Detectors for Particle Physics

Transcription

!!!!!!! !!
Detectors for Particle Physics
Einführung
Introduction
Einführung
Einführung
DESY Summer Student Lectures
2007
Carsten Niebuhr
! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
"#$%&'(')$*+%',-.)$(/
Cosmic
Ray
0!1!2342!5!6!!!01785
Background
=!8>7!
$"!1!9!:!;<Radiation:
T = 2.72 K, n! = 4x108 m-3
C. N i e bu h r
Tei lc he n D etektor e n 1
C. N i e bu h r
Tei lchen Detektor en 1
Detectors for Particle Physics: 1
2
C. N i e bu h r
Topics of
Topics
of the
the Lecture
Lecture
"#$%!&&
!
"#$%!&&&
• &'%$()*+%,('
• A32!(6!B$#+C!D2%2+%($3!
• @+,'%,11#%,('!5(*'%2$3
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• 42'2$#1!5('+20%3
• &'%2$#+%,('!(6!57#$82)!
"#$%,+123!9,%7!:#%%2$
- -'2$8;!<(33=!>2%72!>1(+7!
?($/*1#
- :*1%,012!@+#%%2$,'8
• 4#3!D2%2+%($3
- "$(0($%,('#1!57#/F2$
- D$,6%!57#/F2$
- B"5
- :@45G!4-:
• "7(%()2%2+%($3
• 572$2'C(H!5(*'%2$3
Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments
G.F.Knoll:
Wiley, 3rd edition
Radiation Detection and Measurement
W.Blum, L.Rolandi:
Springer, 1994
- @7(92$!D2H21(0/2'%
- 212+%$(/#8'2%,+
- 7#)$(',+
Review articles:
T.Ferbel:
Addison-Wesley 1987
Particle Detection with Driftchambers
Experimental Techniques in High Energy Physics
#')!/#';!/($2!LLL
Other sources:
Particle Data Group:
Review of Particle Physics
Eur. Phys. J. C15, 1-878 (2000)
- B$,882$
- DJK
Par t ic le Det ec t or s 1
3
W.R. Leo:
Springer 1994
• 5#1($,/2%2$3
• '(%!+(H2$2)!
5
Detektoren für Teilchenstrahlung
C.Grupen:
Teilchendetektoren
BI Wissenschaftsverlag 1993
- @%$,0!D2%2+%($3
- ",.21!D2%2+%($3
car st en.nie buh r @desy. de
Text books:
K.Kleinknecht:
Teubner, 1992
• B$#'3,%,('!I#),#%,('
• @,1,+('!D2%2+%($3
Common
Lecture
Robert Klanner
Common
lecture
on Fr,by17.8.
Friday, Aug 11th, Sem 4
by Georg Steinbrück
What are the Objects ?
Literatur
"#$%!&!
6($!:(/2'%*/!:2#3*$2E
/2'%!
[email protected]
[email protected]
R.K.Bock, A.Vasilescu: The Particle Detector BriefBook
c ar
s t en. niebuhr@des
y. de
6
Springer,
1998
and //physics.web.cern.ch/Physics/ParticleDetector/BriefBook/
4
Par tic le Detec
[email protected]
What are the Objects?
Fundamental
Interactions
FundamentalWechselwirkungen
Interactions
Fundamentale
and many more ...
0
-.#/012!!!!!!!!!!!! " $ # + # – !!!!!!!!!!! # 0 $ %% !!!!!!!! K 0 $ # + # –
C. N i e bu h r
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+!!!M//N!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!T.OPEOT!!!!!!!!!!!!!T.OPEU!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!TP
ca r sten. niebuhr @ desy. de
[email protected]
5
Example for Resonance at HERA
7
Par t ic le Det ec tors 1
6
[email protected]
Detection of Particles
Detection
Particles and
andRadiation
Radiation
!"#$%&'($&)$#*+#,-.#/0'($+',0-1(#$+"23-134$.#'35,#.#/0$&)
Pentaquark candidate:
θc0 → D∗− p → K − π + π − p
minimal quark content: uuddc
so far only „seen“ by H1 ...
•
•
•
is this a real signal ??
or just a statistical fluctuation ?
or a detector effect ?
=> very good understanding of detector
response is required
• significance: signal/background
• resolution
• efficiency / acceptance
- +',0-1(#$+,&+#,0-#3
- ,#'10-&/$+,&6'6-(-0-#3$7!$1,&33$3#10-&/38
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c ar s te n. ni ebuhr@d es y.de
7
[email protected]
9
8
Par t i cle D etect or s 1
[email protected]
Criteria for Ideal Detector
A#1'53#$-/$%#/#,'($0"#,#$1'/$6#$>#,2$1&.+(#*$#>#/0$0&+&(&%-#3$&/#$&)0#/$'-.3$'0
Criteria for an ideal Detector
Modern Collider Detectors
,#1&/30,510-&/$&)$)5(($#>#/0$@-/#.'0-13$76'1@%,&5/:$,#B#10-&/8
Criteria for Ideal Detector
Moderne Collider-Detektoren
C&30$-.+&,0'/04
A#1'53#$-/$%#/#,'($0"#,#$1'/$6#$>#,2$1&.+(#*$#>#/0$0&+&(&%-#3$&/#$&)0#/$'-.3$'0
• "-%"$#))-1-#/12
,#1&/30,510-&/$&)$)5(($#>#/0$@-/#.'0-13$76'1@%,&5/:$,#B#10-&/8
• "-%"$,#3&(50-&/
• "-%"$'11#+0'/1#$!$0,2$0&$1&>#,$)5(($3&(-:$'/%(#$7D!8
C&30$-.+&,0'/04
under construction:
LHC
•'(3&$>#,2$-.+&,0'/0$7+',0(2$1&/)(-10-/%$:#.'/:384
"-%"$#))-1-#/12
•• "-%"$,#3&(50-&/
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)'30$,#3+&/3#
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design phase: ILC
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in operation: HERA/Tevatron
Par ticle Dete ctors 1
C. N i e bu h r
c ars t en.ni e buh r@ desy. de
10
9
Par ticle Dete ctors 1
[email protected]
Example
Particle
Physics
Experiments
Some of
Particle
Physics
Experiments
A#3-:#3$0"#$(',%#$1&((-:#,$:#0#10&,3$0"#,#$',#$.'/2$&0"#,$#*+034$ www.hep.net/experiments/all_sites.html
OPERA , PAMELA , PS185 , PS205/HELIUMTRAP ,
PS210 , PS212/DIRAC , PS214/HARP , RD8 , RD11 ,
RD12/TTC , RD13 , RD27 , RD39/SMSD , RD41/
Beijing IHEP
MOOSE , RD42 , RD44/Geant 4 , RD45 , RD46 , RD48/
ARGO-YBJ , BES , Tibet ASgamma
ROSE , RD49/RADTOL , TOSCA , TOTEM , WA85 ,
WA92 (Beatrice)
, WA94 , WA97 , WA98 , WA102
A#3-:#3$0"#$(',%#$1&((-:#,$:#0#10&,3$0"#,#$',#$.'/2$&0"#,$#*+034$
www.hep.net/experiments/all_sites.html
Brookhaven
BRAHMS , Crystal Ball (E913/914) , E787 , E821/muon DESY
, PAMELA
,
Bates
Linear
Accelerator
(MIT) , E864 , E865 , E869 , H1OPERA
g-2 , E850
, E852
, E863/ EMU01
, HERA-B
, Hermes, PS185
, TESLA, PS205/HELIUMTRAP
, ZEUS
E877 , E881
, E885
, E890 , E891 , E895 , E905 , E906 ,
PS210 , PS212/DIRAC , PS214/HARP , RD8 , RD11 ,
BLAST
, OOPS
, SAMPLE
Fermilab
E907 , E909 , E910 , E913/914 (Crystal Ball) , E917 ,
RD12/TTC , RD13 , RD27 , RD39/SMSD , RD41/
Beijing
APEX/E868 , 4Auger
Project
, , RD48/
E923 , IHEP
E926 , E927 , E949, E953 , EIC , EMU01/E863 , Antihydrogen/E862
MOOSE , RD42 ,, RD44/Geant
, RD45
, RD46
ARGO-YBJ
, BES , Tibet
ASgamma
, BTEV/C0 , CDF/E830
CDMS/E981
, ,
High Gain Harmonic
Generation
FEL , ICAE , IFEL , IMB BooNE/E898
ROSE , RD49/RADTOL
, TOSCA , TOTEM
, WA85
, Charmonium/E835
, CMS
(US Server)
,
, LEGS , MECO , Microundulator FEL , NuMass/E952 , CEX/E853
WA92 (Beatrice)
, WA94 , WA97
, WA98
, WA102
Brookhaven
COSMOS/E803 , D0 (DZero)/E823 , Donut/E872 , E665
PHENIX , PHOBOS , pp2pp , Smith-Purcell , STAR ,
BRAHMS
, Crystal
Ball (E913/914) , E787 , E821/muon , E771
, E789 , Fermi III Project , FOCUS/E831 ,
Zero Degree
Calorimeter
DESY
g-2 , E850 , E852 , E863/ EMU01 , E864 , E865 , E869 , HyperCP/E871
,
H1 , HERA-B, ,KTEV/E799/E832
Hermes , TESLA, ,MINOS/E875
ZEUS
CERN, E881 , E885 , E890 , E891 , E895 , E905 , E906 , NuMI , NUSEA/E866 , NuTeV/E815 , SDSS , SELEX/
E877
ALEPH
, ALICE
, AMS
, ANTARES
, ASACUSA
,
Fermilab
E907
, E909
, E910
, E913/914
(Crystal
Ball) , E917
, E781
, Zero Degrees/C0
ATHENA
, Atlas
(European)
ATRAP
, CDHS
neutrino , Antihydrogen/E862 , APEX/E868 , Auger Project ,
E923
, E926
, E927
, E949, ,E953
, EIC
, EMU01/E863
Sasso
experiment/WA1
, CERES/NA45
CHORUS
BooNE/E898
, BTEV/C0 , CDF/E830 , CDMS/E981 ,
High
Gain Harmonic
Generation ,FEL
, ICAE,,CMS
IFEL ,, IMB Gran
, CRESST
, CUORICINO, CMS
, DAMA
, EASTOP,
, CPLEAR/PS195
, Crystal
197 , , BOREXino
CEX/E853
, Charmonium/E835
(US
Server) ,
, CosmoLEP
LEGS , MECO
, Microundulator
FEL ,Barrel/PS
NuMass/E952
, GNO , Heidelberg
Dark, E665
Crystal Clear/RD18
EMU01 , FELIX, STAR
, HARP, , GALLEX(finished)
COSMOS/E803,, GENIUS
D0 (DZero)/E823
, Donut/E872
PHENIX
, PHOBOS, ,DELPHI
pp2pp ,, Smith-Purcell
Matter
Search
(HDMS)
,
Heidelberg-Moscow
ICANOE
,
ISOLDE
,
L3
,
LHC-B
,
MISTRAL
,
NTOF1,
, E771 , E789 , Fermi III Project , FOCUS/E831 ,
Zero Degree Calorimeter
Experiment
,
ICARUS
,
LUNA
,
LVD
,
MACRO
,
NTOF2, NTOF3 , NA45.2/IONS/EL.PAR , NA47/SMC ,
HyperCP/E871 , KTEV/E799/E832 , MINOS/E875 ,
MONOLITH
, NOE , OPERA
, USA
NA48, NA48.1, NA48.2 , NA49 , NA50 , NA51 , NA52/
CERN
NuMI , NUSEA/E866
, NuTeV/E815
, SDSS , SELEX/
Newmass
, NA56/SPY
, NA58/COMPASS
ALEPH
, ALICE
, AMS ,, NA57
ANTARES
, ASACUSA ,,
E781 , Zero Degrees/C0
NA59
,
NA60
,
NOMAD
,
OBELIX/PS201
,
OPAL
,
ATHENA , Atlas (European) , ATRAP , CDHS neutrino
Gran Sasso
experiment/WA1 , CERES/NA45 , CHORUS , CMS ,
, DAMA , EASTOP,
CosmoLEP
, CPLEAR/PS195 , Crystal Barrel/PS 197 ,12 BOREXino , CRESST , CUORICINO
c ars t en. ni e buh r@ desy.de
Pa r t i cl e D e t ec t o r s 1
Crystal Clear/RD18 , DELPHI , EMU01 , FELIX , HARP , GALLEX(finished) , GENIUS , GNO , Heidelberg Dark
Detectors
for
Particle
Physics:
1
[email protected]
ICANOE , ISOLDE , L3 , LHC-B , MISTRAL , NTOF1, 11 Matter Search (HDMS) , Heidelberg-Moscow
Experiment , ICARUS , LUNA , LVD , MACRO ,
NTOF2, NTOF3 , NA45.2/IONS/EL.PAR , NA47/SMC ,
MONOLITH , NOE , OPERA , USA
NA48, NA48.1, NA48.2 , NA49 , NA50 , NA51 , NA52/
Newmass , NA56/SPY , NA57 , NA58/COMPASS ,
Bates Linear Accelerator (MIT)
BLAST , OOPS , SAMPLE
Some Particle Physics Experiments
[email protected]
10
Search
for Rare/Forbidden Decays
Search for Rare/Forbidden Decays
!"#$%&'$()*&(*#%$#+%+)&,(*+)*-+./*012$%%$%*3(4)&).)*5-036*07&)8$%/+(9:;*
• 4$+%12*<,%*/$#),(=(.'>$%*?&,/+)&(@*#%,1$44;*µ !*$*" 4$(4&)&?&)A*@,+/;*BC=BD*E*
• ($$94*$"1$//$()*$($%@A*%$4,/.)&,(6*2&@2*$?$()*%+)$6*>.)*4'+//*)%+1F*'./)&#/&1&)A*#$%*$?$()
• 4)+%)*<.//*9+)+*)+F&(@*&(*GCCH
Liq. Xe Scintillation
Detector
Liq. Xe Scintillation
Detector
Thin Superconducting Coil
Muon Beam
γ?
Stopping Target
+
e
γ?
Timing Counter
e+
Drift Chamber
Drift Chamber
1m
ca rs ten.ni ebuhr @des y.d e
13
Par t ic le D et e ct o rs 1
12
[email protected]
ALICE at LHC
I$+?A*3,(*-2A4&14;*)2&4*4&'./+)&,(*42,74*BJBC*,<*+//*BCCCC=GCCCC*$"#$1)$9*)%+1F4*&(*+*
)A#&1+/*$?$()K*L2$*4$#+%+)&,(*,<*+//*)2$4$*)%+1F4*#.)4*?$%A*2&@2*9$'+(94*,(*)2$*#,4&)&,(*
%$4,/.)&,(*+(9*9,.>/$*2&)*4$#$%+)&,(*,<*)2$*9$?&1$K
ALICE at LHC
ALICE @ LHC
Real Event in STAR at RHIC
I$+?A*3,(*-2A4&14;*)2&4*4&'./+)&,(*42,74*BJBC*,<*+//*BCCCC=GCCCC*$"#$1)$9*)%+1F4*&(*+*
)A#&1+/*$?$()K*L2$*4$#+%+)&,(*,<*+//*)2$4$*)%+1F4*#.)4*?$%A*2&@2*9$'+(94*,(*)2$*#,4&)&,(*
%$4,/.)&,(*+(9*9,.>/$*2&)*4$#$%+)&,(*,<*)2$*9$?&1$K
14
14
! 2000 tracks per event
[email protected]
13
Super
Kamiokande (Japan)
(Japan)
Super-Kamiokande
[email protected]
14
Satellite
Satellite based
based Detectors
Detectors
0$+%12*<,%**#%,),(=9$1+A*+(9*<,%*($.)%&(,*
,41&//+)&,(4
• MCCCC*),(4*,<*7+)$%
Super-Kamiokande (Japan)
• BGCCC*#2,),*).>$4*
0$+%12*<,%**#%,),(=9$1+A*+(9*<,%*($.)%&(,*
,41&//+)&,(4
D>@8;)D1##19E13)"2(&/F1'"/3)?"/)
,-.,)&%&/.3)$,"'"%()-%)',&)/1%.&)ABG&H)
'")IJBB)D&H
>-?'"??)(6,&+=0&+)?"/)@=.=(')ABBC
• MCCCC*),(4*,<*7+)$%
• BGCCC*#2,),*).>$4*
@('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6(
• ,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"%
• 166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL(
• ("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('(
N$+1)&,(4*;
• %1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/
• # µ N ! µN
!"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45
• $/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5
• 610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055
*******O2$%$(F,?
N$+1)&,(4*;
• # e N ! eN
• # N ! µN
µ
• +1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#
*****42,7$%
*******O2$%$(F,?
c ars t en. ni e buh r@ desy. de
16
15
16
• # e N ! eN
*****42,7$%
• 1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/
Pa r t i c le D e t e ct or s 1
[email protected]
c ar s te n. n iebu hr@d e sy.de
17
16
Par ticle Det ect or s 1
[email protected]
Applications
ininMedicine
Applications
in Medicine
Applications
Medicine
Applications
in Medicine
Applications
in Medicine
Applications
in Medicine
Medicine
Applications in
Interplay
Technology
Interplaybetween
between Physics
Physics and
and Technology
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
P)##
9A)(
P9O
P)##
9A
9O 9A)(9O
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OB
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OB
)##
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OB
)(
P)##9A)(9O
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OB
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OBP)##9A)(9O
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
K:QR8
K:QR8
K:QR8
K:QR8 K:QR8
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OBP)##9A)(9O
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)
K:QR8
=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)
=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)
=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
18
Pa r t i cl e D ePa
tecto
r s 1D e t e c t o r s 1
i cl
Pa r t i cl e D ertte
c te
ors 1
18
18
18
18
Pa r t i cl e D e t ePa
cto
r triscl1
e Detectors 1
[email protected]
17
K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
RadiationK&='/10)N1/'-60&(
with K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
Matter
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
!,1/.&+)N1/'-60&(
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
%&='/"%(
%&='/"%(
%&='/"%(
K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
%&='/"%(
%&='/"%(
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
&0&6'/"%(
&0&6'/"%(
&0&6'/"%(
&0&6'/"%(&0&6'/"%(
%&='/"%(
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
%&='/-%"(
%&='/-%"(
%&='/-%"(
%&='/-%"(%&='/-%"(
&0&6'/"%(
• 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6(
20
20
20
20
19
20
• ,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"%
• 6"=$0-%.)"?)',&)+&'&6'"/)'")',&)/&1+"=')
&0&6'/"%-6(
• 6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)
• %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
(3('&#(
19
Par t icle De tec t ors 1
[email protected]
18
Cross Section of a typical Collider Detector
Particle type:
neutrinos (missing energy)
muons µ
absorber (mostly Fe)
flux return yoke
heavy medium
(Fe, Cu, U) + active
material
hadrons: p, !, K ...
[quarks, gluons " jets]
electrons, photons
charged particles
beam pipe
vacuum
Track detectors for charged
particles
%&='/-%"(
G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(Z
G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(Z
G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(Z
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Interaction
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with
Matter
Interaction
of
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with
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20
r triscl1
e Detectors 1
[email protected]
Pa r t i cl e D e t e c t o r s 1
• gas detectors
• solid state detectors
Calorimeter for energy meas.
(neutral & charged)
• electromagnetic
• hadronic
magnet coil
(solenoid, field || beam axis)
20
high Z
material (Pb)
[email protected]
Example 1: HERA ep Event with 3 Jets
e
Because muons do not interact strongly and because of their large mass
(compared to electrons) they don’t shower so easily and thus can penetrate
calorimeter and iron yoke
transverse view:
e’
Jet 1
Jet 2
p
Example 2: Muon Detection
Jet 3
hadronic calorimeter
µ
electromagn. calorimeter
µ
track detector
e
27.5 GeV
e
e
920 GeV
p
?
almost hermetic detector
! detection of nearly all
produced particles
side view
exploit energy- and momentum
conservation
[email protected]
21
Example 3: Neutrinos
µ
µ
[email protected]
22
Example 4: Secondary Vertices
!
Some mesons containing
heavy quarks (charm or
beauty) only decay via
the weak interaction.
example: D– ! K+ "– "–
Resulting lifetimes are
relatively long:
# ! O(10-12s) or
c# ! 100 - 500 µm
With the help of high
precision track detectors one can distinguish
if particles originate
from secondary or
primary vertex:
Missing transverse energy and
transverse momentum:
! p trans = 43GeV
$ vertex detectors
[in most cases based on
silicon]
i
carried away by neutrino ?
23
[email protected]
24
[email protected]
& & && & && & & & &&&& && &
& & && & && & & & &&&& && &
Interaction
ofofCharged
Interaction
Charged Particles
Particles
Interaction
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Bethe-Bloch
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ca r sten. niebuhr @ desy. de
31
ca
r sten. niebuhr
@ desy.
de 1
Detectors
for Particle
Physics:
c ar s t en. niebuhr@des y. de
Par t icle Det ect or s
[email protected]
2531
1
32
car st en. niebuhr@des y. de
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car st en. ni ebuhr @desy.de
car st en. ni ebuhr @desy.de
Pa r tic
Energy
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[email protected]
32
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Par t ic le Det ec t orPar
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[email protected]
c ar s t en.
niebuhr@des y. de
c ar s t en. niebuhr@des
y. de
34
28
34
tic le De tec to rs 1
Pa r tic le De tec toPa
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[email protected]
Energy
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t en. ni ebuhr @desy.de
35
[email protected]
29
in aParticle
TPC Species
dE/dx in a TPC fordE/dx
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1
1
1
2
3
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7
8
9
10
13
14
18
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15.9994
18.9984032
20.1797
26.981539
28.0855
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47.867
0.49954
0.49976
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0.47372
0.49555
0.48181
0.49848
0.45059
0.45948
60.2
61.4
63.2
65.5
66.1
70.6
70.6
76.4
79.9
86.3
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91.0
95.3
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106.4
106.0
117.2
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1.664
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37.99
34.24
32.93
28.94
24.01
21.82
19.55
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29
32
50
54
74
78
82
92
0.46556
0.45636
0.44071
0.42120
0.41130
0.40250
0.39984
0.39575
0.38651
82.8
85.6
88.3
100.2
102.8
110.3
113.3
116.2
117.0
131.9
134.9
140.5
163
169
185
189.7
194
199
1.451
1.403
1.371
1.264
(1.255)
1.145
1.129
1.123
1.082
13.84
12.86
12.25
8.82
8.48
6.76
6.54
6.37
6.00
0.49919
0.55509
0.49989
62.0
60.1
62.4
90.0
83.6
89.7
(1.815)
1.991
(1.819)
36.66
36.08
36.2
Par t ic le D et e ct o rs 1
31
[email protected]
If dE/dx is plotted
versus momentum of
• !"#$%&$'#()#*+,--.$#/.0)1)#
particle the curves
2,2.3-12#,"#*40-(5+.#-6.#
are shifted horizon510/.)#40.#)6("-.$#6,0(7,38
tally for different
-4++9#",0#$("".0.3-#24)).)
masses
2,2.3-12#,"#-6.#*40-(5+.#
Application: if also
()#<3,=3#-6.#2.4)10.2.3-#
the momentum of the
,"#-6.#)*.5("(5#(,3()4-(,3#
particle is known the
543#>.#1).$#",0#*40-(5+.#
measurement of the
($.3-("(54-(,3 specific ionisation can
be used for particle
identification
• !3#-6()#.'42*+.#.456#$,-#
0.*0.).3-)#?@A#)(3B+.#
2.4)10.2.3-)#(3#4#CDE
In this example each
dot represents !185
single measurements
in a drift chamber
37
30
Properties
ofofsome
(PDG)
Properties
someMaterials
Materials (PDG)
Measurements in PEP4/9-TPC (Ar-CH
F.4)10.2.3-)#(3#D%DG&H8CDE#I:08EJ
4 = 80:20 @ 8.5atm)
G#K#@L;ML#N#@OA4-2P
ca rs ten.ni ebuhr @des y.d e
36
[email protected]
A
55.845
63.546
72.61
118.710
131.29
183.84
195.08
207.2
238.0289
Air, (20◦ C, 1 atm.), [STP]
H2 O
CO2 gas
!Z/A"
38
32
Density
{g/cm3 }
({g/"}
for gas)
61.28 d (731000) (0.0838)[0.0899]
61.28 d
866
0.0708
122.4
724
0.169[0.179]
94.32
756
0.1249[0.1786]
82.76
155
0.534
65.19
35.28
1.848
18.8
47.1
30.0
21.85
24.0
8.9
9.36
14.0
3.56
1.76
1.43
2.30
1.21
2.87
0.35
0.305
0.56
≈0.32
2.265 e
0.8073[1.250]
1.141[1.428]
1.507[1.696]
1.204[0.9005]
2.70
2.33
1.396[1.782]
4.54
7.87
8.96
5.323
7.31
2.953[5.858]
19.3
21.45
11.35
≈18.95
Liquid
Refractive
boiling
index n
point at ((n − 1)×106
1 atm(K)
for gas)
20.39
23.65
4.224
77.36
90.18
85.24
27.09
87.28
[139.2]
1.112
1.128 [138]
1.024 [34.9]
—
—
—
1.205 [298]
1.22 [296]
[195]
1.092 [67.1]
—
3.95
1.233 [283]
—
165.1
—
—
—
—
[701]
—
—
—
—
[30420] (1.205)[1.2931] 78.8
36.1
1.00
373.15
[18310]
[1.977]
(273) [293]
1.33
[410]
[email protected]
@#4)#'?1'4$/#)$9#,,01A*X,1'4$/0)$RG"-%(1'4YZ;D1*,S
7,#
Tei l c hen De te kt or en 2
Q54--.0(3B#,"#5640B.$#*40-(5+.)#,""#-6.#4-,2)#
Vielfachstreuung
(3#-6.#2.$(12#541).)#4#5643B.#,"#$(0.5-(,3;
Scattering of charged particles off the atoms
!"#$<()#11'4$/#)$4#*0/#'#'$6#"*-%#'$0'$/#'$
in the medium causes a change of direction:
3(&;#'$5#)1),0-%($#"'#$['/#)1'4$/#)$G"-%(1'4>
• -6.#)-4-()-(54+#)12#,"#2439#)156#)24++#43B+.#
)54--.0(3B)#0.)1+-)#(3#4#B41))(43#43B1+40#
the statistical sum of many such small angle
• !"#$<1;;#$5"#*#)$<()#11'4#'$;"($+*#"'#'$
$()-0(>1-(,3#=(-6#4#=($-6#B(/.3#>9;#######
scatterings results in a gaussian angular
\"'+#*'$#)4"2($#"'#$M01]^7#)(#"*1'4$;"($/#)$
distribution
with a width
given by:
13.6MeV
x
x
@)#"(#$$R."($0'$#"'#$9&*"#)#$7#)(#"*1'4SN
" 0 = ----------------------- z ------ 1 + 0.038 ln & ------'
$ X 0%
#pc
X0
z,!
?$#
13.6MeV
x
x
$$$$$$$ ( 0 = ----------------------- z ------ 1 + 0.038 ln & ------'
$ X 0%
#pc
X0
+,B#)54+.X
• !"#$D)&_"?"#)(#$<()#18"'+#*5#)(#"*1'4$",($#(80$$
• .'42*+.;#*#K#?#R.S&5T#$#K#ULLµ2#Q(T#V
LKHOG52
log scale!
*&4a
"
401]AX);"4N$
example: p = 1 GeV/c, d = 300µm Si, X0=9.4cm
! "0 !#LO@#204$O#W,0#?L52#$()-435.#-6()#
! "0 ! 0.8 mrad. For 10cm distance
this
5,00.)*,3$)#-,#@Lµ2T#=6(56#()#)(B3("(543-+9#
/ ( 2plane 0
1
to 80µm,
which
P "corresponds
( plane #d( plane
= ---------------– --------------- .d( plane
expis- significantly
+40B.0#-643#-9*(54+#0.),+1-(,3#,"#4#Q(8)-0(*#
2( 02 ,
2*( 0
larger than typical resolution
+of Si-strip
$.-.5-,0O
detector
• !#)$;"((*#)#$/)#"/";#',"&'0*#$<()#18"'+#*$",($
• -6.#+.))#+(<.+9#)54--.0(3B#,""#-6.#4-,2(5#315+.(#
the less likely scattering
theplane
atomic
( space =off 2(
= nuclei
2( 0
4#4#2#'$/1)-%N$
541).)#+40B.#)54--.0(3B#43B+.)#0.)1+-(3B#(3#4#
causes large scattering angles resulting in a
$./(4-(,3#"0,2#4#B41))(43#$()-0(>1-(,3#4-#+40B.#
• @#"$+*#"'#'$Z;D1*,#':$41(#)$`)(,01A*X,1'4$1'/$
deviation from a gaussian distribution at large
43B+.)
5"#*#'$9#,,D1'+(#'$R?>@>$F;1*,"&'#'S$+0''$#D$
angles
2#,(";;($8#)/#'>$\#''$Z;D1*,$2#+0''($",($
Par t i c le Det e ct o rs 1
)$6#"*-%#';0,,#$R;!:$;*S
"
c ar s te n. n iebu hr@d e sy.de
39
[email protected]
•33 M)X]#)#$\"'+#*'$()#(#'$01A$0*,$.&*4#$5&'$
Part II
#"'?#*'#'$<()#1D)&?#,,#'$0;$3(&;+#)'>
Part II
C. Nie bu hr
Tei l c hen De te kt or en 2
Summary
Summary ofPart
Part II
C. N ie buhr
Teilchen Detektoren 2
• *0,*.0-(.)#,"#$("".0.3-#*40-(5+.)#0.Y1(0.)#2439#$("".0.3-#-9*.)#,"#$.-.5-,0)
Reichweite schwerer geladener Teilchen
• 0,1B6#5+4))("(54-(,3
- -045<&*,)(-(,3#$.-.5-,0)#I3,3#$.)-015-(/.P#(#D40-#!!
50000
!"#$G#"-%8#"(#$#"'#,$4#*0/#'#'$6#"*-%#',$"'$
- 54+,0(2.-.0)#I$.)-015-(/.P#(#D40-#!!!
90(#)"#$#)4"2($,"-%$";$I)"'?"D$/1)-%$
20000
• >4)(54++9#4++#$.-.5-,0)#>4).$#,3#.+.5-0,24B3.-(5#(3-.045-(,3
10000
Z'(#4)0("&'$/#)$@#(%#^@*&-%$.&);#*N$
Reichweite / Teilchenmasse
Multiple
Scattering
Multiple
Scattering
C. Nie bu hr
C
Fe
Pb
5000
• $.-.5-,0)#4+),#2,0.#43$#2,0.#1).$#",0#,-6.0#4**+(54-(,3)#I.OBO#2.$(54+#4**+OP
T
0
S"T 0# =
•
–1
2000
' dE >$
H 2 liquid
1 &$ dE
1000
.3.0B9#+,))#,"#5640B.$#*40-(5+.);#Z.-6.8Z+,56#$.)50(>.)#+,))#$1.#-,#(,3()4-(,3
dx%
0
- z 2 ⁄ # 2 ( ln E #(#W.02(*+4-.41
F"'#$4#'01#)#$@#,-%)#"21'4$",($;X4*"-%$
/1)-%$@#)B-+,"-%("41'4$/#,$H"#/#)#'#)4"#^
- 2(3(212#4-# #) * 3 ;#?8M#F.S#*.0#B528M#
7#)%0*(#',$/#,$F'#)4"#5#)*1,(#,N
R/M (g cm32 GeV31)
$$$
• .#);"*02N$TLL$M#7$I)&(&'#'$$;"($FAA"?"#'?#'$5&'$-0>$ULV
500
200
100
50
He gas
- 6,=./.0#+(B6-#*40-(5+.)#I.+.5-0,3)T#21,3)P#4-#6(B6#.3.0B(.)#+,).#.3.0B9#*0.$,2(343-+9#>9#
T0
20
–1
' 2 + E ⁄ m2
,Z
– dE ⁄ dx& dE
$$$$$$$$$ R " T>0.2))-046+13B;#
0 # = R 0 " T min # + 1 $ d x % dE
10
5
T min
• 21+-(*+.#)54--.0(3B
2
1
H"-%($2#)B-+,"-%("4($,"'/$%"#)2#"
0.1
5 10.0
2
5
12 x 5 1.0 2
- B41))(43#5,0.#,"#$()-0(>1-(,3#=(-6#43B1+40#)*0.4$;### " 0 - --- -----#2 = p/Mc
p X0
• 328#"-%1'4#'$/#)$6#"*-%#'20%'$5&'$#"'#)$
$ $ $ 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0
4#)0/#'$b"'"#$/1)-%$7"#*A0-%^E&1*&;2^$
- $./(4-(,3#"0,2#B41))(,3#$()-0(>1-(13#4-#+40B.#43B+.)#$1.#-,#[1-6.0",0$#)54--.0(3B#I315+.(P
Muon momentum (GeV/ c)
<()#11'4$2#"$+*#"'#'$F'#)4"#'
• @)#;,,()0%*1'4$AB)$F*#+()&'#'$1'/$
91&'#'$2#"$%&%#'$F'#)4"#'
0.02
40
34
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.5
1.0
2.0
5.0
100.0
10.0
10.0
Pion momentum (GeV/ c)
0.1
0.2
0.5
1.0
2.0
5.0
20.0
50.0
10.0
[email protected]
Momentum Measure
Proton momentum (GeV/ c)
C. N ie buhr
Teilchen Detektoren 2
.%/#0-1/$5"$>#-#(/50#>$9C$/#)"1(#/#0-$%&$-()
• !"#$%&$'()*+$,#-#*-%("$&%($.%/#0-1/$.#)"1(#/#0-$
.#)"1(#$")H5--)$ s $%&$-8#$-()*+@$B%($-8#$/%/#0$$$$$$$$$$
!05-"G
• 2)"$,#-#*-%("
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- .:27;$<37;$2=.
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• :%65>$:-)-#$,#-#*-%("
<@$A6)00#(
Common
lecture on Fr, 10.8.
by
Georg Steinbrück
B(5>)C;$:#/$D
- :-(54$,#-#*-%("
- 35?#6$,#-#*-%("
L⁄2
---------- =
#
35
[email protected]
s = #
$
B%($-8
s = x2
J5-8$ +
/#)"1
$$$$$$$ +

Detectors for Particle Physics

Transcription

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