Biology and management of palm weevils

Transcription

Biology and management of
palm weevils
Robin M. Giblin-Davis
University of Florida/IFAS
Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center
Dryophthoridae:
Palm Weevils:(Rhynchophorini)


Rhynchophorus species
Dynamis borassi
Sugarcane/Palm Weevils:
(Sphenophorini)
Metamasius hemipterus and other
species
 Rhabdoscelus obscurus

Typical Dryophthorine Life Cycle:
Egg
Larva
Adult
Pupa
Last-instar
larva
Prepupa
Cocoon
1
1
scutellum
Dynamis borassi
1. Rhynchophorus palmarum
R. cruentatus
Rhynchophorus
Distribution ca 1966
R. ferrugineus
R. ferrugineus expansion since 1966
R. bilineatus
R. palmarum
R. phoenicis
R. quadrangulus
R. bilineatus
1
R. palmarum
R. cruentatus
R. ferrugineus
2
R. phoenicis
R. quadrangulus
4
3
Rhynchophorus quadrangulus
3
Rhynchophorus cruentatus
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
Male rostrum
without
setae 3
3a
Nasal
plate
Male rostrum
without
setae 3
Mandible
unidentate
Mandible
unidentate
3b
No
nasal
plate
3b
3a
Submentum
narrow
Submentum
wide
female
male
Rhynchophorus bilineatus
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
Rhynchophorus palmarum
Rhynchophorus phoenicis
5
4a
Scutellum
tapers acutely
Scutellum
Tapers broadly
5a
Submentum
straight
5b
Submentum
bowed
R. bilineatus
R. cruentatus
R. ferrugineus
R. palmarum
R. phoenicis
R. quadrangulus
R. bilineatus
R. cruentatus
R. ferrugineus
R. palmarum
R. phoenicis
R. quadrangulus
R. cruentatus
Stressed Sabal palmetto
Intraspecific
Semiochemical:

Releaser pheromone: Chemical
released by sender with immediate
reversible effects on receiver (i.e. sex
and aggregation pheromones)

Primer pheromone: Chemical with
long term effects on physiology and
development of receiver (i.e. caste
determination and reproductive
synchrony)
Interspecific
Semiochemical:

Kairomone: Chemical released
that benefits the receiver, but not
the sender.

Allomone: Chemical that benefits
sender or sender and receiver.
10 live R. cruentatus
Weekly Weevil Counts from Traps Baited with 10
Live Rhynchophorus cruentatus and/or 1.5 kg of
Sabal palmetto Tissue
A
20
15
10
B
BC
CD
D
0
Females
Males
Palm Tissue
Males +
Tissue
Females +
Tissue
5
D
Empty
Dryophthoridae:
Palm Weevils:(Rhynchophorini)


Rhynchophorus species YES
Dynamis borassi
YES
Sugarcane/Palm Weevils:
(Sphenophorini)
Metamasius hemipterus and other
species
YES
 Rhabdoscelus obscurus
YES

AERATION CHAMBERS
Porapak-Q
packed glass
columns
Gas Chromatograph with Electroantennographic
Detector (GC-EAD)
Sample
insertion
Flame ionization
detector (FID)
Carrier
gas
(Helium)
Split vent
GC Column
Electroantennographic
detector (EAD)
Oven
Electroantennogram
Amplifier
1:100
Ground
electrode
Chart recorder
Input
electrode
Ground
Antenna
Saline
solution
Fractions from the
gas chromatograph
FID
EAD
5-methyl-octan-4-ol
= Cruentol
Weekly Rhynchophorus cruentatus Counts from
Traps Baited with 5-methyl-octan-4-ol (0.4 mg/d)
and/or 1.5 kg of Sabal palmetto Tissue
50
A
40
30
B
BC
C
Palm Tissue
Tissue +
Cruentol
10
0
Empty
Cruentol
20
R. cruentatus
Rhynchophorus
Pheromone Distribution
R. ferrugineus
5-methyl-octan-4-ol
4-methyl-nonan-5-ol
(2E) 6-methyl-hepten-4-ol
4-methyl-nonan-5-ol
3-methyl-octan-4-ol
unknown
R. bilineatus
R. palmarum
R. phoenicis
R. quadrangulus
R. cruentatus
Metamasius
hemipterus
“Ferrugineol”
Distribution
R. ferrugineus
4-methyl-nonan-5-ol
5-methyl-octan-4-ol
4-methyl-nonan-5-ol
(2E) 6-methyl-hepten-4-ol
4-methyl-nonan-5-ol
4-methyl-nonan-5-ol
R. palmarum
Dynamis
borassi
R. bilineatus
Metamasius hemipterus
FID
Volatiles from unfed males
EAD
FID
Sugarcane host volatiles
EAD
Metamasius hemipterus Counts from Traps Baited
with Ethyl Acetate (600-720 mg/d), 250 g of
Sugarcane, and/or Metalure
A
B
EA +
Tissue +
Metalure
EA +
Tissue
B
EA +
Metalure
B
C
Ethyl
Tissue + Acetate
Metalure (EA)
C
C
250
200
150
100
50
0
Metalure
Tissue
Metamasius hemipterus Counts from Traps Baited
with Metalure, 250 g of Sugarcane, and Different
Rates of Ethyl Acetate
A
A
100
80
60
B
B
40
20
0
1663 mg/d
403 mg/d
29 mg/d
0 mg/d
Ethyl Acetate Release Rate
Towards Making a Better Weevil Trap:

Semiochemicals: (Critical...need aggregation
pheromone(s) and host plant volatiles)


Design: (Simple is best...a bucket works)
Moisture: (Weevils seek high relative humidity to
conserve water because of high cuticular
permeability...Traps need moisture)



Size: (Larger buckets are better)
Color of trap: (Not critical)
Height: (Not critical for M. hemipterus... Not
critical for R. cruentatus if trap connected to tree
base)
Rhynchophorus cruentatus life cycle
female
last-instar larva
cocoon
male
pre-pupa
pupa
Palm Hosts of R. cruentatus












Sabal palmetto stressed trees
Phoenix canariensis healthy trees
Bismarkia nobilis healthy trees
Serenoa repens stressed trees
Phoenix dactylifera rare
Washingtonia robusta rare
Thrinax radiata rare
Latania rare
Roystonea rare
Cocos nucifera rare
Pritchardia rare
Caryota rare
Symptoms of Rhynchophorus cruentatus damage
Laboratory culture of Rhynchophorus cruentatus
Canary Island date palm:
Phoenix canariensis
1)
2)
3)
4)
Non-native palm versus native
weevil
Apparently healthy palms can
decline rapidly with R. cruentatus
infestation
20-250 larvae per palm cause
irreparable damage to apical
meristem
We have documented the loss of
entire palm groves once epizootic
starts
Maximum Booted
Stem Diameter
Overall Palm
Height
Spear Leaf
Booted Stem
Height
Bare Stem
Height
Categories of decline for Canary Island date palms
infested with Rhynchophorus cruentatus
9-8
Palms healthy,
asymptomatic,
(8) weevil frass first
detected in petioles
7
Dying, 3-4 oldest petioles
drooping, weevil frass
6
Dying, spear leaf and
stem beginning to lean
(5-45º), weevil frass
Categories of decline for Canary Island date palms
infested with Rhynchophorus cruentatus
5
Dying, spear leaf and
stem collapsing (>45º),
lots of weevil frass
4-3
Dead/dying, crown and
stem collapsed, spear green
other fronds necrotic,
lots of weevil frass
2-1
Dead, crown and
stem collapsed, fronds
necrotic, lots of weevil
frass
Palm weevil damage to older Washingtonia
Florida woods cockroach (Eurycotis floridana) is often found
in the leaf bases of Sabal and Phoenix palms. One of its first
common names was “palmetto bug”. They do not do any
damage to the palms.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTjFmXXRlGg
Florida DPI Reports of Rhynchophorus cruentatus Adults (1956-1991)
Mean Temperature
Mean Rainfall
Seasonal Capture of Rhynchophorus cruentatus Adults to Traps
Baited with 2.5 kg Chopped Sabal palmetto Crown and Stem Tissue
Mean Temperature
Mean Rainfall
Flight Initiation of Rhynchophorus cruentatus at Different Temperatures
Management approaches for
Rhynchophorus cruentatus:
Promote plant vigor and protect
from wounding.
Prophylactic treatment of
transplanted or stressed palms.
Early detection and
phytosanitation.
Awareness of susceptibility of
Phoenix canariensis.
ECOPALM is an Italian Company that is marketing a physical method of disinf
Canary Island date palms of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in Europe.
Rhynchophorus
palmarum
adult
Red ring nematodes
R. palmarum larvae
Classical Red ring disease symptoms
Red Ring caused by Bursaphelenchus cocophilus
Some adult weevils emerge
infested with nematodes
Healthy coconut palm
Larva and pupa become associated
with dispersal stage of nematode
Palm weevils deposit nematodes
into leaf bases or wounds on healthy palm
Palm weevils attracted to and
oviposit in dying RRD palm
Cross-section of coconut palm
stem with symptomatic red ring
Nematodes propagate on
palm parenchymal cells
Palm wilts
Red ring diseased
Cocos nucifera in
Trinidad.
Red ring diseased
Cocos nucifera symptoms
Red ring diseased Cocos
nucifera tissue extraction
Red ring diseased Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm).
Little leaf symptoms in Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm).
Red ring nematode: Bursaphelenchus
cocophilus
Red ring nematode: Bursaphelenchus cocophilus
SSU molecular phylogeny
Pseudaphelenchus yukiae AB470971
Pseudaphelenchus vindai AB537559
Aphelenchoides besseyi AY508035
100
Laimaphelenchus penardi AY593919
100
100
Aphelenchoides sp. H1 EU287591
100
Laimaphelenchus preissii EU287590
Schistonchus guangzhouensis DQ912924
Aphelenchoides bicaudatus AY284643
100
100
Aphelenchoides sp. K1 EU287589
99
Aphelenchoides fragariae AB067755
100
Aphelenchoides blastophthorus AY284644
60
Laimaphelenchus heidelbergi EU287587
100
100
Schistonchus centerae DQ912923
Schistonchus aureus DQ912922
Cryptaphelenchus sp. K2 EU287588
100
Noctuidonema sp. RGD802 AB470969
100
96
Ektaphelenchus obtusus 754E AB368532
Seinura sp. JH-2004 AY284651
Bursaphelenchus abruptus AY508010
100
Aphelenchoides stammeri AB368535
B. rainulfi AM397017
100
100
B. abietinus AY508011
100
B. hellenicus AY508017
B. paracorneolus AY508027
99 55
B. hofmanni AY508018
B. pinasteri AM397016
B. parvispicularis AB218829
100 91
B. sinensis AB232162
81
B. gerberae AY508024
Ruehmaphelenchus sp.
84 83
B. antoniae AM279709
NK202 AB368534
87
75
B. hylobianum AY508019
B. rufipennis AB368529
90 99 B. poligraphi AY508028
B. borealis AY508012
83
100 B. sexdentati AY508031
100 B. vallesianus AM397020
100 B. yongensis AM397023
100
B. clavicauda AB299221
B. tusciae AY508033
100
B. eggersi AY508013
94
94
B. hildegardae AM397013
100
B. cocophilus AY509153
B. platzeri AY508026
100
B. arthuri AM397010
100 100 B. seani AY508029
B. fungivorus AY508016
83
B. willibaldi AM397021
100
B. thailandae AM397019
100
100
B. kiyoharai n. sp. NK221 XX000001
100 B. kiyoharai n. sp. NK215 XX000002
Loss of P1
100
100
Aphelenchoididae
100
1
2a
2b
3
92
?
4
Bursaphelenchus platzeri male
Distribution of Metamasius
hemipterus (Florida, Caribbean, Mexico,
Central and South America)
Palm Hosts of M. hemipterus






Ravenea rivularis
Hyophorbe verschaffeltii
Phoenix canariensis
Phoenix dactylifera
Roystonea
Cocos nucifera
Symptoms of Metamasius
Hemipterus infestation
Royal palm
Spindle palm
Sugarcane
Canary Island date palm
Teratorhabditis synpapillata from

Biology and management of palm weevils

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