PCB Pollution in Anniston, Alabama

Transcription

PCB Pollution in Anniston,
Alabama
Steven Lyon
Urbs/Geog 515: Race, Poverty and the Environment
Professor Raquel Pinderhughes, Urban Studies and
Environmental Programs, San Francisco State University
Spring 2004
Public has permission to use the material herein, but only if
author(s), course, university and professor are credited.
•
This presentation focuses on
Anniston, Alabama and the
pollution of the town’s water
and soil with PCBs. It is
designed to describe the town
of Anniston, why PCBs are a
problem, who is responsible for
the current state of the
environment in Anniston, how
residents have been affected by
PCB pollution and what is now
being done to improve the
situation. The presentation
starts by giving the history of
Anniston and the Monsanto
Co., then focuses on the
definition of PCBs, how they
are toxic and is followed by a
description of the legal and
social consequences of PCB
pollution in this particular
setting.
PCB Pollution in
Anniston, Alabama
Where is Anniston?
• Anniston is a town of
about twenty-four
thousand people
located in a valley of
the Appalachian
foothills in Calhoun
County, Alabama. It
lies about half way
between Birmingham
and Atlanta on
Interstate Highway 20.
History of Anniston
•
Anniston was founded in 1872
as a private business venture of
Samuel Noble and Gen.Daniel
Tyler. Their business was
called Woodstaock Iron
Company and the town was
originally called Woodstock.
The town was actually a
“company town”, meaning that
everyone who lived there had a
connection with the company.
The first public lots were sold
in 1883 and the town was
renamed “Annie’s Town”, after
Gen. Tyler’s daughter-in-law.
Growth of Early Anniston
•
This was still a critical time in
the South, when rebuilding after
the Civil War was an ongoing
process. Tyler and Noble
intended to make Anniston a
model for industrial
development in the new south.
The Georgia Pacific railroad
came to Anniston in 1883 and
opened the town up to
increasing outside industries
and people.Railroad and textiles
were part of the emerging
businesses as was military
training during the SpanishAmerican war. (Gates, 1996).
How PCBs Found Anniston
•
By 1935, electrical appliances
were becoming increasingly
popular which led to increased
demand for electrical insulator
materials like PCBs. It was this
year that the Monsanto
Company purchased the
Theodore Swann chemical
company and began
manufacturing PCBs in the
United States. (Kaley II, 2000).
Monsanto continued to produce
PCBs at its Anniston plant until
1971, eight years before the
federal government banned
PCBs as a possible carcinogen.
(Firestone, 2002).
• PCB is an abbreviation for
polychlorinated biphenyls.
They are mixtures of up to
209 individual chlorinated
compounds known as
congeners. These
compounds have no odor
and range from colorless
to light yellow. Some
PCBs can exist as a vapor
in air. PCBs can enter the
air, water and soil during
their manufacture, use and
disposal as well as from
accidental leaks and spills
during their transport.
What are
PCBs?
PCBs
•
From the 1930s through the 1970s,
PCBs were produced in large
quantities in the United States and
throughout the world. PCBs were
manufactured for the purpose of
insulating electrical wiring. PCBs did
this job quiet well due to the fact that
the material conducted heat without
conducting electricity. Safety codes
once mandated the use of PCBs as
insulation in transformers and other
electrical equipment. They were also
used in paints, newsprint adhesives,
deep-fat fryers and bread wrapping.
(Grunwald, 2002).
PCBs As A Probable Carcinogen
•
•
In 1979, the U.S. government
banned the manufacture and use
of PCBs because studies had
proven that PCBs were a
probable carcinogen in animals.
Studies conducted since 1979
have provided conclusive
evidence that PCBs cause
cancer in animals . Studies
done on humans strongly
suggest that PCBs are a
probable carcinogen in humans
as well. (EPA.gov, 2002)
Why PCBs Are
Considered
Carcinogens
•
•
•
•
The conclusion that PCBs were a
human carcinogen is based on the
following:
1. There is clear evidence that PCBs
cause cancer in animals.
2. PCB composition changes after its
release into the environment. The
types of PCB compounds that are most
carcinogenic are the compounds that
bioaccumulate in sediment, fish and
other animals. As a result, people who
ingest these PCB contaminated
animals and contact contaminated
sediment are exposed to more toxic
PCB compounds than PCB workers.
3. Epidemiological studies of PCB
workers found increases in rare liver
cancers and malignant melanomas.
Non-Cancer Effects of PCBs On Animals and
Humans
• Immune Effects:
• Human studies have
revealed suppressed
immune systems in
those exposed to
PCBs. (EPA,2002).
Non- Cancer Effects of PCBs on
Animals and Humans
• Reproductive Effects:
• Children born to women
who worked in PCB
factories have shown
decreased birth weight and
a significant decrease in
gestational age at birth.
Studies done on women in
fishing villages where
there has been exposure to
PCBs have produced the
same results. (EPA, 2002)
Non-Cancer Effects of PCBs on Animals
and Humans
• Neurological Effects:
• Studies done on animals
and humans that have
been exposed to PCBs
have shown significant
neurological deficits,
especially in developing
children, including visual
recognition, short term
memory and learning
deficits. (EPA,2002)
Non Cancer Effects
of PCBs on Animals
and Humans
• Endocrine Effects:
• Exposure in humans to
PCBs have shown
decreased thyroid
hormone levels, which
are critical for normal
growth and
development.
• (EPA,2002)
The Public Had No Idea of the Dangers
Posed By PCBs, Did Monsanto?
• During its forty years of
manufacturing PCBs as an
electrical insulator, the
Monsanto Company (now
called Solutia) flushed
tens of thousands of
pounds of PCBs into
nearby creeks and buried
millions more pounds in a
hillside landfill. (Firestone,
2002).
Residents File Suit
• The Monsanto Company
is now being sued by
thousands of current and
former residents of
Anniston, who claim that
company documents prove
that as early as the 1960s,
the company was well
aware of the dangers
posed by PCBs and
actively schemed to hide
this information from the
nearby public. (Firestone,
2002).
What Monsanto Knew
•
As early as 1966, Monsanto
managers discovered that fish
submerged into the same creeks
in which the company dumped
waste water turned belly up
within ten seconds, spurting
blood and shedding skin. They
told no one. In 1969, they found
fish in another creek with 7500
times the legal PCB levels.
Company memos reveal the
company’s conclusion that
“there was no reason to go to
expensive extremes in limiting
discharge form the plant”.
(Grunwald, 2002).
Increased Morbidity Rates Plague Anniston
• During the years that
followed the cessation of
PCB production at
Monsanto, the cancer,
learning disabilities,
increased asthma rates and
reproductive deformities
experienced by those
living closest to the
Monsanto plant were not
considered linked to
environmental
contamination. (Jones,
2000).
Residents of Anniston Become
Increasingly Suspicious
• People in West Anniston,
which was closest to the
Monsanto plant had
cancer, kidney and liver
problems but it wasn’t
until local fishermen
began pulling deformed
fish out of local creeks
that anyone blamed
Monsanto. (Jones, 2000).
Evidence Begins to Confirm
Contamination
• People in Anniston didn’t
want to accept it but in
1995 soil test showed
PCB levels higher than
they had ever been
recorded. Pediatricians at
the local clinic reported
babies with extremely rare
birth defects that could
not be explained. “We
lead the state in birth
defects”, reports Dr.
Angela Martin. (Hulen,
2003).
•
In 2000, the U.S. Department of
Health and Human services
conducted a study on the people
that lived closest to the
Monsanto plant. Participants
included 37 children and 43
adults. In the adults, the PCB
level ranged from non-detected
to 210 parts per billion. In the
children the PCB levels ranged
from non-detected to 4.6 parts
per billion. The usual PCB load
for an adult is 2 parts per
billion.( U.S. Department of
Health &Human Services,
2000)
How Much Were
Nearby Residents
Exposed?
Affected Residents
•
Johnny Hanvey and his mother
Jura Hanvey live across the
road from the Monsanto plant.
From their clapboard house it’s
easy to read the “danger” sign
on the plant’s gate. When
interviewed in 2002, Jura
Hanvey was just re-growing her
hair from her last round of
chemotherapy. She has lost one
breast to cancer and suffers
from other ailments such as
asthma. (Walker, 2002).
Residents
Affected
• Sally Franklin is in limbo.
She can’t sell her home
and her grandkids can’t
visit her because she is
located within a half mile
of the Monsanto plant,
which is a heavily polluted
area. (Hulen, 2003)
Residents Remember
• Shirley McCord has
owned a grocery store in
West Anniston for forty
two years. She has kept a
list of customers that have
died over the years that’s
more than seventeen pages
long; most of the names
have “cancer” written
beside them. (Hulen,
2003).
Illegal Landfills Discovered
•
In 1993, the Alabama Power
Company was breaking ground
on land obtained from
Monsanto. During this time, a
landfill was discovered where
Monsanto had illegally dumped
PCB contamination. This turned
out to be one of two unlined
PCB dumps that Monsanto had
not reported. It was shortly
after this discovery that
residents began to attribute their
increased health problems to
environmental pollutants.
(Beiles, 2000).
Offer Arouses Suspicion Among
Congregation
• In 1995, the congregation
of a local west Anniston
church was approached by
Monsanto management
and offered a large sum of
money for their property.
It was discovered that
Monsanto knew that the
area in which the church
was located was heavily
contaminated and needed
to be destroyed so that
cleanup could take place.
(Beiles, 2000).
Church Settles Suit
• In 1996, this church,
along with 3000 other
Anniston residents
filed suit against
Monsanto. In 1998,
Monsanto settled with
the church for 2.5
million and a new
church van. (Beiles,
20000.
Monsanto Found Liable
•
Individual claims took a step
forward in February, 2002
when a jury ruled that
Monsanto was in fact
responsible for polluting the
town of Anniston with tons of
toxic PCBs. The ruling was a
major victory for residents of
the town, who have sued the
company over damages to their
property, their health and to
their emotional well being. The
company was found liable on
six counts: negligence,
nuisance, suppression of the
truth, trespass, wantonness and
outrage. (Lazaroff, 2002)
•
In March 2003, an Alabama jury
awarded the first individual plaintiff
in the suit against Monsanto
$200,000 in damages. ($100,000 for
mental anguish and $99,925 to clean
up their properties.) Monsanto
stated that it was disappointed with
the award based on the fact that it
had already spent $53 million in
cleanup cost and has agreed to a
global settlement involving current
and future litigation in Alabama.
According to Monsanto news
releases, “this global settlement is in
the best interest of Monsanto and its
shareholders, removing an area of
uncertainty related to our contingent
liabilities. ( Monsanto, 2003).
First (and modest)
Monetary Award
Another PCB
Contaminated
Community
• To put the
Monsanto/Anniston
Alabama settlement into
some comparative
perspective, lets look
briefly at the Hudson
River area (a prosperous,
upscale area north of New
York City) that was also
found to have been
contaminated with PCBs
deposited there by the
General Electric company.
General Electric Ordered to Dredge
River
• The EPA ordered the
General Electric Company
to pay 460 million dollars
to dredge PCBs it had
dumped into the Hudson
River in the past. The
decision was contested by
the company but hailed by
national conservation
groups and many
prominent, prosperous
residents of the
picturesque Hudson river
valley.(Grumwald, 2002).
• In Anniston, Alabama, the
Relatively
Monsanto/Solutia
Disproportionate Cleanup
company has generally
Spending
avoided regulatory
crackdown and has spent
about 80 million dollars so
far. (Grunwald, 2002). To
confound this reality,
experts estimate the
residents around the
Monsanto factory have
about ten times the PCB
levels in their bodies
compared to residents of
the Hudson River area.
(Grunwald, 2002)
Demographics of Anniston
• Compared to the Hudson
river area, Anniston is a
relatively low income area
where the majority of
residents have only a high
school diploma or
equivalent. It’s make up
is about 70% Caucasian
and 30% black, with the
majority of minority
residents located very
close to the Monsanto
plant in West Anniston.
(Jones, 2000).
•
Some of the very
neighborhoods that were most
affected by this PCB disaster
are disappearing. Sixty-six year
old Sallie Franklin is one of
3600 plaintiffs who sued
Monsanto, its spin-off Solutia
and their parent company
Pharmacia. Today, Franklin is
surrounded by nothing. Her
neighbors are gone and so are
their houses. Most of the more
than 1600 people in the area
closest to the plant moved after
the company offered them
money for their property.
Monsanto razed about 100
homes, removed some topsoil
and capped the area with dirt.
(Hulen, 2003).
Neighbors and Friends
Gone
One Resident Sums
Up the Situation
• Sixty-five year old Opal
Scruggs is in a similar
situation . She lives in the
same virtual ghost town as
Ms. Franklin and believes
that she is a walking time
bomb because of the
elevated levels of PCBs in
her blood. She sums up
the story well by
commenting “Monsanto
did a job on this city. They
thought we were a stupid
and illiterate people, so
nobody would notice what
happened to us” (Hulen,
2003).
Bibliography for Power Point Presentation (Text)
1.) Firestone, D., (2002, February 22). Alabama Jury Says Monsanto Polluted Town
[electronic version]. New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2004, from
http://query.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F70E13F93B5A0C708EDDAB0894DA404482.
2.) Grunwald, M. (2002, January 1). Monsanto Hid Decades of Pollution, pg.A01,
Washington Post. Retrieved February 23, 2004, from
http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/a46648-2001Dec31?language=printer.
3.) Walker, W. (2002, February 17) . Monsanto’s PCB Scandal: Dirt Poor Residents
Seek Compensation in Alabama Town That was Secretly Poisoned for Decades.
Toronto Star. Retrieved March 14, 2004, from
http://www.mindfully.org/Industry/Monsanto-PCB-Secret17feb02.htm
4.) n.a. (2002, June) . Health Effects of PCBs. The Environmental Protection Agency.
Retrieved March 15,2004, from http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/pcb/effects.html.
5.) Gates, G.H. (1996). The Model city of the New South: Anniston, Alabama 18721900. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
6.) Kaley II, Robert. (2000). PCBs Fell on Alabama. Ohio Citizen Online. Retrieved
April 7, 2004, from
http://www.ohiocitizen.org/campains.prevention/alabama_files/0703monsanto.html.
B ib lio g r a p h y fo r P o w e r P o in t P re s e n ta tio n (Te x t)
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w w . n r d c . o r g /o n e a r t h /0 3 w in / im a g e s /to x ic to w n 4 . jp g
id e # 2 5 : ( p h o to g r a p h e r u n k n o w n ) . R e tr ie v e d 5 /0 6 /2 0 0 4 , fr o m
w w . a n u s . c o m / z in e / lo c a l/a b o u t /to x ic _ la n d f il l. jp g
id e # 2 6 : ( p h o to g r a p h e r u n k n o w n ) . R e tr ie v e d 5 /0 4 /2 0 0 4 , fr o m
w w . c b a s b c . o r g /c h u r c h e s /c h o s e a s p g s . jp g
id e # 2 7 : ( p h o to g r a p h e r u n k n o w n 0 . R e t r ie v e d 5 /0 6 /2 0 0 4 , f r o m w w w . c i. w a ln u te e k . c a . u s / h r / im a g e s / m o n e y . jp g
id e # 2 8 : B a b , G ilb e r t & S u lliv a n ( a r t is t ) . R e tr ie v e d 5 /0 4 /2 0 0 4 , fr o m
tp :// m e m b e r s . a o l. c o m / g u r o n / tb j /
id e # 2 9 : ( c r e a to r u n k n o w n ) . R e tr ie v e d 5 /0 4 /2 0 0 4 , fr o m w w w . lo w e llb b in . c o m /j u s t ic e . g if
id e # 3 0 : ( c r e a to r u n k n o w n ) . R e tr ie v e d 5 /0 6 /2 0 0 4 , fr o m
w w . p u b s . a c s . o r g /s u s c r ib e /jo u r n a ls /c i/3 1 / i1 2 / f ig u r e s /H u d s o n R m a p . g if
S lid e # 31 : (p hoto grap he r unk now n). Re tr ie ved 5/06 /2004, fro m
w w w .w a ter ind u str y.o r g /p o lic ies. h tm
http ://w w w .ca ;ho u nco u ntyb us ine ss.co m /I ma ges /h istorca n nis to n_ s ig n. jp g
S lid e # 3 3 : (p hoto grap he r u nk no w n). Re tr ie ved 4 /1 8 /2 0 0 4 , fro m
http ://w w w .s ierrac lub .o r g/co m m u n ities /2 0 02 rep or t/a lab a ma /ind e x. asp
S lid e # 3 4 : G at es, S te ve n (p ho to grap he r). Retr ie ved 3 /2 8 /20 0 4 , fro m
http ://w w w . nrd c.o rg/o near th/03 w in /to x icto w n1.asp
w w w .ejrc.ca u. ed u/im a ges /mo nsa n to . gif
Im a g e B ib lio g ra p h y
S lid e # 2 : (P ho to gra p he r u nk no w n). R e tr ie v e d 4 /1 8 /2 0 0 4 , fro m
ht tp :// w w w .c a lh o u nc o u nt yb us ine ss.c o m /H is to r ic A n n isto n /p a ge 1 . h t m
ht tp :// w w w .e m a .a la b a m a .go v /e m a k id s.a sp ? ID = 8 8
ht tp :// m a d iso nb a p t ist.c o m / im a ge s /a la b a ma . g if
S lid e # 5 : (p ho to gra p he r u nk no w n). R e tr ie ve d 5 /6 /2 0 0 4 , fro m
ht tp :// w w w . g ho s td e p o t.c o m /r g /ro llin g % 2 0 sto c k / lo c o m o t iv e / lo c o s. ht m
ht tp :// w w w .a nt iq ue a p p lia nc e s.c o m /d e c a d e /3 0 s /1 9 3 8 F r ig id a ire 2 . h t m
S lid e # 7 : (p ho to gra p he r u nk no w n). R e tr ie ve d 5 /0 6 /2 0 0 4 ,
fro m h ttp :// w w w . w r ig h t.e d u/a c a d e m ic s/e n vsc i/p a ge s / fa c u lt y/b ro w n /p c b s.jp g
S lid e # 8 : (c re a to r u nk no w n ). R e tr ie ve d 5 /0 6 /2 0 0 4 , fro m ht tp :// w w w a p p s.n ie hs. n ih .go v /sb rp /c o lle c t io ns /R e sB r f/ im a ge s /P C B _ m o le c u le .jp g
ht tp :// w w w .e s h. iu p u i.e d u /e hs/ im a ge s/2 b io ha z za rd . jp g
ht tp :// w w w .s v tc .o r g/ h u_ he a lt h /e d c s /e d c _ gra p h ic s/b io a c c 2
Im a g e B iblio g ra phy
S lid e # 2 : (P ho to grap he r u nk no w n). Re tr ie v ed 4 /1 8 /2 0 0 4 , fro m
http ://w w w .ca lh o u nco u ntyb us ine ss.co m /H is to r ic A n n isto n /p age1 . h tm
S lid e # 3 : (crea to r u nk no w n ). Re tr ie ved 4 /1 8 /2 0 0 4 , fro m
http ://w w w .e m a.a lab a m a.go v /e m ak id s.a sp ?ID = 8 8
http ://m ad iso nb ap tist.co m /im a ges /a lab a ma. g if
S lid e # 5 : (p ho to grap he r u nk no w n). Re tr ie ved 5 /6 /2 0 0 4 , fro m
http ://w w w . g ho s td ep o t.co m /r g /ro llin g % 2 0 sto ck /lo co m o tiv e/lo co s. htm
S lid e # 6 : (p ho to grap he r u nk no w n). Re tr ie ved 5 /0 2 /2 0 0 4 , fro m
http ://w w w .a nt iq ueap p lia nces.co m /d ecad e/3 0 s /1 9 3 8 F r ig id a ire2 . h t m
S lid e # 7 : (p ho to grap he r u nk no w n). Re tr ie ved 5 /0 6 /2 0 0 4 ,
fro m h ttp ://w w w . w r ig h t.ed u/acad e m ic s/e n vsc i/p a ges /fac u lty/b ro w n /p cb s.jp g
S lid e # 8 : (crea to r u nk no w n ). Re tr ie ved 5 /0 6 /2 0 0 4 , fro m http ://w w w ap p s.n ie hs. n ih .go v /sb rp /co llectio ns /Re sBr f/im a ges /P C B_ m o lec u le.jp g
http ://w w w .es h. iu p u i.ed u /e hs/im a ge s/2 b io ha zzard . jp g
S lid e # 1 0 : (crea to r u nk no w n ). Re tr ie ved 4 /1 8 /2 0 0 4 , fro m
http ://w w w .s v tc.o r g/ h u_ hea lth /ed cs /ed c_ grap h ic s/b io acc2 . g if
S lid e # 1 1 : (crea to r u nk no w n ). R e tr ie ved 5 /0 6 /2 0 0 4 , fro m
w w w .t he herb sp lace.co m / R eso u rces/ im m u n e. g if
ht tp ://d rea ma na ly s is.co m /d rea ms / hea lt h- rep ro d uct iv e. ht m
w w w .a hs m id w e st.o r g /ser v ices / ne uro lo g y/d e fa u lt. asp
ht tp :// w 3 .d w m .k s.ed u. tw /b io /act iv e lea r ner/3 7 /c h3 7 c5 . ht m l
S lid e # 1 5 : G at es, S te ve n (p ho to grap he r). R etr ie ved 3 /2 8 /2 0 0 4 , fro m
ht tp :// w w w . nrd c.o rg /o near t h/0 3 w in /to x icto w n2 .asp
w w w .g ree n ho use law . ne t/ im a ges /sca les.jp g
S lid e # 1 7 : (p ho to grap he r u nk no w n). R e tr ie ved 5 /0 3 /2 0 0 4 , fro m
ht tp ://ca ss id y.a us t inco lle ge.ed u /EC O S /I n tro . ht m l
ht tp :// w w w .b o n n ie sp la n ts.co m /s ick _ in j ured _ fis h/ u lcer s/ u lcer_ p ic t ures_ w it h_ s tep _ b y_ s te
p .ht m
w w w .cro fty.d e m o n.co . uk /co ns u lt. h t m < h ttp :/ /w w w .c ro ft y.d e mo n.co . uk /co ns u lt. h t m>
S lid e # 2 1 : M ap q uest (crea to r). R et r ie ved 5 /0 6 /2 0 0 4 , fro m
ht tp :// w w w .a n n isto n. lib .a l. us/a rc h ive /
S lid e # 2 2 : W a lk er, W ill ia m (p ho to grap her ). R e tr ie ved 4 /1 8 /2 0 0 4 , fro m
ht tp :// w w w . m in d fu lly .o r g/I nd us tr y/M o n sa nto - P C B - S ecret1 7 feb 0 2 . h t m
ht tp :// w w w .a n us.co m / zin e/ lo ca l/ab o ut /to x ic_ la nd fill. jp g
(an u s.co m)
ht tp :// w w w .cb asb c.o rg /c h urc he s/c ho sea sp g s.jp g
S lid e # 2 7 : (p ho to grap he r u nk no w n0 . R et r ie ved 5 /0 6 /2 0 0 4 , fro m h ttp :/ /w w w .c i.w a ln u tcreek .ca.u s/ hr / im a ges / mo ne y.jp g
S lid e # 2 8 : B ab , G ilb ert & S u lliv a n (a rt ist ). R e tr ie ved 5 /0 4 /2 0 0 4 , fro m
ht tp :// m e mb e rs.ao l. co m/ g u ro n/ tb j /
S lid e # 2 9 : ( crea to r u nk no w n ). R e tr ie ved 5 /0 4 /2 0 0 4 , fro m ht tp :// lo w e ll- ro b b in.co m /
S lid e # 3 0 : U ,S . EP A (c reato r). R etr ie ved 5 /0 6 /2 0 0 4 ,
fro m h ttp :// w w w .p ub s.ac s.o r g/s u scr ib e /jo u r na ls /c i/3 1 / i1 2 / / ht m l/ 1 2 sc h m id t. ht m l
Slide # 31: (p hoto grapher unknown). Retrieved 5/06 /2004, from
www.waterindustry.org/policies.htm http ://www.waterind ustry.org/policies.htm
http://www.pro healthedujobs.co m/emplo yers/nermc_empl.asp
http://www.sierraclub.org/co mmunities/2002report/alabama/index.asp
Slide # 34: Gates, Steven (photographer). Retrieved 3/28 /2004, from
http://www.nrdc.org/onearth/03win/toxictown1.asp
www.ejrc.cau.edu/images/monsanto.gif

PCB Pollution in Anniston, Alabama

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