habitat photographs

S OUTHERN S OUTH A MERICA
Open stand of Araucaria araucana
on volcanic gravel and boulders
with Nothofagus pumilio, with
shrub layer of Berberis montana,
Embothrium coccineum, Escallonia
rubra, Maytenus disticha, Ribes
magellanicum, R. trilobum, etc.
in the Sierra Nevada above
Conguillío Lake in the vicinity of
the town of Temuco, Región de la
Araucanía (IX), Zona Sur, Chile,
at 1400–1500 m
Austrocedrus chilensis and
Prumnopitys andina scattered in
low, closed stand of Nothofagus
antarctica and N. obliqua
developed on recent (1957) lava
flow below the north-northeast
slopes of Volcán Llaima in the
vicinity of the town of Temuco,
Región de la Araucanía (IX), Zona
Sur, Chile, at about 800 m
Podocarpus nubigenus and
Saxegothaea conspicua scattered
mostly in the lower layers of
closed evergreen temperate/
/subtropical rainforest dominated
by Eucryphia cordifolia (in bloom)
Nothofagus nitida, N. betuloides
and Weinmannia trichosperma
with Desfontainia spinosa, Drimys
winteri, Maytenus magellanica,
Myrceugenia chrysocarpa, etc. on
cliffs right above sea level,
south of the Rio Negro,
Región de Aisén (XI),
Zona Sur, Chile
C O N I F E R H A B I TAT S
S OUTHERN N ORTH A MERICA
Partially open (fire-successional)
stands of Pinus hartwegii with
scattered specimens of Abies
religiosa on the north slope of
volcán Popocatépetl, a few
kilometers above San Pedro
Nexapa, Mexico State, at about
3300 m. These forests have very
poor shrub associates, with
Alnus firmifolia, Salix paradoxa in
the upper and Senecio spp.,
Symphoricarpos microphyllus
(S. tollucensis), Acaena elongata
in the lower shrub layer.
Pinus cembroides var. cembroides,
P. arizonica var. stormiae and
Juniperus angosturana form open
stands in low xeric vegetation
with Yucca carnerosana, and other
associates including Buddleja sp.,
Ephedra spp., Mahonia trifoliolata,
Purshia tridentata, Rhus toxicodendron, etc. near Galeana,
Nuevo León State, Mexico,
at about 2300 m
Juniperus comitana scattered in
low summer-rain tropical
deciduous open scrub dominated
by Quercus spp. and Byrsonima
crassifolia, next to barren slopes
with xeric vegetation dominated
by Agave, Dasylirion and Opuntia
spp. near Comitán, Chiapas State,
Mexico, at about 1900 m.
Near to this stand J. comitana
associates with J. gamboana, Pinus
oaxacana and P. oocarpa var.
ochoterenae
C O N I F E R H A B I TAT S
W ESTERN N ORTH A MERICA
Mixed coniferous forest
dominated by Abies lasiocarpa
associated with Picea engelmannii,
P. pungens, Pinus flexilis, and
Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca
towering above an open shrub
layer of Crataegus spp., Lonicera
canadense, L. ledebouriana,
Mahonia repens, Symphoricarpos
spp. in the Rocky Mountains,
Teton Range, in the border region
of Idaho and Wyoming,
at about 2000 m
Temperate rainforest dominated
here by Picea sitchensis and Tsuga
heterophylla with scattered
specimens of Abies grandis,
Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii,
Taxus brevifolia and Thuja plicata;
associated broad-leaved trees and
shrubs include Alnus rubra, Acer
circinatum, A. macrophyllum,
Gaultheria shallon, Mahonia
nervosa, Oplopanax horridus,
Rhamnus purshiana, carpets of
Oxalis oregana and patches of
Polystichum munitum near sea
level, in the low foothills of the
Olympic Mountains,
Washington State
Transitional dry subtropical/
/humid (summer-rain-) subtropical mixed broad-leaved forest
and shrubforest with Juniperus
flaccida, Pinus edulis and microclimatic mountain semi-desert
scrub with yuccas and dasylirions
on steep rocky slopes and Cupressus
arizonica var. arizonica, Juniperus
deppeana var. pachyphlaea,
Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca
in the valley along an intermittent
river in the Chisos Mountains,
Big Bend area, southwest Texas;
altitude about 1800 m
C O N I F E R H A B I TAT S
A SIA
CONTINENTAL
Steep rocky slopes and vertical
cliffs with scattered specimens of
Abies nephrolepis associated with
Larix olgensis, Picea jezoënsis var.
komarovii, P. koraiensis, Pinus
koraiensis and Thuja koraiensis,
with Acer ukurunduense, Betula
ermani, Sorbus pohuashanensis and
Rhododendron spp. in the lower
canopy layers and Sphagnum
patches with Tilia amurensis and
Ledum palustre var. dilatatum in
shady ravines above the
Songjiang river valley in the
Changbai-shan, Jilin Province,
China; altitude about 1400 m
Rich mixed warm-temperate
broad-leaved forest and scrub
with scattered specimens of
Cephalotaxus fortunei, Juniperus
chinensis, J. formosana var. mairei,
Pinus armandii, P. tabuliformis var.
henryi and Torreya fargesii, on very
steep rocky slopes and vertical
cliffs of Daba-shan at Lanxi village
near the town of Chengkou,
Chongqing District, northeastern
Sichuan Province, China,
at about 1300 m
Temperate coniferous forest
dominated by Picea brachytyla and
Tsuga chinensis, in association
with Acanthopanax evodiaefolia,
Acer caudatum, Cotoneaster bullata,
Sorbus koehneana, S. rufopilosa,
Viburnum kansuense, etc. on the
lower slopes of Gongga-shan,
about 50 km south (aerial distance)
of Kangding, western Sichuan
Province, China; elevation about
2500 m
C O N I F E R H A B I TAT S
J APAN
Mixed temperate forest with
scattered specimens and small
stands of Abies sachalinensis, Picea
glehnii, P. jezoensis with Taxus
cuspidata and carpets of
Cephalotaxus harringtonii var. nana,
in the lower canopy layers with Acer
japonicum, A. palmatum, A. mono,
Betula maximowicziana, B. platyphylla
var. japonica, Fraxinus longicuspis,
Magnolia kobus var. borealis, M.
obovata, Quercus mongolica var.
grosseserrata, Salix sachalinensis,
Sorbus alnifolia, Tilia japonica,
T. maximowicziana and Ulmus
laciniata; Nunobe river valley near
Rokugo, central Hokkaido;
altitude about 350 m
Transitional montane/subalpine
conifer forest with Abies veitchii,
Juniperus rigida, Larix leptolepis,
Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis, Thuja
standishii and Tsuga diversifolia,
and locally with small groves of
Pinus parviflora (“P. himekomatsu”).
The dense scrub on the cliffs here
includes Clethra barbinervis,
Enkianthus perulatus, Lyonia ovatifolia
var. elliptica, Tripetaleia paniculata
(Elliottia p.), Vaccinium spp.,
Viburnum setigerum, etc., below a
ridge of Mt. Karisaka, Chichibu
Mountains, Hondo (Honshu);
altitude 1950 m
Primary mixed subtropical conifer
forest dominated by Cryptomeria
japonica and Tsuga sieboldii with
scattered trees of Abies firma,
Chamaecyparis obtusa, Acer japonicum, Kalopanax pictus, Sorbus
commixta, with partially epiphytic
Trochodendron aralioides and open
shrub layer formed by Ilex crenata,
Rhododendron spp., Skimmia
japonica, Symplocos myrtacea,
below Kuromi-dake in Yakushima, southern Kyushu;
altitude 1500–1600 m
C O N I F E R H A B I TAT S
N EW Z EALAND
Halocarpus bidwillii forms open
stand with Phyllocladus aspleniifolius var. alpinus growing on
partially barren rocky soil covered
by mosses and lichens at
“The Wilderness” scientific reserve
near Te Anau, South Island.
Associated species include Cassinia
fulvida, Clematis afoliata, Corokia
cotoneaster, Cyathodes empetrifolium. Altitude about 300 m.
Montane mixed coniferous/broadleaved (“podocarp-beech”) forest
typically formed by Halocarpus
biformis, H. kirkii and Phyllocladus
aspleniifolius var. alpinus and
Nothofagus solandri, dominated
here by Libocedrus bidwillii; west
slope of Mt. Ruapehu (2797 m),
North Island, at about 1000 m
Interior of a temperate/subtropical
primary forest with Podocarpus
totara (here with a specimen of
150 cm diameter at breast height)
with rich evergreen broad-leaved
vegetation including Aristotelia
serrata, Coprosma rotundifolia,
Metrosideros sp., Pseudopanax
arboreus and Quintinia acutifolia
and locally, Dacrycarpus
dacrydioides. Peel Forest Reserve in
the vicinity of Arundel, South
Island. Altitude about 250 m.
C O N I F E R H A B I TAT S