpetuate
ideological claims over the authenticity of particular urban inheritances. However as the denition and delineation of the city
continues to evolve in complexity and breadth, so to has preservation as a form of urban formation.
16
Of the multitude of ordinances, which shape the urban condition,
zoning is perhaps the most signicant and far reaching. The city
is the framework in which building and re codes, environmental
regulations, subdivision ordinances, land use policies and others
are expressed. Through comprehensive or master plans of steel
and concrete frames, circulation networks and concentrations of
5/100
Istanbul, TUR
5/100
14/100
London, ENG
5/100
N/A
*Includes Municipal and/or International Administration
Territory
Continuously Built-Up Urban Municipal Areas: Amsterdam, New York City, Beijing, St. Petersburg, Istanbul, London
Mnicipal and/or Internationally Administered Preservation Zones
0
5mi
10km
20mi
60km
17
XI-SI BEI EXHIBITION
Program:
“New Xi Si Bei International Invitation Exhibition”, sponsored by Domus, China
Location:
Beijing, China
Students:
Defne Bozkurt, Landon Brown, Darren Chang,
Dina Ge, Chris Parlato, Lisa Su, Lindsay Wai.
Advisors:
Rem Koolhaas, Margaret Arbanas, Talia Dorsey
In conjunction with the research an AMO/GSD
collaboration investigated alternative preservation models for Beijing. The work was part
of the Xisi-Bei Project International Invitation Exhibition in Beijing and was published in
Domus China.
Tjibaou Cultural Center
by Renzo Pianoˈ1998
䍙⦄ҷЏН
1985-1990
Deconstructivist
characterized by ideas of fragmentation, non-linear processes of design,
an interest in manipulating ideas of a structure's surface or skin, and
apparent non-Euclidean geometry, which serve to distort and dislocate
some of the elements of architecture, such as structure and envelope
o
Bilba
uri
rt Vent
s Strip by Robe
Vega ied
Las , stud
1931
in 1977
eles
give
rism
Royal Saltworks, by Claude Nicolas Ledoux, 1774
The upper chapel
of the Sainte
The Lady Chapel of
Chapelle, restored Liverpool Cathedral,
by Eugène Viollet- designed by Giles Gilbert
le-Duc in the 19th
century
BAROQUE
1600-1700
concerns with color, light and shade; scultural values
and intensity; more accessible to the emotions
of the viewer; visible statement of wealth and extravegance
a conscious revival of Classical Greek and Roma
n
emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry
RENAISSANCE
Ꮘ⋯‫ܟ‬亢Ḑ
Würzburg Residence with the
Court Gardens and Residence
Square (18th)
Castles of Augustusburg and
Falkenlust at Brühl (18th)
American Colonial 㕢⌆Ⅺ⇥亢Ḑ
1650-1780
European settlers in the New World borrowed ideas from their
homelands to create their own breed of architecture
18th-Century Royal Palace at Caserta
with the Park, the Aqueduct of
Vanvitelli, and the San Leucio
Complex (mid 18th)
1946 Leader of the New Urbanism who emphasizes
on individual-oriented city design and believes
this tradition is embodied in traditional European
urban form
⋯ৃৃ亢Ḑ
Rococo
1650-1790
Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile
City (18th-19th)
Monticello and the University of
Virginia in Charlottesville (1769–1809)
New Lanark (18th)
Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara,
Mexico (1791)
Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans
(1775)
Independence Hall (1753)
Derwent Valley Mills (18th-19th)
Neoclassical / Federalist / Idealist
1750-1880
ᮄ㔫偀亢Ḑ
Museum Island (1824-1930)
Viollet-le-Duc
1814 - 1879
Restorationist that advocated to restore ancient building to a
finished state, even to a state that has never existed in the
past.
Greek Revival
Ꮰ㜞ЏН໡݈
1790-1850
Charles Pierre Baudelaire
1821 – 1867
Development of Heritage as a phenomenon
Perception of History as a Movement
Notion that what has been can never be again
Auguste Comte
1798 - 1857
history seen as both linear and irreversible;
theorized Positivism - conceptions of history, which
trusted social progress
⾥ᄺӋؐ
SCIENTIFIC-VALUE
-VALUE
John Ruskin
Preservation
ies
The Grand Tour was a travel term
invented by an Englishman, Richard
Lessels, in his 1670 book Voyage to Italy.
By the eighteenth century the roads of
Europe were busy with elegant carriages
taking gentlemen (and some ladies) to
complete their education in Paris,
Vienna, Dresden, Prague. The idea of
curiosity & learning was a developing
idea in the 18th century.
Art Nouveau
highly-stylized, flowing, curvilinear designs
1890-1905
incorporating floral and other plant-inspired motifs
Haussman
1809 - 1891
Mayor of Paris who took dramatic measures to transfer
Paris from an ancient city to a metropolis
সҷ㑾ᗉ⠽
⊩೑㑾ᗉ⠽ᠬㅵӮᓔྟⱏ䆄⏙ऩ
ᅫᬭᓎㄥ
HISTORIC T
TOWN CENTERS
⦄ҷᓎㄥ
Palau de la Música Catalana and
Skogskyrkogården, Sweden (1917)
Hospital de Sant Pau in Barcelona,
Spain (1901-1930)
Völklingen Ironworks (19th and 20th)
Centennial Hall in Wroclaw, Poland (1911-1913)
Marcel Proust
1871 – 1922
French intellectual best known as the author of
In Search of Lost Time / Remembrance of
Things Past. Novels deal extensively with
memory
Luis Barragán House and Studio,
Mexico (1878)
Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar
and Dessau (1919 -1933)
Rationality and Functionality in Architecture
Liang and Chen are Chinese
architects who advocated the
complete preservation of the Old
City of Beijing.
Brasilia, Brazil (1956-1960)
The White City of Tel-Aviv - the Modern
Movement, Israel (early 1930s-1950s)
߯ᮄӋؐ
1906: First US National Antiquities Act
佪䚼㕢೑೑ᆊসҷ䘫⠽⊩Ḝ
ᔶ䈵Ӌؐ ICONIC-VALUE
䆄ᖚӋؐ MEMORY-VALUE
Robert Smithson
1912 -
ৃ⍜䰸ᗻӋؐ DISPOSABLE-VALUE
Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet, China, 637
佪䚼㣅೑সҷ㑾ᗉ⠽⊩Ḝ
Charles Emil Peterson
1906–2004
widely considered to be a seminal figure in
professionalizing the practice of historic
Michel Foucault
preservation in the United States
1926 – 1984
a French philosopher and historian, often associated
with the structuralist movement in the 1960s. The
historico-political discourse analyzed by Foucault in
Society Must Be Defended (1975-76) considered truth
as the fragile product of a historical struggle, first
conceptualized under the name of "race struggle"
㡎ᴃӋؐ
ग़৆ӋؐᑈҷӋؐ
Fredric Jameson
1934 History came to play an increasingly central role in
Jameson's
interpretation
of
both
the
reading
(consumption) and writing (production) of literary texts;
wrote The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a
Socially Symbolic Act, the opening slogan of which is
"always historicize" (1981).
Herbert Marshall McLuhan
July 21, 1911 - December 31, 1980
coined the expressions "the medium is the
message" and the "global village"
ⳳᅲᗻӋؐ
Fascination with Plastics
㒣⌢Ӌؐ
disposable diapers disposable cameras
disposable syringesdisposable cameras
disposal utensils
polaroids
Replicas of the Original vs Strict Preservation vs Inventiveness
Hal Foster
renowned author of books on post-modernism in art.
His landmark 1983 edited book The Anti-Aesthetic:
Essays on Postmodern Culture identified the end of the
modern era and the arrival of postmodernism
notion of ephemerality
ৃᣕ㓁ᗻӋؐSUSTAINABLE-VALUE
ECONOMIC-VALUE
The Bilbao Effect and Starchitects
Marc Auge coins the phrase "non-place" & idea of forgetting places
solar cells
green architecture
hybrid cars
Market Economies and International trade
Heritage Tourism as a commodity for Global Consumerism / Mega Industry
㒣⌢Ӌؐ
Pop-culture and Architecture in the 70s: Archigram, Team 10, Superstudio Dutch Architecture in the 90s 䳛᪐ӋؐစФӋؐ
Visual Media produces one-liner images
1922: League of Nations, Geneva
COUNTRIES PARTICIPATING IN THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION (STATE BODIES) 1976 - 1980
COUNTRIES PARTICIPATING IN THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION (STATE BODIES) 1972 - 1975
೑㘨Ѣ᮹‫⪺ݙ‬៤ゟ
߯ᮄӋؐ
߯ᮄᗻӋؐ
ⳳᅲᗻӋؐ
ৃ⍜䰸ᗻӋؐ
ᔶ䈵Ӌؐ
䆄ᖚӋؐ
ৃᣕ㓁ᗻӋؐ
Patent filings in China increased by more than six times in a decade
1964 First appearance of the term “Authenticity” in Preservation literature
AUTHENTICITY-VALUE
SHOCK-VALUE / ENTERTAINMENT-VALUE
COUNTRIES PARTICIPATING IN THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION (STATE BODIES) 1981 - 1985
COUNTRIES PARTICIPATING IN THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION (STATE BODIES) 1986 - 1990
1972-1975
1976-1980
1981-1985
1986-1990
1991-1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
2006-2007
1972-1975
1976-1980
1981-1985
1986-1990
1991-1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
2006-2007
COUNTRIES PARTICIPATING IN THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION (STATE BODIES) 1991 - 1995
COUNTRIES PARTICIPATING IN THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION (STATE BODIES) 1996 - 2000
1893 - 1976
Chinese leader who decided to build the new
Beijing on the site of the old city and to demolish
1878 - 1953
Albert Speer
1905-1981
Architect of Hitler
Developed an
ideology based on
the capacity of ruins
to communicate the
‘spirit’ of the age
Fredrich Nietzche
1844 - 1900
Nietzche proclaimed “God is dead!” and truth
is only perspectival.
㕢೑‫៬ݙ‬
1931: Athens Charter adopted at the First International Congress
of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments
佪ሞ೑䰙ग़৆㑾ᗉ⠽ᓎㄥᡔᴃ໻Ӯ䗮䖛њAthensᅾゴ
Sir Arthur John Evans
1851 - 1941
British
archaeologist
most
famous
for
unearthing the palace of Knossos on the
Greek island of Crete; also be remembered
for
his
own
irrationally
obstinate
Creto-centrism
1972-1975
1976-1980
1981-1985
1986-1990
1991-1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
2006-2007
1926: International Museum Office established as
part of League of Nations Intellectual Cooperation
Queen Victoria opens the 1851
Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace
ARCH
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
1947: Foundation of RDMZ - Rijksdienst voor de Monumentenzorg
㥋݄ग़৆ֱᡸ䚼៤ゟ
Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky
1822 –1885
Russian economist & historian, and ideologue of the
pan-Slavism and Slavophile movement who expounded a
view of world history as circular. He was the first writer to
present an account of history as a series of distinct
civilisations.
㗗স䘫䗍
1953: UK Historic Buildings & Ancient Monuments Act
㣅೑ग़৆ᓎㄥϢসҷ㑾ᗉ⠽⊩Ḝ
Bridge on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, rebuilt by Union engineers. Railroads
became important strategic resourcesand targets—during the Civil War.
The Ford Model T : an automobile produced by Henry Ford's
Ford Motor Company,1908-1927
Mass production: popularized by Henry Ford in the early
20th Century, notably in his Ford Model T
Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler
1880 – 1936
German historian and philosopher, best known for his
book The Decline of the West in which he puts forth a
cyclical theory of the rise and decline of civilizations
1972-1975
1976-1980
1981-1985
1986-1990
1991-1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
2006-2007
1945 : UNESCO established based in Paris
1950
54 UN countries
1945: United Nations Charter
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
ESSION
໻㧻ᴵ
1954: Hague Convention or UNESCO Convention for
the Protection of Cultural Properties in the Event of
Armed Conflict
Ҏ᭛᱃㾖
2002: Rice Terraces, Philippines
1993: Engelsburg Ironworks, Sweden
CASINOS 䌠എ
2000
690 World Heritage sites
161 World Heritage countries
188 UN countries
1980: Coney Island Parachute Jump
೑䰙㑾ᗉ⠽੠ग़৆䘫ഔणӮ䗮䖛ग़৆㢅ುϢ᱃㾖⊩Ḝ
1990
336 World Heritage sites
113 World Heritage countries
157 UN countries
1980
84 World Heritage sites
55 World Heritage countries
146 UN countries
䲚Ё㧹
2007
830 World Heritage sites
184 World Heritage countries
192 UN countries
1999 Charter of Built Vernacular Heritage ݈ᓎVemacular䘫ѻᅾゴ
1999 Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and
Intagible Heritage of Humanity ᅷᏗҎ㉏⼒ӮЁ㿔䇁ൟҹঞ䴲ᅲ⠽ൟⱘ໻Ꮬ㊒ક
1988 : Monumentenwet (Monument'sLaw)
1970
118 UN countries
INTANGIBLE CULTRAL HISTORY
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
1979: Avon Valley Railway, UK
1981: The Florence Charter (Historic gardens and
landscapes) adopted by ICOMOS
㑾ᗉ⠽⊩Ḝ
1996 Charter for the Protection and Management of
the Underwater Cultural Heritage ֱᡸϢㅵ⧚∈ϟ᭛࣪䘫ഔᅾゴ
㘨ড়೑ᬭ⾥᭛㒘㒛⍋⠭णᅮ˖೼℺࡯‫ކ‬さЁֱᡸग़৆䋶ѻ
1960
96 UN countries
⇥֫ᓎㄥ⦃๗
᮴ᔶ᭛࣪ग़৆
催䗳݀䏃
HIGHWAYS
GHWAY
W Y
YS
CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
CAPE
2002: Long Island Parkway, New York
VERNACULAR BUILT ENVIRONMENT
V
VERNACULA
စФഎ᠔ AMUSEMENT RIDES
DE
ES
೑䰙㑾ᗉ⠽੠ग़৆䘫ഔणӮ䗮䖛њֱᡸϢׂ໡㑾ᗉ⠽੠ग़৆䘫ഔⱘ࿕ሐᮃᅾゴ
㘨ড়೑ᅾゴ
ORIES
ES
⦄ҷ䘫ѻ FACTORIES
݀๧ CEMETERIES
1964: Venice Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites adopted by newly
formed ICOMOS
Qian Mu
1894 - 1990
Chinese historian who believes the continuation
of history is about the maitanence of
1970: World Heritage Convention on the Means of
Prohibition and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export
and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property
㘨ড়೑ᬭ⾥᭛㒘㒛៤ゟϪ⬠䘫ѻणӮҹֱ֓ᡸϪ⬠Ҏ᭛Ϣ㞾✊䘫ѻˈ ᑊࠊᅮ
њϪ⬠䘫ѻ⏙ऩˈ ៤ゟњϪ⬠䘫ѻྨਬӮ
㘨ড়೑ᬭ⾥᭛㒘㒛೼Ꮘ咢ᓎゟᘏ䚼
ate of
1934: Great Depression Road Construction WWII: (clockwise) German police entering Austria; the gate
diers
a Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz; Red Army soldiers
Relief Project, British Columbia
raising the Soviet flag over the Reichstag in Berlin; the Nagasaki atom bomb.
Ꮉॖ
OFFICE
BUILDINGS
OF
䪕䏃 RAILWAYS
1966: Brooklyn
Bridge, New York
B
1966: Boston Light, Massachusetts
tss
LIGHTHOUSES
LIGHTHOUS
I
SES
War Machinery: (clockwise) A Sopwith Camel biplane; a
British Mark IV tank crossing a trench; Royal Navy battleship HMS ‘Irresistible’ sinking after striking a mine at the
Battle of the Dardanelles; a Vickers machine gun crew with
gas masks
ࡲ݀ὐ
1975: Mt. Auburn Cemetery
BRIDGES
RIDGES
ḹṕ BR
♃ศ
Historian who believes the value of
historic objects changes over time., from
intentional commemorative value to use
value, art value, historical value, age
value, and newness value.
Alois Riegl
1858 - 1905
1972-1975
1976-1980
1981-1985
1986-1990
1991-1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
2006-2007
MODERN HERITAGE
CULTURAL & NATURAL HERITAGE IMMO
IMMOVEABLE PROPERTIES
Ҏ᭛Ϣ㞾✊ϡৃࡼ
Jackie Kennedy Onassis
1929 – 1994
Worked to preserve and protect America’s
cultural heritage. The notable results of
her hard work include Lafayette Square in
Washington, D.C, and Grand Central
Terminal, New York's beloved historic
railroad station
A battle-scene from the First Chinese
Opium War (1839-42)
1972-1975
1976-1980
1981-1985
1986-1990
1991-1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
2006-2007
೑㘨ⱘⶹᗻড়԰Ӯ៤ゟњ೑䰙म⠽佚ࡲ݀ᅸ
1990 Charter for the Protection and Management of
the Archaeological Heritage ֱᡸϢㅵ⧚ᓎㄥস䗍ᅾゴ
1972: World Heritage Convention adopted by
UNESCO concerning Protection of World Cultural
and Natural Heritage. Creates World Heritage List
and World Heritage Committee
1999 Pinciples for the Preservation of Historic Timber
Structures ֱᡸग़৆᳼䋼㒧ᵘⱘॳ߭
1992 : Establishment of the Malta Charter
Ϫ⬠䘫ѻणӮ䗮䖛њ݇Ѣ⽕ℶ䰆ℶ䴲⊩䖯ߎষҎ᭛䋶ѻⱘणᅮ
偀㘇Ҫᅾゴ⹂ゟ
2003 ICOMOS Charter - principles for the analysis,
conservation and structural restoration of architec೑䰙㑾ᗉ⠽੠ग़৆䘫ഔणӮ䗮䖛њᇍᓎㄥ䘫䗍ⱘߚᵤˈ
tural heritage
1973: IUCN Convention on International Trade in Engandered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES)
ֱᡸϢ㒧ᵘᗻׂ໡ॳ߭ᅾゴ
೑䰙ֱᡸ㘨ড়Ӯ䗮䖛݇Ѣᇍ⦡ᚰࡼỡ⠽䖯㸠೑䰙䌌ᯧⱘणᅮ
1957: International Congress of Architects and
Specialists of Historic Buildings in Paris.
1995 Unidroit Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects
In 1974 Donald Trump bought the Commodore Hotel
to the east of the terminal for $10 million and then
worked out a deal with Jay Pritzker to transform it into
one of the first Grand Hyatt hotels. Trump negotiated
various tax breaks and in the process agreed to
renovate
the
exterior
of
the
terminal.
The
complementary masonry from the Commodore was
replaced with glass. In the same deal Trump optioned
Penn Central's rail yards on the Hudson River
between 59th and 72nd Streets that would eventually
become
Trump
Place—the
biggest
private
development in New York City.
೑䰙ग़৆ᓎㄥᄺ㗙ϢᓎㄥᏜ໻Ӯ೼Ꮘ咢ীᓔ
1888 - 1981
New York planner who built NYC into a city
of highways and towers.
Preservation therefore sees itself as inherently opposed to forces of progress and development. Is it possible to transcend
this dialectic model and imagine an alternative where preservation and contemporary production become complicit acts
within the critically constructive development of our built environments?
2003 World Heritage Convention and Intangible Cultural Heritage Ϫ⬠䘫ѻϢ䴲ᅲ⠽ൟ᭛࣪䘫ѻणᅮ
Prince Charles
1948 published a book and produced a
documentary entitled A Vision for
Britain, both being critiques of modern
architecture & building conservation in
UK
1994: Nara Conference on Authencity
༜㡃ⳳᅲৃֵᗻ໻Ӯ
1999: International Charter on Cultural Tourism
1992 Adoption of category of Cultural Landscapes
䞛⫼њ᭛࣪᱃㾖ߚ㉏
2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the
Underwater Cultural Heritage
1910 - 1991
㘨ড়೑ᬭ⾥᭛㒘㒛䗮䖛њֱᡸ∈ϟ᭛࣪䘫ഔⱘणᅮ
New York major who enacted New York City
Landmarks Preservation Commission
1975: European Charter of the Architectural
Heritage adopted by Council of Europe.
⃻ⲳ䗮䖛њ݇Ѣᓎㄥ䘫ѻⱘ⃻⌆ᅾゴ
1966: US National Historic Preservation Act 㕢೑೑ᆊग़৆ֱᡸ⊩Ḝ
㕢೑೑ᆊग़৆എ᠔⊩Ḝ
US National Historic Landmarks
US National Register of Historic Places 㕢೑೑ᆊग़৆എ᠔ⱏ䆄⊩Ḝ
PROJ E CT T E AM
Margaret Arbanas
Talia Dorsey
Jorge Otero-Pailos (MIT,
Ph.D. 2002) is a theorist of
contemporary preservation
and architecture, whose
research probes the
boundaries between these
two disciplines. He is the
Founder and Director of
Future Anterior , one of the
preeminent scholarly journals
of preservation history, theory
and criticism
Marc Augé
1935 Wrote Obvilion and Non-Places:
Introduction to an Anthropology of
Supermodernity (1995), Marc Augé coined
the phrase "non-place" to refer to places of
transience that do not hold enough
significance to be regarded as "places."
cities.
INTENTIONAL COMMEMORATIVE-VALUE
USE-VALUE
The origin of preservation discourse can be traced back to the dualism established by preservationist most-cited theoreticians, Ruskin and Violet-le-Duc. Even though this dualism still defines the profession internally, it seems that the profession of preservation today is mostly concerned with how external forces – development, tourism, pollution, war –affect its
main ambition – to preserve and protect heritage.
with
Rachel Whiteread
1963 best known for her sculptures, which typically
take the form of casts of ordinary domestic
objects that carry "the residue of years and
years of use"
ArthurDanto
1924 American art critic; published
several collections of art criticism,
including Encounters and
Reflections: Art in the Historical
Present
1943 - 1978
Skyscrapers as signifiers of Wealth --> Idea of an Iconic City Skyline
James E. Young & War Memorials
“Collective Memory” first coined by Maurice Halbwachs, French philosopher
ग़৆㑾ᗉ⠽
៤ゟ೑ᆊ݀ು䚼ˈҹ֓ㅵ⧚⫼Ѣ೑ᆊ݀ುˈ㑾ᗉ⠽੠ֱ⬭ഄⱘ㘨䙺ೳഄ
White City of Tel-Aviv,
Derwent Valley Mills, 18th 19th
Blaenavon Industrial Landscape, 1788
1943 Artists who documented the decay
of the urban environment. He also
proposed to turn downtown Detroit
into “skyscraper ruins park.”
Gordon Matta-Clark
1938 - 1973
Zollverein Coal Mine, 1956
Cologne Cathedral, 1248-1880
Camilo Jose Vergara
Jane Jacobs
HISTORIC MONUMENTS
䳛᪐ӋؐစФӋؐ
1916 National Park Service created to promote, regulate use of federal lands known as
national parks, monuments, and reservations.
This deficit of theoretical platform adds even more confusion to the profession of preservation and points to urgency in establishing conceptual framework for introspection. Increasingly, the role of a manifesto has been overtaken by international doctrinal documents, such as the Venice Charter or the Nara Document on Authenticity.
HARVARD GSD
Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas, 1954
Old Town of Lijian, 1200
Canal du Midi, 1667
Taos Publeos, 1000
Anselm Kiefer
1945 one of the most disputed German artists
after World War II. In his entire body of
work, Kiefer argues with the past and
addresses taboo and controversial
issues from recent history.
Hua and Zhao are Chinese architects who proposed to turn the Old
City of Beijing into a modern capital
city.
Activists who saw cities as organic,
spontaneous, and untidy.She advocates small
organic renewal of cities and opposed
large-scale development.
Committee
֘೑‫៬ݙ‬
1914 - 18 WORLD WAR I
1918 - 20 RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR
⬆ज៬ѝ
1917 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
1894 - 95 SINO-JAPANESE WAR ㄀ϔ⃵Ϫ⬠໻៬
֘೑䴽ੑ
Ironically, the resulting confusion has created an insatiable appetite and production of the pseudo-historical – the pathological displacement of the modern architect’s suppressed desire? Or the manifest form of the preservationist’s blind assault
on authenticity?
Defne Bozkurt
Landon Brown
Darren Chang
Dina Ge
Chris Parlato
Lisa Su
Lindsay Wai
Classical Weimar
Great Wall, China, 5BC
Chaco Canyon, 850
Palace and Park of Versailles1638-1789
Zhao Dongri
1916 - 2006
1916 - 2001
International Style in Architecture
Freud’s theories of defense mechanisms and unconciousness
189 The Clergy House, UK
1896:
1882: First British Ancient Monuments Act.
Soviet leader who decided to build the new
Moscow on the site of the old city.
1839 - 1842 FIRST OPIUM WAR (UK vs China)
AMO
Altes Museum, 1828-1830
Mont Saint Michel, 10th-15th centuries
Venturi & Scott Brown
1925 -, 1931 coined the maxim "Less is a bore"; critics of the
purely functional and spare designs of modern
orthodox architecture and was considered a
counterrevolutionary
Statue of Liberty, 1886
Saltaire (second half of the 19th)
The storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789
Rem Koolhaas
Luis Barragan House|Studio, 1878
Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay, 1118
Venice and the Lagoons, 160
Independence Hall 1753
Arles Roman Monuments, 123BC
Walter Elias Disney
1901 – 1966
Fantasy Structures theme-parks
TIME Magazine’s What’s Next? Issue
HOUSES and PRIVATE
ATE STRUCTURES
STRUC
Rietveld Schroder House, 1924
Volklingen Ironworks, 1900s
Post-WWII era, futurism in the context of Space Age trends, the car culture and a fascination with plastic.
ԣᅙ
Carlton Gardens, Melborne, 1880
Bauhaus, 1933
Palace of Westminster, 1836–1837
Smithson and Matta-Clark are
conservationist artists who
believed in the concept of
“entropy” - time cannot be
reversed and nothing can be
restored to its original state.
Anti-Ornamentation or Anti-use of Historical Architecture Vocabulary
Walter Benjamin
1892 – 1940
German Marxist literary critic and philosopher, wrote "Theses on
the Philosophy of History" which poetically describes the course
of human history as a path of accumulating destruction.
1844: Notre
Dame Restored
N
1861-65 AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
Further more preservation is increasingly seen as an agenda or a ‘cause’ which resulted in an incredible proliferation of
non-governmental preservation organizations – in United States alone, there are 10 000 preservation institutions. Even so,
the first academic program dedicated exclusively to preservation was not initiated until 1965, and it was not until 2004 that
the first and only specialized journal for historical preservation was initiated.
Centennial Hall Wroclaw 1913
Brasilia, 1960s
1922 -
Victor Horta works,
HalFoster
1892 –1982
Canadian-American cartoonist
of great importance in the
history of the field for his
painstakingly realistic and
exact drawings; most famous
as the creator of the comic
strip Prince Valiant.
Hua Lanhong
(Leon Hoa)
Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas,
Venezuela (1940-1960)
RELIGOUS
ELIGOUS
S BUILDINGS
BU
B
BUI
U
UILDINGS
D
S
㽓⧁⠭‫៬ݙ‬
Ё㣅㄀ϔ⃵叺⠛៬ѝ
Mogao Caves, China, 366
Chinese architect who did famous
preservation studies including the
Ju’er Hutong project.
Wu Liangyong
Antoni Gaudi works, 1880-
an adoption of the principle that the materials and functional requirements determine the result
an adoption of the machine aesthetic, expressed structure
a simplification of form and elimination of "unnecessary detail"
form follows function
Constructivist Architecture
Maurice Halbwachs
1877-1945
French philosopher and sociologist known for
developing the concept of collective memory.
NEWNESS-VALUE
Tugendhat Villa, 1920s
Palau de la Musica Catalana,
Temple of San Pietro 1502
Н
Џ
ඳ
ऎ
ᗻ
Historic Center of Florence, 59BC
1900-1950 $rejection of historical styles, ornament
Modern architecture
Art
Deco㺙佄ЏН
1925-1935
Rietveld Schröderhuis (Rietveld
Schröder House), the Netherlands (1924)
1820-1823 SPANISH CIVIL WAR
Considered antithetical to its mandate, contemporary architecture is excluded from preservation’s domain. In kind, modern
architectural discourse and practice have returned the snub.
cture
Liang Si-cheng
1901 - 1972
Formative decades of Modernism
focus on stylistic aspects of Modernism
ࡳ㛑ЏН
Parallel with the expressionist visual and performing arts
individualistic and in many ways eschewed aesthetic dogma
Tugendhat Villa in Brno, Czech
Republic (1920s)
Works of Antoni Gaudí, Spain (1852-1926)
Victor-Marie Hugo
1802 - 1885
concern for the protection of artistic work and
intellectual property, he was a founding member of
the Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale,
which led to the Berne Convention for the Protection
of Literary and Artistic Works.
1872 Federal government acquires Yellowstone National park to protect “curiosities”
and “wonders” sighted by early explorers
ग़৆ජ䬛Ёᖗ
1837: French Comission for Historical Monuments
begins inventorisation. Viollet-le-Duc appointed.
߸
Lúcio Costa
1902 - 1998
a Brazilian architect and urban planner. opted
to preserve the modern architect and
preservationist without inconsistency while
spurring the development of both disciplines
in Brazil.“spirit” of his urban design and the
city’s various scales, not the physical
manifestation of that design. In a sense,
Costa’s “modern” take on preservation is
closer to the concepts of preservation seen in
the Far East
Combined advanced technology and engineering with
an avowedly Communist social purpose
1920-1940
Major Town Houses of the Architect
Victor Horta (Brussels), Belgium (end of 19th)
Statue of Liberty (1886)
Historic Quarter of the Seaport City of
Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Valparaiso, Chile (late 19th)
Complex in Essen (early 20th-1956)
Reverse the human subservience to the unquenchable machin
e
Reaction to the eclectic revival of historic styles of the Victorianaer
and to "soulless" machine-made production aided by the Industrial Revolutio
n
Search for authentic and meaningful style
s
Spiritual connection with the surrounding environment, both natural and manmad
e
1849: Carcassone is protected and restoration begins
1819: France’s Ministere de l’Interieur attains
budget for the preservation of remains of
Classical antiquity. 1882: Stonehenge listed
in Britain’s Ancient Monument Act.
1910-1925
㸼⦄ЏНᓎㄥ
Neo-Byzantine1850-1920
Arts and Crafts Movement1860-1900
㘨䙺ᬓᑰᇚ咘⷇ᬍЎ೑ᆊ݀ುҹֱᡸ‫ܡ‬Ѣᮽᳳᓔᢧ㗙ⱘད༛
ANCIENT MONUMENTS
MENTS
1792–1802 FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WAR
log
As our energy reserves are depleting, so are our history’s. In the last century, preservation has been eclipsed by a protective conservatism that, at its most perverse, no longer serves the authenticity of history but rather brokers claims to it. The
fabricated modern reconstruction of Dresden city centre now wields its UNESCO World Heritage status against any authentic modern construction in its vicinity.
ᮄ㡎ᴃЏН
1
ᮄᢰऴᒁ亢Ḑ
US Patents increase in the Progressive era
Karl Marx
1818 – 1883
Prussian philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary
talks of a capitalist mode of production developed in Europe
when labor itself became a commodity. Marx's conception of a
materialist history based on the class struggle, which raised
attention for the first time to the importance of social factors such
as economics
economic in the unfolding of history
1819 - 1900
ᖋ೑佪䚼ֱᡸ㑾ᗉ⠽⊩Ҹ
⊩೑໻䴽ੑ
Royal Exhibition Building and Carleton
Gardens, Australia (1880)
Blaenavon Industrial Landscape (19th)
Irreplaceability of every event
INNOVATIVE-VALUE
Beaux Art 890-1905
1840-1900
Neo-Romanesque
These classical buildings and homes often feature columns,
pediments and other details inspired by Greek forms.
Antebellum homes in the American south were often built
in the Greek Revival style
rise
se o
of scientific curiosity
1790 : French Commission for Art & Monument
⊩೑㡎ᴃϢ㑾ᗉ⠽ᠬㅵӮ
1790 : Germany First Statute Governing Monument Protection
Ko
ndr
ma
atie
wo jor eco ff lon
rld
his nom g wa
tori ic cyc ves
cal
of
eve les
nts and
/ tec
hno
ᄺ䰶⌒
archite
1910-1925
Expressionist Architecture
A prelude to modernism selected and 'modernized' abstract elements of Rococo style
A renewed interest in ideas of Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio
inspired a return of classical shapes in Europe, Great Britain and the
United States
Muskauer Park / Park Muzakowski,
Germany/Poland (1815-1844)
Urban Historic Centre of Cienfuegos,
Cuba(1819)
Classical Weimar (late 18th-19th)
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
1770 – 1831
developed a complex theodicy in the Phenomenology of Spirit (1807), which based its conception
of history on dialectics: the negative (wars, etc.) was conceived by Hegel as the motor of history.
Hegel argued that history is a constant process of dialectic clash, with each thesis encountering an
opposing idea or event antithesis. The clash of both was "superated" in the synthesis, a conjunction
which conserved the contradiction between thesis and its antithesis while sublating it.
International Style೑䰙ЏН亢Ḑ
Functionalism1900-1960
Futurism1910-1920
Anti-historicism and long horizontal lines suggesting speed,
motion and urgency. Technology and even violence
ᮄস‫݌‬ЏН㘨䙺ЏН⧚ᛇЏН
During the last phase of the Baroque period,
builders constructed elegant white buildings
with sweeping curves
rn
ode
t-M
ㄥ
Pos
ЏНᓎ
ৢ⦄ҷ
New City
by Sant'Elia, 1914
Casa Batllo, Spain.
ᮄહ⡍ᓣᓎㄥ
Н
Џ
ᴹ
᳾
ᡍ
m
90
Chrysler Building, 1928-1930
Bauhaus and its Sites, 1919-1933
Sezession House, Austria, 1896.
᳾ᴹЏН
Paralleled and supported by medievalis
Antiquarian concerns with survivals and curiositie
monuments for historic figures
INTENTIONAL COMMEMORATIVE-VALUE
Փ⫼Ӌؐ USE-VALUE
᳝ᛣ䆚ⱘ㑾ᗉӋؐ
㡎ᴃӋؐ ART-VALUE
ग़৆Ӌؐ HISTORICAL-VALUE
ᑈҷӋؐ AGE-VALUE
᭛㡎໡݈亢Ḑ
Immanuel Kant
1724 – 1804
Defines his theory of perception in his influential 1781
work The Critique of Pure Reason, which has often been
cited as the most significant volume of metaphysics and
epistemology in modern philosophy; conceived the
process of history in his short treaty Idea For A Universal
History With A Cosmopolitan Purpose (1784)
Porte Dauphine station.1899
Opéra de Paris, France. 1975
1790-1850
Neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval form
Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière
and Place d'Alliance in Nancy (1752-1756)
1400-1600
m
Neo-Gothic Architecture
195
American architect who did the
master design for the Xintiandi
project in Shanghai. He said, “I
don't believe you should
proclaim things dead and turn
them into museums. I believe
you should breathe life into
places.”
Leon Krier
alis
ion
eg
lR
ca
ti
Cri
Chaco Canyon, 850
Villa Savoye, by Le Corbusier1929
The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Bulgaria. 1904
Westminster Cathedral, London. 1895
Bexar County Courthouse,
Texas 1891
Cadman Plaza in Brooklyn, NY
Parliament building
Vienna, Austria
The White House, Washington, D.C.,
Soane Museum, London. 1812
Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo. 1773
John Soane
(10 September 1753 – 20 January 1837)
Used his house as his home and library, archiving his growing collection of
antiquities and architectural salvage.
an
II-F
W
1950-19
Dom-Ino House
by Le Corbusier, 1914
San Sebastian Church in Manila, Philippines. 1888
Klenze's Walhalla, Regensburg, Bavaria, 1842
Newton memorial, by Étienne-Louis Boullée, 1784
Faneuil Hall, Massachusetts, 1762
Piranesi
1729 - 1778
He aroused public fascination
with Roman architecture
P
The Plug in City
by Archigram, 1964
The Seagram Building
"Universal space"
by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1957
by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1940s
Hammer and Sickle Architectural Fantasy
by Yakov Chernikhov, 1933
Einstein Tower
by Eric Mendelsohn,1919-1921
ar
ost
ৢ
៬
in .
ning ning
mea mea
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to
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striv g con
that usin
ture by
itec ture
arch itec
h to Arch
roac ern
app Mod
utu
1972
Present-
Benjamin Wood
1948 -
Kevin Lynch
1918 - 1984
author of "The Image of the
City" on how users perceive
and organize spatial
information as they navigate
through cities & understood
their surroundings in consistent
and predictable ways, forming
mental maps
ding
Buil 82
ice 9-19
Serv 197
lic ves,
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tlan hae
Por Mic
by
er,
er, berg
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Super-Modernism
㾷ᵘЏН
eum7
Mus 199
eim ry,
genh k Geh
Gug Fran
by
ding n
: buil nma
III
se r Eise
Hou Pete
by
1992 Convention of Biological Diversity
⫳⠽໮ḋ࣪णᅮ
1987 Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban
Areas - The Washington Charter
2003 ICOMOS Principles for the Preservation and
Conservation-Restoration of Wall Paintings
೑䰙㑾ᗉ⠽੠ग़৆䘫ഔणӮ䗮䖛њᇍຕ⬏ⱘֱᡸϢׂ໡ॳ߭ᅾゴ
ֱᡸग़৆স䬛Ϣসජ˖ढⲯ乓ᅾゴ
2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and
Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
೑䰙㑾ᗉ⠽੠ग़৆䘫ഔणӮ䗮䖛њֱᡸϢ᥼䖯໮‫ܗ‬᭛࣪㸼䖒ⱘणᅮ
1979: Burra Charter
1976 US Tax Reform Act made existing building stock of
historic buildings economically attractive to developers
㕢೑⿢ࠊᬍ䴽⊩ḜՓᕫ⦄ᄬⱘग़৆স䗍ᓎㄥᇍথሩଚ᳈᳝߽ৃ೒
2003: ICOMOS Charter – principles for the analysis, conservation
and structural restoration of architectural heritage
⷇⊍ॅᴎ
1973 OPEC OIL CRISIS
2004 Klare’s Blood and
Oil: The Dangers and
Consequences of
America's Growing
Dependency on
Imported Petroleum
1939 - 45 WORLD WAR II
Automation of Mass Production
of BMWs.
Mass Customization achieved
with the use of digital technologies.
䌘ᴀЏН⫳ѻᮍᓣᓎゟ
ESTABLISHMENT OF CAPITALIST MEANS OF PRODUCTION
1750
T HE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1790 ᎹϮ䴽ੑ
RISE OF COMPETITIVE FREE TRADE
1800
COMPETITIVE CAPITALISM 㞾⬅ゲѝ䌘ᴀЏН
T HE
AGE OF STEAM AND RAILWAYS
㪌⇨Ϣ䪕䏃ᯊҷ
APEX OF BRITISH EMPIRE
VICTORIAN ERA
1850
MONOPOLY CAPITALISM ൘ᮁ䌘ᴀЏН
THE AGE OF STEEL, ELECTRICITY AND HEAVY ENGINEERING
䪕䏃⬉࡯Ϣ䞡ᎹϮᯊҷ
AMERICAN PROGRESSIVE ERA
1900
LATE CAPITALISM ৢ䌘ᴀЏН
THE AGE OF OIL, THE AUTOMOBILE AND MASS PRODUCTION
⷇⊍≑䔺Ϣ໻⫳ѻᯊҷ
1950s POST WAR REBUILDING
1950
Club Of Rome Publishes “Limits To
Growth”
᠓ഄѻᏖഎዽ⑗
1947: 2 years after the war, Stuttgart’s inner city still
reflected the destruction of urban centers during
wartime bombing.
1955: Marshall Plan funds helped provide for the
rebuilding of cities.
1700
The Economist magazine cover (16 June
2005)
REAL ESTATE MARKET CRASH
㄀Ѡ⃵Ϫ⬠໻៬
Written in association with Tourism Concern,
an organisation whose goal is to “fight exploitation in tourism”, it is a guide to ethical
travel in an increasingly global market. It lists
over 300 places to visit in 60 countries.
THE AGE OF INFORMATION AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
ֵᙃϢ䗮䆃ᯊҷ
2000
CRONOCAOS
VENICE BIENALLE 2010
Client:
Venice Bienalle
Year:
2010/2011
Role
The research and insights on Preservation that were initiated at Harvard Graduate School of Design was integrated into the
OMA’s entry to the 2010 Venice Bienalle and
the subsequent exhibition in New Museum in
New York in 2011.
CASTRO’S DREAM
Location
Havana, Cuba
Program
Research
Status
In progress
During the first half of the 20th century Havana University School of Architecture was
one of the most avant-garde architectural
schools in the world. The coincidence of
strong economy and progressive architectural
culture after the World War II resulted in a
building boom of unprecedented scale and
quality of work. This period of Cuban architectural history is well documented and appreciated in the canon of modernism.
After the revolution in 1959 the role of the architect changed dramatically. Fidel Castro was
well aware of the importance of architecture
in creating a new society. For 15 years after
the revolution Cuban architecture became one
of the main vehicles for creating an image for
the utopian dream of the new order.
Unlike the private investors of the past, the
new client – the government - had an entirely different kind of projects on its mind schools, universities, kindergartens, housing,
recreation, exhibition halls, government buildings, stadiums, libraries, parks, research centers etc. The optimism and the faith in new
beginnings of this young society fueled the
spirit of experimentation with new forms, organization, constructions and prefabrication.
This resulted in one of the one of the most innovative and socially inspired periods of Cuban architecture, especially in realm of housing and buildings for education. In spite of
their high formal and social values and their
unique relationship to climate and landscape
these projects are understudied, poorly docu-
mented, and virtually unknown outside Cuba.
This comprehensive study is an attempt to simultaneously catalogue archival material and
document (photograph) the exterior and interior condition of these buildings for a potential
publication on post-revolutionary architecture
in Cuba.
Hopefully these efforts will result in making
a case for including this visionary period of
Cuban architecture to its rightful place in the
history of modernism.
THE ART OF PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
Client
Harvard Graduate School of Design
Program
Research for an upcoming publication
Status
In progress
This comprehensive study is an attempt to
scan the global landscape of art practices that
actively engage and challenge the public domain.
This research was done in conjunction with Divine Comedy - a conference and an exhibition
sponsored by Harvard GSD that featured commissioned work by Olafur Eliasson, Ai Weiwei
and Tomas Saracenno.