Ubon paspalum (Paspalum atratum Swallen),

Ubon paspalum (Paspalum atratum Swallen),

.,.J
uY1
Ubon paspalum
u.J
1 \1UUY1 1
u
nUIJ1IJU
25(0
(Paspalum atratum Swallen),
a new grass for waterlogged
soils in Northeast
Thailand
M.D. Hare', M. Saengkham', K. Thummasaeng'
K.Wongpichet',
'Faculty of Agriculture,
W. Suriyajantratong',
P. Booncharen and C. Phaikawe2.
Ubon Ratchathani University,Ubon
2Division of Animal Nutrition,Department
Ratchathani
34190 Thailand.
of Livestock Development,Bangkok,
Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Ubon paspalum (PaspaJum atratum Swallen), a forage grass from Brazil, has proven to
be a valuable forage grass for wet, waterlogged, low fertility,
acid soils in parts of ~ortheast
Thailand. In trials it has produced up to 72 0/0more dry matter than Ruzi grass in the second wet
season follo~ng
establishment on waterlogged soils. Ubon paspalum establishes readily from
seed and in trials at a sowing rate of 18 kg seed/ha, averaged 153 plants/m, 6 weeks after sowing
at 4 sites. It also establisnes easily
from planting tillers. Ubon paspalum produces seed in late
September to early October and in trials, seed yields have been up to 230 kg/ha.
Keywords:
Paspalum atratum, establishment, dry matter production, seed yield.
Introduction
1979) These soils cover no more than 12 0/0of
In May 1995, a forage research project,
the area of Northeast Thailand (Mitsuchi et al.
with funding from the Thailand Research Fund,
1986) There has been no detailed
commenced at Ubon Ratchathani University.
research carried out (Mitsuchi et al. 1986). It
0
is onto these soils that dairy farming is now
f h
'
b
f h"
ne 0 t e main 0 ~ectives 0 t IS pro~ect was
"
to evaluate grass species for low fertility,
terlogged
soils
for
feeding
to
dairy
wa-
cows.
expanding.
,
These
,
nce planting.
Previous
pasture
research in Notheast
pasture
two
They
soils
are
generally
are largely
used
for
structureless,
Thailand had been mainly carried out on well-
h
d 'It fr t '
, t'
ave a san -Sl
ac Ion cons1s 109 a I most exclusively of quartz, have very low nutrient hold-
drained soils on the middle terraces (Nam
ing capacity and high bulk densities. They are
Phong and Phon Phisai series) and the high
very low in organic matter and have a closely
terraces
packed topsoil over a packed subsoil. As such
(Yasothon
series)
(Shelton et al.
2
1111Yl11"1m1
11.011.
they can be waterlogged for long periods dur-
Paspalum atratum, performs very well on
ing the wet season( two-three months) and
w~terloggedsoils and stays greenright through
then dry out during the dry seasonforming a
the dry seasonin low lying sites. This grass is
hard pan (Ragland and Boonpukdee, 19S6).
now called Ubon paspalum.
The soils at Ubon Rachathani University are
mainly Roi -et soils with some Khorat soils.
Table 1 shows the ana:1ysisof our Roi-et soils ~
Origin
Paspalumatratumis native to the states
which shows that the soils are very acid, have
of Mato Grossodo SuI, Goiasand Minas Geriais
very low organic matter and are extremely de-
in Brazil. These statesare between 15°to 22°S
ficient in N, P and K.
of the equator. Ubon Rachathaniis 15°N and
Northest Thailand is between 14°and 1soN of
With dairy farming developing onto
the equator. Two varieties of P. atratum have
these soils there are currently only two grass
beencollected in Mato Grossodo SuI. The first
species available which are suitable for wet
is BRA9610 which we have named Ubon
soils in Thailand. :.They are plicatulum
paspalum in Thailand. The second is called
(Paspalum
and para grass
Suerte in Florida and Hi-Gane in Australia.
(Brachiaria mutica). Both species grow very
The soils where P. atratum was collected have
well in wet sites during the wet season but
a very high watertable during the wet season
perform poorly over the dry season.Plicatulum
is generally a low quality grassand is not eaten
and an analysis of the soil showed a pH of 5.1,
organic matter of 4.02 96 and P of 5.7 ppm.
1
readily by dairy cows. Para grass must be
Rainfall atthe collectionsite is about1400 mm/
~
planted vegetatively which limits its expan-
year compared with an annual rainfall of 1500
s
sion, and even though it is very palatable it has
mm at Ubon Ratchathani.The soils at Ubon
r
very poor dry seasonproduction and is often
Ratchathaniare probably wetterand poorerthan
r
grazed out during the dry season.Ruzi grass
those in Brazil from where P. atratumwas col-
s
(Brachiaria ruzizensis). is the most widely
lected.
S
plicatulum),
grown grass in Thailand. It grows best on well-
In November 1994 Ubon Ratchathani
drained fertile soils. Farmers have found that
University received 100g of
ruzi grass drys off very quickly in the dry sea-
BRA9610 seed from Dr. Werner Stur in the
son and does not grow well in waterlogged
Philippines. Dr. Stur is the regional research
tu
sites.
officer for the Foragesfor SmallholdersProject
a,
which is a project in SoutheastAsia funded by
su
ResearchProject at Ubon RachathaniUniver-
AustAid
AJ
sity, has found that a new grass from Brazil,
( Australia) and CIAT in Colombia. Dr. Stur
After two years research, the Forage
and
managed
P. atratum
by
CSIRO
E
dr
'"~
uYl
u ~
u
1 IIUUYI 1 nUIJ1IJU 2540
3
is based at IRRI in the Philippines. Fifty g of
gley soil at 15 Sand 1000 m.a.s.l. ( Barcellos
this seed was used for the initial evaluation
researchat the university' and the other 50 g
et al. 1997). Steersgrazing thesepasturesgave
mean liveweight gains of 587 g/animal/day
was used for seed increase. We harvested 60
and 655 kg/hectare/year over four years.
k
1 t
g as year.
In Florida,
In 1995 we received
permission
from
steers
grazing
cv. Suerte gained 700 g in liveweight
..
P.
atratum
over a 97
Dr. Stur to renameBRA9610 with a Thai name.
day penod at a stocking rate of 3.5 steers/ha
(Kretschmer et al. 1994). Suertealso produced
We choose to name the grass Ubon paspalum.
6730 kg DM;ha when cut at a 15 cm height
In Brazil, where Portugese is the ~inain lan-
every 21 days over a 240 day wet seasonwith
guage, Ubon meansgood. Ubon paspalumhas
224 kg N/ha. Kalmbacheret al. ( 1997)stocked
proven to be a very good grass for our environment.
Suerte at 6 yearling steers/ha and produced
a daily liveweight gain of 600 g/animal over
Morphological
description
Ubon paspalumis a perennial, tetrap-
a 168 day season. In these trials Suerte was
sown at 2.3 kg/ha and during grazing there
were 13.5plants per m. Crude protein content
of Suerte varied from 7.5-11.4
during the
loid, large leafy bunch grass and if left uncut,
leaf canopies can grow up to one metre high
year (Kalmbacher et al. 1997). They concluded
that P. atratum cv. Suerte could be an
and inflorescences to over two metres high.
Th
1 af bl d
h
. 1 h
e erect e
a es can reac 50 cm m engt
important pasture grass for rearing heifers or
growing steers in the wet, humid tropics.
: .In
and 3-4 cm in width. The lower leaf sheaths.
SoutheastAsia, P. atratum BRA9610
.
are slightly hairy and the leaf margins are very
tl
.
11
1 .
IS presen y growmg very we on wet SOls m
Malaysia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia and
shap. Each inflorescence has between 5 and 9
Thailand
racemeswith between 70 and 90 spikelets per
Departmentof Livestock Developmentin Thai-
raceme. The seeds are reddish brown and
land harvested over 3000 kg of seed of P.
shiney. There are between 200,000-400,000
atratum BRA9610 from Animal Nutrition
seedsper kg.
Researchstations in 1996.
Background
agronomy
and research
( Ibrahim
Research
P. atratum is a new grass to agriculture and so there is not much information
available.P. atratum BRA9610 has beengrown
successfully
et al. 1997).
at Ubon
The
Ratchathani
University
Seedling
establishment
We have found that Ubon paspalum
with the perennial peanut,
establishes very well from broadcast seed
Arachis pintoi BRA31143 in Brazil on a poorly
sowing, seedlingplants and by tillers cut from
drained, seasonally waterlogged, low humid
older plants.
r-
-
4
11'1fl,'j'l"1m,
On a waterlogged
soil
( Table
very
well
4 kg/ha
40
1 ),
in
kg N,
were
50 kg
In
1997,
seed
20
the
Ubon
kg
and
F
th
b
at
e a ove rates was
S
d
d b
lzer
,
sowmg.
second
the
sown
of 18 kg/ha
1'
into
broadcast
at a rate
( 2.88 kg/rai),
ee was covere
(Table
3).
an r
150
does
ng.
plant
density
in these
trials
(Table
156
plants
the
plant
twelve
densities
( Kalmbacher
better
season
paspalum
in
have
the
also
vegetatively
from
times
older
plants
the first
years
100
wet
only
and
kg K,
season
60 kg Sand
applied
all the
40 kg S
and
120 kg
60 kg P/ha:
in the
trial
than
shows
ruzi
cuuently
it is growing
better
Ubon
paspalum
than
that
grass
in tQe third
( Table
grass
paspalum
in the second
wet
12).
produced
ruzi
Ubon
season
At
Yasothon
72 Djomore
47 days
wet
dry
after
cutting
3)
higher
Florida
in both
80 kg N,
and
12).
than
trials
et al. 1997).
We
roots
1m,
was
wet season.
( Table
was
season
kg K,
matter
Average
Fertilzer
received
This
1
d
a so sprea
at
h
d
aki
y
the wet
apecies
N,
well
when
yields.
and 40 kg P Iha
established
out
0
at
kg P/ha
raked
at three
ertl
sites
20
season
during
2 ). At sowing,
paspalum
of four
dry
established
Sand
seed
Roi-et
broadcasted
( Table
K,
with
fertility
paspalun
from
kg/rai),
spread
soil.
Ubon
1995
(0.6
low
~OOU.
Production
established
Ubon
by dividing
tillers
and sowing
these
in
mixed
legume
with
In
tillers
Llanos
swards
swards
macro
grass/
mixed
with
the
(Macroptilium
legume
gracile),
on
I
v
into
wet
soil
the
same
will
divide
also
established
seed
production
area
Small
village
day.
One
large
plant
waterlogged
sites
at
Ubon
Ratchathani
v
into
an option
about
village
of either
seed
or by planting
th
f
'
elf
50
tillers.
Last
pastures
and
by planting
tillers
we
University
a village
from
have
paspalum
older
Ubon
significantly
therefore
Ubon
and
station,
tillers.
farmers
planting
year
plants
species
production
on
applied
150
arms.
2),
similar
in
the
first
trials
Ubon
to ruzi
season
more
d ry
pure
year
established
paspalum
wet
dry
K,
60
ml}tter
end
( Table
of
wet
kg
than
the
5 ).
the
not
other
first
was
se.ason and
60
kg
s
grass
year
Fertilizer
Sand
produce
of
produced
grass
Ubon
matter
( Table
paspalum
than
ruzi
swards
of
in
the
1995
dry
4).
matter
0
combmed
initial
setaria
produced
gr ass,
but
another
much
with
plicatulum
yields
This
is because
27
similar
Djo
paspalum
between
tures
trial,
d
only
d:
120 kg N,
gJ
P/ha
were
year
and
Ubon
signal
climbing
its leaves
grass
macro
paspalum
(
grass
than
legume
the more
and plicatulum.
-gr<
than
( Table
structure
dense
S
6).
of Ubon
to grow
w,
and
of establishment,
the open leaf
allows
of signal
Llanos
,
with
better
in the first
( Table
In the second
l~
e~
In
evaluation
did
Nutrition
applied.
Evauation
In
paspalum
the
during
kg
Animal
more
at
by
Yasothon
pr(
well
the
struc-
cl()
,.~
u ~
u
uY1 1 IIUUY1 1 n\lllll1\1
In a further trial at Ubon Ratchathani
University,
2540
5
producedfive times less seed than fields cut in
Ubon paspalum averaged over
June, and fields cut in Septemberproduced no
10,000 kg DM/ha during the dry seasonwhen
seed at all ( Table 9). In another trial, seed
fertilized ( Table 7). All plots received 80 kg
harvested by knocking seed from the inflo-
N, 100 kg K, 40 kg Sand 40 P/ha during the
rescencesinto bags every day produced twice
wet seasonand similar amounts during the dry
the amount of seed than seed harvested by
season.This shows that Ubon paspalum will
threshing or sweating (Table 10).
produce high dry matter yields during the dry
There may be someembryo dormancy
season on low lying soils if it receives
in freshly harvested seed so we recommend
fertilizer. In future, we will fertilize all trials
storing seed for 4-6 months after harvest and
during the dry season on our Roi -et soils as
sow In the wet season.
they do not hold nutrients for very long at all
( Mitsuchi et al. 1986).
Last year a village farmer produced
Ubon paspalum seed for the first time in
Thailand. Despite seedlosses from heavy rain
Waterlogging
tolerance
and birds, she still harvested 340 kg seed/ha
In pot trials at the university, Ubon
( 47.5 kg/rai). This year we have contracted
paspalum also showed that it is tolerant of
21 farmers to produce seed for our research
waterlogging. Plants of several grass species
project.
were grown in buck~ts for 84 days and then
subjected to waterlogging at a 5 cm above soil
level depth for 10 days. Waterlogging reduced
Future
research
We are continuing
long
term
dry weight of ruzi grass and signal grass but
evaluationtrials comparingUbon paspalumwith
did not affect weights ofplicatulum, Jarra digit
other grasseson many sites in different areas.
grass, Splenda setaria and Ubon paspalum
We believe that Ubon paspalum performs
( Table 8). We are repeating waterlogging
better than many species in.the second and
experiments this year and we will extend the
subsequentyears ( Table 12). We are also
waterloggingperiod from 10days up to 20 days.
studying its performance with a range of try
and see which legumes persist best with Ubon
Seed production
of Ubon paspalum
Ubon paspalum is a short day plant
paspalum. A dairy production trial will also
commencenext year when milk production of ,
producing inflorescences towards the end of
dairy cows will be compared by grazing either
the wet season in late August-September. A
Ubon paspalum,Jarra digit, signal grass, ruzi ..
closing date trial found that seed fields cut to
grass or Splenda setaria, These pastures are
ground level at the beginning of August
establishingnow.
--.
6
11111111",m11I.ou.
We are also concerned about the low
Acknowledgments
protein values in Ubon paspalum ( Table 11).
We believe that becauseour soils do not hold
nutrients and that we are
, not fertilizing our tri-.
als frequently enough~ A trial is under way
studying the effect of rates of nitrogen and
. fr
.ment
cuttmg equency on protem content and dry
..us
matter production m Ubon paspalum. We are
W
.
e WIS
h to gratefully acknowledgethe
f
"
.
undmg receIved from the ThaIland Research
Fund supportmgour researchand the cooperation of the Animal Nutrition Division, Depart.
of LIvestock Development, for allowing
to work on their researchstations.
also studying the effects of oversowing high
protein annual legumes into Ubon paspalum
References
so that protein values of the sward increases.
Barcellos, A.O., Pizarro, E.A. and Costa,
We also needto studymore about how
N.L.1997. Agronomic evaluation of novel
to manage Ubon paspalum for long term
germplasm under grazing: Arachis pintoi
production, nutritive value and persistenceon
BRA-031143 and PaspalumatratumBRA-
village dairy farms.
009610.
ProceedingsXVll International Grassland
Summary
CongressVol. 2:22-47-48.
Ubon paspalum has proven to be an
Ibrahim, Lanting, E.,Khemsawat,C., Wong,
execllent grass for low fertility soils which
become waterlogged during the wet season.It
C.C.,Guodao,L.,Phimphachanhvongsod,
V.,Binh, L.H.and Horne, P.M. 1997.
also produces good dry seasonproduction on
Forage grassesand Legumes with broad
low lying sites if it is fertilized well. We have
adaptationfor SoutheastAsia. Proceedings
found that Ubon paspalumis easyto establish
XVll InternationalGrasslandCongressVol.
from seed,seedlings,or freshly cut tillers. Ubon
1:1-51-52.
paspalum sets a lot of seedtowards the end of
Kalmbacher,R.S.,Martin,.F.G. and Kretschner,
the wet seasonand is fairly easy to harvest.
A.E. Jr. 1997. Performance of cattle
Also the quality of the seedis high.
grazing
The results presentedin this paperare
preliminary data from a range of trials looking
at forage production on waterlogged soils. To
pastures based on Paspalum
atratum cv. Suerte. Tropical Grasslands
31:58-66.
Kretschmer, A.E. Jr, Kalmbacher, R.S and
date our results indicate that Ubon paspalum
Wilson T.C. 1994. Preliminary evaluation
could become an important forage for season-
of
ally waterlogged and seasonally dry soils in
(atra paspalum). : A high quality, seed
Northeast Thailand and hopefully other parts
producing perennial forage grass for
of Thailand with similar sites as well.
Florida. Soil and Crop
Paspalum
atratum
Swallen
,c
,.~
u ~
u
uf11 I!UUf1
1 nU/Jl/JU
2540
7
Science Society of Florida Proceedings,
: a four part review. NERAD Northeast
53:22-25.
Reginonal
Mitsuchi, M., Wichaidii, P. and Jeungnijnirund,
S. 1986. Outline of soils of the Northeast
Plateau, Thailand:
Their characteristics
Office
of
Agriculture,
Khon Kaen. 17pp.
Sh
I
e ton,
H..,M GuWen ' dge, RC
.,
Wilalpon,.,
'
N
and
,
and constraints. Agncultural Development
Wickham, B., Kratzing, D.C. and Waring,
R
S.A.
h
esearc
Ragland,
C
tr
en
e
.
10
N
rth
0
t
Kh
K
eas,
on
1979.
Nutrient
studies
on
pasture
soils
aen.
J. and Boonpukdee, L. 1986.
of NortheasternThailand. Thai Journal of
Fertilizer responsesin Northeast Thailand
Agricultural Science, 12:235-247.
Table 1 Chemical data of Roi-et soil at Ubon RatchathaniUniversity
pH
4.73
Total
N
P
OM
Ca
Mg
Na
K
CEC
(0/0)
(ppm)
(0/0)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)
100g)
0.03
3.57
0.74
146
31
13
25
(mel
2.26
Table 2 Plant numbersper m2,weeks after sowing at 4 kg seed/haat Ubon RatchathaniUniversity
in 1995
Species
Plant 801m2
Ruzi grass
19.5
Koronivia grass
7.0
Signal grass
23.2
Splenda setaria
14.7
Solander setaria
8.5
Bermuda grass
37.7
Bambasti grass
18.8
Purple pigeon grass
2.7
Fine-cut Rhodes grass
30.0
Raki paspalum
26.0
Ubon paspalum
34.5
Jarra digit
11.2
LSD (P<o.os)
20.1
.I
8
11~In~i"lm~ lJ.ou.
Table 3 Pl1intnumbers per m2 in June 1997, 6 weeks after sowing at 18 kg seed/ha at four sites
in Northeast Thailand
Ubon
Species
Warin
Det Udom
Mukdahan
University
Ubon
109a
30C
346bc
l~ob
Plicatulum
98ab
126a
587a
245a
Ruzi grass
Signal grass
52cde
22e
83abc,
16C
112de
2Se
-5.9cd
17d
115abc
"
455~b
Illbc
paspalum
Splenda'
.89abc
setana
i
i'
Jarra digit
69bcd
67abc
219cd
41cd
Purple pigeon
42de
46bc
169de
6d
Table 4 Dry matter yield of grass at Ubon RatchathaniUniversity
Dry weight (kg/ha)
~--
Wet
Dry
Wet
Dry
1995
1995/96
1996
1996/97
Ruzi grass
2536
2596
16635
3731
Koronivia grasscv. Tully
227
1115
12588
4618
Signal grass cv. Basilisk
1720
2732
17.274
6006
Splenda setaria
1677
2257
16682
5437
Solander setaria
303
1609
1559
4739
Bambatsimakarikari grass
91
540
303
-
Fine-cut Rhodes grass
321
447
623
-
Raki paspalum
318
739
9304
4108
Ubon paspalum
1936
3138
22667
4234
Jarra digit grass
358
1160
15118
4793
LSD (P<O.O5)
1136
1028
4193
ns
Grass species
Season
Year
~Y
"..
u.. 1 n\lllll1\1
u
lIYI1 IIUUYI
2540
9
Table 5 Dry matter production (kg/ha) from grass and grass/Llanos macro swards in the fIrst
wet seasonof establishmentand the first dry seasonfollowing establishmentat Ubon
University (UBU) and Yasothon forage station (YFS)
UBU
Wet*
G
.Grass
rass speCIes
only
Grass +
Llanos
Dry**
Difference
ce
Grass
only
macro
Ubon paspalum
Grass + Difference
Llanos
ce
macro
4308a't>-- 7851a
*
7196a
ns
Ruzi grass
7569a
8958a
5696a
6241a
ns
Plicatulum
2265b
6131a
*
3814a
5901a
ns
Signal grass
Splenda setaria
7396a
5810ab
8874a
8913a
ns
ns
6754a
4014a
6941a
6811a
ns
fiS
8145
**
~ean
5470
ns
6616a
5379
Wet*
Gr
.Grass
ass
Grass
+
6618
ns
Dry**
Difference
Grass
Grass
+
Difference
speCIes
only
llanos
ce
macro
only
llanos
ce
macro
Ubon paspalum
Ruzi grass
Plicatulum
4730ab
3164b
2851b
5591b
6468ab
7902ab
ns
*
**
6303a
3764a
4696a
4858a
4846a
5702a
ns
ns
ns
Signal grass
Splenda setaria
5302ab
5302ab
5687b
9398a
ns
ns
5248a
6048a
5522a
7082a
ns
ns
**
5212
5602
ns
~ean
4664
7005
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 596level
by Duncans ~ultiple Range Test.
.
* Wet seas()ncuts September3, November 4 1996
** Dry seasoncuts 27 January, 24 April 1997
-I
10
11111111Y1m11J.tJu.
Table 6 Dty matter production (kg/ha) from Llanos macro and grassesin pure and mixed swards
in the the first wet seasonof establishmentand the first dry seasonat Ubon University
Wet*
No grass
Ubon.
Signal
LSD
setaria
grass
(P<O.O5)
2910
3229
4020
1710
2245
5028
5337
1816
7642
5155
8247
9357
1912
Ubon
Dry*
\
Splenda
Signal
LSD
Phcatulum
paspalum
Splenda
Llanos
5486
4158
macro
Cirass
Total
-3484
5486
,
No grass
Llanos
2144
paspalum
951
Plicatulum
setaria
grass
317
929
297
(P<O.O5)
670
5178
6676
10320
2884
5495
7605
10617
2394
macro
Cirass
Total
-5837
2144
6788
* Wet seasoncuts 28 August, 28 October 1996
** Dry seasoncuts 4 February, 28 April 1997
Table 7 Dry matter production (kg/ha) from Ubon paspalumand legume swards in the first wet
seasonof establishmentand the first dry seasonat Ubon University
Wet*
No legume
Llanos
Lee joint
macro
vetch
Cavalcade
Llanos+Lee+
Cavalcade
LSD
(P<O.O5)
Ubon
7680
4312
4173
5725
3509
2548
4211
3747
5956
ns
8956
8384
9472
9465
ns
Llanos
Lee joint
macro
vetch
7912
11599
11830
8802
2962
3405
711
1046
1457
15004
12541
9848
3517
paspalum
Legurne
Total
-4644
7680
1
Dry*
No legume
Cavalcade
Llanos+Lee+
Cavalcade
LSD
(P<O.O5)
Ubon
11942
paspalurn
Legurne
Total
-1485
11942
9397
* Wet seasoncuts 28 August, 28 October 1996
** Dry seasoncuts 4 February, 28 April 1997
In
Dl
.Cut,
"./
~./
uYl
-
1 IIUUYI 1 nUtJltJU 2540
11
Table 8 Effect of waterlogging for 10 and 20 days on dry weight of grass
Dry weight (grams per pint)
Control plants
Control plants at
before water
end of water
Species
Plants after 10
days water
applied
7.1 a
logging period
14.3 b
logging
12.3 b
JIi-Gane paspalum
Splenda setaria
7.5 a
8.2 a
21.7 c
12.0 b
13.8 b
14.4c
Ruzi grass
Signal grass
8.9 c
11.0 b
20.5 a
28.2 a
15.9 b
16.2 b
Jarra digit
Plicatulum
17.6 b
11.2 b
25.6 a
21.3 a
24.7 a
23.5 a
Ubon paspalum
In a column, meansfollowed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by
Duncans Multiple Range Test.
Table 9 Effect of closing date on seedyield and seedyield componentsof Ubon paspalum
Closing
date
May
June
July
August
Sept.
LSD
(p<0.05)
Seed yield
(kg/ha)
65.6
88.8
43.4
13.8
0
TSW
(g)
2.638
2.834
2.993
2.396
0
Infloresced
ce/m2
26.7
23.6
21.6
15.6
0
Receme/
inflorescence
8..3
8.1
6.6
5.1
0
Spikelet/
raceme
148.8
76.8
64.0
57.3
0
48.0
1.134
9.1
2.6
33.2
Table 10 Effect of different seed harvesting methods on seedyields and thousand seed weight
(TSW) of Ubon pasapalum
Harvesting method
Seed yield (kg/ha)
TSW (g)
Knocking 230 a
4.064 a
Cut and thresh
140 b
3.427 b
Cut, sweat 2 days, thresh
119 b
3.387 b
sweat 4 days, thresh
131 b
3.397 b-
In a column, meansfollowed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by
Duncans Multiple Range Test.
12
1111n11Ylm1 lJ.fJU.
Table 11 Crude protein ,& of different seedharvestingmethods on seedyields and thousand see
weight (TSW) of Ubon paspalum
Grass species
Date (day/mqnth)
Ftuzi grass
Koronivia grass cv. Tully
Crude protein %
UBU
11/6 13./8 16/10 23/12
6.4
3.2
4.6
3.4
5.2
3.6
5.3
4.2
Signal grasscv. Basilisk
Splenda setaria
Solander setaria
Bermuda grass
Bambatsi makarikari grass
Purple pigeon grass
4.5
5.6
7.4
8.7
5.4
3.6
4.9
2.5
6.2
3.7
5.9
---10.9
---10.8
Fine-cut Fthodesgrass
Ftaki paspalum
Ubon paspalum
5.0
7.4
4.3
Paspalum plicatulum
Jarra digit grass
---5.2
6.9
2.~-
4.1
4.5
4.8
11/6
7.3
8.9
7.9
9.1
7.9
8.1
---8.8
3.9
8.2
3.0
5.0
5.9
5.4
3.8
9.4
---4.3
3.6
7.6
6.7
UFS
13/8 16/10 23/12
6.0
7.8
4.9
7.1
9.7
4.8
6.5
4.8
6.6
8.8
6.2
---
8.1
8.8
7.9
10.2
8.1
5.1
5.2
6.0
6.7
-
5.1
6.6
8.9
10.6
3.4
5.0
5.3
5.1
6.6
8.5
4.0
5.3
Table 12 Dry matterproductionof grassspeciesin June 1997,47days aftercutting, in the evaluation
trial at Ubon University (Trial 1) and trials at Ubon University and Yasothon(Trial 2)
Trial 1 (Third Year)
Grass
.DM
species
Jarra digit
Splenda
(kg/ha)
5437a
Trial 2 (Second year)
Grass species
Ubon paspalum
Yasothon
Ubon
6162a
7442a
4489ab
Signal
4539ab
4880ab
3732abc
Ftuzi
3568b.
5401ab
i
3092bc
3025bc
2819bc
Splendasetaria
Plicatulum
3570b
3654b
3071b
3832b
1
setaria
Ubon
paspalum
Ftuzi
Plicatulum
Koronivia
I
Signal
2509c
Solander
setaria
Ftaki
2344C
2004c
1
Ii
I~
paspalum
In a column, meansfollowed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 50/0level by
~
"b
Du~cans Mulitiple FtangeTest.
Ii