Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

Transcription

Science and Technology
of Advanced Materials
iopscience.org/stam
Open access journal
Supported by
How to submit your research
Science and Technology of Advanced Materials (STAM) is one of the highest rated gold open access journals in
materials science. After peer review and acceptance, authors will be asked to pay an article publication charge
(APC) of ¥135000/US$1600/€1260/£1050. Once published, articles are freely available to read.
To celebrate our 15th volume, during 2014, articles identified by the Editorial Board as being of particularly
high quality will have their article publication charge sponsored by the National Institute of Materials Science
(NIMS) and the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa).
Plan
Consider the best way to structure your article before you start. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
does not have a template, but asks that you submit your manuscript in single-column format.
Choose a title that best serves your needs – an eye-catching one to attract as many readers as possible, or a
descriptive one to engage readers with a specific interest in your area.
Give some thought to your abstract. It should very concisely describe the content of your article, and
encourage readers to view the entire article. No jargon or undefined abbreviations should be used.
Writing
Be clear and concise. Consider the readership of the journal, bearing in mind the knowledge expected of that
audience. All content of your article should be relevant to your main scientific result.
Editing
Have a look through previously published articles for examples of article formatting, particularly with respect
to order, referencing style and capitalization. Once the draft is ready to be submitted to the journal, carry out
one final spelling and grammar check before submission.
Submissions
STAM publishes reviews and regular research articles. All articles must be written in English and pass the peerreview process. STAM operation is managed by the Editorial Office, which should receive all related enquiries.
STAM Headquarters Office
Dr Takeshi Hatano
Scientific Information Office
National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
Tsukuba, Japan
Tel +81 29 859 2494
Enquiries stam_offi[email protected]
STAM Europe Editorial Office
Prof. Dr Harald Krug
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science
and Technology (Empa)
Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
Tel +41 58 765 74 00
Enquiries stam_offi[email protected]
Welcome
Prof. Toyonobu Yoshida
Editor-in-Chief
2014 marks 15 years since the launch of Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
(STAM). In human terms the journal is junior-high-school age – young and having
experienced many changes over the last five years.
STAM was established in 2000 with the aim of being an international journal by
publishing timely papers on scientific advances in materials science and engineering.
The publication of the journal saw a turning point in 2005 when the management of the
journal was transferred to the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) in Tsukuba
from The University of Tokyo. Notably, STAM became an open access journal in 2008
and adopted an author-friendly Creative Commons non-commercial licence (CC-BY-NC).
This new publication platform was changed in 2013 by introducing the article processing
charge (APC), although downloading articles is still free of charge and the licence was
changed again in 2014 to a less-restrictive CC-BY. On 27 January 2014, Empa, the Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, and NIMS signed a five-year
collaborative agreement on co-publishing STAM. Both Empa and NIMS are the leading
materials science research institutes in their respective countries with histories spanning
more than half a century.
Starting from 2008 several measures have been introduced to improve the quality, variety
and visibility of STAM articles, and to speed up the publication process. Most importantly,
STAM has invested in proactive dissemination and distribution of information about
the journal to build readership. For example, selected articles are promoted via press
releases and free distribution of printed copies at major scientific events. The topical
coverage has been widened from traditional metals and ceramics to biomaterials, green
technology, nano-devices and other frontier areas. As a result, the impact factor of STAM
saw a continuous rise from 1.267 in 2008 to the most recent value of 3.752 in 2012.
STAM has become one of the major prominent materials science journals in the world
and is currently ranked 35th among 239 journals worldwide in the category of “Materials
Science & Multidisciplinary” by Thomson Reuters. Needless to say, STAM is the leading
materials science journal published in Japan.
These achievements are a result of steadfast and multi-faceted efforts by STAM editors,
referees and authors, for which I am sincerely grateful. Yet there is still a lot more to be
done and I welcome submissions of new findings, as well as suggestions and ideas on
how to steer the management of the journal in the future.
This collection features a selection of 15 outstanding articles published in STAM
during the last 15 years. Although we strived to be objective and used multiple criteria
in selecting these from hundreds of papers published in STAM, a number of worthy
candidates had to be excluded. I hope that we will be able to acknowledge the omitted
articles in other STAM publications.
iopscience.org/stam/15th-anniversary
3
Contents
Organic materials
Challenges and breakthroughs in recent research on self-assembly
6
Katsuhiko Ariga, Jonathan P Hill, Michael V Lee, Ajayan Vinu, Richard Charvet and Somobrata Acharya
Technological advances in electrospinning of nanofibers
7
Wee-Eong Teo, Ryuji Inai and Seeram Ramakrishna
Biomaterials
Recent research and development in titanium alloys for biomedical applications and healthcare goods
8
Mitsuo Niinomi
Porous hydroxyapatite for artificial bone applications
9
I Sopyan, M Mel, S Ramesh and K A Khalid
Bioinspired phospholipid polymer biomaterials for making high performance artificial organs
9
K Ishihara
Electronics
Silicon-based oxynitride and nitride phosphors for white LEDs—A review
10
Rong-Jun Xie and Naoto Hirosaki
Present status of amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O thin-film transistors
11
Toshio Kamiya, Kenji Nomura and Hideo Hosono
Solid State Ionics: from Michael Faraday to green energy—the European dimension
Klaus Funke
4
12
Environment
Nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide photocatalysts for visible response prepared by using organic compounds
13
Yoshio Nosaka, Masami Matsushita, Junichi Nishino and Atsuko Y Nosaka
The effect of nanocrystalline magnetite size on arsenic removal
14
J T Mayo, C Yavuz, S Yean, L Cong, H Shipley, W Yu, J Falkner, A Kan, M Tomson and V L Colvin
Recent progress in mesoporous titania materials: adjusting morphology for innovative applications
15
Juan L Vivero-Escoto, Ya-Dong Chiang, Kevin C-W Wu and Yusuke Yamauchi
Dispersion and surface functionalization of oxide nanoparticles for transparent photocatalytic and UV-protecting coatings and sunscreens
16
Bertrand Faure, German Salazar-Alvarez, Anwar Ahniyaz, Irune Villaluenga, Gemma Berriozabal, Yolanda R De Miguel
and Lennart Bergström
Ceramics
Hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures
17
Sunandan Baruah and Joydeep Dutta
Point defects in ZnO: an approach from first principles
18
Fumiyasu Oba, Minseok Choi, Atsushi Togo and Isao Tanaka
Metals
Progress in thermomechanical control of steel plates and their commercialization
19
Kiyoshi Nishioka and Kazutoshi Ichikawa
5
Organic materials
EDITOR’S
CHOICE
Challenges and breakthroughs in recent research on self-assembly
Katsuhiko Ariga, Jonathan P Hill, Michael V Lee, Ajayan Vinu, Richard Charvet
and Somobrata Acharya
2008 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 014109
Katsuhiko Ariga
Controlled production of nanometre-scale objects is a key issue of the current science and
technology. “Top-down” fabrication techniques, such as lithography, are limited in the size
of resulting structures and in the range of suitable bulk materials, urging development of
alternative (“bottom-up”) approaches based on self-assembly of individual molecules.
This review covers a wide variety of self-assembly processes and introduces recent
breakthroughs in (i) types of self-assembly in bulk media, (ii) types of components for
self-assembly in bulk media and (iii) self-assembly at interfaces. It summarizes them
according to the length scale as follows. At the smallest scale, structural control over
molecular arrays yields nano-objects, whose properties are mostly affected by molecular
attributes such as morphology and arrangement of functional groups. Yet for larger,
micron-sized objects, optimization of hierarchical processes is becoming more important
than molecular structure in creating novel materials.
Self-assembly processes are also efficient
in fabrication of macroscopic objects with a
nanostructure. As those processes involve
individual molecules, their use in the preparation
of bulk materials needs interactive connections.
For example, some techniques, such as dynamic
manipulation of molecules at the air–water
interface, can bridge between the molecular and
macroscopic worlds. Bulk coordination polymers,
porous crystals, liquid crystals and gels can be
produced via self-assembly, but their structural
motifs are rather simple. In contrast, evolution
created much more sophisticated objects starting
(A) Structure of cerasome, a novel class of
from individual molecules. We have to learn
bilayered organic-inorganic hybrids, and
ways to build complex hierarchic structures from
(B) cerasome self-assembly.
biological examples in order to construct multifunctional materials via self-assembly. Current bottom-up techniques are insufficient for
this purpose and should be complimented with top-down methods.
With 46,597 downloads (IOPscience) and 449 citations (Web of Science, as of
May 2014) this is the most popular STAM article. The 127 well designed figures make it
easy reading despite its 96-page volume.
6
organic
Technological advances in electrospinning of nanofibers
Wee-Eong Teo, Ryuji Inai and Seeram Ramakrishna
Wee-Eong Teo
This review covers new electrospinning techniques for the controlled production of various
nanofibrous structures for tissue regeneration and bioengineering, focusing on fiber
collection methods and the effects of solvent, external perturbations, electrical charges in
the emerging jet and their removal.
Characteristic shapes produced by electrospinning
of polymers: pipes, 3D scaffold and continuous
nanofibrous yarn.
Seeram
Ramakrishna
Did you know?
Once accepted, articles
submitted to STAM are
published online within 27 days
Did you know?
STAM has a global readership
and features top research from
institutions all over the world
7
Biomaterials
Recent research and development in titanium alloys for biomedical
applications and healthcare goods
Mitsuo Niinomi
Mitsuo Niinomi
Titanium-based materials are widely used in medical applications such as artificial limbs,
dental products, wheelchairs and implants for healing of bone fractures. However, all
those applications are dominated by pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy, which were previously
developed for structural elements in aerospace industry. This review discusses a
wide range of other Ti alloys with a focus not only on mechanical properties but also
biocompatibility.
Healing of fractured rabbit bones at 0, 4 and
8 weeks after insertion of a Ti-alloy rod. Arrows
show callus formation.
8
biomaterials
Porous hydroxyapatite for artificial bone applications
I Sopyan, M Mel, S Ramesh and K A Khalid
I Sopyan
This paper discusses preparation techniques of porous hydroxyapatite (HA) and its
biomedical applications, including bone tissue regeneration, cell proliferation and drug
delivery. HA has been applied as filling material for bone defects and augmentation,
artificial bone graft material and prosthesis surgery. Its high surface area leads to
excellent osteoconductivity and resorbability providing fast bone ingrowth. Porous HA can
be produced by several methods including conversion of natural bones, ceramic foaming
technique, the polymeric sponge method, gel casting of foams, starch consolidation,
microwave processing, slip casting and electrophoretic deposition.
Attachment of an African green
monkey kidney cell (Vero) to
porous hydroxyapatite.
Bioinspired phospholipid polymer biomaterials for making high
performance artificial organs
K Ishihara
K Ishihara
This review demonstrates the importance of molecular structure in designing polymeric
biomaterials. In particular, introduction of a certain phospholipid polar group (MPC
group) to the side chain of a polymer inhibits adsorption of blood and proteins to that
polymer, rendering it biocompatible – blood clotting is suppressed and the coagulation
time gradually increases with the MPC content in the polymer. In practical terms, coating
of commercial polymers with MPC is shown to improve the biocompatibility of vascular
prostheses, cellulose membranes, glucose sensors, artificial organs, drug delivery and
other systems introduced into the human body.
Attachment of fibrin
and human blood
cells to polymers that
do not (A) and do (B)
contain MPC units.
9
Electronics
EDITOR’S
CHOICE
Silicon-based oxynitride and nitride phosphors for white LEDs
—A review
Rong-Jun Xie and Naoto Hirosaki
Rong-Jun Xie
Naoto Hirosaki
Silicon-based nitrides and oxynitrides doped with rare-earth elements are two recently
developed classes of inorganic phosphors with promising applications in solid-state
lighting and displays. This review focuses on their preparation, crystal structure,
luminescence and applications in light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
The crystal structures of silicon-based (oxy)nitrides consist of networks of crosslinked
SiN4 tetrahedra. They are characterized by strong and tunable crystal-field splitting and
nephelauxetic effect, which lower the excited states of doped rare-earth ions (mainly
Eu2+, Ce3+ and Yb2+) and broaden them into bands that may extend from the UV to visible
range. In practical terms this means those phosphors can be excited by a variety of light
sources, their emission color can be tuned from blue to red, and mixing two or more such
phosphors may result in a white light with adjustable correlated colour temperature. White
light can even be produced with one yellow-green phosphor, such as α-sialon:Eu2+, when
its emission is combined with the pumping light of a blue LED.
Besides favourable spectral properties
silicon (oxy)nitride phosphors have a high
chromatic stability and quantum efficiency
of luminescence (>90%), which makes them
preferred materials for conversion of narrowband LEDs into compact, efficient, stable and
durable white-light sources for indicators,
cellular phones, liquid crystal displays and
general lighting applications.
Crystal structure of LaAl(Si6-zAlz)N10-zOz phosphor viewed
along the [001] direction. The blue, pale blue, red, and
green spheres represent La, Al, Si/Al, and O/N atoms,
respectively.
10
This review has been downloaded
10,118 times (IOPscience) and received
275 citations by May 2014 according to the
Web of Science database.
electronics
EDITOR’S
CHOICE
Present status of amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O thin-film transistors
Toshio Kamiya, Kenji Nomura and Hideo Hosono
Toshio Kamiya
Hideo Hosono
Amorphous oxide semiconductors, particularly the quaternary In-Ga-Zn-O alloy known
as a-IGZO, have a superior combination of physical and technological properties as
compared with silicon and organic materials. Similar to its competitors, a-IGZO can be
fabricated at temperatures below 400 °C on glass or flexible plastic substrates. Yet it
offers much higher carrier mobility than a-Si and organic semiconductors, as well as higher
stability and uniformity of properties than a-Si and poly-Si, which is crucial for display
applications. Consequently, it is expected that thin-film transistors (TFTs) with a-IGZO
channels will dominate various types of next-generation electronic devices, such as flatpanel, 3D, flexible and transparent displays. This review covers both fundamental and
technological issues of amorphous oxides, with a focus on a-IGZO, such as electronic and
optical properties; their uniformity over large areas, long-term stability and degradation
mechanisms; operation speed; transistor characteristics; and fabrication processes.
IGZO has been actively studied since the early 1990s, with the first IGZO TFT fabricated
in 2004 and the first IGZO-based display revealed in 2005. The main IGZO fabrication
technique, RF/DC magnetron sputtering, is compatible with large areas. By 2010 it
supported 8-generation displays with external sizes exceeding 2 × 2 m, and 6-generation
32” and 37” displays had already been fabricated.
Electronic properties of a-IGZO have been extensively characterized and theoretical
modelling of operational devices is already possible. The relatively high field-effect
mobility of charge carriers in a-IGZO (~20 cm2 V–1 s–1) supports refresh rates exceeding
100 Hz in large-area displays.
The main degradation mechanisms of
a-IGZO TFTs are back-channel effects,
creation of traps at the interfaces and
in the gate insulator, as well as creation
of donor states and other defects by
the Joule heating during operation or by
annealing during fabrication of TFTs. They
can be alleviated by the addition of dense
passivation layers to the TFTs.
Prototype devices based on In-Ga-Zn-O thin-film transistors
(BWE-paper = black-and-white electronic paper, AM = active
matrix, QFHD = quad full high definition, SEC = Samsung
Electronics Corporation, LGE&ETRI = LG Electronics &
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, SMD
= Samsung Mobile Display, AUO = AU Optronics Corporation).
Published in 2010, this review was
downloaded 16,077 times (IOPscience)
and received 217 citations according to the
Web of Science database.
11
electronics
Solid State Ionics: from Michael Faraday to green energy—the
European dimension
Klaus Funke
Klaus Funke
This review conveys the history of solid state ionics, from the foundations laid by Michael
Faraday in the 1830s to the recent developments in fuel cells, supercapacitors and Li
batteries. It currently holds the highest download rate among STAM articles, with more
than 10,000 downloads over eight months since publication. The review contains
50 pages, 48 figures and 517 references.
Log-log plot of electronic vs. ionic conductivity
for various solids.
High visibility
STAM is open access with all papers free to read and download.
iopscience.org/stam
12
Environment
EDITOR’S
CHOICE
Nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide photocatalysts for visible
response prepared by using organic compounds
Yoshio Nosaka, Masami Matsushita, Junichi Nishino and Atsuko Y Nosaka
Yoshio Nosaka
One of the major problems of photocatalysis is to shift the optical response of TiO2, the
most popular photocatalytic material, from the UV to the visible range, making it sensitive
to sunlight and conventional light sources. Nosaka et al. achieved this by nitrogen
doping of nine commercial TiO2 powders using urea, guanidine carbonate or guanidine
hydrochloride. After soaking the powders in an aqueous solution of a dopant, they were
dried and annealed at 300–600 °C. The photocatalytic activity was the highest when
using guanine carbonate and annealing temperatures of 350–400 °C. It increased
significantly with doping, but only when nitrogen substituted for oxygen in the TiO2 lattice,
as revealed by the analysis of Ti bonding through X-ray photoelectron spectra.
Photocatalytic oxidation of isopropyl
alcohol by 9 nitrogen-doped TiO2
commercial powders, evaluated via the
amount of produced acetone. “Particle
size” refers to the diameter of crystalline
domains estimated from the X-ray
diffraction linewidth.
13
environment
The effect of nanocrystalline magnetite size on arsenic removal
J T Mayo, C Yavuz, S Yean, L Cong, H Shipley, W Yu, J Falkner, A Kan, M Tomson
and V L Colvin
V L Colvin
Removal of arsenic (As) contamination from drinking water is a major problem around
the world. One solution is to adsorb As using a magnetic powder (magnetite, Fe3O4) and
precipitate the powder with a magnetic separator. This article reveals the dramatic effect
of the Fe3O4 particle size d on the As removal – when d was decreased from 300 to 12 nm
the As adsorption increased ~200 times. This effect is too strong to be explained by a
surface area increase and suggests different As adsorption mechanisms for bulk and
nanomaterials.
Fe3O4 nanoparticles with adsorbed arsenic
ions can be removed from water using a
magnetic separator.
ScholarOne
As part of our commitment to
providing the best possible
publishing service to our
authors and referees, STAM is
moving to a new submission
and peer-review management
system with ScholarOne
Manuscripts. Further
information is available at
iopscience.org/scholarone
14
CC-BY
STAM has adopted the Creative
Commons licence (CC-BY 3.0) for all
new articles published in the journal.
This licence gives users the right to
reuse, repurpose and build upon a
piece of work, even commercially,
as long as they credit the original
creation. The licence does not
replace the copyright, which remains
with the copyright holder
environment
Recent progress in mesoporous titania materials: adjusting
morphology for innovative applications
Juan L Vivero-Escoto, Ya-Dong Chiang, Kevin C-W Wu and Yusuke Yamauchi
Yusuke Yamauchi
This review describes recent developments in mesoporous titania (TiO2) materials,
particularly in the synthesis, morphology control and applications in photocatalysis,
photovoltaics, sensing and biomedical fields. These materials are attractive because
of their high surface area, controlled morphology, porous structure, biocompatibility
and semiconducting behaviour. In addition, mesoporous titania nanoparticles offer fast
mass transport, strong adhesion to substrates and good dispersion in solution, which are
beneficial for catalysis, particle separation, medical and optical applications.
Inactivation of E. coli (top center) on
a mesoporous titania film upon UV
irradiation. Left panels show top and
cross-sectional views of the film.
15
environment
Dispersion and surface functionalization of oxide nanoparticles
for transparent photocatalytic and UV-protecting coatings and
sunscreens
Lennart Bergström
Bertrand Faure, German Salazar-Alvarez, Anwar Ahniyaz, Irune Villaluenga,
Gemma Berriozabal, Yolanda R De Miguel and Lennart Bergström
This review summarizes recent efforts in the synthesis, dispersion and surface
functionalization of the three oxide nanoparticle materials used in most photocatalytic,
UV-blocking and sunscreen applications: TiO2, ZnO and CeO2. Gas-phase and liquid-phase
synthesis may yield weakly aggregated oxide nanoparticles with different composition,
morphology and size. The principles of deagglomeration are reviewed in both aqueous
and non-aqueous media with an accent on interparticle forces and surface chemistry,
which can be tuned by additives and functionalization.
Main stabilization
mechanisms of nanoparticle
dispersions, assuming
positively charged surfaces.
16
Ceramics
EDITOR’S
CHOICE
Hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures
Sunandan Baruah and Joydeep Dutta
Joydeep Dutta
Nanostructured ZnO is an attractive technological material for a wide variety of
applications including surface acoustic wave filters, photonic crystals, photodetectors,
light-emitting diodes, gas sensors, optical modulator, waveguides, solar cells,
photocalysts and antibacterial agents. Among its different production methods,
hydrothermal routes are favoured for their simplicity and environment-friendly conditions.
This review focuses on the dependence of ZnO morphology on the growth conditions and
also discusses ZnO doping during the growth.
An aqueous solution of zinc nitrate and hexamine is the most common hydrothermal
medium for the growth of ZnO, though other solvents such as alcohol have also been
tried. The synthesis is typically conducted at 60–200 °C with temperatures above 100 °C
achieved using an autoclave. Reaction time typically varies from several hours to days
and even weeks, though it may be shortened to minutes by the application of microwave
radiation.
In contrast to solution-based routes, gas-phase ZnO synthesis is conducted at
500–1500 °C through a variety of techniques such as vapor phase transport, physical
vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition,
thermal oxidation of Zn and microwave-assisted thermal decomposition.
The most common ZnO morphologies achieved via hydrothermal routes are isometric
particles, plates and hexagonal rods. Plates are usually stacked or arranged into flowerlike shapes, whereas rods form parallel bundles, tetrapods, hedgehog-like stars or
aligned forests on a flat substrates, and their
tips may be sharpened in a pencil-like fashion.
The dopants that have been introduced during
the hydrothermal growth of ZnO include Al, Co,
Cr, Cu, Ga, Mn, Sb and Sn. Their range is limited
by reactivity with water during the synthesis; for
example, In doping is hindered by the formation
of In(OH)3 phase.
Low-temperature (~60 °C) hydrothermal growth of
ZnO nanorods can be shortened from hours or days
to minutes by the use of microwave radiation.
This review has been downloaded 22,803
times (IOPscience) and received 161 citations
by May 2014 according to the Web of Science
database.
17
ceramics
Point defects in ZnO: an approach from first principles
Fumiyasu Oba, Minseok Choi, Atsushi Togo and Isao Tanaka
Fumiyasu Oba
This review covers recent first-principle studies of point defects in ZnO, with an accent
on native defects that affect the electrical conductivity, such as Zn and O vacancies,
interstitials and anticites. The predicted properties of defects, such as formation energies,
donor and acceptor levels, optical transition energies, migration energies, and atomic
and electronic structure, strongly depend on the calculation method, particularly on the
simulation model, approximation to exchange correlation and the post-processing applied
to compensate for the shortcomings of the approximation and model.
Band structures of the perfect ZnO crystal, O vacancy (VO), and Zn interstitial at the
octahedral site (Zni).
18
Metals
Progress in thermomechanical control of steel plates and their
commercialization
Kiyoshi Nishioka and Kazutoshi Ichikawa
Kiyoshi Nishioka
Thermomechanical control processes (TMCP) were developed in the 1930s to improve
the strength and toughness of steel, while allowing control of the microstructure, phase
transformation and rolling. Nowadays TMCP steels are widely used in shipbuilding,
offshore structures, building construction, bridges, pipelines, penstocks and cryogenic
tanks. This review describes metallurgical aspects of the microalloying of steel, such as
addition of Nb, and discusses advantages of TMCP such as improved weldability. Other
topics include the TMCP history, equipment and technologies, distortions in steel plates
and theoretical modelling.
The use of steel in large tankers showing the increasing importance of steels produced by
thermomechanical control processes (TMCP).
19
Editorial board
Editor-in-Chief
Toyonobu Yoshida National Institute for Materials Science, Japan
Co-editors
Harald F Krug Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for
Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland
Shu Yamaguchi University of Tokyo, Japan
Yoshio Sakka National Institute for Materials
Science, Japan
Honorary Editors
Tsuyoshi Masumoto Research Institute for
Electromagnetic Materials, Japan
Teruo Kishi University of Tokyo, Japan
Associate Editors
Katsuhiko Ariga National Institute for Materials
Science, Japan
Lennart Bergstrom Stockholm University, Sweden
Manuel E Brito University of Yamanashi, Japan
Fatih Dogan Missouri University of Science and
Technology, USA
James A Elliott University of Cambridge, UK
Fabien Grasset CNRS/Universite de Rennes 1,
France
Roland Hany Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for
Materials Testing and Research, Switzerland
Achim Walter Hassel Johannes Kepler University,
Austria
Makoto Kambara University of Tokyo, Japan
Ki-Bum Kim Seoul National University, Korea
Regional Editors
Gian-Luca Bona Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Testing and Research, Switzerland
Anthony K Cheetham University of Cambridge, UK
James K Gimzewski University of California, USA
Juri Grin Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics
of Solids, Germany
20
Hong Lin Tsinghua University, China
Yoko Mitarai National Institute for Materials
Science, Japan
Takehiko Mori Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Martin Pumera Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore
Taizo Sasaki National Institute for Materials
Science, Japan
Madoka Takai University of Tokyo, Japan
Shinya UjiNational Institute for Materials Science,
Japan
Alexander Wei Purdue University, USA
Yasunari Zempo Hosei University, Japan
Hideo Hosono Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Juergen Janek Justus Liebig University Giessen,
Germany
Kazunori Kataoka University of Tokyo, Japan
About NIMS
National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) is an institution specializing in research in organic and
inorganic materials.
Our world is made up of various “substances”, and the basis of our everyday lives can be found in these
“materials”. Materials fall into two major categories: organic/polymeric materials; and inorganic materials.
The latter in turn can be divided into metals and ceramics.
From the Stone Age – by way of the Industrial Revolution – to the present day, advances in materials have
contributed to the development of humankind and the focus is now on offering solutions for global problems.
NIMS specializes in carrying out research into these materials, which is managed in line with our theme,
“Materials research for creating tomorrow”.
STAM HEADQUARTERS OFFICE
Our editorial team at NIMS ensures that high-quality content is provided to the publisher, by inviting
prospective authors, and assisting referees and editors at all stages of the peer review.
Takeshi Hatano
Senior Editorial Co-ordinator
Konstantin Iakoubovskii
Editorial Co-ordinator
Hiromi Wakabayashi
Editorial Assistant
Mikiko Tanifuji
Publishing Director
21
About Empa
As an interdisciplinary research institute of the ETH Domain, Empa, the Swiss Federal Laboratories for
Materials Science and Technology, conducts cutting-edge materials and technology research. Empa’s
research activities focus on meeting the requirements of industry and the needs of society, and thus link
application-oriented research to the practical implementation of new ideas. The STAM Europe office is
located at Empa.
Aims of collaborative publishing
NIMS and Empa are working together to develop a flagship journal that provides the highest quality
information on recent developments in materials science on an open access platform. The collaboration
brings together top research expertise and resources from the East and West, ensuring that the journal is well
represented globally, and offering the community a valued international outlet for their high-quality research.
IOP PUBLISHING TEAM
Our dedicated Science and Technology of Advanced Materials team at IOP Publishing is here to ensure
that the publication process runs as smoothly as possible for our authors.
Alexandra Allsopp
Associate Publisher
22
Susannah Bruce
Production Editor
Danny Turner
Publishing
Administrator
Geraldine Pounsford
Marketing Executive
e and Technolo
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Science and Technology
of Advanced Materials
iopscience.org /stam
Articles submitted during 2014 and identified by the Editorial Board as being
of particularly high quality will have their article publication charge sponsored
by the National Institute of Materials Science and the Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology.
Impact Factor
nced Materials
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Celebrating 15 years
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Three good reasons to submit your article to STAM:
1 One of the highest ranked gold open access journals in materials science
2 Acceptance to web publication is 27 days
3 Every paper published in 2013 was downloaded on average more than 700 times
STAM covers all aspects of materials science but is particularly interested in nano, bio, and energy
and environment related articles. If you have a paper ready for submission in one of these areas,
why not choose STAM?
For more information, visit iopscience.org/stam
We would like to thank all of our authors, referees,
board members and supporters across the world for
their vital contribution to the work and progress of
Science and Technology of Advanced Materials.
IOP Publishing
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Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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