A hoard of Tyrian and Athenian coins from Dalton, Israel

PHÉNICIENS D’ORIENT ET
D’OCCIDENT
MÉLANGES JOSETTE ELAYI
Cahiers de l’Institut du Proche-Orient Ancien du Collège de France (CIPOA)
publiés avec le concours du Collège de France
Directeurs de publication : Jean-Marie DURAND et Thomas RÖMER
Secrétaires de publication : André LEMAIRE,
Bertrand DUFOUR et Fabian PFITZMANN
Couverture et maquette : Antoine JACQUET
© Jean Maisonneuve, avril 2014
ISBN : 978-2-7200-1162-7
Diffusion :
Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient – Editions Jean Maisonneuve
3-bis place de la Sorbonne
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http://www.maisonneuve-adrien.com
Achevé d’imprimer : G.N. Impressions – 31620 Bouloc
Dépôt légal : avril 2014 – Imprimé en France
CAHIERS DE L’INSTITUT DU PROCHE-ORIENT ANCIEN
DU COLLÈGE DE FRANCE
-II-
PHÉNICIENS D’ORIENT ET
D’OCCIDENT
MÉLANGES JOSETTE ELAYI
Edités par André LEMAIRE
Avec la collaboration de Bertrand DUFOUR et Fabian PFITZMANN
Publiés avec le soutien de la Commission des publications
du Collège de France et de l’UMR 7192
Editions Jean Maisonneuve, Paris
2014
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
A. LEMAIRE, Avant-propos : Les études phéniciennes
et Josette Elayi
J.-M. DURAND, Les plus anciennes attestations de la
côte occidentale au Proche-Orient , d’Ebla à Mari
(XXIVe-XVIIIe av. J.-C.)
L. MARTI, Deux têtes coupées en cinq mois : la prise
de Sidon par Assarhaddon
G. ABOUSAMRA, Trois nouvelles jarres phéniciennes
inscrites
B. GOSSE, L’artisanat de Tyr comme modèle de la
sagesse yahviste de Salomon
H. NUTKOWICZ, Quelques notes sur l’image du
prophétisme phénicien dans les récits bibliques :
rites et symboles
P. ABBADIE, Jézabel : une reine de fiction ?
D. NOCQUET, Tarsis, de l’histoire au symbole : un
héritage phénicien et sa tradition littéraire dans
l’Ancien Testament
D. BODI, Les denrées du commerce phénicien à
partir de quelques hapax de l’oracle contre Tyr en
Ez 27
M. RICHELLE, Le portrait changeant du roi de Tyr
(Ezéchiel 28,11-18) dans les traditions textuelles
anciennes
A. LEMAIRE, Trône à kéroubs avec inscription phénicienne
A.C. FARISELLI, Maschere anthropomorfe in terracotta nell’oriente fenicio : reflessioni per la redazione di un corpus
J. GARCÍA RECIO, Ciro, amigo de Dios
A.V. ROSSI, Sul ‘quinto nomos’ erodoteo
CIPOA 2 p. 651-654
© Maisonneuve, Paris, 2014
I -V
1-12
13-30
31-41
43-50
51-61
63-77
79-96
97-112
113-125
127-145
147-167
169-186
187-198
652
PHÉNICIENS D’ORIENT ET D’OCCIDENT
M.-J. ROCHE, Note sur une stèle funéraire féminine
de Tayma’
N. VISMARA, Status quaestionis su Artuḿpara dal
punto di vista della numismatica
P. GUILLAUME, Phoenician coins for Persian wars :
mercenaries, anonymity and the first Phoenician
coinage
J. NURPETLIAN – H. SADER, An eclectic collection of
bronze coins from Tell el-Burak, Lebanon
H. GITLER – O. TAL, A Hoard of Tyrian and Athenian coins from Dalton, Israel
Z.U. MA‘OZ, Origine, chronologie et distribution de
la céramique hellénistique phénicienne noire et
rouge
Y. SHALEV – S. MATSKEVICH, “Bottled on Cyprus”?
Stamped handles with cypro-syllabic signs from
Tel Dor (Israel)
J.-Y. CARREZ-MARATRAY, De la côte phénicienne à
la côte égyptienne, navigations ou divagations ?
S.R. MARTIN, From the East to Greece and back
again : terracotta Gorgon masks in a Phoenician
context
C. BAURAIN, Pausanias, Ἑλλάνων ἀρχαγὸς à Chypre
A. DESTROOPER-GEORGIADES, Un plomb aux types
de grands bronzes de Pumayyaton, roi de Kition
(Chypre) entre 362 et 312 av. J.-C.
M.G. AMADASI GUZZO, Un nouveau mot phénicien à
Idalion
D. VAINSTUB, A Phoenician votive inscription on a
figurine from Stageira and the root ṬN’
C. SAGONA, Phoenician settlement — How it unfolded in Malta
M.A. CHRISTIAN, Mediterranean Grottos and the
Umm el-Amed: coastal shrines and regional inland temples
199-203
205-224
225-232
233-242
243-249
251-262
263-275
277-288
289-299
301-318
319-334
335-344
345-350
351-372
373-392
TABLE DES MATIERES
M. BOTTO, Le oinochoai di tipo “fenicio-cipriota”.
Considerazioni sulla diffusione di una forma vascolare fra oriente e occidente mediterraneo
S.P. BONDI, Per una reconsiderazione della politica
di Cartagine in Italia nel IV secolo a.C.
E. ACQUARO, Il culto di Isi nella comunità punica di
Cartagine
F. BRON, Toponymes et ethniques du Maghreb dans
les inscriptions et sur les monnaies puniques
M. FANTAR, La tombe punique d’Hermaea (Cap
Bon) : un nouveau document d’architecture funéraire
E. LIPIŃSKI, The sanctuary of Henchir el-Hami and
the molk-sacrifice
Z. CHERIF, L’image du vase sur les sèles de Carthage
à l’époque punique
L. NIGRO, Il primo stanziamento fenicio a Mozia:
nuovi dati dall’area sacra del Kothon
G. CAPRIOTTI VITTOZZI, Un vaso litico dall’area
sacra del Kothon di Mozia
C. DEL VAIS – R. DE SIMONE, Una nuova iscrizione
punica su cippo funerario dalla necropoli meridionale di Tharros
M. RENDELI, Sant’Imbenia (Alghero, Sardegna)
C. TRONCHETTI, La facies punica di Nora: la cultura
materiale ceramica
F. GONZÁLEZ DE CANALES CERISOLA, TarshishTartessos, the emporium reached by Kolaios of
Samos
J. FERNÁNDEZ JURADO – C. GARCÍA SANZ, Cambios
en las construcciones de Huelva tras la llegada de
los Fenicios
S. CELESTINO PEREZ, Los primeros Fenicios en
Tartessos
653
393-418
419-427
429-436
437-445
447-458
459-466
467-490
491-504
505-516
517-532
533-548
549-557
559-576
577-585
587-600
654
PHÉNICIENS D’ORIENT ET D’OCCIDENT
F. SALA SELLÉS – L. ABAD CASAL, El litoral de
Alicante : un espacio de encuentros en el sureste
de la península ibérica durante el I milenio a.C.
J.M. GUTIÉRREZ LÓPEZ – M.C. REINOSO DEL RÍO,
A.M. SÁEZ ROMERO, F. GILES PACHECO, J. C.
FINLAYSON, J.A. ZAMORA LÓPEZ, El santurario de
la cueva de Gorham (Gibraltar) : estado de la
cuestión (con la presentación de un nuevo grafito
fenicio)
BIBLIOGRAPHIE DE JOSETTE ELAYI
ABRÉVIATIONS
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
601-618
619-629
631-644
645-650
651-654
A HOARD OF TYRIAN AND ATHENIAN COINS FROM DALTON,
ISRAEL*
Haim GITLER and Oren TAL
The hoard discussed in this paper contains 15 Tyrian sheqels (šqln) and an
Athenian tetradrachm that were found by accident in 19711 in the abandoned
Arab village of Dalata outside the modern cooperative community of Dalton
(Upper Galilee), where a Byzantine-period synagogue was also documented2.
Other documented archaeological sites in the vicinity yielded finds from the
Late Roman, Byzantine, Mamluk and Ottoman periods3, and a recent survey
suggests occupation also in the Chalcolithic period and the Early Bronze
Age4. It is noteworthy that the hoard came from a site where Persian
(Achaemenid)-period remains are yet to be discovered (unless it was not
settled during Persian times). The hoard has been mentioned in several
studies but has never been published in full5. It was included in the recently
published list of hoards containing Tyrian coins6.
* We are indebted to G. FOERSTER for his permission to publish the hoard; Y.
ROSENBERG of R.B.M. Ltd. Control & Mechanization for putting at our disposal the
XRF analyzer and providing the results; and to Y. GOREN and M. PONTING for their
valuable comments on the XRF results.
1
A short note on this discovery was published by G. FOERSTER, “A Hoard of
Silver Coins at Dalton”, Hadashot Arkheologiyot 40, 1971, p. 2 (Hb). It states that the
16 coins were accidently discovered by members of the nearby cooperative community of Dalton. The finding of the coins was not recorded properly but it is very likely
that they came from one hoard given the fact that the Tyrian coins belong to the same
typological group and patinated similarly and are closely dated to the tetradrachm.
2
Z. ILAN, Ancient Synagogues in Israel, Tel Aviv 1991, p. 28 (Hb); a carved
Aramaic dedicatory inscription on the front (18 lines) and rear (2 lines) of the marble
pillar of a chancel screen is assumed to come from the synagogue; for the inscription
cf. also J. NAVEH, On Stone and Mosaic: The Aramaic and Hebrew Inscriptions from
Ancient Synagogues, Jerusalem 1978, p. 144–146, no. 107 (Hb).
3
Cf. H. SMITHLINE, “Har Dalton: Final Report”, Hadashot Arkheologiyot/Excavations and Surveys in Israel 120, 2008, [http://www.hadashotesi.org.il/report_detail_eng.asp?id=878&mag_id=114].
4
Cf. H. BRON, “Har Dalton, Survey: Final Report”, Hadashot Arkheologiyot/Excavations and Surveys in Israel 121, 2009, [http://www.hadashotesi.org.il/report_detail_eng.asp?id=1284&mag_id=115].
5
Cf. e.g. J. ELAYI - A.G. ELAYI, Trésors de monnaies phéniciennes et circulation
monétaire (Ve–IVe siècles avant J.-C.), Trans supplément 1, Paris 1993, p. 240.
6
See J. ELAYI - A.G. ELAYI, The Coinage of the Phoenician City of Tyre in the
Persian Period (5th–4th cent. BC), Studia Phoenicia 20, Leuven 2009, p. 397–402,
esp. 399.
CIPOA 2 p. 243-249
© Maisonneuve, Paris, 2014
244
HAIM GITLER AND OREN TAL
CATALOGUE
1.-15. Tyrian, anepigraphic, sheqels of the Phoenician weight standard
(fig. 1).
Obv. Deity, bearded, riding on seahorse with curled wing, holding reins in
right and an arched bow in left hand, below two lines of waves and dolphin
to right; rounded guilloche border.
Rev. Owl standing to right, head facing, over its left shoulder, crook and
flail; rounded guilloche border7.
1. IAA 8583. 13.36 g. Axis 5. Test cut on reverse.
2. IAA 8584. 13.14 g. Axis 9. The obverse is die-linked with no. 3 (IAA
8585).
3. IAA 8585. 12.82 g. Axis 11. The obverse is die-linked with no. 2 (IAA
8584).8
4. IAA 8586. 12.24 g. Axis 9.
5. IAA 8587. 12.46 g. Axis 12.
6. IAA 8588. 14.08 g. Axis 12.
7. IAA 8589. 12.98 g. Axis 12. Test cut on reverse.
8. IAA 8590. 13.44 g. Axis 6. Intentionally cut.
9. IAA 8591. 13.28 g. Axis 1.
10. IAA 8592. 13.17 g. Axis 6.
11. IAA 8593. 13.48 g. Axis 9.
12. IAA 8594. 12.96 g. Axis 6.
13. IAA 8595. 13.59 g. Axis 12.
14. IAA 8596. 13.37 g. Axis 9.
15. IAA 8597. 13.80 g. Axis 3.
16. Athenian tetradrachm (fig. 1).
Obv. Helmeted Athena to right. Graffito on cheek Γ or L or Semitic gimmel9.
Rev. Owl to right. head facing; in upper left field olive spray and crescent; in
right field AΘE. Incuse10.
16. IAA 8598. 16.95 g. Axis 9.
7
Classification follows J. ELAYI - A.G. ELAYI, op. cit. (n. 6), Group II.1.1.1 p.
48–62, 338–345 passim, dated to circa 425–394 BC.
8
Due to the poor state of preservation of some of the specimens, it is difficult to
determine with certainty whether additional die-links are present in this group.
9
Cf. J. ELAYI - A. LEMAIRE, Graffiti et contremarques ouest-sémitiques sur les
monnaies grecques et proche-orientales, Glaux 13, Milano 1998, p. 150–151, nos.
275–278 and fig. 12.
10
Classification follows C. FLAMENT, Le monnayage en argent d’Athènes : de
l’époque archaïque à l’époque hellénistique (c.550 – c.40 av. J.-C.), Louvain-laNeuve 2007, p.85-86, Group III.9 (Pl. XXVII, 4-8), dated to circa 420–390 BC to
which Flament also assigns some of the Piracus Hoard Owls (IGCH 46).
A HOARD OF TYRIAN AND ATHENIAN COINS
245
The flans of the 15 Tyrian sheqels are either made of “flat fabric” or are
“rather indistinct”11. The problem of attributing these coins based on their
fabric is best described by J. Elayi and A.G. Elayi: “The degradation of the
style of engraving and manufacturing was progressive and it was impossible
to clearly distinguish thick fabric coins from large fabric coins because of
several intermediate coins”12. The 15 Tyrian sheqels were all struck under the
Phoenician weight standard; the heaviest coin weighs 14.08 g whereas the
lightest coin weighs 12.24 g. The average weight of the 15 coins together
reaches 13.21 g, which is not far from the reported standard of 13.56 g for a
Tyrian sheqel13. It is interesting to note that both Tyrian sheqels and the
Athenian tetradrachm are dated to the same chronological span, circa 425394 and 420-390 BC respectively.
In the lines below we provide further evidence on the chemical composition of the Tyrian sheqels of the group under discussion (Group II.1.1.1), as
archaeo-metallurgical work on Tyrian coins is quite limited14. For that purpose the coins underwent X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) metallurgical analysis.
The process involves aiming a beam of X-rays at a small area on an artifact
or sample and measuring the wavelength and intensity of the secondary Xrays that are “fluoresced” (given off) by the area hit by the primary X-rays.
The wavelengths correspond to the elements present, and their intensity is
directly related to their concentration. The technique relies on precise geometry between the sample surface and the detector. The X-rays only penetrate
about 20 microns and as such, this procedure is considered a surface analytical technique – the question is then whether the volume (area × depth)
analyzed is representative of the whole object. With coins this is not always
the case, since the composition of the surface is sometimes changed by
segregation during solidification or heat treatment, by corrosion processes or
by human agency (e.g., chemical cleaning). Hand-held, portable XRFs, like
the one used for analyzing the coins here, have improved in the last few
years. The quality and accuracy of the machines have increased and become
quite reliable. The development and commercialization of small XRF devices
have improved due to the development of silicon drift large area cooled
detectors with improved energy resolution, and the production of small 50kv,
11
Following J. ELAYI - A.G. ELAYI, op. cit. (n. 6), “Group II.1.1.1a. Flat fabric”,
p. 48–55, Nos. 246–327; “Group II.1.1.1c. Rather indistinct”, p. 58–62, Nos. 359–
399.
12
J. ELAYI - A.G. ELAYI, op. cit. (n. 6), p. 207.
13
J. ELAYI - A.G. ELAYI, op. cit. (n. 6), p. 318–320, figs. 49–50.
14
A.G. ELAYI, J.-N. BARRANDON, J. ELAYI, “The Change of Standard of Tyrian
Silver Coinage in about 357 BC as Determined by Fast Neutron Activation Analysis”,
NC 168, 2008, p. 15–20, table 1.
246
HAIM GITLER AND OREN TAL
2w dedicated X-ray tubes with good stability. This makes it possible to
analyze elements from Mg(12) to U(92).
For the current analysis we used a Thermo Scientific, Niton, XL3t XRF
analyzer with electronic metals matrix and a small-spot (3 mm diam.) window, which reads to 0.01 weight percent in bulk analysis; the accuracy and
precision are element-specific, but in many cases the precision is as great as
0.01–0.1% for all elements analyzed. The manufacturer gives the Fe detection limit for Fe in a Cu matrix as roughly 100ppm = 0.01% (3 sigma, 100s
measuring time).
The main advantages of the technique are that it can be used quickly, nondestructively, and requires little or no sample preparation. However, surface
condition should be ascertained and taken into account. To produce accurate
results, the area analyzed should be cleaned down to material representative
of the bulk, free of any environmental or human alteration, and mounted so
as to conform to the geometry requirements of the instrument. Such measures
could involve considerable damage to the artifact, and since silver Tyrian
coins are relatively scarce and expensive, we decided to leave the coins
untouched prior to their analysis. Experimentation showed that the coins with
soil concretions on their surface have elevated Fe concentrations and as such,
the absolute error for Fe in these analyses is elevated (approximately 0.04–
3.7%). Penetration of groundwater into the metal surface through intergranular corrosion and embrittlement has altered the composition and almost
certainly accounts for the enhanced iron concentrations. Furthermore, we
recognize that results provided by destructive metallurgical analyses15 would
have provided more reliable and accurate estimates of silver content for coins
of relatively lower silver content. However, Beck et al.16 have shown that
there is full agreement between surface and bulk methods for Ag content
greater than 92% (the solubility limit for Cu in Ag), and all 15 of the silver
Tyrian coins we analyzed were found to have a silver content higher than
92%.
Given these considerations, the following table of XRF analysis (Table 1)
has been included as a preliminary database in the interests of scholarly
transparency.
The XRF analysis of the 15 Tyrian sheqels from the hoard shows an average silver value of 94.37% and average bullion value of 96.46%. Notably, the
silver content of the two Tyrian sheqels of our group (II.1.1.1) analyzed by
15
A.G. ELAYI, J.-N. BARRANDON, J. ELAYI, art. cit. (n. 14), p. 20.
L. BECK, S. BOSONNET, S. REVEILLON, D. ELIOT, F. PILON, “Silver Surface Enrichment of Silver–Copper Alloys: A Limitation for the Analysis of Ancient Silver
Coins by Surface Techniques”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics
Research B 226, 2004, p. 153–162.
16
A HOARD OF TYRIAN AND ATHENIAN COINS
247
Fast Neutron Activation Analysis is in the same range of the results we
obtained17. More interesting is the fact that the average silver value of the 15
Tyrian sheqels is very similar to that of the Philistian coinage we analyzed by
XRF. The average silver content of 174 analyzed Philistian coins is 94.28%18.
This result was supported by a more reliable and accurate analysis – that of
inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), by
which six coins were analyzed, producing somewhat similar results19.
Elsewhere we argued for Tyrian hegemony over Philistia in the fifth and
fourth centuries BC20. Since Philistia is part of the same monetary region as
Tyre and was probably under tight Phoenician-Tyrian control at the time, it
comes as no surprise that both coinages have a very similar silver standard,
which might have even been deliberately dictated by the Tyrian patrons.
Another question that may be raised is where Tyre obtained silver bullion for
striking its own coins during the fifth and fourth centuries BC. Since there
are no silver resources in the region, it is likely that Greece supplied much of
the silver but one must bear in mind that the Phoenicians also had access to
Spanish deposits and that presumably the Anatolian deposits may also have
contributed.
17
A.G. ELAYI, J.-N. BARRANDON, J. ELAYI, art. cit. (n. 14), p. 20, table 1, nos.
306, 346, showing silver value of 96.2% and 94.6% respectively.
18
H. GITLER, O. TAL, The Coinage of Philistia of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries
BC: A Study of the Earliest Coins of Palestine, Collezioni Numismatiche 6, Milan
2006, p. 329–330.
19
H. GITLER, M. PONTING, O. TAL, “Metallurgical Analysis of Southern Palestinian Coins of the Persian Period”, Israel Numismatic Research 3, 2008, p. 13–27,
table 2.
20
H. GITLER, O. TAL, op. cit. (n. 18), p. 37–48 passim.
HAIM GITLER AND OREN TAL
248
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Cat. No.
8595
8594
8593
8592
8591
8590
8589
8588
8587
8586
8585
8584
8583
IAA No.
95.327
94.466
96.127
94.391
92.76
96.191
96.08
95.808
94.396
95.063
88.287
92.403
93.609
Ag
0.288
0.304
0.306
0.328
0.344
0.458
0.336
0.285
0.349
0.297
0.322
0.304
0.359
Ag Error
0.051
0.532
0.217
0.459
0.418
0.571
1.011
0.217
0.061
0.342
0.544
0.472
0.622
0.527
0.567
Au
0.03
0.051
0.039
0.052
0.042
0.047
0.06
0.026
0.031
0.044
0.051
0.05
0.061
0.053
0.055
Au Error
0.053
0.037
0
0.027
0.072
0.073
0.909
0
0.022
0.033
0.08
0.011
0.01
0.007
0
Bi
0.019
0.019
0.017
0.021
0.017
0.02
0.041
0.018
0.019
0.015
0.021
0.02
0.038
0.024
0.015
Bi Error
1.064
1.562
1.801
1.618
0.203
0.922
0.161
0.099
0.846
0.586
1.183
1.51
7.774
3.696
0.344
Pb
0.047
0.056
0.06
0.06
0.029
0.048
0.037
0.016
0.045
0.036
0.056
0.057
0.13
0.087
0.031
Pb Error
96.648
97.426
97.345
96.57
96.82
95.957
94.841
96.507
97.009
96.769
96.203
97.056
96.693
96.633
94.52
Bullion
1.655
1.776
1.387
1.979
-
-
-
-
-
1.961
-
1.687
1.361
1.848
-
Cu
0.084
0.086
0.078
0.095
-
-
-
-
-
0.091
-
0.088
0.083
0.091
-
Cu Error
0.468
0.181
0.598
0.542
0.281
0.43
0.458
0.796
1.805
0.453
1.001
0.328
0.264
0.579
3.757
Fe
0.107
0.09
0.115
0.116
0.093
0.103
0.104
0.088
0.174
0.107
0.141
0.103
0.104
0.118
0.22
Fe Error
0.062
0.282
0.017
0.048
0.283
0.114
-
95.295
0.034
-
95.48
0.371
99.2842
8596
0.485
0.044
8597
97.138
1.661
14
8598
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
sand-cleaning of their surfaces in order to minimize traces that could affect enrichment, depletion and contamination; for example, Ag is subject to the usual caveats of
The term silver bullion (content) refers to the combination of silver (Ag), gold (Au), lead (Pb) and bismuth (Bi). The coins were prepared for the analysis by means of light
16
AVERAGE OF 96.46647 SILVER BULLION FOR THE TYRIAN COINS1
15
TABLE 1: XRF ANALYSIS OF THE HOARD OF TYRIAN AND ATHENIAN COINS FROM DALTON
1
thick plating, depletion etc; Au can be enriched in the Ag at the surface; while the Bi and Pb will be depleted. The Cu and Fe are probably contamination.
A HOARD OF TYRIAN AND ATHENIAN COINS
Fig. 1
249