BIO RESERVES IN US

BIO RESERVES IN US
US BIO RESERVES
There are 47 OTHER locations in America
designated as UN Biosphere Reserves, which are vast
parcels of land set aside for conservation and
scientific study.
IN OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK
OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK
 Olympic national park is a United States
national park located in the state of
Washington, in the Olympic peninsula. The
park has four basic regions: the pacific
coastline, alpine areas, the west side temperate
rainforest and the forests of the drier east side.
 The coastal portion of the park is a rugged, sandy
beach along with a strip of adjacent forest. It is 60
miles (97 km) long but just a few miles wide, with
native communities at the mouths of two rivers.
The Hoh River and the Quileute River .
 There are thick groves of tree adjacent to sand.
The park is known for its unique turbidities' and
mélanges.
GLACIATED MOUNTAIN
Within the center of Olympic National Park rise
the Olympic Mountains whose sides and
ridgelines are topped with massive,
ancient glaciers.
 The western half of the range is dominated by the
peak of Mount Olympus.
TEMPERATE RAINFOREST
The western side of the park is mantled
by temperate rainforests, including the Hoh
Rainforest and Quinault Rainforest.
VALLEY
Valleys on the eastern side of the park
also have notable old-growth forest, but
the climate is notably drier.
FLORA AND FAUNA
 Many endemic plant and
species like the, Piper's
bellflower and Flett's violet
are seen here.
It also provides habitat for
many species like
the Roosevelt elk, black bears
and black tailed deer's that are
native only to the Pacific
Northwest coast.
IN MAMMOTH CAVE
MAMMOTH CAVE
Mammoth Cave National Park preserves the cave
system and a part of the Green River valley and
hilly country of south central Kentucky. This is the
world's longest known cave system, with more
than 400 miles explored. Early guide Stephen
Bishop called the cave a "grand, gloomy and
peculiar place," but its vast chambers and
complex labyrinths have earned its name Mammoth.
FAUNA
The following species of bats inhabit the
caverns: Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis), Gray
bat (Myotis grisescens),Little brown bat (Myotis
lucifugus), Big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), and
the Eastern pipistrelle bat (Pipistrellus
subflavus).
Other animals which inhabit the caves
include: Two genera of crickets (Hadenoecus
subterraneus) and (Ceuthophilus stygius),
a cave salamander (Eurycea lucifuga), two
genera of eyeless cave fish (Typhlichthys
subterraneus) and (Amblyopsis spelaea),
a cave crayfish (Orconectes pellucidus), and a
cave shrimp (Palaemonias ganteri).
IN YELLOWSTONE
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL
PARK
Yellowstone National Park is a
nearly 3,500-sq.-mile wilderness
recreation area atop a volcanic hot
spot. Mostly in Wyoming, the park
spreads into parts of Montana and
Idaho too. Yellowstone features
dramatic canyons, alpine rivers, lush
forests, hot springs and gushing
geysers, including its most famous,
Old Faithful. It's also home to
hundreds of animal species, including
bears, wolves, bison, elk and
antelope.
FLORA
•Over 1,700 species of trees and other vascular
plants are native to the park. Another 170
species are considered to be exotic species and
are non-native.
• The Yellowstone Sand Verbena is a rare
flowering plant found only in Yellowstone.
•In Yellowstone's hot waters, bacteria form
mats of bizarre shapes consisting of trillions
of individuals. These bacteria are some of the
most primitive life forms on earth.
FAUNA
Yellowstone is widely
considered to be the finest
mega fauna wildlife habitat
in the lower 48 states. There
are almost 60 species of
mammals in the park,
including the gray wolf, the
threatened lynx, and grizzly
bears.
BIO RESERVES IN UK
UK BIO RESERVES
In 1998, a review of 13
biosphere reserves designated in
the UK at that time, was
commissioned by the
Department of Environment,
Food and Agriculture Affairs.
These reserves were all national
nature reserves, which were
designate as biosphere reserves
in 1976-77.
A review recommendations
included a reduction in the
number of biosphere reserves in
the UK to 8 in total.
IN MOOR-HOUSE UPPER TEESDALE
MOOR-HOUSE UPPER TEESDALE
Located on the northern Pennine hills in
northern England, this biosphere reserve
comprises two adjacent areas: Moor House
with Calluneto-Eriophoetum -Sphagnum
blanket bog, which is an uncommon European
habitat, and Upper teesdale which constitutes
typical heather moors, blanket mires, and
acidic grasslands. The area is internationally
important because of its combination of artic,
alpine and continental plant communities.
Flora
Blanket bog(with peat 2-3 m
deep) with vegetation
dominated by Eriophorum
spp. (cotton grass),Calluna
vulgaris (heather), and
Sphagnum moss; montane
heath; calcareous flushes;
wet heath; acid grassland.
FAUNA
Teesdale is not only
important to geologists
and botanists, but also for
its breeding birds:
lapwings sweeping
noisily overhead,
bubbling curlews, red
grouse and the rare
emperor moth.
BEINN EIGHE
BEINN EIGHE
The Beinn Eighe Biosphere Reserve is
on the west coast of Scotland near the
village of Kinlochewe. The biosphere
reserve contains internationally
important pinewoods and rare
mosses, liverwort and lichens. The
terrain ranges from woodland to
montane, between the heights of 12m
to 1000m above sea level
FLORA
The woodland, which is found
below 300m close to loch Maree
and in various isolated gorges,
includes the best remaining
examples of western pinewood in
Britain, and also contains birch,
holly, ivy, rowan, oak, and
juniper. Rare lichens, liverworts
and mosses flourish, from the
mild, damp woodlands up to the
highest peak.
FAUNA
Below the tree line, pine
marten, Scottish crossbill and
northern emerald dragonfly
make their home in the
ancient pinewoods, whilst
otters and black throated
divers can be seen where the
Reserve meets the water of
Loch Maree.
IN GALLOWAY & SOUTH
AYRSHIRE
GALLOWAY & SOUTH
AYRSHIRE
Cairnsmore of fleet and Silver flowe are
National Nature Reserves and Merrick
Kells is a Site of Special Scientific Interest
but together they form the core areas of the
newly designated biosphere reserves.
FLORA
•There are several rare species
including hawkweed, downy
willow, alpine sawort, purple
saxifrage, and a localized
species of liverwort and the
silky swan neck moss.
•Carnivorous plants, such as the
round leaved sundew and
common butterwort, are found
on the blanket bog.
FAUNA
Dragonflies and damselflies can
be seen hunting along the banks
of the River Fleet or over bog
pools, including the rare azure
hawker dragonfly, small pearlbordered fritillary, large heath
and broad- boardered white
underwing and a montane moth
species associated with woolly
fringe moss heath found at over
600m.
CONSERVATION OF
BIO RESERVES
CONCLUSION
1. Biosphere reserves should encompass a mosaic of ecological systems representative of
major biogeographic regions, including a gradation of human interventions.
2. Biosphere reserves should be significant for biological diversity conservation.
3. Biosphere reserves should provide an opportunity to explore and demonstrate
approaches to sustainable development on a regional scale.
4. Biosphere reserves should have an appropriate size to serve the three functions of
biosphere reserves.
5. Biosphere reserves should include these functions through appropriate zonation.
6. Biosphere reserves should have organizational arrangements for the involvement and
participation of various authorities and groups in carrying out the functions of biosphere
reserves.
7. Biosphere reserves should have provisions for management of human use and activities
in the buffer zones, a management policy or plan for the area of the biosphere reserve, a
designated authority or mechanism to implement this policy or plan, and programs for
research, monitoring, education and training.
THE END