Amanita

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Amanita subgenus Amanita
Amanita Pers.
(Amanitaceae)
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Amanita section Amanita
Amanita section Vaginatae
Amanita subgenus Lepidella
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Amanita section Amidella
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Amanita section Phalloideae
Amanita section Validae
Amanita of GSMNP - 1
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Amanita Pers.
(Amanitaceae)
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Amanita of GSMNP - 2
Key to Sections of the Genus Amanita
T.b.w.
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Taxa of Amanita section Amanita in Park
Amanita agglutinata (B. & C. in B.) Lloyd (t.b.w.)
Amanita farinosa Schw.
Amanita frostiana (Peck) Sacc.
Amanita
section
Amanita
Amanita gemmata sensu Jenkins (t.b.w.)
Amanita monticulosa (B. & C.) Sacc. (t.b.w.)
Amanita multisquamosa Peck
Amanita muscaria (L.:Fr.) Pers. var. persicina Jenkins (t.b.w.)
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Amanita parcivolvata (Peck) E. J. Gilb.
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Amanita pubescens sensu Coker (t.b.w.)
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Amanita roseitincta (Murr.) Murr.
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Amanita velatipes Atk.
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Amanita wellsii (Murr.) Sacc. (t.b.w.)
Amanita sp. S1
sect. Amanita - 1
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Amanita
section
Amanita
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sect. Amanita - 2
Key to Amanita section Amanita in the Park
T.b.w.
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Amanita
section
Amanita
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A. farinosa - 1
Amanita farinosa Schw.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w.
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Amanita
section
Amanita
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A. frostiana - 1
Amanita frostiana (Peck) Sacc.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w.
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Amanita
section
Amanita
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A. multisquamosa - 1
Amanita multisquamosa Peck
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w.
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Amanita
section
Amanita
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A. parcivolvata - 1
Amanita parcivolvata (Peck) E. J. Gilb.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w.
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Amanita
section
Amanita
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A. roseitincta - 1
Amanita roseitincta (Murr.) Murr.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w.
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Amanita
section
Amanita
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A. velatipes - 1
Amanita velatipes Atk.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w.
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Amanita
section
Amanita
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A. sp. S1 - 1
Amanita Sp. S1
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w.
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Taxa of Amanita section Vaginatae in Park
Amanita arkansana Rosen
Amanita fulva sensu auct. amer.
Amanita jacksonii Pomerleau
Amanita
section
Vaginatae
Key to Vaginatae
Amanita murrilliana Sing.
Amanita pachysperma Atk.
Amanita recutita sensu Coker (t.b.w.)
Amanita sinicoflava Tulloss
Amanita spreta (Peck) Sacc. (t.b.w.)
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Amanita vaginata sensu lato
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Amanita sp. 21 (t.b.w.)
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Amanita sp. S3
Amanita sp. S6 (t.b.w.)
Amanita sp. S7 (t.b.w.)
Amanita sp. V3
sect. Vaginatae - 1
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Amanita
section
Vaginatae
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sect. Vaginatae - 2
Key to Amanita section Vaginatae in the Park
T.b.w.
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Amanita
section
Vaginatae
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A. arkansana - 1
Amanita arkansana Rosen
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w.
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Amanita
section
Vaginatae
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A. fulva sensu auct. amer. - 1
Amanita fulva sensu auct. amer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w.
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Amanita
section
Vaginatae
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A. jacksonii - 1
Amanita jacksonii Pomerleau
Note: This species is often called “Amanita caesarea,”
but this name applies to a European species.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w.
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Amanita
section
Vaginatae
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A. murrilliana - 1
Amanita murrilliana Sing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w.
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Amanita
section
Vaginatae
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A. pachysperma - 1
Amanita pachysperma Atk.
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION: This very small, graycapped species may be easily overlooked because
amanitas are not expected to be so small. The
cap is 15 - 27 mm wide, darkest in the center,
and has marked grooves extending from the
margin 40% of the distance to the center. Its
white stipe (23 - 50 × 3 - 6 mm) has a little, fragile skirt at first; but this may be lost with age. The volva is membranous and cup-like. The
spore print is white. It appears to be symbiotic with oak and might also occur with pine.
Its known range extends through the east coast states of the U.S. from Massachusetts to
North Carolina. The species is named for its spores, which are unusually large for an
Amanita—(9.5-) 10.5 - 16.2 (-20.0) × (6.0-) 7.5 - 10.5 (-12.5) µm. —R. E. Tulloss
1. Amanita pachysperma Atk. 1918. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 57: 354.
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Illus.: Tulloss. 1993. Mycotaxon 49: Figs. 5-8.
Etymology: pachys (παχυζ) + spermus (σπερµυζ), stout-seeded—for the unusually large
spores of this species.
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TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION.
Amanita
section
Vaginatae
PILEUS: 15 - 27 mm wide, light gray to gray (5B2), sometimes with dark gray disk, convex
and umbonate at first, then planoconvex, finally with central depression, dull, slightly
sticky or dry; context white, unchanging when cut or bruised, 1 - 1.5 mm thick, thinning
rapidly to a point about half-way to margin, then a membrane; margin sulcate to tuberculate-striate (0.35 - 0.45R), nonappendiculate, sometimes slightly decurved; universal veil
absent or as an irregular patch, membranous, white, often with its surface impregnated
with sand.
Key to Vaginatae
LAMELLAE: narrowly adnate or adnexed to barely free, subdistant to subcrowded to
crowded, pure white both in mass and in side view, 2.5 - 3 mm broad, occasionally anastomosing; lamellulae truncate to subtruncate to subattenuate, of variable length, unevenly
distributed.
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A. pachysperma - 2
STIPE: 23 - 50 × 3 - 6 mm, pure white, not changing when cut or bruised, narrowing
upward, not flaring or only slightly flaring at apex, faintly longitudinally striate (lens),
somewhat floccose or fibrillose (lens), with its surface occasionally breaking up into girdlelike formations, fragile; base rounded or obconic; context white, occasionally pale reddish
brown in very base, unchanging when cut or bruised, solid to stuffed to hollow, in the latter
cases with a central cylinder 1 - 1.5 mm wide; partial veil white, superior to median, membranous, fragile, small, often lost; universal veil as a small cup or saccate, slightly greater
than 1 mm thick at midpoint between point of attachment and topmost point of limb, pure
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white, somewhat leathery, not fragile, 7 - 13 mm from stipe base to highest point of limb, 5
- 8 mm across.
Odor of Russula adusta1 Fr. (Singer collection) or odorless (Tulloss 8-6-88-A & Tulloss
7-17-91-C). Taste not recorded.
MACROCHEMICAL TESTS: Phenol - maroon (Singer collection).
Amanita
section
Vaginatae
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A. pachysperma - 3
PILEIPELLIS: 20± µm thick; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.5 - 5.5 µm wide, dominantly subradially arranged, tightly interwoven, partially to totally gelatinizing, with a
slightly browner tint than adjacent pileus context; vascular hyphae not distinguishable.
PILEUS CONTEXT: filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 3.0 - 8.0 µm wide, occasionally
up to 17.5 µm wide and then with walls thickened (0.5 - 0.8 µm thick); acrophysalides plentiful, thin-walled, ellipsoid to clavate to narrowly clavate, up to 68 × 39 µm; vascular
hyphae 1.8 - 12.0 µm wide, common, branching. LAMELLA TRAMA: bilateral, with wcs =
30 - 40 µm, with central stratum sometimes partially obscured by inflated or partially
inflated cells of the subhymenium; with divergent elements exiting central stratum at a
shallow angle, sometimes at an angle of about 45° or more to central stratum when reaching bases of basidia; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.5 - 6.0 µm wide, some with
rather frequent swollen intercalary segments; divergent, terminal, inflated cells not
observed; vascular hyphae 1.5 - 3.8 µm wide, locally common, branching; clamps present.
SUBHYMENIUM: wst-near = 30 - 55 µm; wst-far = 55 - 60 µm; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae frequently branching and short-segmented outside the central stratum; elongate, intercalary, subinflated to inflated hyphal segments frequent, sometimes in short
chains, sometimes clavate, sometimes narrowly subfusiform to bacilliform, up to 75 × 21
µm, thin-walled, sometimes arising in central stratum and with major axis roughly parallel to same, curving away from the central stratum smoothly until reaching an angle of 30°
- 45° to it and giving rise to short elements near the bases of basidia, with end nearest
1
Described by Kibby and Fatto (1990) as ``often of old wine casks.''
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Amanita
section
Vaginatae
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basidia sometimes recurved slightly; short hyphal segments (including a variable number
inflated) dominant near basidia bases with many running at shallow angle to central stratum; in some regions, small inflated cells (up to 29 × 18.5 µm, but mostly smaller, e.g., 9.0
× 8.5 µm) locally dominant in three to six layers; with basidia arising from inflated cells or
from the end or the side of an uninflated to partially inflated hyphal segment; clamps
observed. BASIDIA: 24 - 56 (-67) × 8.0 - 14.5 (-15.5) µm, thin-walled, at times with base
curved to one side, dominantly 2-sterigmate, occasionally 4- or 1-sterigmate, with sterigmata up to 13.8 × 3.8 µm; clamps and proliferated clamps prominent, frequent. UNIVERSAL VEIL: On pileus: absent in material studied. At stipe base, exterior surface: a very
thin layer of tightly interwoven hyphae with a few ventricose gaps here and there; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.5 - 7.5 µm wide, sublongitudinally oriented, often collapsing and slightly gelatinized; vascular hyphae 4.8± µm wide, scarce. At stipe base, interior:
filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae, 2.2 - 7.2 µm wide, often in fascicles, plentiful;
inflated cells dominating, terminal, single, subglobose to ovoid to elongate to ellipsoid to
subpyriform up to 105 × 63 µm; vascular hyphae 4.0± µm wide. At stipe base, inner surface:
like the interior except elements collapsed and gelatinized. STIPE CONTEXT: longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.5 - 10.2 µm wide, dominating,
branching; acrophysalides thin-walled, up to 191 × 47 µm; vascular hyphae common, 3.0 6.5 µm wide, branching; clamps common. PARTIAL VEIL:1 extensively gelatinized; with
surface having irregularly scattered pits (evidently due to loss of inflated cells) up to 56 ×
36 µm; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae with co-parallel orientation; internal inflated
cells not observed; vascular hyphae not distinguishable due to gelatinization.
BASIDIOSPORES: [204/10/5] (9.5-) 10.5 - 16.2 (-20.0) × (6.0-) 7.5 - 10.5 (-12.5) µm, (L =
(11.3-) 11.7 - 14.5 µm; L' = 13.1 µm; W = (8.1-) 8.6 - 9.7 µm; W' = 9.0 µm; Q = (1.12-) 1.26 1
A. pachysperma - 4
No tissue assignable to the partial veil could be located on specimens of the holotype. In his
type study, Jenkins (1982) found “exclusively filamentous hyphae 3 - 8 µm diam.” The data
presented here are from a flake on the stipe of Tulloss 8-6-88-A.
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Amanita
section
Vaginatae
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A. pachysperma - 5
1.75 (-2.10); Q = (1.30-) 1.31 - 1.64; Q' = 1.48), inamyloid, thin-walled, hyaline, smooth,
ellipsoid to elongate, occasionally cylindric, sometimes subfusiform, usually at least somewhat adaxially flattened; apiculus sublateral, cylindric, often quite broad (e.g., 3.2 µm
across); contents granular to guttulate; white in deposit.
Habitat and distribution: Occurring in July and August, western North Carolina to eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island, solitary to subgregarious, in grass near mature
Quercus (Singer collection) or in packed loamy soil near Quercus sp. and Rhododendron
maximum (Tulloss 8-6-88-A) or in pine-oak barrens dominated by Pinus rigida with several species of Quercus as scrub (Tulloss 7-17-91-C) or in mixed deciduous woods with
Quercus present (Tulloss 7-25-92-D). The holotype was collected in mixed deciduous and
coniferous forest.
Collections examined: U.S.A.: CONNECTICUT—Litchfield Co. - Washington Twp., N of
Washington Depot, Bee Brook Pk., 25.vii.1992 B. Eldering s.n. [Tulloss 7-25-92-D]. MASSACHUSETTS—Suffolk Co. - Cambridge, Observatory Park, vii.1942 M. & R. Singer s.n.
(FH; field notes in F). NEW JERSEY—Middlesex Co. - Jamesburg Co. Pk., ca. Helmetta,
R. E. Tulloss 7-17-91-C. NORTH CAROLINA—Watauga Co. - Blowing Rock, 19.viii19.ix.1899 G. F. Atkinson 3711 (holotype, CUP-A). RHODE ISLAND—Washington Co. near Kingston, 6.5 km S of University of Rhode Island campus, 6.vii.1988 Rick Van de Poll
s.n. [Tulloss 8-6-88-A].
DISCUSSION
The investigations reported in this paper were undertaken as a result of my finding a
packet containing material of the present taxon marked “A. biovigera type” in FH. Dr. C.
Bas, L, advised me that the name first appeared in (Singer, 1951 [“1949”]: 387). The citation is in a list of taxa assigned to Amanita section Ovigerae Sing. and consists entirely of
the following: “A. biovigera Sing. [A. strangulata (Fr.) Quél. sensu Bres. non al.].” Dr. Bas
pointed out to me that, because Bresadola's description was in Latin, the brief quotation
just cited results in a valid publication of A. biovigera. Dr. Bas was very generous in sending me notes that he had prepared on the subject several years ago. He had examined
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Amanita
section
Vaginatae
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A. pachysperma - 6
potential syntypes of A. biovigera among Bresadola's collections at S and found this material to have 4-sterigmate basidia. The composite from his spore measurements is as follows: [25/3/3] (10.8-) 11.2 - 13.9 (-14.4) × (8.2-) 8.3 - 11.5 (-11.7) µm, (L = 11.7 - 12.9; L' =
12.4 µm; W = 8.6 - 10.4 µm; W' = 9.8 µm; Q = (1.07-) 1.08 - 1.45 (-1.51); Q = 1.18 - 1.35; Q' =
1.27). (It should be noted that the specimen with Q of 1.18 was annotated “juvenilis” by
Bresadola.) The description of Bresadola (1927: 18 & Tab. XVIII) includes an umbrinous
(but not dark) pileus 80 - 100 mm wide and a stipe 120 - 160 × 11 - 15 mm. [The color of the
pileus in the accompanying plate is between Light Brownish Olive and Buffy Olive or a little lighter (due to uneven application of pigment in the illustration).] It became clear that
A. biovigera cannot be the correct name of its apparently once-intended type. During a
visit to F, I was shown and given permission to copy Dr. Singer's original field notes, which
give a good account of the fresh material of the Observatory Park collection.
Jenkins (1982) reported a study of the holotype collection of A. pachysperma that matches
my observations on the Singer material in every detail except for the fact that basidial
clamps had not been observed. Re-examination of the holotype revealed relatively common
clamps and proliferating clamps. The holotype is in poor condition—reduced to fragments
that are somewhat difficult to handle. For this reason, repetition of a complete anatomical
study of the type was not attempted. Spore size and shape as well as the structure of the
lamella trama and subhymenium were examined in the type and, along with macroscopic
characters, were emphasized in determining the recent collections.
The shortest spores of any collection examined were those from Tulloss 8-6-88-A (L = 11.3 11.7 µm). Tulloss 8-6-88-A was collected during a dry, hot period in which the daytime
temperature in Rhode Island regularly rose to over 38° C. The basidiocarps of A. pachysperma are quite small and, as such, particularly liable to the impact of environmental
stresses. Therefore, it seems reasonable that such conditions might cause production of
smaller spores than usual. In the same regard, Tulloss 7-25-92-D was collected in the wet
and relatively cool July of 1992, the Q and L values calculated for this specimen (1.63 and
14.4 µm respectively) were the second highest recorded for both of the variables.
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As has been noted by Jenkins (1986), the anatomies of A. virginiana and A. pachysperma
are very similar. I decided against using figures showing the interior structure of the universal veils of all three taxa treated in this paper because they are essentially identical.
Amanita pachysperma differs from the other two taxa treated herein in at least six characters:
• pigmentation of the pileipellis
• closeness of lamellae (those of A. pachysperma being most crowded)
Amanita
section
Vaginatae
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• size and shape of spores
• completeness of the outer layer of the universal veil (that of A. pachysperma
nearly completely covering the interior, while the interior is commonly exposed
between parallel fascicles of hyphae in the other two taxa)
• quantity of vascular hyphae in the pileus context (common in A. pachysperma,
scarce or absent in the other two taxa)
• amount of inflation in elements of the subhymenium (frequently, more elements
inflated in A. pachysperma) and of the lamella trama (terminal, divergent, inflated
cells absent in A. pachysperma).
It must be noted that in the sections of A. virginiana lamella trama in which the greatest
degree of inflation was seen, the similarity to the lamella trama of A. pachysperma was
striking; a shallower angle of divergence and occasional, divergent, terminal, inflated cells
were the differences. Based on limited observations, it appears that the partial veil of A.
pachysperma is lost more readily than the partial veils of the other two taxa.
—R. E. Tulloss
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A. pachysperma - 7
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Amanita
section
Vaginatae
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A. sinicoflava - 1
Amanita sinicoflava Tulloss
Note: Prior to its description, this species was
often determined as “Amanita fulva.”
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION: Amanita sinicoflava
has a Chinese yellow or “curry powder colored”
or yellow-olivaceous or olive-tan cap is 25 - 66
mm wide. Grooves run inward from the cap
edge for about 40% of the radius. Warts or
patches of pallid to grayish volva are often left
on the cap, but can be washed off easily by rain.
This mushroom has a whitish stem (60 - 135 × 4
- 12 mm) decorated with somewhat darker
fibrils. The stem lacks both a membranous ring
and a bulb. The volval remnants are saccate
and submembranous and becoming progressively grayer with age beginning from the top of
the sac and working downward. The gills of this
species turn grayer as the mushroom ages. The
very plentiful short gills appear approximately
squarely cut off on the end nearest the stem.
The spore print is white. The species is probably symbiotic with oak, beech, and diverse conifers and is distributed widely in the
northeastern and north central United States and, probably, in southeastern Canada—
fruiting from late June to October. It is expected to be found in the Park.
—R. E. Tulloss.
2. Amanita sinicoflava Tulloss. 1988. Mycotaxon 32: 421.
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Illus.: Phillips. 1991. Mushr. N. Amer.: 19 (bottom).
Illus.: Kibby. 1993. Illus. Guide Mushr. Other Fung. N. Amer.: 87 (bottom).
Illus.: Bessette et al. 1997. Mushr. NE North Amer.: 274 (upper right).
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TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION (incomplete).
Amanita
section
Vaginatae
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Etymology: sinicoflava, Chinese yellow—a common color for the pileus.
PILEUS: 25 - 66 mm wide, from pale olive-tan to olive-yellow to curry to brownish olive
sometimes darker in disk (4B3, browner than 4B3, 4-5C4, 4-5C8, browner than 4C4,
browner than 4C8, much more olive than 5C4, 5F7-8 (over disk in one specimen), 6D4),
sometimes pigmentation developing/darkening after rupture of universal veil, occasionally
paler to cream at margin, at first ovoid with umbo, expanding to broadly subcampanulate
to convex to plano-convex with decurved margin, always retaining small pronounced umbo,
dull, subviscid to dry; context (1-) 2.5 - 4 mm thick at disk, white to off-white, sometimes
darker or yellowish under disk, unchanging, thinning evenly for about 60 - 80 per cent of
the radius, then very thin to margin; margin striate ((0.3R-) 0.4R (-0.5R)); universal veil
not present or rarely as one or very few small whitish to sordid patches graying with age.
LAMELLAE: close to subcrowded, 4 - 7.5 mm broad, free to narrowly adnate, occasionally
with minute decurrent tooth, white to off-white to cream occasionally with faint orangish
tint in mass, white to pale cream in side view, unchanging, after drying cream to pale tan
sometimes with darker margin to light brown (between 3A3 and 4A3 to 4A3 to 4-5A4 to
5B4-5 to 5C-D4), with edge minutely fimbriate (lens); lamellulae in many ranks most
longer than half pileus radius, truncate to subtruncate to subtruncate with small to broad
attenuate tooth at attachment to pileus.
STIPE: 60 - 135 × 4 - 12 mm, white to off-white to pale cream to grayish, palest toward
apex, becoming yellowish to tannish to brownish from handling, narrowing upward, flaring
A. sinicoflava - 2
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Amanita
section
Vaginatae
at apex, with surface longitudinally striate or faintly so at least near base, fibrillose for
most of length, fibrils concolorous with pileus or paler or slightly sordid, coloring/darkening with exposure and handling, minutely punctate/pulverulent near apex, occasionally
with faint lines at apex; context white, unchanging to rarely becoming brownish, larvae
tunnels concolorous to rarely sordid tan, hollow with occasional white, cottony stuffing,
with central cylinder 3 - 5.5 mm wide; exannulate; universal veil white to whitish at first
becoming gray with exposure or handling, sometimes with small rusty or brick-red spots,
interior pale orangish or pinkish becoming gray, submembranous to membranous, saccate
to limbate, at first flaring above a constriction at about mid-height of sac with interior longitudinally pleated above point of constriction, collapsing on stipe with age, occasionally in
large patches or smears or a ring on lower stipe and leaving only lower portion or very little
of sac, highest point of limb reaching 26 - 39 mm from stipe base; limbus internus thin,
fibrillose, cottony at about point of constriction of sac, rarely seen.
Odorless. Taste not recorded.
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A. sinicoflava - 3
MACROCHEMICAL TESTS: Spot test for tyrosinase (L-tyrosine) - positive (only tested
stipe context and stipe surface). Test voucher: Tulloss 8-16-85-C.
PILEIPELLIS: 40 - 70 µm thick, colorless for 5 - 10 µm at surface, but lacking differentiated suprapellis, with yellow-orange intracellular pigment in remainder of tissue; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.5 - 5.0 µm wide, densely interwoven, subradially arranged,
often at least partially gelatinized; vascular hyphae 2.0± µm wide, occasionally branching,
sinuous, infrequent. PILEUS CONTEXT: branching, undifferentiated, filamentous to
inflated hyphae, 2.1 - 16.1 µm wide, interwoven; acrophysalides to 63 × 26 µm; branching,
vascular hyphae 2.1 - 12.2 µm wide, plentiful. LAMELLA TRAMA: bilateral; wcs = ? µm;
subhymenial base containing branching hyphae and intercalary inflated cells (clavate to
ellipsoid, up to 28 × 16.8 [28.4 - 69 × 17.6 - 45 µm] µm), with elements diverging at angles
up to ?°; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.5 - 14.0 µm wide, ?; divergent, terminal,
inflated cells not observed; vascular hyphae 2.8 - 6.6 µm wide, branching, common. SUB-
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Amanita
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Vaginatae
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HYMENIUM: wst-near = (10-) 15 - 25 µm; wst-far = (40-) 50 - 55 µm; branching structure of
short uninflated or partially inflated hyphal segments and occasional inflated cells, with
basidia arising from elements of all types (least often from inflated cells). BASIDIA: (41-)
49 - 63 × 12.6 - 16.8 (-21) µm, clavate to broadly clavate, 4-spored to rarely 1- or 2-spored,
thin-walled; no clamps seen. UNIVERSAL VEIL: On stipe base, exterior surface: occasionally with somewhat scattered remnant patches of a layer (one or two hyphal diameters
thick) of longitudinally arranged, undifferentiated, filamentous hyphae up to 7 µm wide.
On stipe base, interior: tissue becoming slightly denser toward inner surface; filamentous,
undifferentiated hyphae 2.1 - 5.6 (-7.0) µm wide, branching, interwoven loosely, sometimes
anastomosing; inflated cells plentiful, globose to subglobose to ellipsoid, terminal singly or
(occasionally) in chains of two (rarely three), often with colorless partially inflated subterminal segment (holotype), difficult to reinflate in older specimens, 19 - 45 (-60) × 15 - 39 (46) µm, with walls thin to slightly thickened; vascular hyphae up to 10.5 µm wide, branching, scattered, singly or in tangled clusters; no clamps seen. On stipe base, inner surface:
occasionally having remnants such as those on exterior surface, but here gelatinizing or
nearly entirely gelatinized. STIPE CONTEXT: longitudinally acrophysalidic; branching,
filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.8 - 5.6 µm wide; acrophysalides very long and narrow to 635 × 50 µm; vascular hyphae 5.6 - 9.1 µm wide, occasional, branching; no clamps
observed. All tissues pale yellow in ammonium hydroxide.
BASIDIOSPORES: [645/33/25] (8.0-) 9.1 - 12.1 (-15.4) × (7.0-) 8.4 - 11.5 (-15.4) µm, (L =
(9.5-) 9.8 - 11.4 (-11.7) µm; L' = 10.6 µm; W = (8.7-) 9.0 - 10.6 (-10.8) µm; W' = 10.0 µm; Q =
1.0 - 1.14 (-1.26); Q = 1.04 - 1.09 (-1.10); Q' = 1.06), inamyloid, thin-walled, hyaline, globose
to subglobose to occasionally broadly ellipsoid, frequently slightly adaxially flattened; contents guttulate; apiculus sublateral to rarely lateral, truncate conic to cylindric, can be
rather large relative to spore size; white in deposit.
Habitat and distribution: Solitary to occasionally subgregarious, at 10-1,000+ m elev.
Maine, U.S.A.: In mixed woods of Abies, Picea, and Thuja (Bigelow 3963). Massachusetts,
U.S.A.: In thin layer of damp loam over rock in moss under A. balsamea (Tulloss 8-17-86-A)
A. sinicoflava - 4
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Amanita
section
Vaginatae
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A. sinicoflava - 5
or in loam under Acer, Fraxinus, Betula papyrifera, and scattered Fagus grandifolia
(Tulloss 8-15-86-C). Michigan, U.S.A.: In Tsuga canadensis and northern hardwoods forest (Shaffer 3783). New Jersey, U.S.A.: With B. lutea f., T. canadensis, Tilia sp., and
Ulmus sp. (Tulloss 6-15-85-A, 10-6-85-A, -E) or in typical Quercus-Pinus rigida barrens
(Tulloss 8-28-85-D) or in sandy soil of woods dominated by Acer rubrum, Q. alba, Q. velutina, Rhododendron, and Spirea (Tulloss 8-28-85-F). New York, U.S.A.: In duff over acid,
glacial out-wash sands under T. canadensis, F. grandifolia, and Prunus sp. (Tulloss 8-2287-E) or in wet loam in mixed deciduous woods composed of Acer sp., Carya sp., Quercus
coccinea and Q. rubra (Tulloss 8-18-86-C). West Virginia, U.S.A.: At 990 m elev. In moist
loam of mixed forest locally dominated by F. grandifolia, T. canadensis, A. balsamea, and
Acer (Tulloss 8-31-96-A).
Collections examined: U.S.A.: MAINE—Aroostook Co. - ca. Guerrette, “state game preserve,” 13.vii.1956 H. E. Bigelow 3963 (MICH). Cumberland Co. - Wolf Neck St. Pk.,
16.x.1988 Moselio Schaechter s.n. [Tulloss 10-16-88-MS1]. [Hancock Co. - W of Pickerel
Pond, 11.viii.1991 Stachula s.n. [Tulloss 8-11-91-E]. Penobscot Co. - University of Maine,
12.viii.1991 NEMF participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-12-91-C.] MASSACHUSETTS—Berkshire
Co. - Adams, M. A. King & R. E. Tulloss 8-15-86-C (paratype, L); Balance Rock St. Pk.,
15.viii.1986 R. Roper s.n. [Tulloss 8-15-86-L] (paratype); Cheshire, Camp Mohawk,
15.viii.1986 S. Sheine s.n. [Tulloss 8-15-86-F] (paratype); Mt. Greylock summit, R. E.
Tulloss 8-17-86-A (paratype). Border Hampshire & Hampden Cos. - Mt. Tom St. Res.,
27.ix.1986 Ellen Greer s.n. [Tulloss 9-27-86-EG8] (paratype). MICHIGAN—Marquette Co.
- Sullivan Creek area, 12.vii.1968 N. Smith & T. Gilliam [TG 165] (MICH). Ontonagon Co.
- Porcupine Mtns. St. Pk., Government Peak Trail, 24.viii.1962 R. L. Shaffer 3783 (MICH
as “A. vaginata”). [MINNESOTA—?. NEW HAMPSHIRE—Hillsborough Co. - Harris Center, 18.viii.1989 NEMF participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-18-89-C].] NEW JERSEY—Mercer Co. Hopewell, R. E. Tulloss 7-6-81-B (paratype), 7-7-81-C (paratype), 7-18-84-D (paratype).
Monmouth Co. - Shark River Co. Pk., 8.vii.1984 Susan Hopkins s.n. [Tulloss 7-8-84-F]
(paratype), R. E. Tulloss 8-28-85-D (paratype), 8-28-85-F (paratype), Bruce Vansant s.n.
[Tulloss 8-3-86-H] (paratype). Sussex Co. - Stokes St. For., M. A. King & R. E. Tulloss
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Amanita
section
Vaginatae
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6-15-85-A (paratype); Stokes St. For., Kittle Field Recreation Area, 6.x.1985 NJMA member s.n. [Tulloss 10-6-85-A] (holotype, NY)[, M. A. & R. E. Tulloss 9-28-97-A]; Wallpack
Center, 6.x.1985 Neal Macdonald s.n. [Tulloss 10-6-85-E] (paratype). NEW YORK—Essex
Co. - North Elba, 21.viii.1987 NEMF participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-21-87-L] (paratype, DTJ).
Franklin Co. - Floodwood, 22.viii.1987 Joe Arnold s.n. [Tulloss 8-22-87-E] (paratype); Harrietstown, 21.viii.1987 Smith s.n. [Tulloss 8-21-87-K] (paratype, DTJ). Hamilton Co. Raquette Lake, 21.viii.1987 Bill Roody s.n. [Tulloss 8-21-87-N] (paratypes: RET; TBORG;
XAL). Otsego Co. - Arnold St. For., 16.viii.1985 R. M. Fatto s.n. [Tulloss 8-16-85-C]
(paratype). Schenectady Co. - Mariaville, M. A. King & R. E. Tulloss 8-18-86-C (paratype).
PENNSYLVANIA—Pike Co. - Pocono Environmental Educ. Ctr., M. A. King & R. E.
Tulloss 6-20-81-A (paratype), 6-20-81-H (paratype)[, 24.vi.1989 Hanna Tschekunow s.n.
[Tulloss 6-24-89-B]]. VERMONT—Bennington? Co. - NEMF '81 site, 30.viii.1981 NEMF
participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-30-81-A] (paratype). Pownal Co. - NEMF '81 site, 29.viii.1981
NEMF participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-29-81-D] (paratype). VIRGINIA—Grayson Co. - Grayson
Highlands St. Pk., Cabin Crk. Tr., 9.ix.1986 Robert S. Williams 323 (paratype).[ WEST
VIRGINIA—Tucker Co. - Canaan Valley St. Pk., E. terminus Abe Run Tr., jct. w/ Deer Run
Tr., 31.viii.1996 R. E. Tulloss 8-31-96-A.]
DISCUSSION
Bibliography
There are two taxa which closely resemble A. sinicoflava macroscopically: A. mortenii
Knudsen & Borgen (from Greenland) and A. submembranacea (Bon) Gröger (subalpine,
from Europe).
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Amanita mortenii may be distinguished from A. sinicoflava by the following characters:
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• The occasional presence of small, ochraceous flakes on the exterior, upper surface
of the volval sac.
• Thick-walled, acrophysalides throughout the context of pileus and stipe, lamella
trama, and the universal veil. These are easily seen if the tissue is stained with
A. sinicoflava - 6
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Congo Red and viewed with an oil immersion lens at 1000×. The wall thickness is
1.0-1.2 µm.
• Many thick-walled hyphae throughout the basidiocarp. Often the cell walls of
such hyphae are not as thick as the walls of the inflated cells.
• A cellular subhymenium.
• Shorter acrophysalides in the stipe context.
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• A thicker pileipellis.
• Generally narrower and possibly more plentiful, vascular hyphae.
• Basidia slightly longer.
• Spores slightly larger.
Amanita submembranacea may be distinguished from A. sinicoflava by the following characters:
• In the volva of A. submembranacea, a broken, thin fibrillose-felted to submembra-
nous outer layer is visible to the naked eye in many, well-preserved exsiccata; remnants of the outer layer superimposed on the grayish unbroken inner volval layer
may give the appearance of bits of flaking paint on old canvas. This character is
completely absent in A. sinicoflava.
• The spores of A. submembranacea are about the same size as, or slightly larger
than, those found in A. sinicoflava. Spores of “A. subalpina” may be as large as 1217 × 12-15 µm (Moser, 1983).
• A cellular subhymenium.
• Shorter acrophysalides in the stipe context.
• A thicker pileipellis.
A. sinicoflava - 7
• Slightly longer basidia in most specimens.
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Vaginatae
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A. sinicoflava - 8
In addition to the two taxa examined in detail above, there are a number of others which
require mention because of some similarity to A. sinicoflava. The fungus illustrated as A.
strangulata (Fries) Quélet by Merlo & Traverso (1983) has pileus coloration which is similar to, although paler than, that of A. sinicoflava. This European entity is distinguishable—at least by its larger spores (12-14 µm in diameter) and its smaller ratio of striation
length to pileus radius.
The literature contains five other taxa in Amanita section Vaginatae with globose cells
dominant in the universal veil and globose to subglobose spores. The universal veil in A.
sinicoflava is similar to that of A. ceciliae of Europe (Corner & Bas, 1962 and Bas, 1984)
and “A. inaurata” sensu Peck of North America (description and discussion under A. ceciliae (Jenkins, 1986)). However, A. sinicoflava can be distinguished from either of these
fungi by its pileus with olive tones, a smaller habit, and a commonly more robust universal
veil frequently appearing as a constricted, saccate volva on the stipe base rather than as
warts on the pileus which latter occurrence is more common in A. ceciliae and “A. inaurata”
sensu Peck The acrophysalides in the stipe of A. sinicoflava are up to twice as long as those
of “A. inaurata” sensu Peck (Jenkins, 1986). Amanita cinctipes Corner & Bas (Corner &
Bas, 1962) of southeast Asia has a universal veil similar to that of A. ceciliae, but sometimes appearing in small pyramidal warts on the pileus; its spores are reported to be
smaller than those found in A. sinicoflava; A. cinctipes lacks an umbo; and its coloration is
said to tend to grayish tones. Amanita craseoderma Bas (Bas, 1978) of the Amazon region
has even smaller spores than A. cinctipes, a “very dark brownish grey” pileus, and considerably narrower basidia than A. sinicoflava. The pileus of A. craseoderma lacks an umbo.
Amanita groenlandica Bas ex Knudsen & Borgen has a larger pileus than A. sinicoflava
with shorter (0.1-0.2R) marginal striations, no umbo, and frequently a patch or patches of
universal veil. Knudsen & Borgen (1987) also describe A. groenlandica as “relatively shortstemmed” and robust—another difference.
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Three additional Western Hemisphere species of Amanita exhibit a universal veil somewhat similar to that in A. sinicoflava—A. antillana Dennis of Trinidad (Dennis, 1952 and
Bas, 1978), A. coacta Bas of the Amazon region (Bas, 1978), and A. constricta Thiers &
Ammirati of California (Thiers & Ammirati, 1982). However, all exhibit an average Q
greater than that (1.06) seen in A. sinicoflava—1.2 in A. antillana, 1.3 in A. coacta, and
approximately 1.2 in A. constricta. The closest of these to A. sinicoflava is the last named
which can have a submembranous universal veil; however, A. constricta is further distinguished from A. sinicoflava by a gray-brown to hair brown pileus, red staining in the universal veil when moist, and striations that represent only about 0.2R (Thiers & Ammirati,
1982).
It should be noted that the collections of A. sinicoflava made in the Coastal Plain ecological
region (those from New Jersey's Mercer and Monmouth counties) had, with but one exception, smaller spores than all other collections examined. I conjecture that this is due, at
least in part, to the rapid loss of surface moisture due to the soil of the Monmouth County
collection region being entirely composed of sand. Unlike many radicating species of
Amanita section Lepidella which occur in the Coastal Plain, basidiocarps of A. sinicoflava
sit high in the soil—even to the extent of the volval sac being almost entirely above ground.
This fact can be confirmed even in exsiccata because one finds fragments of leaves (and
almost no sand at all) attached to the surface of the very bottom of the stipe.
In the field in eastern North America, A. sinicoflava is distinguished from taxa close to A.
vaginata (Bull. per Fr.) Vittadini and A. fulva by pileus coloration. Moreover, these taxa
do not exhibit the graying, submembranous to membranous volval sac of A. sinicoflava.
The prominent orange-rusty stains frequently found on the volva of A. fulva do not occur in
A. sinicoflava. —R. E. Tulloss
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A. sinicoflava - 9
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A. vaginata sensu auct. amer. - 1
Amanita vaginata sensu lato
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w.
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A. sp. S3 - 1
Amanita sp. S3
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w.
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A. sp. V3 - 1
Amanita sp. V3
Note: Often wrongly determined to be Amanita
ceciliae (B. & Br.) Bas, a Eurasian species.
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION: Amanita sp. V3 has a 55 82 mm wide, brown to pale brown cap that is often
darkest in the center. Sometimes the margin is
very pallid. Grooves run inward from the cap edge
for about one-third of the radius. Warts or small
patches of pallid to grayish volva are often left on
the cap, but can be washed off easily by rain. This
mushroom has a whitish stem (85 - 106 × 6 - 10
mm) decorated with bits of pallid to grayish volva.
The stem lacks both a membranous ring and a
bulb. Sometimes the volval remnants form a narrow ring near the stem base. The gills of this species turn grayer as the mushroom ages. The very
plentiful short gills appear squarely cut off on the
end nearest the stem. The spore print is white.
The species is probably symbiotic with oak, beech,
and conifers and is distributed widely in the northeastern and north central United States and, probably, in southeastern Canada—fruiting from late
June to October. It is expected to be found in the
Park. —R. E. Tulloss.
3. Amanita sp. V3
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=Amanita ceciliae sensu auct. amer. orient.
non Amanita ceciliae (B. & Br.) Bas. 1984. Persoonia 12: 192.
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TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION (incomplete).
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A. sp. V3 - 2
PILEUS: 55 - 82 mm wide, pallid brown with umbrinous tint (5B3 or 6C3—washed out
brown, not tan) or grayish brown with disc browner (becoming darker with age?), sometimes pale cream over marginal striations, broadly campanulate, tacky to subviscid, subshiny to slightly metallic; context white, sordid under pileipellis in disc, not changing when
cut or bruised, ? mm thick at stipe, thinning evenly for half distance to margin, then membranous; margin striate (0.2 - 0.4R), nonappendiculate; universal veil as warts and small or
(occasionally) large patches with pallid edges, whitish at first, then gray to grayish brown
to dark gray to blackish gray, floccose-subpulverulent, detersile; pileipellis apparently very
thin.
LAMELLAE: free, lacking decurrent line on stipe apex, close to subcrowded, off-white
(near stipe) and sordid (near pileus margin) or entirely sordid white in mass, sordid white
(near stipe) and pale gray (near pileus margin) or entirely sordid white in side view, graying with age, 10± mm broad, with white or whitish and minutely flocculose edge; lamellulae truncate, of widely varying lengths, plentiful, unevenly distributed.
STIPE: 85 - 106 × 6 - 10 mm, white to off-white, becoming faintly brownish from handling,
narrowing upward, not flaring at apex, with white to grayish flocculence in upper half,
with appressed silky patches below becoming dark fibrils on pallid ground, very base with
white appressed cottony surface and short white pseudorhizae; context white, not changing
when cut or bruised, hollow with central cylinder ? mm wide containing sparse white cottony material; exannulate; universal veil in loose patches easily left in soil, located against
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A. sp. V3 - 3
stipe 10± mm from base, pale gray to gray, not plentiful or as dark gray ring above white,
“strangulate” zone.
Odor none. Taste pleasant, slightly nutlike.
MACROCHEMICAL TESTS: none recorded.
PILEIPELLIS: ? µm thick, with strongly gelatinized surface; filamentous, undifferentiated
hyphae 1.8 - 7.2 µm wide, dominantly subradially oriented, densely packed, light yellowish
brown in mass; vascular hyphae 1.8 - 16.5 µm wide, rather common, prominent, yellow to
yellow-brown, including occasional coils and twists, infrequently branching. PILEUS
CONTEXT: filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae ? µm wide, ?; acrophysalides ?; vascular
hyphae ? µm wide, ?. LAMELLA TRAMA: bilateral; wcs = 30 - 55 µm; subhymenial base
containing inflated cells (e.g., 24 × 21 µm, thin-walled, subglobose to elongate), with angle
of divergence ?; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae ? µm wide, ?, with inflated intercalary segments (e.g., 54 × 21 µm) in central stratum, with subhymenial base including uninflated and partially inflated hyphal segments, and inflated intercalary cells dominantly
divergent at angles between 30° and 60°, with the divergent inflated cells subfusiform to
ellipsoid to ovoid to broadly clavate (up to 82 × 33 µm, but most smaller than 55 × 28 µm)
and with walls up to ? µm thick; divergent, terminal inflated cells not observed; vascular
hyphae ? µm wide, ?. SUBHYMENIUM: wst-near = 15 - 40 µm; wst-far = 35 - 60 µm; consisting of 3± inflated cells or uninflated or partially inflated hyphal segments arranged in
branching structure with those nearest bases of basidia having major diameter perpendicular to central stratum, with basidia arising (terminally or laterally?) from uninflated or
partially inflated short hyphal segments or (terminally) from branched elements or from
small inflated cells. BASIDIA: 40 - 69 × 11.6 - 16.5 µm, 4-sterigmate; clamps not?
observed. UNIVERSAL VEIL: On pileus: with all elements eventually collapsing and gelatinizing; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.2 - 7.8 µm wide, plentiful to locally dominant, loosely interwoven, frequently branching, often with yellowish (sometimes rather
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A. sp. V3 - 4
sordid yellow) subrefractive walls, with walls thin to (often) 0.5 µm thick; inflated cells
hyaline, colorless to (more commonly) pale brown at first (brown in mass), then colorless to
pale yellowish to pale grayish to pale brown to yellowish brown to brown, plentiful to
locally dominant [in immature specimen (Stephenson 93-04), strongly dominant], terminal, singly or (occasionally) in chains of two, globose to subglobose to subpyriform to ovoid
to ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid to broadly clavate to clavate to peanut-shaped, up to 64 × 52
µm (but with major diameter rarely > 55 µm), with walls thin or up to 1.0 µm thick (not
easily noted once gelatinization begun); vascular hyphae very infrequent or absent, 2.8 6.3 µm wide, otherwise like those of pileipellis. From ring on stipe base: as on pileus,
except having slightly larger proportion of filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae and somewhat smaller inflated cells. From patch on stipe: as on pileus, with inflated cells up to 66 ×
56 µm. STIPE CONTEXT: longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous, undifferentiated
hyphae ? µm wide, ?; acrophysalides ?; vascular hyphae 6.3 - 10.5 µm wide, branching,
common (at least near surface).
BASIDIOSPORES: [80/4/4] (7.7-) 9.4 - 12.0 (-14.2) × (7.0-) 8.8 - 11.2 (-13.5) µm, (L = 10.0 11.0 µm; L’ = 10.5 µm; W = 9.3 - 10.5 µm; W’ = 10.0 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.02 - 1.11 (-1.12); Q =
1.04 - 1.07; Q’ = 1.06), hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, inamyloid, globose to subglobose,
adaxially flattened; apiculus sublateral to nearly lateral, cylindric; prominent (up to 3.2 ×
3.0 µm); contents monoguttulate with numerous small additional granules; white in
deposit.
Habitat and distribution: Solitary to subgregarious. New Jersey: In wet loam of mixed
deciduous forest including Acer, Betula, Carpinus caroliniana, Carya ovata, Fagus grandifolia, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Quercus. Virginia: In moist loamy clay of road bank
under Q. alba, Q. sp. (of scarlet oak/pin oak group), Pinus strobus, P. virginiana, and Cornus florida. West Virginia: At 900 - 1220 m elev. In hardwood forest or in forest of mixed
Quercus spp. and other hardwoods or in old growth Abies forest with Betula lutea f. or in
wet soil of mixed forest including Tsuga canadensis, F. grandifolia, Picea rubens, Betula,
Acer, etc.
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Amanita
section
Vaginatae
Collections examined: U.S.A.: CONNECTICUT—Tolland Co. - Gay City St. Pk., R. E.
Tulloss 8-31-97-Na, -Nb. MASSACHUSETTS—Worcester Co. - Worcester, Broad Meadow
Brook Wildlife Sanctuary, 13.viii.1993 Joe Arnold s.n. [Tulloss 8-13-93-A]. NEW JERSEY—Monmouth Co. - Shark R. Co. Pk., C. Conover, S. E. K. & R. E. Tulloss [Tulloss] 830-98-C. Warren Co. - Stephens St. Pk., 4.viii.1996 NJMA foray participant s.n. [Tulloss 84-86-K]. VIRGINIA—Bath Co. - Douthat St. Pk., R. E. Tulloss 6-16-92-A. WEST VIRGINIA—Berkeley Co. - Hedgeville, “Sleepy Hollow,” 1.viii.1976 U. Weiss s.n. (BPI
14460B). Marion Co. - Mill Fall Run, 5.x.1993 S. L. Stephenson & D. Binion [Stephenson]
93-04 (FWVA). Randolph Co. - Gaudineer Scenic Area, 26.ix.1992 R. P. Bhatt, S. L.
Stephenson & A. Kumar A6 (FWVA). Tucker Co. - Canaan Valley St. Pk., Abe Run Tr., ca.
E terminus & jct. w/ Deer Run Tr., R. E. Tulloss 6-25-96-A.
—R. E. Tulloss.
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A. sp. V3 - 5
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Taxa of Amanita section Lepidella in Park
Amanita abrupta Peck (t.b.w.)
Amanita altifissura Jenkins (t.b.w.)
Amanita atkinsoniana Coker (t.b.w.)
Amanita
section
Lepidella
Amanita canescens Jenkins (t.b.w.)
Amanita chlorinosma (Austin) Lloyd (t.b.w.)
Amanita cinereoconia Atk. f. cinereoconia (t.b.w.)
Amanita cinereopannosa Bas (t.b.w.)
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List of Lepidella
Key to Sections
Amanita cokeri (E. J. Gilb. & Kühner) E. J. Gilb. (t.b.w.)
Amanita crassifolia Bas (t.b.w.)
Section List
Amanita daucipes (Mont.) Lloyd (t.b.w.)
Bibliography
Amanita hesleri Bas (t.b.w.)
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Amanita inodora (Murr.) Bas (t.b.w.)
Amanita longipes Bas ex Tulloss & Jenkins (t.b.w.)
Amanita marginata Jenkins (t.b.w.)
sect. Lepidella - 1
Amanita microlepis Bas (t.b.w.)
Amanita nitida sensu Coker (t.b.w.)
GSMNP
ATBI
Amanita onusta (Howe) Sacc. (t.b.w.)
Amanita pelioma Bas (t.b.w.)
Amanita polypyramis (B. & C.) Sacc. (t.b.w.)
Amanita praelongispora (Murr.) Murr. (t.b.w.)
Amanita
section
Lepidella
Amanita ravenelii (B. & C.) Sacc. (t.b.w.)
Amanita rhoadsii (Murr.) Murr. (t.b.w.)
Amanita rhopalopus Bas f. rhopalopus (t.b.w.)
Amanita rhopalopus f. turbinata Bas (t.b.w.)
Key to Lepidella
List of Lepidella
Amanita roanokensis Coker (t.b.w.)
Key to Sections
Amanita tephrea Bas nom. prov. (t.b.w.)
Section List
Amanita sp. S2 (t.b.w.)
Bibliography
Back to Top
sect. Lepidella - 2
Key to Amanita section Lepidella in the Park
T.b.w.
3
GSMNP
ATBI
Taxa of Amanita section Amidella in Park
Amanita peckiana C. H. Kauffm. in Peck (t.b.w.)
Amanita volvata (Peck) Lloyd
Amanita sp. 41
Amanita
section
Amidella
Key to Amidella
List of Amidella
Key to Sections
Section List
Bibliography
Back to Top
sect. Amidella - 1
Amanita sp. 50 (t.b.w.)
Amanita sp. N39 (t.b.w.)
GSMNP
ATBI
Amanita
section
Amidella
Key to Amidella
List of Amidella
Key to Sections
Section List
Bibliography
Back to Top
sect. Amidella - 2
Key to Amanita section Amidella in the Park
T.b.w.
GSMNP
ATBI
Amanita
section
Amidella
Key to Amidella
List of Amidella
Key to Sections
Section List
Bibliography
Back to Top
A. volvata - 1
Amanita volvata (Peck) Lloyd
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w.
GSMNP
ATBI
Amanita
section
Amidella
Key to Amidella
List of Amidella
Key to Sections
Section List
Bibliography
Back to Top
A. sp. 41 - 1
Amanita sp. 41
BRIEF DESCRIPTION: T.b.w.
GSMNP
ATBI
Taxa of Amanita section Phalloideae in Park
Amanita bisporigera Atk. (t.b.w.)
Amanita brunnescens Atk.1 (t.b.w.)
Amanita citrina sensu auct. amer.1 (t.b.w.)
Amanita
section
Phalloideae
Amanita citrina f. lavendula (Coker) Veselý1 (t.b.w.)
Amanita gwyniana Coker (t.b.w.)
Amanita hygroscopica Coker (t.b.w.)
Amanita longitibiale Tulloss, Pérez-Silva & Herrera (t.b.w.)
Key to Phalloideae
List of Phalloideae
Amanita magnivelaris Peck (t.b.w.)
Key to Sections
Amanita pseudoverna (Murr.) Murr. (t.b.w.)
Section List
Amanita virosa sensu auct. amer. (t.b.w.)
Bibliography
Amanita virosa sensu Coker (t.b.w.)
Back to Top
Amanita sp. S4 (t.b.w.)
Amanita sp. S9 (t.b.w.)
sect. Lepidella - 1
1
Recent DNA sequencing work indicates this species might best be placed in section Validae.
GSMNP
ATBI
Amanita
section
Phalloideae
Key to Phalloideae
List of Phalloideae
Key to Sections
Section List
Bibliography
Back to Top
sect. Lepidella - 2
Key to Amanita section Phalloideae in the Park
T.b.w.
GSMNP
ATBI
Taxa of Amanita section Validae in Park
Amanita excelsa sensu Coker (t.b.w.)
Amanita excelsa sensu Jenkins (t.b.w.)
Amanita flavoconia Atk. var. flavoconia (t.b.w.)
Amanita
section
Validae
Amanita flavorubens (B. & Mont.) Sacc. (t.b.w.)
Amanita franchetii sensu Jenkins (t.b.w.)
Amanita rubescens sensu auct. amer. (t.b.w.)
Amanita rubescens (Pers.:Fr.) Per. var. alba Coker (t.b.w.)
Key to Validae
List of Validae
Amanita salmonescens Tulloss (t.b.w.)
Key to Sections
Amanita spissa sensu Coker (t.b.w.)
Section List
Amanita spissa var. alba Coker non Rick etc. (t.b.w.)
Bibliography
Amanita submaculata Peck (t.b.w.)
Back to Top
Amanita sp. 18 (t.b.w.)
Amanita sp. N5 (t.b.w.)
sect. Validae - 1
GSMNP
ATBI
Amanita
section
Validae
Key to Validae
List of Validae
Key to Sections
Section List
Bibliography
Back to Top
sect. Validae - 2
Key to Amanita section Validae in the Park
T.b.w.
GSMNP
ATBI
Bibliography
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Amanita Pers.
(Amanitaceae)
Key to Sections
Section List
Top of Bibliography
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_____, _____, _____, P. Fuentes, J. Bonavides, H. Galicia, E. Menéndez, O. Aguilar and V.
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GSMNP
ATBI
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Amanita Pers.
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Key to Sections
Section List
Top of Bibliography
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GSMNP
ATBI
Amanita Pers.
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_____. 1934. Toadstools and mushrooms and other larger fungi of South Australia. Harrison Weir, Adelaide. 178 pp.
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_____. 1927. New or noteworthy basidiomycetes. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 43: 129-145.
Key to Sections
Section List
Top of Bibliography
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Cole, M., B. Fuhrer & A. Holland. 1984. A Field Guide to the Common Genera of Gilled
Fungi in Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne. revised edition. 11 pp. & pl.
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GSMNP
ATBI
Amanita Pers.
(Amanitaceae)
Key to Sections
Section List
Top of Bibliography
Back to Top
Gispert, M., O. Nava and J. Cifuentes. 1984. Comparative study of the popular knowledge
of macrofungi in two human communities from Sierra del Ajusco, Mexico. Bol. Soc. Mex.
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_____. 1981. Distribution of Amanita nauseosa. Mycotaxon 12: 522-524.
_____. 1982. New species of fungi from the Yucatan Peninsula. Mycotaxon 16: 249-262.
_____. 1983. Los hongos de la península de Yucatán. II. Nuevas exploraciones y adiciones
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_____. 1987. A special case of a mortal poisoning by mushrooms in the State of Veracruz
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_____ and L. Villarreal. 1984. Studies of fungi, lichens and myxomycetes from Cofre de
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107-124.
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GSMNP
ATBI
Hutchison, L. J., R. C. Summerbell and D. W. Malloch. 1988. Additions to the mycota of
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Amanita Pers.
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_____. 1961. On some agarics of Japan 4. Memoirs of Facul. Lib. Arts
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_____. 1967. Notulae Mycologicae (6). Memoirs of Shiga University 17: 89-95.
Key to Sections
_____. 1969. Notes on Japanese larger fungi (20). Journal of Japanese Botany 44(8): 230238.
Section List
_____. 1970. Notulae Mycologicae (9). Memoirs of Shiga University 20: 49-54.
Top of Bibliography
_____. 1971. Notulae Mycologicae (10). Memoirs of Shiga University 21: 62-68.
Back to Top
_____. 1974. Two new species of Amanita from Castanopsis forests in Japan. Travaux
mycologiques dédiés à R. Kühner. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon: 189-193.
_____. 1974. Notulae mycologicae (13). Memoirs of Shiga University 24: 44-51.
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_____. 1977. Notulae mycologicae (15). Memoirs of Shiga University 27: 20-25.
_____. 1978. Materials for the fungus flora of Japan (28). Transactions of the Mycological
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_____. 1982. The amanitas of Japan. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 33: 116-126.
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_____. 1983. Notulae mycologicae (18). Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Shiga University, Natural Science 33: 37-41.
GSMNP
ATBI
Amanita Pers.
(Amanitaceae)
_____ and K. Yokoyama. 1978. Mycofloristic ties of Japan to the continents. Memoirs of
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_____. 1938. Studies in the Agaricaceae of Hokkaido. I. Journal Fac. Agri. Hokkaido Imperial University 43: 1-31.
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viii+181 pp.
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Key to Sections
Section List
Top of Bibliography
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_____ and _____. 1987. Colored illustrations of mushrooms of Japan 1. (Hoikusha, Osaka).
viii+325 pp., 72 pl. [In Japanese.]
_____, Y. Otani and T. Hongo. 1988. Fungi of Japan. (Yama-Kei, Tokyo). 624 pp. [In Japanese.]
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ATBI
_____. 1978a. A study of Amanita types. I. Taxa described by C. H. Peck. Mycotaxon 7 2344.
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_____. 1986. Amanita of North America (Mad River, Eureka). 1998 pp.
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Knudsen, H. and T. Borgen. 1987. Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, Gomphidiaceae,
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ATBI
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Key to Sections
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ATBI
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ATBI
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Key to Sections
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GSMNP
ATBI
Amanita Pers.
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Key to Sections
Section List
Top of Bibliography
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ATBI
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ATBI
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