2010 Program Report
Transcription
2010 Program Report
Page |1 PROJECT REPORTS 2010 JEEF Young Environmental Leadership Program in Asia Indonesia. Japan. Malaysia. Philippines. Singapore. Thailand. Vietnam. August 2010 – February 2011 Solar Cooking. Shoko Ueno. Japan Editor: Marie Bretana, WWFPhilippines Publishing Team: Herni, Pili Kato, Shotaro, Tan, Joanna Yap, Ruth Yurawan, Nath Supervision: Kazue Tsukahara (JEEF), Midori Shibahara (CSEL),Hiroyuki Usuki Available from: Japan Environmental Education Forum (JEEF) th 4 Floor, Twinz Shinjuku Bldg. 510-15 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0022, Japan TEL. +81-3-3350-6770 FAX. +81-3-3350-7818 [email protected] www.jeef.or.jp/yelp www.jeef.or.jp/english/ Citation “PROJECT REPORTS: 2010 JEEF Young Environmental Leadership Program in Asia”, Japan Environmental Education Forum (JEEF) 2011. Copyright This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. JEEF would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from Japan Environmental Education Forum. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Japan Environmental Education Forum (JEEF) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the policy or views of JEEF. Mention of commercial or non commercial products and services does not imply endorsement or affiliation by JEEF. This program is supported by “Projects to succeed and develop the basic philosophy of the EXPO 2005” of Global Industrial and Social Progress Research Institute (GISPRI). Table of Contents Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market ..................................................................................1 Nisa Finidhama Palestine (Indonesia) The project focuses on implementing a waste management system in traditional markets by educating the vendors on the environmental and economic advantages of classifying waste. Solar Cooking ........................................................................................................................................ 16 Shoko Ueno (Japan) The study explores the potential of solar energy in food preparation. Through environmental education sessions, it is aimed that Solar Cooking be utilized in areas and situations wherein fuel sources inaccessible. Waste Segregation in the Town of Kundasang, Sabah ........................................................... 20 Aaron Gan (Malaysia) The objective of the project is to instill the habit of waste segregation in the community of Kundasang by pointing out its economic opportunities. Ultimately, the program aims to preserve beauty of Mount Kinabalu. YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles .............. 25 Angelicum Oda (Philippines) Through the production of a short film, the program aims to raise awareness on sustainable lifestyles. The program plans to make its audience realize that individual choices have collective global impacts. Educating Green Values to Socially Disadvantaged Children .............................................. 36 Joanna Tan (Singapore) The program centers on communicating environmental concepts such as sustainable living through the arts. It is believed that creativity contributes a better understanding of green values. Garbage to Fertilizer in Koh Chang Island.................................................................................. 48 Vich Cheepsujjayan (Thailand) The project aims to produce fertilizer from commercial and household waste generated by the island of Koh Chang. This initiative presents the financial prospect of this waste management effort through selling the organic fertilizer as well as preserving the island as an ecotourism site. Annex: Photo Documentation ......................................................................................................... 53 Page |1 JEEF Young Environmental Leadership Program in Asia Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market Author: Nisa Finidhama Palestine ([email protected]) Country: Indonesia Affiliation: Chemical Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market. Nisa Finidhama Palestine. Indonesia. Page |2 Summary Traditional market is a place which plays an important role in Indonesia. There are about 13,450 units of traditional market in Indonesia, and the growth is currently decreasing to 8.1% each year. This is caused by the growth of the modern market. However, there are some functions of the traditional market that cannot be replaced by the modern one. These functions include forming a stronger bond between individuals belonging to different social levels, providing a cheaper and accessible place to shop and a source of income for people belonging to the lower to middle class. Slowly, the role of traditional markets began to be substituted by modern markets. It is because the atmosphere of the traditional markets is relatively dirtier, cramped, and stuffy. Hence, many people do not feel comfortable to shop in the said area. This project aims to solve problem of hygiene management in the market and to change market environment to become more inviting. It hopes to preserve the source of income for the lower to middle class population. “Gemah Ripah” Traditional Fruit Market is taken as a pilot plan. This is a wholesale fruits market that operates 24 hours. The market sells fruits from some areas in Indonesia and supply the demand of Yogyakarta. There are a lot of problems in the process of delivery; of which is that most fruits are not well-packed. Moreover, there are a considerable number of fruits that cannot be sold because of the bad quality (spoiled, decay, etc). As a result, the fruits are accumulated in the market area and delivered to the landfill when the amount is big enough. The goal of this plan is to process the fruits that can still be consumed, and blending it into fruit juice. On the other hand, the spoiled fruits will be used to produce fertilizer and biogas that may be converted into electricity. In addition, the project aims to have this market considered as a sustainable traditional market. Finally, it will also have an additional value as an environmental education site. Current Project Fig.1: Main Project of Sustainable “Gemah Ripah” Traditional Fruits Market (Palestine, N.F., 2010) Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market. Nisa Finidhama Palestine. Indonesia. Page |3 The proposed project is focused on classifying the fruit waste. From the scheme above, it is indentified as the first part of the process. The activity is mainly to educate the fruit vendors on how to classify compostable and non-compostable waste. The compostable waste may be made into fruit juice and those sorted as non-compostable can be directed to the biogas processing unit. Raw material feed is essential because it will determine the success of the overall scheme and the quality of the biogas produced. The other components of this project (blending fruit juice unit, anti bacterial substance removal unit, biogas processing unit, fertilizer processing unit, electricity processing unit, and plantation unit) will is facilitated by the other teams. The initial task included the analysis of the awareness and technical knowledge of the vendors on waste separation. Survey questionnaires were used to determine the understanding of the fruit sellers as well as what level of information was to be communicated to them. Posters were placed in the market area to introduce the project and to educate the community on waste classification and the monitoring process. An economic approach was used to attract and gain the acceptance of the target audience. The project solicited the help of various stakeholders as to ensure its sustenance. The program serves as a pilot test for other markets. The program works towards maintaining the relevance of the traditional markets. Aside from the economic value, it communicates the importance of protecting the environment by managing waste generated by the market. Rationale There wasn’t any waste management in the market before the team introduced the project. The rubbish was scattered in front each stand, waiting for the truck to pick it up and brought to the landfill. By executing the whole scheme of the project, it is expected to transform the market into a sustainable traditional market. In the proposal, it is mentioned that the activity will be focused in increasing the sellers’ awareness before executing the waste classification. This is done by providing educational materials in each stand and through media such as posters and leaflets. Surveys were conducted in order to determine the best strategy for the project. Results from the surveys show that vendors are: Disturbed by the introductory activity because they think that it’s not related to their business; Open to performing the waste classification rather than merely listening to the lectures and explanations of the team. Considering the results of the survey and the disaster of Merapi Eruption on November 5 – November 17 2010, it was decided that the project takes a different approach. The change of process was taken from the result of discussion between the team and stakeholder organization (Koperasi Gemah Ripah), of which is more knowledgeable regarding the Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market. Nisa Finidhama Palestine. Indonesia. Page |4 characteristic of the seller. The new project additions include a cleaning day; monitoring, visiting local based waste management village, and fruit juice day. Objectives of the Project The project aims to: Increase the awareness of the fruits sellers about the importance of a cleaner market; Educate the fruit vendors on the type of wastes; and Provide bins for the classified waste. Target area a. Name of the area: “Gemah Ripah” traditional fruit market, Ambarketawang, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. b. Basic information of the area: Has 150 fruits stands Sells 16 varieties of fruits Produces 4-10 ton waste/day Waste types: 1. Organic = fruits (80.13%), straws (6.52%), leafs (3.25%), woods (packing material) (0.10%) 2. Anorganic = cloth from fabric (7.35%), plastic (2.65%) (Nurrihadini, 2009) Fig.2: Map of target area Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market. Nisa Finidhama Palestine. Indonesia. Page |5 Beneficiaries of the Project The project benefits the following: For the main project: This project is an initial step for main project, without this component, the main project will have no value. For the target people: Educate and raise awareness on the environment and sorting waste. For the target area: Improve the atmosphere of the target area by making it cleaner and more orderly. For the student volunteers: As the younger generation, this project is a good way for them to learn directly about the environment and society. This experience may contribute to them being more conscious about the environment. Roadmap M T Aug-10 W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1. Market visits to survey the biogas, look at the condition of waste disposal and inform the continuity of the project after arriving from Hanoi; 2. Evaluating proposal version 1.2; 3. Discussing the survey plans with the “Koperasi”; and 4. Setting up everything needed for the survey such as the market plan, information letter for the sellers. M T 6 7 13 14 20 21 27 28 Sep-10 W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 18 19 22 23 24 25 26 29 30 1. Market visits to survey the biogas, look at the condition of waste disposal and inform the continuity of the project after arriving from Hanoi; Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market. Nisa Finidhama Palestine. Indonesia. Page |6 2. Evaluating proposal version 1.2; 3. Discussing the survey plans with the “Koperasi”; 4. Setting up everything needed for the survey such as the market plan, information letter for the sellers. 5. Idul Fitri holiday; 6. Volunteers recruitment: preparation of documents for the volunteers; 7. Drafting of questionnaires (with Andy, Pili, and Ir. Siti Syamsiah, Ph.D. (as advisor), preparing attributes for the survey; 8. Volunteer class:(19.00-20.30WIB); 9. # information of the main project (towards a sustainable traditional market); 10. # information about sorting waste project; 11. # allocation of the team; 12. # detail explanation of the survey (25-26 Sept); 13. Volunteer class on the spot; 14. # market visits, examining the situation before survey; 15. # lecture from Mr. Sujud (field coordinator of the main project) for the technical survey in the field; 16. Survey (14.00-21.00 WIB); 17. Gathering of the surveyor; and 18. Analysis of survey analysis. M T 4 5 11 12 18 19 25 26 Oct-10 W T F S S 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 15 16 17 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 29 30 31 1. Process and evaluate the results of the survey; 2. Gathering of volunteers and traders during the Moslem religious day to gain better relationship; 3. Lobbying volunteer’s time with Mrs. Siti and Mrs. Harsini; 4. Meeting I (13.00-14.00 WIB); 5. Meeting II (13.00-14.00 WIB); 6. Arranging the work plan in the target area; 7. Give detailed plan of activities in the target area; and 8. University Test. Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market. Nisa Finidhama Palestine. Indonesia. Page |7 M T 1 2 8 9 15 16 22 23 29 30 Nov-10 W T F S S 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 24 25 26 27 28 1. University Test; 2. Holiday of Merapi Eruption; 3. # ‘cleaning day’ team to establish the plans, property team designing and ordering the specific Bin; 4. Meeting III; 5. Meeting IV; 6. ‘Cleaning day’; 7. Preparation for the next plan: tourism village and publishing team (sorting poster); and 8. Monitoring starts working. M T 6 7 13 14 20 21 27 28 Dec-10 W T F S S 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 18 19 22 23 24 25 26 29 30 31 1. Monitoring; 2. Visiting Local Based Waste Management Village; and 3. Fruit Juice Day. M T Jan-10 W T F 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 24 25 26 27 28 31 S S 1 2 8 9 15 16 22 23 29 30 1. Monitoring Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market. Nisa Finidhama Palestine. Indonesia. Page |8 2. Monitoring & preparing for the biogas Unit. Trial feeding in the biogas plant by using manure and damage fruits gathered from the sorting waste process. Success Indicators 90% sellers follow the sorting education processes o Survey for 90% of all the stands (owner and workers) o Tutorial for 90% of all the workers (day shift and night shift workers) 90% of all stands in the market are able to classify waste on their own. o The wastes are classified as the categories explained, only 10% waste are placed in the improper bin. Personnel No. 1. Name Ir. Siti Syamsiah,Ph.D. Affiliation Lecturer of Chemical Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University, Majoring Food and Bioprocess Engineering Job Advisor Job Description Give directions about the procedure so the project can run effectively and efficiently. Head of Waste Refinery Indonesia 2. 3. Ir.Suharsini Nisa Finidhama Palestine Head of Koperasi “Gemah Ripah” 5th semester student of Chemical Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University Administrative Manager of GAMA Advisor Project Leader a. Improve coordination with the vendors. b. Give directions about the procedure so the project can run effectively and efficiently. a. Responsible for all processes and impacts of the project b. Coordinating all of the divisions c. Responsible for the sustainability of Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market. Nisa Finidhama Palestine. Indonesia. Page |9 EARTH 4. Sulthoni Mukhlis 5 th semester student of Chemical Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University this project after the granted period d. Responsible for coordination of our team with other teams in main project. Director of Operational Field Responsible for all activities during sorting education process to the sellers. Student Volunteer Surveyors of the questionnaires, and technicians for all activities Student Volunteer Documentation and Administration team. Responsible for all materials needed such as: 1. Questionnaire 2. Poster 3. Specific Bin 4. Equipment for all activities Student Volunteer Publishing team. Responsible for: 1. Prepare the contents of the questionnaire Press Manager of GAMA EARTH 5. 1. Hafid Sahli M 2. Dinda Rizka F 3. Nikolas Dwi L 4. Dama Retno A K 5. Wulan Laras A 6. Yano Surya P 7. Tisani S 8. Ian Rivai 9. Didit A 10. Qum Fikri 1. Rangga Waldeza 6. 2. Indraloka Gushtia 7. 1. Oktavia Dewi 2. Shinta Pratiwi R 3. Karina Charlote 4. Achmad Rofiq N 5th semester student of Chemical Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University 5th semester student of Chemical Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University 5th semester student of Chemical Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market. Nisa Finidhama Palestine. Indonesia. P a g e | 10 2. Posters 3. Leaflets for dissemination 8. 1. Kusni 2. Johan 3. Walidin 4. Armando 5. Bani 6. Koirun 7. Dani 8. Herman Cleaning service employee Volunteer Provide assistance in the monitoring process such as the separation of waste. Act as mediators for the vendors and stall employees. Responsible for attending to the questions of the vendors. Dissemination Strategy This project is an initial study of the main project, therefore the dissemination strategies are: Make report about the progress of the project; Placement of posters about this project in the campus area and CHAIN Center (office of the organization that focuses on community development); Make a project report and presentation; Organize a press conference for print and broadcast media; Produce leaflets and distribute it to donors, store owners, employees, and other stakeholders. Budget Revenue: 1. JEEF 2. Main Project’s Saving 100.000 JPY 555.500 IDR = 5.086 JPY Total 105.086 JPY Expense: No. Date Activity 1 2 23/09/2010 25/09/2010 Volunteer class Survey Component of Finance booklet for the volunteers 1. questionnaire Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market. Nisa Finidhama Palestine. Indonesia. Budget (IDR) 23.2 59.5 P a g e | 11 3 13/10/2010 Meeting I 4 14/10/2010 Meeting II 5 18/11/2010 Meeting III 6 20/11/2010 Cleaning Day 5/12/2010 Visiting local based waste management village 7 8 Publishing team 2. ballpoint 3. drinking water 4. snack 5. lunch 1. printing 2. snack 3. drinking water 1. snack 2. drinking water 1. snack 2. drinking water 1. drinking water 2. snack 3. lunch 4. gloves + masker 5. cleaning tools 6. bin for fruits waste 7. bin for non fruits waste 8. delivery fee for the bins 1. transportation 2. announcement flyers 3. fee for the village 4. lunch 1. banner 2. poster of main project 3. poster of sorting waste 1 4. sticker logo2 5.posters for exhibition in Hanoi & Indonesia + poster of sorting waste 2 9 18/12/2010 Fruit juice day 1. Transportation for the blending juice tools 2. Lunch 3. Printing 4. Plastic glasses 5. Straw 6. Sugar 7. Melon Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market. Nisa Finidhama Palestine. Indonesia. 20 9 134300 220 12.6 30.6 17.5 30.6 17.5 20 19 33 129.5 175 14.4 45 1.168.200 726 25 250 16.8 300 600 102 55 175 26 300 100 118 9 62.5 12 11 8 P a g e | 12 10 11 28/01/2011 30/01/2011 Volunteers fee Volunteers fee 8. Apple 4 kg @ 14.000/kg 9. Drinking water 25 volunteers 25 volunteers TOTAL Total Expense = 10.913.200 (IDR) = 100.000 (JPY) Conclusion, Results and Evaluation Survey Results Table 1. Result of Initial Survey: Knowledge about fruits waste good enough = not too good = 30.6% 16.13% abstain = 8.9% Knowledge about non fruits (organic) very good = good enough = not too good = 15.3% 41.13% 29.8% abstain = 13.7% Knowledge about non fruits (non organic) very good = good enough = not too good = 15.8% 40.3% 29.03% abstain = 12.1% Have you ever done sorting waste? yes = 11.3% no = 85.5% abstain = 3.2% Do you know the advantage of sorting waste? yes = 10.5% not too= 50.8% no = 34.7% abstain = 4.03% Do you know the importance of sorting waste? yes = 23.4% not too= 29.8% no = 14.5% abstain = 32.3% What is your opinion about waste management system in this market? very good = good enough = not too good = abstain = 6.45% 4.8% 50% 38.7% Do you agree to do sorting waste? yes = 59.7% may be = 13.7% no = 21.8% abstain = 4.8% In your opinion, is it effective if we inform you every week by using posters? yes = 14% no = 82% abstain = 4% very good = 44.3% Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market. Nisa Finidhama Palestine. Indonesia. 56 37 2.500.000 3.750.000 11.468.200 P a g e | 13 Table 2. Attendance in every activity: Activity initial survey cleaning day Target all owners + all stall employees = 180 all stalls = 96 Attendance % Attendance 121 67.22 91 94.79 visiting local based waste management village stall owners + volunteers = 90 50 55.55 Monitoring fruit juice all stalls = 96 all stalls = 96 96 89 100 92.71 Table 3. Monitoring Results: Monitoring 1st week (Nov 22 - 28, 2010) 2nd week (Nov 29-30, Dec 1-5, 2010) 3rd week (Dec 6-12, 2010) 4th week (Dec 13-19, 2010) 5th week (Dec 20-26, 2010) 6th week (Dec 27-31,2010, Jan 12,2011) 7th week (Jan 3-9, 2011) 8th week (Jan 10-16, 2011) 9th week (Jan 17-23, 2011) 10th week (Jan 24-30, 2011) % right sorting waste Block A- Block C- Block B-E D-E F 80 90 70 % involvement of the cleaning service 50 70 70 60 70 80 83 60 60 73 60 50 60 50 50 25 25 50 40 60 73 90 63 50 50 70 90 40 43 50 63 90 25 25 50 50 75 Conclusion Initial Survey: The activity plan had to be changed because the initial survey showed that the method may not work effectively in terms of habits of the target people. Refers to success indicator: a. Not all sorting education processes / activity were followed by 90 % target; and b. 90% of waste have been classified as projected but with the involvement of only 70% of the cleaning service. Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market. Nisa Finidhama Palestine. Indonesia. P a g e | 14 It is concluded that this project is not successful for the time being, but has the potential of development with continuous segregation lectures and environmental education sessions with the target people. It should be understood that attempts to introduce the act of classifying waste into the three different types mentioned above requires time, patience and constant guidance. Evaluation Surveys are an effective method to know the root of the problem in the target area. Surveys provide for the perspective of the target people which is essential in determining an effective and efficient approach to the project. Challenges Initial Survey and Visiting Local Based Waste Management Village are the activities that were not followed by 90% of target people. It was caused by: Not all target people have the same free time at the time period of the activity. It was difficult to determine a common time for the target people. The time that has been chosen was that of which the majority of the stall owners agreed upon; and The target people still lack the skill to sort the waste as mentioned in the success indicators. The involvement of cleaning service employees are still needed to help them sort the waste as to reach the desired outcome. Investment Opportunities In this case, for the main project, potential investors are expected for production of fruit juice, organic fertilizer, and organic plantation. These need further feasibility studies. Once the economic benefit can be shown, the involvement of investors is expected. Recommendations Involvement of various stakeholders is crucial for the sustainability of the project. In this case Koperasi Gemah Ripah, the stakeholder organization, will have to exert more effort into managing the program; The presence of the cleaning service employees are still needed to aid the target people in the classification of waste. It is suggested to retain them until the people fully understand the importance of segregation. Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market. Nisa Finidhama Palestine. Indonesia. P a g e | 15 Testimonials “The waste sorting education is really required by the community as an initial step for utilizing waste for different purposes. This is not just one single activity but needed to be conducted, checked, and reminded continuously, so it will be the habit of the community. More importantly, we need to show the direct economic benefit from doing so. This will easily attract more people to sort the waste more enthusiastically” - Ir. Siti Syamsiah, Ph.D. Head of Waste Refinery Indonesia & Lecturer of Chemical Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University, Majoring Food and Bioprocess Engineering: “The project has been run good. I really appreciate with the young who want to care about the environment, they just need more hard work longer because life in society is very hard and challenging, but I understand with the limitations of time and energy. Tip: if you want to change the image or habit of a society, you have to melt into the society to be altered; it will not be as easy as turning the palm of the hand. Keep the spirit, optimism, and humility. Good Luck!” - Ir. Suharsini, Head of Koperasi Gemah Ripah “I was very impressed with the projects, especially with the students from Gadjah Mada University, I am really happy that nowadays there are still some young care about the slums environment. My message: do not remember the slums but take the experience as a teacher in your life. Theory and practice must be balanced. As young, your idealism is still high, so be careful, do not easy to despair.” - Mr. Sujud, Field Coordinator of the Main Project ‘Towards Sustainable Traditional Market’ “The project is good and it is supported by strategic location of the market, so it will be very good for the grow up of this project. It was just waste before, but now on it will be very valuable product. Hopefully biogas as the most important unit will grow fast, and the information about that can be published wider, so the advantage can also be used by Gemah Ripah Market but also the society and other markets. Hopefully this very good corporation will be helpful each others. Keep clean!” - Drs. Edy Subagyo, Representative of the vendors “This project was so fun and good enough, it is a new experience for me. This project has many benefits for target people and us as volunteers. It is needed to increase the professionalism and the concept of every activity so the result can be better.” - Sulthoni Mukhlis, Volunteers Representative Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market. Nisa Finidhama Palestine. Indonesia. P a g e | 16 JEEF Young Environmental Leadership Program in Asia Solar Cooking Author: Shoko Ueno ([email protected]) Country: Japan Affiliation: Department of International Liberal Arts, Japan Akita International University Solar Cooking. Shoko Ueno. Japan P a g e | 17 Summary The project is aimed at promoting the use of solar cooking in developing countries. For the purpose of research, Nepal shall serve as the preliminary area of study instead of Japan and other developed countries. Rationale Solar cooking is environmental in nature. It is a method by which a specially designed stove utilizes sunshine to operate. Solar cooking does not require any electricity, gas, charcoal, or wood, hence it is useful to areas that do not have the mentioned fuel sources available. Furthermore, solar cooking is pollution-free whereas fires produced by bio fuels and petroleum contaminate the air. Objectives of the Project The project aims to explore the option of solar cooking, conduct environmental education sessions in the target study area as well as to prevent deforestation. Target Area The project shall be implemented in Nepal. Beneficiaries of the Project The study aims to introduce the method of solar cooking to the women of Nepal. Solar cooking may be beneficial to the households in the area, and may contribute to the improvement of the status of women in their society by reducing the time to collect firewood. Roadmap September 2010 Research on solar cooking by interviewing those who study or work with said subject; and Look for an organization which can support the project. October – November 2010 Choose a target area wherein the use of solar cooking is a viable option; Deepen the network of organizations and communities within and outside of Japan as to gain support for the project; and Hold workshops in Japan for practicing how to spread solar cooking with an environmental education component. December 2010 Consider how to promote solar cooking in the target area. Solar Cooking. Shoko Ueno. Japan P a g e | 18 January – February 2011 In depth research on how to solve some problems which occurred over the duration of the project; and Craft next steps for the project. Success Indicators The success indicators of the project include the following: Determining a target area for the program; Gain support from an international development NGO and local organizations in Nepal; Gain the support from the citizens of Nepal and Japan; and Map out the next steps for the program. Personnel The following are essential to the implementation of the program: Mentor Advisor Yoshitake Kumagai Partnership in Japan Akita Campus Net (desired) Partnership in Nepal Children for Green New Nepal (desired) Partnership during school festival Environment Ecology Club in Akita International University Dissemination Strategy It is crucial that the importance and benefits of solar cooking are emphasized. Solar cooking should be communicated in a way that it motivates the participants to utilize the method. On a more concrete note, workshops and an exhibit was set-up. Budget Revenue Expenditure Break out Total Break out Total Grant from JEEF 100,000yen Sun oven 40,000yen Investment(desired) 10,000yen Cookit 500x100=50,000 yen Solar Cooking. Shoko Ueno. Japan P a g e | 19 Total 110,000 yen Shipping cost total 20,000 yen 110,000 yen Conclusion, Results and Evaluations The project attempted to spread the concept of solar cooking throughout the Akita community. However, throughout the study, the challenge of determining whether solar cooking as a means to making individuals more conscious of the environment arose considering that there are other methods deemed more effective and efficient such as the use of solar panels and biomass generation. It was observed that most Japanese pass by soon after they experience the taste of a solarcooked produce. Thus, the target audience of the project was altered to focus on developing countries. Nepal was chosen as the study area as the country provided for partnerships both based in Japan and Nepal. At present, the task of creating a compelling proposal to engage communities and other stakeholders to share the project is to be drafted. Investment Opportunities As of the moment, it is not yet certain whether this project worked with members of Akita Campus Net. If the proposal of the project is agreed by Akita Campus Net, this project may get the additional funding it needs to be implemented on a greater scale. Solar Cooking. Shoko Ueno. Japan P a g e | 20 JEEF Young Environmental Leadership Program in Asia Waste Segregation in the town of Kundasang, Sabah Author: Aaron Gan ([email protected]) Country: Malaysia Affiliation: School of Business and Economics, University of Malaysia Sabah Waste Segregation in the town of Kundasang, Sabah. Aaron Gan. Malaysia. P a g e | 21 Summary The project is focused on teaching the homestay community residing in the town of Kundasang in Sabah, Malaysia how to segregate their garbage into recyclable and organic rubbish through the help of the local municipal council, the homestay owners, the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Environment of Sabah as well as the Environmental Action Centre (EAC). Rationale The purpose of this project is to further protect the environment of the said town due to it being located near a world heritage site. This project is a niche effort to beautify the town as it is one of the tourist attractions for those intending to climb the Kinabalu Mountain. Objectives of the Project The project aims to instil the habit of not littering and to educate the community of the economic opportunity of recycling and composting. Target Area The project is to be implemented in the town of Kundasang, Sabah, Malaysia, mainly through Homestays of Walai Tokou and Mesilou. Beneficiaries of the Project The community of the town is the project’s beneficiary since the Homestay community acts as a pilot study and is hoped to assist in disseminating the information and learning of recycling to the surrounding villages. Roadmap Job/Month July August September October November December January Negotiation with Minister and Local Municipal Council Preparing and Teaching the Kg. Sinisian community Building the Recycling Waste Segregation in the town of Kundasang, Sabah. Aaron Gan. Malaysia. P a g e | 22 Center Follow up the result of the project Second Series of the Project Wrap up report of the project Success Indicators The change of the villager’s attitude in terms of reducing the number of rubbish burnt and the percentages of rubbish being segregated are the success indicators of the program. Personnel Participant Datuk Masidi Manjun Miss Helen Erut (Environmental Action Centre) The community of Kg. Sinisian The community of Kg. Mesilou Tourism Club member of UMS Role The Minister of Tourism, and Environment of Sabah. His support is needed in gathering the locals. Moreover, he is a key player in the aim of building a recycling center in the said area. This local government group is in charge of promoting environmental awareness in Sabah. These are the homestay operators who are envisioned to be the model community in Kundasang in terms of recycling. Homestay operator which would implement composting methods in the higher plateau of the town Provide assistance in educating the Kg. Sinisian community on how to segregate rubbish. Dissemination Strategy A compilation report and some pictures of the project will be sent to the local newspapers. At the same time, the homestay community will also continue to be the role model in educating the town people. Waste Segregation in the town of Kundasang, Sabah. Aaron Gan. Malaysia. P a g e | 23 Budget Things Banner Composting Modules Student fees charged in homestay Car rental Gas Grand total Cost per unit 40 USD x 3 1.50USD x 30 20USD x 14 Total Cost 120 USD 45 USD 280 USD 30 USD per day x 4 days 15 USD x 1 120 USD 15 USD 580 USD Conclusion, Results and Evaluations From this project, it was noticed there are two types of behaviour among the Homestay operators. In the first Homestay, the coordinator is within the age range of mid 40s and the response and attitude towards the project was good at the beginning. When the talk about the recycling was given, most of the homestay members agreed to do something yet the commitment did not last. In the second part of the project, the Homestay coordinator and members are of a younger age. When the talk was given to them about composting, the latter had the initiative to not only invite the homestay members but also school teachers. It was also suggested that the students be taught how to do composting after school hours. The coordinator of the second series shows a more proactive response towards the recycling and composting project. Through this project, it is realised that not every place in the town is suitable to conduct recycling because nobody will bring the rubbish down as some areas are situated high above the mountain. It is suggested to teach composting methods and encourage the villages to reduce the usage of plastic bags, which proves to be the main problem. The usage of eco-bags should be encouraged so that it would be more convenient for the villages and at the same time, saves the cost of purchasing plastic bags by the shops. As for the lower ground, the idea of recycling is applicable but there is a problem of getting people to start up a recycling centre at the town. One of the problem is the town is undergoing a major road upgrade and there is no suitable place to build a recycling centre because of the road upgrading project that is scheduled to be completed by August this year. At the same time, recycling companies in the Kota Kinabalu have been asked if they are interested in starting up a recycling collection centre in the aforementioned project area and the response that received is that they are not interested because the cost of transporting the recycled rubbish is high. Another weakness noticed is that although the homestay are keen to do the recycling and composting project, money proves to be a challenge. This is evidenced by the amount charged for accommodations when the homestay coordinator requested that the project be taught in his village. Waste Segregation in the town of Kundasang, Sabah. Aaron Gan. Malaysia. P a g e | 24 Overall, negotiations with the EAC in Kota Kinabalu on other ways to further encourage the community of Kundasang to start recycling are ongoing. Efforts are being made to contact the Ranau Municipal Council, who is in charge of the cleanliness of the Kundasang town. Investment Opportunities There are no investment opportunities for the project, but there are investment prospects for the homestay operators as well as the town. Although being termed as a ‘town’, this place consists of a lot of poor families that live beside luxurious resorts. It is believed that when the town has proper facilities, the community can gain the education needed to prevent the excessive construction of hotels and other commercial establishments. Recommendations It is better to instil the habit of recycling and composting in the younger generations rather than start with older individuals. The younger populace, as seen in this project, is more open to the idea of segregation. Moreover, time is an important factor wherein the sixmonth period of implementing the project is not sufficient. Waste Segregation in the town of Kundasang, Sabah. Aaron Gan. Malaysia. P a g e | 25 JEEF Young Environmental Leadership Program in Asia YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles. Author: Angelicum Oda ([email protected]) Country: Philippines Affiliation: YouthXchange, United Nations YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles. Angelicum Oda. Philippines. P a g e | 26 Summary The Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles is an artists’ collaborative output on Environmental Education for Youth. The project gathered independent and emerging young artists through two roundtable sessions which saw them learning the different facets of Sustainable Consumption and Production using the materials previously developed by UNEP and YAFE (YouthXchange Guide to Sustainable Lifestyles among others). As a creative output, the group decided to develop a short animation film that UNEP and YAFE can use as an introductory medium on future workshops for young people. The short animation film showcases different stages of comparative consumerism and highlights its impact to the environment and the society. Aside from the creative output, artists involved also joined the organization on its other educational activities that catered to the urban poor population in Manila; this is in partnership with the National Museum and has served as a way for the artists to live what they learn from the roundtable sessions. The short film is on its final stages with only the screen adaptation writing and lay-outing of narration left. A number of screening are already scheduled throughout the year starting April 2011, namely: Stakeholders Workshop on Sustainable Lifestyles, Starting Early: Aim for a Greener Lifestyle! School Symposiums and Conserving our Heritage and the Environment: YouthXchange Enviro-Art Workshop. Rationale At the national or local level, mainstreaming of SL (Sustainable Lifestyles) education in formal education curricula and the integration in informal education is a challenge. In developing countries, SL is not yet considered a priority and is in the preliminary planning stages, often carried out by local non-profit organizations that lack the tools and means for action, hence the need for better SL education is high and is often a challenge even for the teachers. Although developed countries are increasingly engaging in SL education, they nonetheless remain responsible for the bulk of the world’s resource consumption. Simultaneously, consumption is rising in the developing world – a part of the world where an increasing share of the global consumer class now resides. Around 1.7 billion people worldwide have entered the "consumer class"1, adopting the diets, transportation systems, and lifestyles that were limited to developed nations during most of the last century. While this “consumer class” experiences an increased standard of living, it also generates an even more dangerous threat on developing nations with already fragile and at-risk environments. More efforts are needed to accompany awareness-raising and education on sustainable lifestyles with a larger number of training of trainers’2 sessions in both formal and informal Study by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Division of Technology, Industry and Economics – Paris, France. 2 All of YAFE’s workshops and symposiums are designed on a “train the trainers” outline following project sustainability standards set forth by our partner institution UNEP. 1 YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles. Angelicum Oda. Philippines. P a g e | 27 education settings, to complement the work of the Global Survey on Sustainable Lifestyles3, to intensify the work with actors in the field by also making better use of the internet to strengthen the project’s outreach. This project addresses those needs, it is to be noted that the short-film project will always be integrated with a full-proof program through workshops and symposiums, making the screening always an efficient activity. In the aspect of involving emerging artists in developing this tool, the current apathetic state of the populace is being addressed. Many of these artists obtain award-winning skills in film making and other industries but what they need is a roadmap, or guide that will help them channel their creative outputs in environmental education. On a recent Cinema Knights short-film preview night last February 2010 at the Philippine Institute of Film Making (PIFM) that YAFE attended to, no short film or short documentaries featured climate change or global warming; a total of 12 short films (ranging from 5 minutes to 20 minutes) directed by Film Fund Grantees, PIFM Workshop fresh Graduates and other Independent filmmakers (16 to 18 years old) everything was focused on the state of society from which the government is to blame. The need to change mindsets was apparent, and it was concluded that through networking and through the post-viewing open floor discussion with the filmmakers that: as much as they want to develop a project with focus on the environment, they feel that they don’t have enough information to develop it. The dilemma is addressed through the roundtable workshop where these artists were mentored on different facets of eco-learning. In joining this project, artists shall attend a roundtable session conducted before the shortfilm development phase. YAFE gave them, through this session, an introduction on SL Education and moved them through the different aspects of Sustainable Consumption and Production, from fashion & media, tourism & mobility, energy efficiency, etc. This was discussed to them in an outline that inspired them to develop the short film with this knowledge in hand. Many of them shared that it has been a good opportunity for them to get to know more about NGO work and involving their creations around different environmental and social advocacy. They also used their “teaching” skills on an eco-art workshop that YAFE conducted last November. Objectives of the Project To raise awareness about Sustainable Lifestyles through mediums that is realistic and “doable”, these specific objectives will be evaluated by using indicators. Worth noting are The Global Survey on Sustainable Lifestyles (GSSL) is a joint initiative of UNEP and the Task Force on Sustainable Lifestyles led by Sweden. Its objectives are to explore how sustainable lifestyles are perceived, envisioned and shaped by young adults from different cultures worldwide, to build on their experience, creative ideas, values and aspirations to design and implement policies as well as effective messages on sustainability. Values and aspirations to design and implement policies as well as effective messages on sustainability. 3 YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles. Angelicum Oda. Philippines. P a g e | 28 the surveys done on the same school in 2009 through the GSSL survey and the pre and post-project implementation survey (survey to target audience and survey to school’s consultative body). Promote change in behaviours and lifestyles of the target audience through the series of campaigns, it will also be enhanced and emphasized by the addition of the short film, so that purchasing and use choices made by consumers in developed, transition economy and developing countries support the mainstreaming of more resource efficient and environmentally friendly products and services. Education and awareness-raising towards sustainable lifestyles is either often focused only on developed societies, not yet considered a priority or in planning stages, or often carried out by civil society organizations that lack the tools, money and means for effective action. Efficient communication campaigns that is perceived as interesting and stimulating by youth are the ones carried out by multi-media and other alternative visual aides which is being addressed by the development of shortfilm. Additionally, capacity-building workshops and implementation mechanisms for education towards sustainable lifestyles must be developed and/or supported so that young adults, educators and the broader public are made aware of the multiple economic, social and environmental benefits of shifting to sustainable consumption patterns and the short film project will address that need for effective and “youth-friendly” way of making their learning experience more enjoyable; and Develop eco-initiatives in-line with participants respective work environment and target audience (In this case the short film audience in school). For example, students and professors from universities or high schools may develop the following initiatives: an eco-audit of the campus, bike stations on campus, recycling bins, 3R’s campaigns, films on the green, slow food in cafeterias, green concerts, radio shows, poster campaigns, etc. In this specific case, the artists’ “eco-initiative” activity is the development of the short animation film itself. Target area Metropolitan Manila. While the education for sustainable lifestyles is an issue that affects all of us in the society, the Swedish Taskforce on SL as designated by the UN Marrakech Process points out “Urban Youth” as the primary target audience for its implementation. This is due to reasons highly appropriate, this sector of youth has the most “Purchasing Power” and as such, it is them who need most education on being an Informed Consumer. This is the generation that will shape how our consuming patterns will be like in the next decades. Also worth noting is its sensitivity aspects on poverty-stricken sector, it is said that you cannot teach or advice a man how and what to consume if he has no money to buy anything at all to begin with. YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles. Angelicum Oda. Philippines. P a g e | 29 However, this educational project may still be used as part of the curricula in public schools for early awareness education. The region is considered the political, economic, social, cultural and educational center of the Philippines being the most dense and populous area of the country. With a population of 11.6 Million people, Manila is a young region with 52% of it being under 25 years old 4. The problems mostly attributed to education are most visible in public schools due to lack of monetary resources from the government and the booming population from poor families, however, in its private counterpart, education while being mainstream and wellstandardized is still in need of curricular or extra-curricular activities that are more environment-focused to engage young people directly. Such perceptions is not yet viewed important, some environment-related modules are merely injected on private school modules on GMRC (good manners and right conducts) subjects and is obviously not enough to instil and expect sustainable behavioral change from learners. Manila’s economy being the center of almost all industry and being on top twenty of the most polluted cities in the world5, it is in dire need of awareness and education on how they can make their lives more sustainable, not just environmentally but socially and economically as well. This is more visible on how a considerable percentage of the young population is apathetic of social issues that affect them. While the general population of youth is aware of environmental problems made realized by calamities both natural and man-made, there’s a dilemma that keeps them from doing concrete actions, hence series of campaigns and workshops are most applicable to thoroughly guide them and provide for them a common venue and framework for discussion and interaction. The vast area of Manila is also home to some of the most distinct division of the poor and the rich. For example, beside the richest closed village in the business district is an area of slum dwellers. The education for sustainable lifestyles addresses not only environmental issues but social and economic issues as well. It highlights the fact that our every action may affect other people, more in particular the workers behind the products and services we avail. On a study by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) on its postcalamity assessment of last year’s Typhoon Ketsana and Typhoon Parma, the number 1 cause of flood were loose garbage and poor urban planning acquisitions of past and present governments6, 85% Manila was underwater for the first time in history. This fact is very reflective of a typical scenario where teenagers mindlessly throw away plastic cups or candy wrappers anywhere highlighting more importantly the city’s main environmental problems: Lack of education on 3R’s, irresponsible garbage disposals; Unregulated (or more so corrupted-regulations) industrial developments; and Lack of available resources for eco-education (NGOs having all the ideas but Philippine National Statistics Office (NSO), 2005. The Huffington Post, 2009. 6 DENR through the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC). 4 5 YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles. Angelicum Oda. Philippines. P a g e | 30 not having enough financial assistance). The United Nations Development Programme’s review on environmental education in the Philippines has also concluded “lack or total absence at many points” of environmentrelated education in schools, both public and private in Metro Manila, but in contrast, has commended many efforts of NGOs and Civil Societies on projects and campaigns that aim to reverse the effects of climate change7. Beneficiaries of the Project Artists In the Philippines, there is an emerging industry of independent artists that has been ‘booming’ for the past 3-years, mainly through easier reach on resources, freer limitations on their chosen subjects of interests and easier public exhibition through internet media. For example, in Multiply.com social networking website alone, more or less 15 independent film makers, in a year time, became prominent artists as they develop “cool” and “sensible” films, however as observed, only a few has tackled partially the concerns of the environment. The demographics of said artists varies, but in general it has no specific genre rather people aged 16-25 (average age of Multiply.com users in the Philippines). These group can be consists of filmmakers, writers, graphics designers, photographers and the like. Coming from an artists’ organization, we saw this industry’s potential since these young and emerging artists’ are self-taught and self-regulated, many of which doing artistic and creative work as hobby and a medium to channel their minds and perceptions. Furthermore it is believed that their skills will be highly beneficial especially on awarenessraising, hence artists are considered both beneficiaries of the implemented eco-education and stakeholders in further disseminating this education after through their artistic creations. Multi-media is also a new alternative in teaching young people on a more serious topic like climate change. High school Students The need to inject SL education in schools and curricula has been reiterated throughout international foras such as the WSSD Plan of Action for capacity building and awareness raising activities on the need to adopt sustainable consumption and production patterns among youth (chapter III-14/d), the UN Decade on Education for Sustainable Development (UN DESD) and the Marrakech Process. UNEP and UNESCO respond to these calls by assisting governments, youth groups, NGOs, teachers and trainers in raising awareness of the need for more sustainable consumer choices in a youth-friendly format. Through YAFE’s campaign series, the artists’ short film shall form part of the visual aid and introduction. YAFE’s series of school symposiums targets 80 students and 10 teachers per session; this will be done initially in five schools (450 in total for symposium series). These schools are also some of the pre-surveyed schools in 2009 as we conducted the Global Survey on Sustainable Lifestyles where it was aimed to get how this particular demographic perceives 7 UNDP: Midterm Philippine Report: The United Nations Millennium Development Goals, 2008 YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles. Angelicum Oda. Philippines. P a g e | 31 SL. The study was presented at the UNEP TUNZA Children and Youth Conference in Daejeon, South Korea last August 2009 and reported at the UN Conference on Climate Change in Copenhagen, Denmark last December 2009. The study shows that this demographic perceived SL Education as an appropriate way to increase young people’s interest on issues related to climate change and global warming. Furthermore, the general statistic of the survey concludes that their knowledge of the state of the environment is limited to: a) what they are learning from school; b) hearing and seeing as displayed by the media (print and non-print); and c) by what they were raised to believe or practice. Conclusions on resolutions for these challenges were perceived as follows: a) better education with sensitivity but very convincing factors (for example, we are describing our current way of living simply as ‘current way of living’ and not ‘the wrong way of living’); b) focus discussions in dissecting what the media is portraying and what is factually the better options (for example, we want to make them realize what is behind the eco-campaigns of their favourite t-shirt brands, does it have depth, does it actually have concrete implementation or it ends with a mere “ecostatement” printed on the shirt? Is it actually the company’s response on corporate social responsibility or just another marketing gimmick?), and c) better communication materials that “states better options” rather than “lectures or preaches” as many study shows young people does not want to be lectured to specially when it comes to personal choices. Roadmap Timeline Date October September Pre-roundtable consultative meeting with YAFE October Canvassing of roundtable venue/cater Artists’ Roundtable Workshop on Sustainable Lifestyles Continuous email communication November Brainstorming of currently agreed theme/scheme of output Development of storyboards and copywriting of script Finalizing of storyboards, gathering resources and coordination Consultative meetings with advisors December Meetings and advisory from JEEF Development of short film (animation) Drafting and Finalizing of survey questionnaires Pre-implementation survey for students and teachers YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles. Angelicum Oda. Philippines. P a g e | 32 January February March onwards onwards Continuous development of animation Screen adaptation of text/storyboards Finalizing of adapted narration/text Lay-outing of narration Screening Post-implementation survey students and teachers that was pre-surveyed last December. Evaluation etc. Internal assessment with the animation project, evaluation of pre and post evaluation surveys for the internal team etc. Various post distribution activities etc. Success Indicators Surveys. For the Artists, a pre-survey document will be sent via email before the scheduled roundtable session and as part of the workshop, a post-test assessment sheet will be given to see how much they have gained in comparison with their pre-session assessment. For the students and film viewers, a short survey to the audience before the film is shown will be given to know their pre-education assessment of SLE and how they perceive SLE, this will serve as an indicator since these audiences will be followed up another postsurvey after watching the film through their emails (we will get their emails from the registration forms with permission and for the sole purpose of post-survey sending). These surveys aim to measure their pre and post level of current awareness, perception on environmental issues, interest and willingness to improve/change lifestyle etc. The GSSL survey data shall be utilized as the schools wherein the film will be shown and the symposium will be conducted are the schools that participated in the GSSL last 2009. Eco-initiative report. Aside from the survey, students’ assessment will depend on how well their eco-initiative activity report will be graded by their teachers by the end of the school year (March). Personnel Project Manager – Angelicum Fernandez-Oda, UNEP-YAFE YouthXchange, Social Entrepreneur, Student of Environmental Diplomacy at the University of Geneva Project Coordinator – Anthony Jake Huiskamp Atienza, Independent Film Curator, Student of International Communication at the University of Groningen Project Assistants –Janin Roy Saracia, YAFE senior members, Communication Specialist for Teleperformance Philippines YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles. Angelicum Oda. Philippines. P a g e | 33 Lead Animator –Harsah Gupta, Proprietor, MecrTech Information Techology Firm. Distance-learning Postgraduate student of Physics at Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi Assistant Animator –Milan Pandey, Student of IT at Birla Institute of Technology Script Adaptation Writer – Marie Bretana, WWF - Philippines, Individual Donor Program Officer Narrator 1 – Enchong Dee, YAFE Member, Olympian, Model, Actor and Personality. Postgraduate student of Developmental Studies in de la Salle University Manila Narrator 2 – Andy Smith, YAFE Member, Video and Disk Jockey for MYX, Channel V and host for various technology and teen shows. Narrator 3 – Bianca Araneta Elizalde, YAFE senior member, Model and Beauty personality. High-profile environmentalist and social entrepreneur. Various advisers/volunteers – YAFE Volunteers Advisers and Partner Institutions: Pat Villafuerte, Readings Association of the Philippines (to review script of the film, advice on revisions and enhancement to increase impact and social attachment of delivery) Vim Nadera, University of the Philippine Faculty of Arts and Language (to review script and visual presentation of the film, advice on revisions and enhancement to increase impact and social attachment of delivery) Jose Decolongan, SGS Group Management Ltd (SGS is a certification company that has set standards for almost all sector of industry including films, Mr. Decolongan will be advising and suggesting improvements and will point out factors to be considered) Pepe Diokno, Independent Filmmaker (will review the development plan and assist throughout the duration of development) Budget Expenses until December 01 2010 Provision for Stationary Materials Consultative Meeting Meeting 1: with artists (roundtable) Meeting 2: with artists and advisers Amount in PHP 1,753.00 1,252.00 4,377.00 2,189.00 In JPY 3,344.29 2,388.36 8,349.74 4,175.82 YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles. Angelicum Oda. Philippines. P a g e | 34 2 Animators honorarium (Harshad Gupta and Milan Pandey) Stipend allowance for Project Manager (Angelicum Fernandez-Oda) and Coordinator (Janin Roy Cruz Saracia) Currently in Contingency funds Total 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 9,538.20 9,538.20 9,538.20 5,000.00 29,571.00 9,538.20 56,413.75 Dissemination Strategy Use of Celebrities. The short film will be narrated by 3 celebrities (which means it will be narrated and laid-in a digital copy) to spark more interest among the young demographics and to capture the attention of the media. These artists have previously worked with other YAFE projects before for free and as a voluntary service. Namely: Enchong Dee, top Philippine teenage actor, athlete and personality; Bianca Araneta-Elizalde, top Philippine beauty personality involved in many environmental projects; and Andy Smith, a famous Australian-Filipino disc and video jockey and TV personality (These personalities are YAFE members and have been working with different YAFE activities pro-bono as part of their personal initiatives). Respectively, the mentioned personalities will narrate the film in 1) Filipino language for public and rural school screening, 2) Simplified English for private school and urban area screening and 3) English for instances when the film will be played for international viewing (for example, on YouTube, or YAFE presentations abroad). This means that there are three versions of the film’s CD narrated by the three respective personalities; the versions will be used depending on the audience mentioned above. Alternatively, it is planned to involve celebrities as Masters of Ceremonies in conducting the school symposiums so young people will be more interested since a popular ‘personality’ is present. This particular PR strategy will be done according to applicable standards; it is aimed to use famous personalities to add interest and not to get the limelight from the educational agenda and presentations. This strategy is deemed successful as done in previous campaigns by the organization. Other means of screening. The short-film will not only be played on premiere night and YAFE workshops & symposium. After these events, evaluation and feedback from viewers, the film will be lent to other organizations that may use it as part of their communication campaigns. Since the Philippines is an archipelago, the film may be showcased in the different parts of the country. Moreover, the film shall be uploaded on Youtube and other social networking websites such as Multiply and Facebook. To add, the link shall be posted on Twitter to reach Filipinos abroad as well as other nationalities. This ensures the continuity of the film’s screening even way after the series of planned events. It is to be proposed to UNEP that the film will be reproduced and distributed to other YouthXchange partners in more than 30 countries. Optimization of Press Releases. Press releases and reports will not only be uploaded on YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles. Angelicum Oda. Philippines. P a g e | 35 the Yafe’s website but also onto the website of UNEP, which will make search engine ranking on top priority. This will make PR more efficient for online users. It is also to be assured that the short-film will always be credited after the JEEF Grant and its supporting institutions. Conclusion, Results and Evaluation As of the present, the project has not reached the point wherein conclusions may be drawn. But substantially through the development of the animation, workshops done and surveys conducted, the film is very much ready to be finalized after the script adaptation and narration. Investment Opportunities After the 5-minute animation is done and consequently after the post-assessment has been finalized, the report and actual animation will be presented to the following institutions for potential support/sponsorship for the purpose of coming up with an updated version for 2012 and to help us campaign further the use of the film (e.g. organizing "viewing events" for young people featuring the film and featuring a post-viewing mini-talk): a) DED (German Development Service - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) b) USAID-SEDP (United States Agency for International Development - Sustainable Energy Development Program) c) Cinema Knights These organizations have previously partnered with YouthXchange's several projects in the past and are also interested in using the animation film in some of their activities with youth and young people. Initial inquiries have been made with them regarding possible support for the animation. As an initial plan, there is also a possibility of conducting school viewing of the animation to some private schools and from which a minimal fee is to be asked as part of a fund-raising activity. The proceeds from the said opportunity can support eco-livelihood projects of YAGE called “Droplets of Nature” which is for the benefit of mothers residing in rural communities in Laguna, Philippines. This potential fundraising activity should not be confused with school symposium viewing of the film as part of the YouthXchange campaign. Recommendations Not applicable as the project is not yet finished. However, opinions about the film that have been solicited from individuals aged 15 and below are positive. It was suggested to use a mascot for the film’s narrator. Nevertheless, as advised from JEEF and having majority of the artists' opinion, we have decided not to use any. YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles. Angelicum Oda. Philippines. P a g e | 36 JEEF Young Environmental Leadership Program in Asia Educating Green Values to Socially Disadvantaged Children through Speech and Drama Author: Joanna Tan ([email protected]) Country: Singapore Affiliation: Avelife Foundation Educating Green values to socially disadvantaged children through Speech & Drama. Joanna Tan. Singapore. P a g e | 37 Summary The project is designed to cater to the youth, aged 7 to 12, residing in 1-2 room flats. The project will use different methods of teaching, such as Speech & Drama to impart the knowledge of sustainable living. The program was implemented weekly for 3 hours. Rationale Reason for target group Figure 3: Proportion of volunteers according to gender, ethnic group, age and house type In a survey8 done by the National Philanthropy Volunteering Council, results have shown that residents who stay in 1-3 room HDB flats displayed the lowest participant rate in social activity. Avelife, a foundation who envisions to be an educational platform for effective green innovation for active learners and corporate leaders, would like to make social activity habitual to this specific community, thus targeting them as the audience for the speech and drama program. Reason for speech and drama Speech and drama will enable one to learn holistically as it requires the students to use all five senses, namely the sense of touch, hear, sight, smell and taste. Studies have shown that 8 http://www.nvpc.org.sg/Library/Documents/ResearchReports/08IGS_SURVEY%20FINDINGS.pdf Educating Green values to socially disadvantaged children through Speech & Drama. Joanna Tan. Singapore. P a g e | 38 through the techniques of speech and drama, students are more likely to remember the teaching content. Currently, there are no existing programs that allow children to learn about the environment using the techniques of speech and drama. By taking a bold step to be the first to spearhead such a program, Avelife hopes to take this opportunity to make observations on the effectiveness of teaching through speech and drama and expand on it. Therefore, at its initial stage, it is necessary to conduct a pilot project to explore the effectiveness of spreading the green message using this teaching technique. In the event that the program is deemed successful, Avelife intends to expand the program to other constituencies. Avelife will also share its experience in this area to help other environment organizations to communicate the message of green living through speech and drama. Objectives of the Project This program was initiated as part of Avelife’s vision. In its aim to impart green values, Avelife uses a distinctive and novel approach of educating the young about green living by using art as a medium. With art being a channel that encourages freedom of expression, the project aims to create the opportunity for creativity that shall aid in shaping a ‘green’ mindset for the youth. Avelife hopes to captivate the hearts of the young by catering to their interest. The activities in this program are carefully designed in such a way that it draws a clear link on the direct effect of an eco-friendly act on our life. The program aspires to help students relearn green issues from a different angle. This program will also help to mitigate stereotypical statements about the environment. At the end of the program, the students should understand that caring for the environment is crucial. With this, the main function of this program is to indoctrinate green living into their lives rather than presenting it as a mere concept. Target area At its initial stage, the program is to be made available to residents living in the areas of Queenstown and Bukit Merah. Educating Green values to socially disadvantaged children through Speech & Drama. Joanna Tan. Singapore. P a g e | 39 Figure 1: Map of Planning Areas Basic information of the area. Figure 2: Singapore Residents by Planning Area and Type of Dwelling, June 2009 Educating Green values to socially disadvantaged children through Speech & Drama. Joanna Tan. Singapore. P a g e | 40 Figure 3: Singapore Residents by Planning Area and Age Group, June 2009 Educating Green values to socially disadvantaged children through Speech & Drama. Joanna Tan. Singapore. P a g e | 41 Considering the target audience of the project, an analysis of the demographics of different areas in Singapore shows that Queens town and Bukit Merah are ideal areas to initiate the program. As shown in Figure 2 above, Queenstown and Bukit Merah are areas where a large number of residents live in 1-2 room flats, having 8,000 and 22,000 residents respectively. In addition, with reference to Figure 3 above, Queenstown and Bukit Merah have a total child population of 23,100, between the ages of 5 and 14. This figure shows a sufficient number of participants that guarantees the continaunce of the program over a long period of time. Educating Green values to socially disadvantaged children through Speech & Drama. Joanna Tan. Singapore. P a g e | 42 Beneficiaries of the Project The project’s primary target audience is children between the ages of 7 and 12, living in 1-2 room flats. Roadmap The program will operate as per normal for two years. An analysis will be made regarding the effectiveness of teaching through speech and drama. In the following two years, Avelife will focus on spreading this message of teaching to other organizations and intuitions. After which, Avelife will look into the possibility of liaising with local educational institutions to send students to attend Speech and Drama workshops conducted by Avelife. Success Indicators Indicator Attendance Method An attendance chart will be created and the student’s attendance count will be recorded. No. of new participants A monthly count on the number of new students will be tabulated together with a brief statement on how did they get to know about the program Tutors will be tasked to rate the students’ level of participation in class. Participation Rate Surveys The survey will serve two purposes: 1. Quality of the activities; and 2. Students will submit a listing of the improvements in living habits which supports the green movement. Rationale A decline in attendance may imply that the participants are beginning to lose interest. This calls for an urgent need to find out the reason behind this trend. This will help in the analysis on the effectiveness of the marketing efforts implemented. It will also be a marketing guideline when Avelife wants to reach out to more people. A decline in overall participation rate may imply that the students are beginning to lose interest in the activity and that the activities have failed to cater to the needs and personalities of the students. 1. To meet the objectives of the program, it is important to hear the students’ opinions of the program; and 2. The listing will help imply the success of the program in indoctrinating green values into the lives of the students. Avelife will analyze the results of the indicators systematically. The indicators are selected such that it could be used to cross reference with the results of another indicator to further Educating Green values to socially disadvantaged children through Speech & Drama. Joanna Tan. Singapore. P a g e | 43 support the hypothesis. For instance, an increase in attendance and an overall positive statement of the students’ opinion towards our program will affirm the quality of our activity. The indicators will be analyzed with extra consciousness of the timing. Not only will pre and post tests be employed, surveys are to be done at the appropriate time. Some of the indicators above will be recorded in days, in weeks or in months. This would make every indicator highly relevant to the objectives of the program. The survey will be drafted and processed by Avelife’s personnel whose performance indicators are not directly related to the results of the indicator. This will prevent surveys from having survey questions which are capable of misleading the participants to a particular desirable answer. This will reduce error in the results of the analysis with a strong internal auditing system. Personnel For the entire program, 4 executive members of Avelife, Joanna Tan, Jody Liu Luke Cheng and Nini Hyun participated in the planning and execution of the project. On the actual day of the event, 30 volunteers were recruited to support the event. The training was assisted by an external consultant, Lorraine, who is a professional theatrical performer of the Singapore Repertory Theater, to prepare the children for the performance. The volunteers were all recruited via a Singapore volunteer portal, SG Care. Dissemination Strategy Notices on the boards of the flats were posted to encourage interested children to join the program. Publicity began in October 2010 to prepare for first batch of students for January 2010. This program is to be considered successful if the program gains the support of the parents as they decide if their children should continue. As such, parents are invited observe the program, as for Avelife to gain their approval. Budget Avelife has liaised with private individuals who are willing to sponsor a venue for this event. As the program will take approximately 3 hours, Avelife shall provide food and beverage for the participants. Another major expenditure is that for props and stationeries to run the program. Item Catered Food10 9 Cost per Unit (SGD) 4 Cost per Unit (USD)9 2.92 No. of Units 1680 Total Cost per year $4905.60 Exchange rate at 0.73 USD/SGD 10http://www.select.com.sg/tingkat.htm Educating Green values to socially disadvantaged children through Speech & Drama. Joanna Tan. Singapore. P a g e | 44 Scissors11 0.6 0.44 40 $17.52 2B pencils (12 per boxes) 1.6 1.17 10 11.68 Color Pencils (come in 12 color boxes) 4 2.92 10 $29.20 6.21 4.53 2 $9.10 16.80 12.25 5 $61.32 - - - $100.00 Total: $5134.38 Paper (500 Sheets) Whiteboard Marker (12 pieces per box) Misc The items are selected based on an average educational program. However, this program is implemented with the aim of carrying a green connotation. Therefore, the use of paper and wooden pencils might be avoided. This could increase or decrease the total yearly expenditure, depending on the cost of the substitute. The council will revise the budget plan where appropriate. $100 is allocated to the miscellaneous item as a buffer to the expenditure. Conclusion, Results and Evaluations The pilot project was executed with the support of Daimler (Mercedes-Benz distributor). Avelife co-hosted the event and organized a Christmas carol event for the targeted underprivileged children. The children were taught by a professional theatrical performer on the fundamentals of a theatrical performance and a medley of Christmas songs and songs from The Little Company – a children’s theatre group from Singapore Repertory Theatre (SRT). To further enhance the event, a charity drive was organized prior to the staged performance. The event, known as the Christmas Toy Charity Drive, included a distribution of donated toys to the underprivileged children. The children involved in this program were mainly from Project STOMP (Student-Tutor Open Mentoring Program) and Queenstown CC KidsRead Program, initiatives of Queenstown Youth Executive Committee (YEC). Student mentors from Project STOMP have also participated in the making of the props using recycled materials. Volunteers from SG Cares were involved in the props making and costumes production. The choral was a public event held at the Mercedes-Benz Centre on the 4th of December 2010, between 2 to 2.30pm. The supporters of this event were SG Cares, Peoples’ Association, Queenstown CC YEC and Project STOMP. http://sg.88db.com/Food/Catering-Services/ad-69604/ 11 http://www.popular.com.sg/jsp/product/list_product_by_cat.jsp?vca001=101&vor001=p Educating Green values to socially disadvantaged children through Speech & Drama. Joanna Tan. Singapore. P a g e | 45 A press release was requested from Avelife by two local news media, The Straits Times and Newpaper. The publication was made shortly after the event. In addition, executive director of Avelife, Mark Cheng, was invited for an interview on a local radio broadcaster, 93.8FM. The program was well received by the public and was seen as a novel and effective way of communicating green knowledge to the children. The event held positive outcomes and Avelife will continue to expand this program further to benefit a greater proportion of the public. The following is the actual expenditure for the event. White Glue (X1) $1.00 Glue Paste (X1) $0.30 Tape (X1) $2.00 Scissors, $2 each (X2) $4.00 Size 34 brush (X1) $0.70 Big Paint Brushes, $2.00 each (X2) Size 56 brushes, $0.90 each (X5) $4 $4.50 Dark Green Paint (X1) $2 Light Green Paint (X1) $2 Red Paint (X1) Total Event Resources $2.20 $22.70 The large cost savings were attributed from the extensive use of recycled materials which were collected from private individuals. Christmas trees were decorated with old cardboards that were repainted. Old newspaper and unwanted envelopes, together with paper bag string handles and plastic bags were used to construct and decorate the snowman for this event. Costumes were also made out of newspapers and unwanted envelopes. Strings used to secure the hats were kindly sponsored by Queenstown Community Centre. A total of 45 hats were made. The event was a success, as proven by the reaction of the participants and the public who agreed that speech and drama is a well received educational tool. It serves as an innovative and useful method to communicate with children regardless of the agenda. The overwhelming responses from the public have sparked interest in companies who Educating Green values to socially disadvantaged children through Speech & Drama. Joanna Tan. Singapore. P a g e | 46 expressed their willingness to fund the program. The children who participated in this event were each granted a show ticket to Pinocchio Musical Show, worth $50 as goodwill from the Daimler group. Investment Opportunities As a continuing project with Daimler, the organizations will be working with Exxon Mobil to structure a play that would carry green connotations this year in August 2011. The preparation for the play will commence in June and print materials will be designed starting end May. The audience is estimated at 45,000 children and parents. Both Daimler and Avelife are currently exploring the possibilities of making the end of year performance an annual event. Such an arrangement would enable sustainability in the speech and drama initiative. Avelife is currently working with New York University (NYU), School of Arts, TISCH group in the evaluation on the possibilities of having NYU provide lecturers to guide the children in future Speech and Drama programs. This would provide a fixed source of lecturers to educate the children. In addition, Avelife is looking into working closely with the TISCH group to ensure that all contents of the activities would carry high relevance to environmental conservation. In doing so, Avelife aims to ensure that the message of protecting the environment would be communicated. Avelife engaged two individuals who have been active in the green scene to be tasked with the vetting of the program content. The speech and drama program has seen much approval and interest from the public which signifies the opportunity for rapid growth. Recommendations The program was largely planned and organized by the partners while Avelife supported the event by providing volunteers to help out in the event. Due to the lack of communication, there were misunderstandings leading to insufficient emphasis on green education. Instead of making the volunteers do the props, we could have arranged for the volunteers to mentor the students in the making of eco-friendly props. This would provide a head start to cultivate recycling practices into each student. With the increasing emphasis on the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR), there is a possibility of companies conducting CSR activities with vested interest, thus basing the success of the project on misleading indicators such as increase in the number of new customers and increase in profit margin. Upon this observation, Avelife is determined to ensure that future Speech and Drama program partnership would constitute a 70% to 30% authority, with Avelife holding the higher percentage of authority in terms of decision making. Avelife would ensure that the activities are geared towards green education and is carried out without any vested interest. Educating Green values to socially disadvantaged children through Speech & Drama. Joanna Tan. Singapore. P a g e | 47 Testimonials “The event was a good way of encouraging bonding and teamwork between the children. As people are doing something together for the same purpose, they may feel a sense of belonging. It has made me become more aware of the people surrounding me as ideas are being formed and put into one as a team. I've also learnt to become more open minded and accept new discoveries and inventions.” -Anonymous, Volunteer “Holding the Green Choral was a great idea. It helped kids to take a break from all the school work during the holidays and enjoy themselves. The kids truly enjoyed the event and the time during the two rehearsals. They were also elated to receive the presents. I'm sure the parents appreciated this event too since their kids were pleased and could spend their holidays well. This event made me more enthusiastic to work with kids and more patient also. It has also inspired me to be more environmentally friendly and made me realize that there are many ways to recycle materials and save the earth.” -Angela, Volunteer “This event is very heartwarming as it allows the children to enjoy this Christmas season. Their parents joined them as well. The kids were thrilled by the presents. As a volunteer, I feel happy that the kids and parents enjoyed themselves. This event benefited the children and spread the joy. The event could expand and be bigger to attract more outsiders and show them that there are avenues to be green and doing a good deed at the same time. The event has made me realize that it is very simple to be happy.” -Yang Hong, Volunteer “It is very heartwarming to see each kid open up slowly, displaying true joy in singing and dancing. The children were very attentive and participative during lessons. Speech and Drama has the capability to capture the attention of these children.” –Jee Cheng, Volunteer at Project STOMP Educating Green values to socially disadvantaged children through Speech & Drama. Joanna Tan. Singapore. P a g e | 48 JEEF Young Environmental Leadership Program in Asia Garbage to Fertilizer in Koh Chang Island Author: Vich Cheepsujjayan ([email protected]) Country: Thailand Affiliation: Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University Garbage to Fertilizer in Koh Chang Island. Vich Cheepsujjayan. Thailand. P a g e | 49 Summary The project is focused on utilizing organic waste generated from hotels and communities as fertilizer. The project is implemented in communities under the authority of Koh Chang municipality. Koh Chang municipalities cooperate with local communities in managing the waste produced on a daily basis. The process of producing the fertilizer will be communicated to the locals as well as to other stakeholders. The fertilizer produced may be sold or used for agriculture, which contributes to sustainable development. Rationale Thailand’s economy is centers on tourism and exporting. Tourism has generated an estimated 600,000 Million Baht annually. At present, ecotourism has become popular among tourists and has set a new trend for the tourism industry. Koh Chang Island is an area within the country that provides for ecotourism. Transportation to and within the island improved. A lot of hotels and resorts as well as bungalows have been constructed, including the establishment of facilities such as banks, internet services, restaurants, shops, mini-marts, bars, and the like. The increase in facilities and number of tourists resulted in the increase of garbage. It is estimated that the island generates garbage of around 20-30 tons per day, of which 40% are organic waste that is being transported across the island to the dump site located in Trat Province. This waste problem can be mitigated by using the garbage to produce a fertilizer. Objectives of the Project The primary objectives of the demonstration are the following: The community will be able to make the fertilizer by themselves; Spread the knowledge all over the community; Prevent the disease and help the sanitary in the target area; and Reduce the energy used by transportation of organic waste to the dump site. Target area The project covers the area under the authority of Koh Chang municipality. Koh Chang Island Island is the second largest Island from Phuket Island in Thailand and full of natural resources. The heart of the island is full of mountains and tropical rain forests which are home to water sources such as rivers and waterfalls. The east of the island facing the main land is the sediment area being brought from Trat Rivers. Consequently, it fertilizes the fish area where many fishing villages are located. A lot of beautiful beaches are located at the west, facing the sea. Garbage to Fertilizer in Koh Chang Island. Vich Cheepsujjayan. Thailand. P a g e | 50 Beneficiaries of the Project The people in White Sand Beach district in Koh Chang Island are the beneficiaries of the program. It is estimated at 20 people. Roadmap The procedure of the project implementation consists of following steps. 1. Meeting with possible partners First meeting with possible partners consisting of the administration meeting, leader of each communities and private sector training course; Second meeting with possible partners; and Third meeting with possible partners. 2. Training and site visiting Training of participants; and Visiting each participating local community. 3. Set up and implement of GTF project in local community. Establish Local community committee in Koh Chang Island; Provide knowledge and tools to produce fertilizer; Provide public relations to leaders and the community; Fertilizer has been used in organic garbage in each local community or transported to participating hotels; and Collection of recyclable wastes in schools and brought to the Waste Bank by students. 4. Evaluation and redeveloping the GTF project 5. Submit final report to JEEF No. Activities 1. First meeting with possible partners 2. Setting a committee in municipal level 3. Second meeting with partners 4. Third meeting with partners 5. 6. Project Planning Oct Nov Dec Jan Setting a committee in local community level Preparing human resources and materials for the local community 7. Initiate a GTF project 8. Educate by expertise Garbage to Fertilizer in Koh Chang Island. Vich Cheepsujjayan. Thailand. P a g e | 51 9. Training for communities members 10. Project implementation 11. Monthly overall progress reporting 12. Final report will be submitted Success Indicators People that participated in the project can make their own fertilizer and relay the learning to their communities. Personnel The project involves the following: Staff Members 1. Mr. Vich Cheepsujjayan Project Manager Description: Environmental Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University 2. Mr. Nathseth Yurawan Project Assistant Description: Environmental Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University 3. Mr. Nilun Ruengpinyophun Project Assistant Description: Environmental Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University Community Leader 1. Mr.Ongart Tongparn 2. Mr.Witaya Nopawan 3. Mr.Surin Jetapic Fertilizer’s Expert Mr.Witorn Chanthuma Environmental Officer of Municipality Miss Nantawan Noppagaw Dissemination strategy The Koh Chang municipality cooperated by disseminating information about the project to public through the local radio channel and the local news website. Garbage to Fertilizer in Koh Chang Island. Vich Cheepsujjayan. Thailand. P a g e | 52 Budget No. 1. 2. 3. Budget lines Documentation Communication/Transportat ion Project operation cost (Fertilizer’s Tank) Unit Unit Cost (Yen) Time 1,000 3 3,000 Month 13,500 6 81,000 Unit 1,000 20 20,000 Quantity Total Total Budget (Yen) 104,000 Conclusion, Results and Evaluations The White Sand Beach community in Koh Chang joined the project through the participation of 20 interested people, of which testing was implemented in their households. The community leader is tasked to ensure the continuity of the project by constant check-ups. The result of the program showed that the bioextract or Effective Microorganism (EM) was fermented by the organic waste from household but still does not prove the efficiency, organism carbon, and etc. Investment Opportunities The White Sand Beach community can now make their own fertilizer from the organic wastes that are produced from their households. Moreover the participants can distribute this knowledge to other communities. This knowledge can make their community sustainable by reducing organic waste to the disposal site and also have an opportunity to sell this fertilizer to gardener in the future. Recommendation The project needs to monitor the results to further improve the effectiveness of bioextract or Effective Microorganism (EM). More effort is required to spread the findings to other communities. Garbage to Fertilizer in Koh Chang Island. Vich Cheepsujjayan. Thailand. P a g e | 53 Annex: Photo Documentation This section is a compilation of pictures from the different grant projects. The photos taken showcase the implementation of the programs, the beneficiaries of the project as well as the output of the initiatives. Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market Touring the site. Project Leaders and volunteers familiarize themselves with “Gemah Ripah” traditional fruit market. Annex: Photo Documentation P a g e | 54 Initial Surveys. The analysis of results shall determine the content of the educational materials. Cleaning Day. The waste is segregated into compostable or noncompostable. Annex: Photo Documentation P a g e | 55 Additional source of income. Fruits that have minimal damage are made into juice and resold by the market vendors. Towards a sustainable future. The team at a local based waste management village. Annex: Photo Documentation P a g e | 56 Solar Cooking Sun-cooked. The commercially produced solar cooker harnesses the radiation from the sun for food preparation. Home-made. A solar cooker made from everyday materials like cardboard, foil, tape, clothes pins and the like. Annex: Photo Documentation P a g e | 57 Solar Chef. Shoko Ueno demonstrates how to boil an egg using a home-made solar cooker. Annex: Photo Documentation P a g e | 58 Waste Segregation in the town of Kundasang, Sabah Green Conversations. The community gathered to explore the option of waste segregation. User friendly. The waste baskets are designed in such a way even a child can participate in the segregation effort. Annex: Photo Documentation P a g e | 59 Segregation site. The baskets are situated within the town square as to ensure that the community practices waste segregation. Annex: Photo Documentation P a g e | 60 YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles Creative room. Artists gather to for a roundtable discussion centered on possible ways on how to render the video on sustainable living. Planning for the next steps. Volunteers and artists in a consultation meeting for the succeeding YAFE initiatives. Annex: Photo Documentation P a g e | 61 Educating Green values to socially disadvantaged children through Speech & Drama All smiles. A Speech and Drama session with the organizers, volunteers and participants. Make a wish. A Christmas tree made of recycled materials with the participants Yuletide yearnings. Annex: Photo Documentation P a g e | 62 Trash to Treasure. Christmas trees and a snowman made from used paper, cardboards and plastics. Center Stage. Speech and Drama participants showcase what they’ve learned at the Christmas Carol Event. Annex: Photo Documentation P a g e | 63 Garbage to Fertilizer in Koh Chang Island Waste busters. 2B-Green Co., Ltd composed of Vich, Nil and Nath with an expert from Trat province. Environmental Education. Organizers and participants listen to an expert during the introductory session for the training course. Annex: Photo Documentation P a g e | 64 Environmental heroes. Project leaders and participants strike a pose with the compost bins. Annex: Photo Documentation P a g e | 65 For more information, please contact: Japan Environmental Education Forum (JEEF) 4th Floor, Twinz Shinjuku Bldg. 5-10-15, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0022, JAPAN TEL. +81-3-3350-6770 FAX. +81-3-3350-7818 Email: [email protected] www.jeef.or.jp/yelp www.jeef.or.jp/english ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS 2010 JEEF Young Environmental Leadership Program in Asia Indonesia. Japan. Malaysia. Philippines. Singapore. Thailand. Vietnam. August 2010 – February 2011 Editor: Ruth Yap, Malaysia Design: Joanna Tan Contributors: Herni Frilia Hastutie, Nguyen Huu Dong, Dang Hong Thai, Nguyen Hoang Vu, Ruth Yap, Shotaro Kato, Marie Sonsehrey J. Bretana, Vich Cheepsujjayan, Joanna Tan Cai Leing Supervision: Kazue Tsukahara (JEEF), Midori Shibahara (CSEL), Hiroyuki Usuki Available from: Japan Environmental Education Forum (JEEF) th 4 Floor, Twinz Shinjuku Bldg. 5-10-15 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0022, Japan TEL. +81-3-3350-6770 FAX. +81-3-3350-7818 [email protected] www.jeef.or.jp/yelp www.jeef.or.jp/english/ Citation ―ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS: 2010 JEEF Young Environmental Leadership Program in Asia‖, Japan Environmental Education Forum (JEEF) 2011. Copyright This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. JEEF would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from Japan Environmental Education Forum. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Japan Environmental Education Forum (JEEF) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the policy or views of JEEF. Mention of commercial or non commercial products and services does not imply endorsement or affiliation by JEEF. This program is supported by “Projects to succeed and develop the basic philosophy of the EXPO 2005” of Global Industrial and Social Progress Research Institute (GISPRI). Table of Contents Indonesia .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Herni Frilia Hastutie Indonesia, a country known to have the second highest level of biodiversity after Brazil, is now facing biodiversity issues due to rapid deforestation. Vietnam ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Nguyen Huu Dong, Dang Hong Thai and Nguyen Hoang Vu With greater emphasis on industrialization, Vietnam finds itself trying to balance economy growth and environmental sustainability. Rapid industrialization across the country has led to pollution issues, which needs to be rectified. Malaysia .................................................................................................................................................... 8 Ruth Yap Malaysia is home to Asia’s unique animal species. The lives of these animals are endangered as Malaysia’s timber industry and tourism development plans continue to grow. The country needs to better manage its resources as it develops economically. Japan ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 Shotaro Kato With the support of the government, Japan continues to fight against greenhouse gas emission. The government has laid out several plans to achieve their goal. Philippines ............................................................................................................................................. 2o Marie Sonsehrey J. Bretana Overpopulation in the urban areas of Philippines has caused an increase in air, water and land pollution. With the expansion of urban areas, the lives of the animal species are also in danger as they are displaced from their homes. Nevertheless, the country has begun to pay close attention to environmental issues as they experience climate change. Thailand.................................................................................................................................................. 27 Vich Cheepsujjayan Massive urbanization, industrialization and agricultural activities have introduced pollutants into the waters of Thailand. As the country grows economically, it needs to implement measures to introduce healthy industrial habits to halt unwanted pollution in the country. Singapore ............................................................................................................................................... 33 Joanna Tan Cai Leing Singapore, known to be a “Green city”, faces minimal air, water and land pollution. Nevertheless, unique to the countries in Asia, it faces dengue fever and food hygiene issues. With the support of the government, environmental institutions have stepped in the take control over these issues. INDONESIA 1.1 Introduction to Indonesia Known as archipelago country, according to the CIA fact book there are 17,508 islands in Indonesia. The largest are Java, Sumatra - Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea), and Sulawesi. The size of Indonesia, the tropical climate, and archipelagic geography, support this country to become the world's second highest level of biodiversity after Brazil. Although the total area of Indonesia is only 1.3 percent of the earth's land surface, this country has a big role in biodiversity existence. This country covers 11 percent of the world’s plant species, 10 percent of the world’s mammal species, and 16 percent of the world’s bird species. (See figure 1.1). Figure 1.1- Biotic Richness: Percent of World’s Species Found in Indonesia1 The majority of these species are found in the country’s forest. Most of the world's largest tropical forest is found in Indonesia. In terms of breadth, Indonesia tropical forest ranks third in the world after Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire). Indonesia also has the largest mangrove forest in the world. The extent of estimated mangrove forest is about 4.25 million hectares in the early 1990s. 1 Source: World Resources 2000-2001. Washington DC: World Resources Institute: 246-248 1 Indonesia's forests also store very large amount of carbon. According to FAO - Food of Agriculture Organization of United States, the total amount of forest vegetation in Indonesia produce more than 14 billion tons of biomass, it is much higher than the total biomass in other countries in Asia and is equivalent to 20 percent of the biomass in all tropical forests in Africa. The amount of this biomass could store about 3.5 billion tons of carbon. With deforestation being carried out extensively in Indonesia and limited efforts in reforestation, it is possible that the changing of land cover produces more carbon than absorbing it, this no doubt contributes to global warming. In Figure 1.2 The lost of forest cover in Indonesia is visible. Figure 1.2- Map of Forest Cover Lost in Indonesia, 2000-052 The map above shows the extent and location of forest cover loss in Indonesia—detected by satellite—for 2000 to 2005, when deforestation averaged 0.71 million hectares per year. 2 http://www.wri.org/map/forest-cover-loss-indonesia-2000-2005-starting-point-norwegianbillion-reduce-deforestation 1.2 Impacts of Deforestation According to Susan Minnemeyer, the World Resources Institute (WRI)’s Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Lab Manager, ―Up to 84% of Indonesia’s national greenhouse gas emissions arise from land use change and deforestation and Indonesia is the second country with the most deforestation activity after Brazil‖. The statement above implies the effect of deforestation in Indonesia towards the world’s environment. Deforestation does not only contribute to global warming but also directly cause wildlife habitat destruction, endangering the existence of biodiversity. The sea biodiversity is also affected. Climate change as the effect of global warming raise the sea water temperature and the intense sun radiation causes coral bleaching and diseases. This condition is often exacerbated by rich nutrient water flow from denuded lands. When it comes to coral reefs, Indonesia have more coral reef area than any other nations (18 percent of the world’s total reefs), it also ranks first in the world in terms of diversity of hard coral species – with more than 620 species or 75 percent of the world’s total – and coral reef fish species (more than 2,200 species). As environmental damages continue to happen, the coral reef and sea habitat are in danger. On efforts in saving the reefs:- In August 2007, President Yudhoyono announced that Indonesia would take part in the ―Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security‖ as mentioned in online Jakarta Post, Friday, November 05, 2010 11:11 AM. Coral bleaching and deforestation are not the only environmental problems happening in Indonesia. Rapid urbanization, economic development, and technology development gives rise to problems such as air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, water supply, and habitat destruction. Both the government and environmental NGOs are trying to overcome these problems by partnering together in spreading conservation messages to various parts of Indonesia, slowly people are being invited to be more concern on their environment. As a developing country, Indonesia should continue to monitor their development so that it would be in balance with the environment. VIETNAM 2.1 Introduction to Vietnam Vietnam has been undergoing the process of industrialization and urbanization in order to become an industrial country by 2020 as planned. Similar to many developing countries environmental pollution seems to worsen. Some specialists proposed the hypothesis that if GDP growth rate of Vietnam in 10 consecutive years increases about 7% per annum on average, in which industrial sectors account for 8-9%, the industrial pollution in 2010 may increase by 2.4 times in comparison with 10 years before, the same applies to agricultural and civil pollution. In recent decades, mega-cities like Hanoi capital, Ho Chi Minh have encountered mounting environmental hazards caused by industrial, agricultural, civil and transportation activities. For example, Ho Chi Minh city has 25 central industrial zones of 611 industrial factories in the area of 2,298 hectare. In some estimation figures, these industrial zones together with over 200 outside centers are discharging 1,740,000 m3 industrial sewage water into the rivers of Sai Gon, Dong Nai, including 671 tons of floating sediment, 1,130 tons of BOD5 ( contracting the process of oxidization), 104 tons of nitrogen, 15 tons of phosphorus, and other heavy metals. The disposal of industrial wastes are not only destroying the underwater ecosystem of many microorganisms of great importance in waste decomposition and water purification, but also contaminating the water of neighbouring rivers – the major water supply for millions of residents living along it. 2.2 Gas emissions In terms of air pollution, transportation activities are also one of the main sources of pollution. Every year in Ho Chi Minh City means of transportation consume approximately 210,000 tons of petrol, 190,000 tons of diesel, resulting in the emission of 1,100 tons of dust, 25 tons of lead, 4,200 tons of CO2, 4,500 tons of NO2, 116,000 tons of CO, and 1.2 million tons of hydrocarbon. The same phenomenon is occurring in many other big cities as well as industrial zones in the country. 4 VIETNAM Figure 2.1- CO2 emissions in metric tons per capita year 1960-2005 These toxic emission including Green House Gases (GHG) aggravate the air pollution in the cities and worsen the climate change in Vietnam in particular and the globe in general. In fact, Vietnam is among the developing countries worst affected by climate change which directly results from the globally high increase in CO2 emission varying from 17-20% every year (World Bank report in 2009). The major CO2 emission is generated from the intensive use of coal in all national industries. 2.2 Inefficiencies of Industrialisation Many industrial factories are located at the countryside, far from central cities. However, that leads to industrial management inefficiency in governmental and local authorities. Thousands of new factories and companies spring up over time. However, hardly any take industrial sewage refinement into serious consideration. Most of the sewage does not meet the standard of the specialized authorities for pollutant process. 5 VIETNAM 2.2.1 Water pollution In many other rural areas, pollution not only cause loss for eco-environment, but threatens the lives of millions of poor farmers, many of whom live under the minimum standard of living. In recent years, many ―cancer‖ villages have appeared, claiming hundreds of lives each year. Specifically, in Viet Tri, Phu Tho province, the chemicals discharged from Lam Thao Super-Phosphate Chemical Company pollute the underground water in a large area. Neighbouring residents who use the water have contracted a number of deadly diseases like digestive, respiratory illnesses and even cancer. Nevertheless, the local authorities as well as the government cannot intervene timely, allowing the bad company to continue threatening the life of many people. 2.2.2 Air pollution Furthermore, due to poor environmental awareness, most farmers unknowingly and helplessly pollute the environment through their daily cultivation, harvest, and civil activities. Typically, Phong Khe paper making village (in Bac Ninh Province) – the ―Dead land‖ is suffering from serious air pollution by its villagers burning toxic coal for production. According to its local authority, 1,675 families’ health is threatened, 30% of its population contracts respiratory and digestive diseases. 100 production lines consume 40,000 tons of coal every day. 200 serious cases is reported every year due to coal smoke poisoning, such are the alarming figures in e environmental pollution by dirty energy. 6 VIETNAM The biomass potential from Vietnamese agriculture was annually estimated to be about 60 million tons including 77.5 million tons of rice husk, 4-4.5 million tons of bagasse, 35-37 million tons of rice straw, 10-15 million tons of wood and wood wastes (saw dust), 1-1.5 million tons of others3 (coconut fiber, coffee husk, etc). However, because of huge abundant agricultural by-products produced every year, people are unable to process well and make the best use of these potentially useful materials. Farmers often burn these by-products after harvesting their crop or discard them, hence emitting million tons of CO2 to the environment. 3 Asian Development Bank in workshop on climate change and energy of Vietnam in 2009 7 MALAYSIA 3.1 Introduction to Malaysia Malaysia is located near the equator, surrounded by the South China Sea, the Sulu Sea, the Celebes Sea and the Straits of Malacca. It has some 1,671 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, among them are the orang-utans, the Sumatran Rhinoceros and the Malayan Tapir. Of these, 13.9% are endemic, and 9.3% are threatened. Malaysia is home to at least 15,500 species of vascular plants as well as to the largest flower in the world, the Rafflesia. With almost 900 islands in total with some located in the Coral Triangle, Malaysia is indeed a country rich with natural resources. However, there are issues which could very well contribute to the deterioration its environment if urgent steps are not taken soon. The following highlights a few of the eminent environmental issues in Malaysia. 3.2 Deforestation According to the analysis of figures from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in Malaysia, 63.6% of land area is covered with 20,890,000 ha of forest area. However, only 11.6% of these forests are considered pristine. In total, Malaysia lost an average of 140,200 ha- 0.65 percent of its forest area per year since 2000. The declining forest cover in Malaysia results primarily from urbanization, agricultural fires, and forest conversion for oil palm plantations and other forms of agriculture. The development of oilpalm plantations alone is responsible for 87 percent of deforestation in Malaysia. The rapid decline in forest cover has resulted in vanishing wildlife, imbalance of biological diversity, increasing air temperature and fluctuating atmospheric humidity, flash floods as well as the increase in atmospheric carbon. 3.2.1 Timber Industry In the timber industry, illegal logging is rampant, causing widespread forest degradation in the country. Timber is harvested from remote parts of Sarawak and Indonesia then smuggled to China where it is used for furniture that is often shipped to Europe and the United States. 8 MALAYSIA Although the Malaysia government had announced using new remote sensing technology to detect illegal logging in the country back in the year 2007, there has not been any news on it since. It is said that on paper, Malaysia has probably one of the best rainforest protection policies in developing Asia, but in practice, logging still carries on because most of the time, it fails to enforce the legislation. 3.2.3 Overemphasis on economic development In the 1990s, the government overturned a High Court decision that would have prevented Bakun dam, a huge hydroelectric project that would flood 69,000 ha of forest. Early in the year 2010, there was another bout of power plant project that was proposed to be built on the shores of a marine rich sea on the east coast of Sabah. However, due to objection from a local environmental group, the power project has been rejected, but the project proponents seem determined in finding a way around to build this project. Figure 3.1 - Change in forest cover from 1950 to 2005 3.3 Endangerment of Wildlife Wildlife in Malaysia has been a target in the wildlife trade or unsustainable culture practices. Previously, wildlife in Malaysia is protected by the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, however, it has been seen as insufficient and enforcement agencies have been facing problems trying to protect the wildlife with it. It was not until recently, it has passed a new law known as the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010. 9 MALAYSIA The following will highlight the current status and threats faced by a few species of wildlife in Malaysia, they include the turtles, orang-utans and tigers: 3.3.1 Turtles Four of the seven species of marine turtles can be found in Malaysia, namely the leatherback turtle, the green turtle, the hawksbill turtle and the olive ridley turtle. Except for Sabah, the nesting trend of turtles has been declining in general over the years in Malaysia. The most dramatic declines are exhibited in the Leatherbacks, Hawksbill and olive ridleys of Terengganu. Available records indicate that the leatherback population has plummeted from 10,000 annual nesting in the early 1950’s to less than a dozen in recent years. Figure 3.2 - Nesting trends in leatherback turtles, Terengganu4 The reason for the continuous decline in the turtle population is the ongoing exploitation of the egg. Apart from the consumption of eggs, turtles also face threats from habitat destruction and degradation, illegal poaching and fishing nets. Although turtles are listed as endangered animals by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), in Malaysia they are not fully protected. Early in the year 2010, World Wide Fund for Nature-Malaysia has approached the Federal Government to present a memorandum which calls on the Federal Government to enact comprehensive and holistic Federal laws that govern turtles. However, from a legal standpoint in Malaysia, it’s difficult as jurisdiction over turtles belongs to the State according to the Federal Constitution. For the Federal government to enact such comprehensive laws, the Federal Constitution will need to be amended. 4 Source: Chan, E.H., 2006. Marine turtles in Malaysia: On the verge of extinction? Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 9 (2):175-184 10 MALAYSIA 3.3.2 Orang-utans Orang-utans are native only to Indonesia and Malaysia. They are found in the lowland rainforests of Northern Sumatra and Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, and Kalimantan). It is estimated that only a number of 54,000 Bornean orang-utans and 6,600 Sumatran orang-utans are left in the wild by the Orang-utan Conservancy. The decline in the numbers of orang-utan is caused by the various threats they face. These include the loss of habitat from clearance of forest for agriculture purpose (see Deforestation), both illegal and commercial logging in the timber industry and conversion to plantations. When areas of forest are cleared by illegal loggers, this also encourage poachers to enter into previously inaccessible areas to hunt for the orang-utans. Orang-utans lose both their habitat and food source when forests are cleared. Apart from that, there’s also the illegal pet trade and illegal hunting of their meat. 3.3.3 Tigers In Malaysia, there is an estimate of 490 Malayan Tigers left in the forests of Peninsular Malaysia. Similar to orang-utans, tigers face the threats of deforestation. This has lead to the loss of their habitat as well as food. Because of contracting sizes of natural habitats, their encounter with human populations has increased over their years. There have been reports of tigers encroaching on human settlements killing their livestock, and sometimes even humans. In retaliation, they are killed by angry villagers or captured and kept in zoos. Apart from deforestation, tigers also face illegal poaching. Tigers have been hunted as status symbols, decorative items such as wall and floor coverings, as souvenirs and curious, and for use in traditional Asian medicines. Tigers are also killed for their bones, meat and other body parts to be smuggled to markets, largely in China. Despite Malaysia’s National tiger Conservation Action Plan and new laws to combat the illegal killing and trade, the Malayan tiger continues to decline. 11 MALAYSIA 3.4 Waste Management The total waste produced by a total Malaysian population of 26 million is 9.5 million tonnes a year with a per capita generation rate of 1.2 kg/day. Currently waste is either disposed of in landfills or incinerated. Malaysia spends Rm1 billion annually just to manage these wastes. There are 231 landfills all over Malaysia and 111 landfills are not operating. 3.4.1 Recycling Despite rigorous efforts by the government to promote and implement recycling programme in 2000, the current recycling rate in Malaysia is only 5 percent, which is far lower than its neighbouring South-east Asian neighbours. In mid 2010, the Federal Government has made the move to spur the recycling rate from 5 to 50 percent. A local recycled plastic manufacturing company has stated the difficulty of gathering segregated plastic waste for their processing in Malaysia. In fact, this company had to ship segregated plastic waste all the way from China before they could process the plastic waste. Once they are done, these plastics will then be sold to businesses in European countries, where environmental awareness among the people is relatively higher than in developing countries. 3.4.2 Poor waste management system As some islands in Malaysia are not well developed in terms of roads and other infrastructures, waste management gets complicated as the island get more and more populated with people. In Sabah on the east coast, immigrants in illegal settlements by the sea often dispose of their trash in the ocean because the government do not provide waste management systems for these illegal settlements. 3.5 Destruction of Marine Ecosystems Malaysia has various marine ecosystems including wetlands, mangrove estuaries to coastal waters fringed with coral reefs. The key issues affecting Malaysia’s marine ecosystems are: 12 MALAYSIA 3.5.1 Siltation In deforested areas, the rain falls and wash down silts from the barren land into rivers and then into the seas. When this happen, visibility in the water is reduced and aquatic organisms that needs sunlight to survive are threatened. In coastal areas where coral reefs are mostly present, silts cover and suffocate the coral reefs. This occur as coral reefs are animals with planktonic plants living in them called zooxanthellae which are dependent on sunlight to produce food for themselves as well as for the corals. The domino effect will in the end affect the fish population because coral reefs are vital habitats for many marine organisms and it functions as a nursery ground for many deep sea fishes. 3.5.2 Pollution from industry and agriculture Agriculture waste that flows into the sea causes the level of nutrients in the water to increase. This has led to problems such as Harmful Algae Bloom which occurs from time to time in Malaysia coastal waters, causing the death of certain marine organisms as well as of people who consumed these infected marine organisms. Apart from that, green filamentous algae also increase when nutrients levels are high in the water. These algae smother and kill healthy corals. They also cover coral rubbles, preventing new coral seedling from attaching and growing. 3.5.3 Destructive fishing practices In the Peninsular Malaysia, the most destructive fishing method is carried out by fishermen who use trawl nets. Trawl nets are dragged across the bottom of the sea to catch any animals that gets into its way, but at the same time, it also destruct the bed of the sea which requires a long period of time to recover. Apart from that, sometimes fishermen lay their nets in coral reef areas and their nets get stuck as they catch on sharp corals. This leads them to drag their nets up by force and in the process breaking corals. If this fails, then the fishermen would cut loose the net. The drifting nets endlessly ensnare marine organisms such as turtles and kill them. This occurrence is also known as ―ghost fishing‖. 13 MALAYSIA In Sabah, fish bombing and cyanide fishing is common. Fish bombing is a very destructive fishing method, using some fertilizers, a glass bottle and a fuse; this homemade dynamite could wipe out areas as wide as 5 square meters. The powerful sound and vibration caused by the dynamite shocks the fish. And upon the ignition of the dynamite, all the fish will die and float up to the surface. Fishermen then need to only collect the dead fish from the surface of the water. In the cyanide fishing method, cyanide is squirted onto coral reefs; fishes that are stunned by the poison will float out from their narrow hiding places. The practice is usually carried out for the aquarium or live fish trade as it is important for the fish to be captured alive in this trade. 3.5.4 Tourism development: construction, operation, disturbance of natural habitat, litter, physical damage Tourism development on the islands and in coastal areas also contributes to the destruction of the marine ecosystems. The construction of hotels and resorts leads to the inflow of silts into coastal waters. Hotels and resorts managers tend to overlook matters such as proper waste management and sewage system. Buildings for tourism industry purposes have also changed the landscape of islands and coastal areas. Structures such as jetties could sometimes change the flow of underwater currents, causing certain beach to face erosion and deposition elsewhere. Speed boats which were introduced to the islands injure marine animals that swim past with their sharp boat propellers. The development on the island and coastal areas also disrupts the nesting of sea turtles. Excited tourists who come across marine turtles disturb nesting turtles. Some tourists ride them on land and chase them in the water. The lights from resort confuse turtle hatchlings and cause them to swim towards land instead of the sea. To supply tourists’ demand of seeing these rare creatures, locals have even captured hatchlings to show them to tourists for a fee. 14 MALAYSIA Litter is also polluting the sea and killing marine organisms. The most common litter around the beaches in Malaysia are cigarette filters, mineral water bottles, beverage cans and food wrappers. In some places, littering is a culture among some local islanders who have not been brought up with good practices. Some tourists who have relatively low awareness and responsibility towards the environment also litter. Tourists who have little understanding of corals mistake them as rocks. They either crush or stand on corals during snorkelling activities. Poorly instructed divers with poor buoyancy also damage coral reefs when they crash onto reefs, touch and handle any marine organisms they see in underwater. 3.6 Poor management of resources In Malaysia, often authority is vested across a large number of government agencies causing it to be difficult to implement comprehensive environmental policies. The federal has governance over health, education, security, foreign affairs and finances whereas the state has governance over land, religion, local government, agriculture and forestry. 3.6.1 Absence of consultation with stakeholders Sometimes in certain areas, local development and management is carried out without any consultation with stakeholders. These local stakeholders have more experience in a certain area than the newly appointed resource manager, hence they know better on how an area should be developed and how the resources should be managed. If the public officers take the time to listen to these invaluable opinions, they could then make better decision on how to manage the resources with the national and state funds. 3.6.2 Corruption Corruption is a major problem which is infiltrating government agencies and public services. It has prevented qualified people from taking on tasks and encouraged slackers to continue being irresponsible and reckless with the position they hold. Sometimes, perpetrators nabbed by enforcement officers go scot free as they manage to negotiate their way out from their crime by buying favours from the enforcement officers. This has caused offenders to continue committing crime and breaking laws as well as encourage potential perpetrators to follow in their footsteps. 15 MALAYSIA 3.6.3 No communication/outreach To ensure that a policy is in force, the public needs to be educated on the policy as well. However, many a times, the public are not made aware of them these environmental policies. For example, in Marine Protected Areas (MPA) on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, tourists are not well informed of the prohibited activities on the island. As MPA officers are poorly equipped with good communication skills, the important messages are not conveyed to the tourists. Insufficient interaction and communication between the locals and the MPA officers have also resulted in bad relations among the locals living on the island. If MPA officers and locals communicate more often and understand each others’ roles, both parties would be able to benefit from the Quick summary of problems In short, the environmental issues which Malaysia is facing are deforestation, endangerment of wildlife, waste management, destruction of marine ecosystems. In order to address these problems, one of the main changes required will be the enforcement of existing legislation, which exists to manage the issues outlined above. Management of resources should also be improved by doing more on the ground consultations with local stakeholders. As for the public, NGOS and Government sectors alike should continue educating and informing them about environmental issues to increase their environmental awareness in general. In addition, the attitude of the park rangers and officers in the government sectors should also be changed because bribery will be another factor that causes these people to neglect their obligations and let the unlawful people to continue destroying the environment. Proper ethics should be instilled in these people through seminars and conferences. 16 JAPAN 4.1 Introduction to Japan Japan had environmental issue about water and air when economic has been developing from in the 1950s and the 1970s. However, many problems have been solved by great effort until now. The present environmental issue in Japan which many people are interested in is carbon dioxide emission. 4.2 Green house gas emissions The amount of carbon dioxide which Japan exhausted in 2008 reached 1,214,000,000 tons, which accounted for 4.2 percent of carbon dioxide emission of the world and ranked 5th in the world. The emission has been increasing from 1990, which is the standard year of Kyoto protocol, to 2008 with a decrease in in 2008 because of Lehman Shock. Figure 4.1 – Annual green house gas emission, 1990 to2008 Comparing among different sectors, the industrial sector is responsible for the largest amount of carbon dioxide emission, which is 39.4 percent. 17 JAPAN Figure 4.2 – Annual greenhouse gas emissions of different economic sectors, 1990 to2008 According to Kyoto Protocol, Japan aims to reduce greenhouse gas by 6 percent from 1990 to 2012. If the goal is not achieved, Japan would be imposed more on greenhouse gas reduction burden goal after 2013. Even so, Japan greenhouse gas emission has been increasing from 1990 to 2007, an increase by 9 percent. With that said, Japan should reduce 15 percent of greenhouse gas to achieve the goal in Kyoto protocol. 4.2 Efforts by the Japanese government Although at present it seems impossible to achieve the goal by 2012 in the Kyoto protocol, with a new positive attitude, Japan is beginning to act on stopping climate change and had set a new goal to be achieved by 2050. In 2009, Japan ex- prime minister declared a new goal, which is cutting greenhouse gas emission amounting to 25% by 2020 and 80% by 2050, three times the previous goal. . To achieve this goal, Japanese government will take the following actions: a. Creating emission trading market by using Cap And Trade. b. Leading Global Warming Tax c. Visualizing carbon dioxide emission 18 JAPAN d. Creating Feed-in Tariff for renewable energy and promoting development of smart grid technology. e. Subsidizing solar panels, energy saving cars and energy saving appliances. f. Promoting R&D in environmental technology, for example fuel cell, superconductor and biomass. g. Growing new industry by using new energy and energy saving technology. h. Supporting energy saving repair construction, for example barrier-free repair, setting up solar panels and insulator. i. Establishing the maintenance system of stable supply of rare metals and deepening diplomacy with the countries which have resources. If the above actions are taken, Japan could lead the world to Low Carbon Society as an environmental leader of the world. Environmental issue could be solved, if the countries which have been exhausting a large amount of carbon dioxide take active environmental actions. 19 PHILLIPPINES 5.1 Introduction to Philippines The Philippine ecosystem is considered to be one of the most diverse in the world. It is home to approximately 13 thousand floral species, a variety of at least one thousand terrestrial vertebrates, and close to five thousand aquatic plants and animals5. A considerable amount of the Philippine wildlife is endemic, such as the tarsier, the renowned Philippine Eagle, and the tiny Pandaka pygmea, to name a few. Composed of 7,017 islands, the Philippine archipelago holds one of the largest combined coastlines worldwide, next only to Canada and Indonesia. Situated within the coral triangle, this geographical feature allows for a thriving marine environment. 5.2 Environmental Threats Despite the undoubted beauty of the Philippine Islands, it is unfortunate that this reality does not correlate with the measures required for its conservation. The environmental health of the country is at risk due to the numerous man-made endeavours, often tagged as ―progress‖. The factors that lead to the devastation of the Philippine environment ecosystem are difficult to classify under a single heading, and are fundamentally interconnected. The succeeding paragraphs shall not go into the thorough discussion it deserves due to considerations such as the limited resource materials, as well as the intricacy of the matters but will present an overview of the country’s environmental state. Below are some of the foremost issues faced by the Philippines. 5.3 Climate Change Climate change is a universal occurrence, and is not limited to a specific geographical entity. The phenomenon, however, is experienced in varying degrees. The Philippines, like many island-nations, is vulnerable to the consequences of climate change across the natural, economic and social spheres. The increase in temperature, leading to the rise 5 ―Philippine Biodiversity‖ Philippine Sustainable Development Network. <http://www.psdn.org.ph/nbsap/main.html>. 29 Sept. 2010. 20 PHILLIPPINES in sea levels shall affect the country’s many coastal villages. Imbalances in the marine ecosystem due to a disruption in oceanic climate shall lead to a range of complications such as coral bleaching that shall ultimately affect the food supply. According to WWF – Philippines, 92 million Filipinos live within 100 kilometers of the coastal areas, and around half of the aforementioned population rely on the seas for livelihood. Fisheries provide for 20% of the county’s agricultural produce, which is calculated to bring in $ 1.18 billion worth of revenue each year. Should the produce of the seas lessen, countless of individuals across different social strata will be affected financially and in terms of food sources. On another note, global warming induces a change in weather patterns. The table below shows the damage brought about by the intensity of typhoons deemed to be the result of climate change. Infrastructure shall pose as a challenge of both the private and public sector. Table 5.1 –Damages attributed by typhoons of different intensities6 The images below predict the situation of the Philippines during the wet and dry seasons. The darker shades represent the intensity of the risks. Figure 2 illustrates the possible drought as a result of global warming. Mindanao, the area with the greatest probability of water shortage, is deemed as the fruit capital of the Philippines. Figure 3 shows the areas most threatened due to the increase in the magnitude of storms. The region largely affected is the rice granary of country. 6 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/PhilippineCEACC1July.pdf 21 PHILLIPPINES Rice is the staple food of the Philippines. Furthermore, the area holds a multitude of water sources for the nearby capital. Figure 5.2- Risk to Typhoons7 Figure 5.1- Risk to El Niño \ The above are only some of the effects of the above discussed issue. Should climate change reach its tipping points, the consequences presented shall be the reality of similar nation-states worldwide. On the other hand, countries less susceptible shall experience massive migration. 5.3 Overpopulation The population of the Philippines is estimated to reach a population of at least a 100 million in five years. The growth in number of inhabitants puts strain on the natural resources available to the country. This influences the supply and demand chain, which normally results to the exploitation of whatever goods available. In the Philippines, overpopulation generally brings 7 Source: Manila Observatory and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources 22 PHILLIPPINES about the problem of population density. With the unregulated flocking of people to communities that seem to offer better living conditions, resources ranging from space, nourishment, health services, and other similar basic needs will be difficult to meet, consequently leading to the proliferation of diseases and other various health and social issues. The following data foretells a regular growth in the nation’s population. Table 5.2 – Summary of projected population by sex and by Five-Calendar Year Interval, Philippines: 2000-20408 5.3 Urbanization and Land Conversion Following the trend of development and globalization, the Philippines has placed primacy over urbanization and other capitalistic ventures with minimal consideration to environmental sustainability systems. Due to the association of greening businesses to higher capital costs, many have resorted to overlook the said scheme. An example of which are the factories along Pasig River, one of Manila’s main waterways. Studies have shown that 45% of the river’s pollution is due to industrial waste9. Furthermore, urbanization provides the promise of greener pastures, thus individuals flock to the cities. This, in turn, heightens pollution in the area. Research reveals that 75% of companies in 8 9 Source: National Statistics Office Helmer, Richard and Ivanildo Hespanhol. “Water Pollution Control – A Guide to Use of Water Quality Management Principles.” UNEP, 1997. 23 PHILLIPPINES the country’s capital contribute to air pollution in the year 2002 due to the escalating number of motor vehicles. Similarly, despite solid waste management efforts for household garbage, 90% of the sewage system remains untreated. A mere ten percent of the country’s population have access to proper drainage facilities10. Correspondingly, many agricultural lands have been converted to fit what is considered economically viable. In addition to the expansion of cities, forest grounds have been altered to accommodate grazing lands, subdivisions, as well as land for timber11. This resulted to the displacement of a wide range of both plants and animals, and to a certain degree, human communities. In its most recent list, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) concluded that a total of 697 species of both flora and fauna in the country are threatened. 475 animals are regarded between the ranges of critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable. Table 5.3 - IUCN statistics on threatened species in each country (totals by taxonomic group) 10 “Philippine Environmental Situation 2009.” Kalikasan. 9 Oct 2010. <http://www.kalikasan.org/cms/?q=node/302> 11 Ibid. 24 PHILLIPPINES Table 5.4 - IUCN Red List Category summary country totals (Animals) The loss of both plant and animal species changes the natural food cycle. Even a minor disruption in this delicate cycle lessens the food options, intensifying competition amongst its outcomes. On another note, the migration of communities affects the already massive population crisis. 5.4 Practical Solutions The above environmental threats presented universally results, but is not limited, to health risks, migration and the concern of food security, to name a few. Regrettably, there is no quick fix to the problems presented. Though nature provides for its own healing, the extents to which humans have affected its cycles are in need of intervention from the same entities that have interrupted its natural system. With the increasing environmental consciousness in the country due to the various irregular weather patterns and the extreme consequences of the climate conditions, a multitude of civil societies dedicated to eradicating threats to nature have been established. Despite this, only a handful is able to induce positive and much needed change due to the methods applied and the data available. The fact remains that information is centered on a few. Experts have reiterated that caring for the environment is everyone’s responsibility. And this task should be conveyed to the entire citizenry. A key aspect in battling environmental threats is education. Awareness is crucial as to allow the whole population to comprehend the impact they have on the earth. Subjects containing topics such as earth science, carbon footprint, mitigation, adaptation and the like should be institutionalized in the education system. 25 PHILLIPPINES Coupled with education, comprehensive legislation is needed. Binding agreements are essential as to validate the urgency and the importance of the matter. It shall also serve as a rewards system to those who abide by the rules and a check and balance for the rest. The above solutions are only two of the numerous approaches in conserving our world. Protecting the environment does not require a total overhaul of our lifestyles, rather a rethinking of our choices. 26 THAILAND 6.1 Introduction to Thailand Thailand is a highly populated country and is home to 64 million people. It is a rapidly emerging economy in Southeast Asia and had faced rapid economic growth between year 1985 and 1995. As Thailand grows economically, the country also faces a new set of environmental challenges. One of the environmental challenges is water pollution from land-based activities, largely associated with urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural activities. The major sources of pollution are domestic sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural wastes. 6.2 Water pollution The main pollutants that pose water quality problems are organic waste, bacteria, nutrient, heavy metals, pesticides, and other chemical substances. For major rivers in the country, the observed water quality problems are dissolved oxygen depletion, fish kills, high levels of ammonium nitrate, high coliform bacteria, and eutrophication phenomena. The measured river quality has been lower than the Surface Water Quality Standard and Classification. The major water quality problems are high coliform bacteria (36 %), low dissolved oxygen (DO, 34 %), high organic matter (in term of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (18 %), and nutrients (12 %) FCB = Fecal Coliform Bacteria TUR = Turbidity DO = Dissolved Oxygen TS = Total Solids TP = Total Phosphorus BOD = Biochemical Oxygen Demand The Pollution Control Department (PCD) has developed master plans for water-quality management in all 25 river basins in Thailand. In the water quality management plans, major river basins were undertaken which mainly include wastewater management. Priority to construct wastewater treatment facilities in municipalities was principally recommended as well as controlling wastewater from industrial and agricultural sources. 27 THAILAND 6.2.1 Water quality management Water pollution control programs undertaken by the Thailand government consist of the following components: • Wastewater treatment and disposal • Waste minimization • Cleaner production • Legal framework • Institutional and financial arrangement • Monitoring and enforcement • Cooperation with related agencies and local communities • River Basin Management Approach 6.3 Air pollution Environmental pollution in urban areas has been considered as a major problem in Thailand. Most of the environmental problems especially air pollution in urban areas arises from transportation which are caused by congestion in road networks. A large amount of energy in Thailand is predominantly consumed in the transportation sector (Table 6.1.) Table 6.1 - Energy demand in the business (Unit: MTOE) 28 THAILAND 6.4 Pollution control measures In respond to the environmental problems, the government has initiated several effective pollution control measures. The measures aim not only at exhaust gas emission controls but also at the improvement of fuel and vehicle specifications, implementation of in-use vehicle inspection and maintenance program, mass transit systems, and traffic management. The measures directed toward reducing vehicle emissions include: fuel reformulation, emission standard and inspection and maintenance programs. 6.4.1 Fuel reformulation The fuel reformulation is categorised into two types: gasoline and diesel. Automotive gasoline reformulation The following outlines the implementation of gasoline reformulation: - Leaded gasoline is no longer available in Thailand since January 1, 1996. - The benzene content is limited to less than 3.5 percent by volume. - The aromatic content is set to be lower than 35 percent by volume. Automotive diesel reformulation The following outlines the implementation of diesel reformulation: - The sulfur content is reduced from 1.0 to 0.5 percent by weight. - The 90 percent volume distilled is reduced from 370 °C to 357 °C. 6.4.2 Emission standard Emission standard for new vehicles in Thailand had been established in 1995 (Table 6.2.) The main part of vehicle emission standards, except the motorcycle, is adopted from the European Union standard. 29 THAILAND Table 6.2 - Emission standard for new vehicles 6.4.3 Inspection and maintenance program To pass the inspection, emissions of in-use vehicles must meet the emission standards for in use vehicles. The current decentralized inspection and maintenance program for in-use vehicles is being criticized for its ineffectiveness because authorized private inspection centers or garages are also allowed to carry out repairs. The inspection procedure is questionable. The program will be evaluated in the near future and improved to increase its effectiveness. 6.4.4 Other measures Recent pollution control measures as follow have begun implementation: - Alternative fuel such as natural gas, LPG, electricity, bio-diesel, ethanol - Public campaign, such as car pool, car-free-day, walking day -Tax penalty and incentive for promoting the use of cleaner vehicles and cleaner fuel - Controlling the use of used engines - Special inspection and maintenance for bus fleet 6.5 Hazardous Waste Thailand imports various chemicals for direct use and for production of further value-added products e.g., petroleum products, industrial chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides and consumer 30 THAILAND chemicals. There is an increasing trend of chemical import, production and use as shown in Figure 6.1. Figure 6.1 - Quantities of imported and locally produced chemicals12 6.5.1 Effects on the environment As a result of these imported chemicals and local production, the following problem occurs: • Release of toxic chemicals and wastes from industries • Water, air and soil contamination • Increase of hazardous waste with inadequate treatment and disposal systems • Illegal dumping • Chemical incidents, e.g., warehouse fire and chemical spill during road accidents. • Contamination of pesticide residues in crops and food items. • Public health, occupational health and toxic chemical poisoning. • Inadequate treatment and disposal systems. • Standard, guidelines and guidance on life cycle approach of hazardous chemical and waste control are not implemented effectively. 12 Source: Customs Department (www.customs.go.th) 31 THAILAND • Lack of participation from public and private sectors in hazardous chemicals and waste management. 6.5.2 Hazardous Substances (HS) and Hazardous Waste (HW) Management Approach The following are approaches taken in managing hazardous substances and waste in Thailand • Promote reduction of agro-chemicals uses and control of illegal imports of banned chemicals. • Promote GMP, IPM and green supply chain. • Promote of BAT/BEP in industries, e.g., steel plant, crematoria, and fossil fuel-fired utility and industrial boilers. • Introduce economic instruments e.g., emission trade, deposit/ refund system, and waste exchange. • Capacity building for local administration in waste recovery • Support and promote local network, civil society, public and volunteer groups in monitoring and reporting releases (illegal dumping) of HS and HW into environment. • Raise public awareness on chemical hazards and management through websites, annual reports, and publication. • Preparedness in prevention and control of chemical incidents • Promote the use of ―manifest system‖ in hazardous substances and hazardous waste transport. • Implementation of MEAs relating to hazardous substances and hazardous waste (PIC, POPs, BASEL and SAICM). • Increase the effectiveness of hazardous substances and waste management in accordance with international standard. 32 SINGAPORE 7.1 Introduction to Singapore The Republic of Singapore is the second smallest country in Asia and occupies an area of 693 square kilometer. Singapore is a highly populated cosmopolitan with a total of 4.48 million inhabitants as stated in the 2005 census. The country is commonly known as the ―Green City‖ due to its high standard of environmental health. Since its independence in 1965, the government has passed numerous bills supporting environmental conservation. There are currently three main environmental agencies that guard Singapore’s environmental state. The National Environment Agency (NEA) protects Singapore's resources from pollution, maintaining a high level of public health and the NEA endeavours to ensure sustainable development and a quality living environment for present and future generations13. Established in 1995, the Singapore Environment Council (SEC) is an independently managed, non-profit, non-government organization, and institution of public character that nurtures facilitates and coordinates environmental causes in Singapore. SEC reaches out to the public through its educational, community and industrial arms.14. The Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources (MEWR) is committed to providing Singaporeans with a quality living environment and aims to move from maintaining good environmental performance in the short term to attaining environmental sustainability in the long run. MEWR manages Singapore's limited resources and addresses Singapore's environmental sustainability challenges through innovation, vibrant partnerships and co-operation across the 3P sectors - private, public and people15. 13 National Environmental Agency Site. 08 May 2008. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. <http://app2.nea.gov.sg/aboutus.aspx>. 14 ": About Us." Singapore Environment Council. 2010. Web. 24 Oct. 2010. <http://www.sec.org.sg/about>. 15 "MEWR - Our History." Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, Singapore. 02 June 2008. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. <http://app.mewr.gov.sg/web/Contents/Contents.aspx?ContId=2>. 33 SINGAPORE 7.2 Environmental Issues Singapore faces minimal pollution issues and is applauded for its high standards of environmental cleanliness in the region. The active promotion of green campaigns had caused the evolution of numerous societies supporting the green movement in Singapore. Environmental teachings were also incorporated in educational institutions to children from as young as the age of seven. Singapore’s achievement in this area is largely attributed by the joint efforts of the green organizations as well as the set of prudent policies implemented by the parliament. However such optimum bureaucracy has led to an overreliance on the government in conserving the environment. There is a need to remind the individuals on their responsibility towards the environment which is currently a common goal among the different green organizations. 7.3 Land As seen in Table 7.1 below, total waste generated increased by 9.11% between 2007 and 2009. This was partly attributed from the rise in consumerism in Singapore. Although the lifespan of our landfill increased from 35-40 years in 2007 to 35-45 years in 2009, the increase was due to local waste recycling efforts, where the amount of recycled waste increased from 54% in 2007 to 57% in 2009. This shows that the sustainability of the landfills is highly dependent on the individuals’ efforts in recycling waste. This is necessary in mitigating long run waste disposal issues in Singapore. Table 7.1- General statistic on solid waste management from year 2007 to 2009 Solid Waste Management Unit 2007 2008 2009 Total waste generated1 mil tons/yr 5.60 5.97 6.11 mil tons/yr 3.03 3.34 3.48 (%) (54%) (56%) (57%) mil tons/yr 2.38 2.45 2.48 (%) (43%) (41%) (41%) mil tons/yr 0.19 0.18 0.15 (%) (3%) (3%) (2%) Total waste recycled Total waste incinerated Total waste landfilled2 34 SINGAPORE Total domestic waste disposed mil tons/yr Total domestic waste disposed per capita Total non-domestic waste disposed Total energy produced from incineration Lifespan of Landfill3 1.50 1.48 1.52 kg/day/person 0.88 0.84 0.84 mil tons/yr 1.07 1.14 1.11 MWh 974,945 1,048,072 1,064,956 years 35-40 35-40 35-45 1 Total waste generated = Total waste recycled + Total waste incinerated + Total waste landfilled 2 Total waste landfilled includes non-incinerable waste such as construction and demolition waste, used slag and treated sludge and excludes incineration ash generated from waste disposed through incineration 3 Measured from the start of the lifespan of Semakau Landfill, i.e. 1999 Dengue fever is a major issue in Singapore. As Singapore is highly populated, mishandling of the dengue fever could cause the disease spread far and wide to the masses. Fortunately, with the cooperation of the citizens and the active roles played by NEA, dengue fever cases has declined through 2007 to 2009 by 53.5%. Please refer to Table 7.2. As such, it is very important to continue educating the public with dengue related information. Food hygiene is a rising issue in Singapore. There has been an increase in outlet-related food poisoning outbreaks per 1000 food outlets in Singapore as shown in Table 7.2. This indicates a need for thorough public education regarding food hygiene and, perhaps, there might be a need to investigate the controversy in the increasing number of shops achieving Grade A for cleanliness yet the number of food poisoning cases continues to peak. Table 7.2 – Vector control count and studies on cleanliness and food hygiene in Singapore through 2007 to 2009 Vector Control No. of local dengue (DF and DHF) cases per 100,000 population Cleanliness and Food Hygiene 2007 2008 2009 180.6 137.04 83.9 2007 2008 2009 35 SINGAPORE No. of food outlet-related food poisoning 2.64 3.5 5.4 30,494 31,033 32,597 - Grade A (% of total) 3,293 (47%) 3,843 (50%) 5,143 (52%) - Grade B (% of total) 3,279 (46%) 3,391 (44%) 4,395 (44%) - Grade C (% of total) 485 (7%) 465 (6%) 442 (4%) - Grade D (% of total) 5 (0.07%) 11 (0.14%) 1 (0.01%) - Grade A (% of total) 4,319 (24%) 4,356 (24%) 5,455 (25%) - Grade B (% of total) 8,873 (50%) 9,977 (56%) 13,948 (63%) - Grade C (% of total) 4,625 (26%) 3,438 (19%) 2,734 (12%) - Grade D (% of total) 2 (0.01%) 9 (0.05%) 4 (0.02%) outbreaks per 1,000 food outlets No. of licensed food outlets Grading of food shops1, 3 Grading of food stalls2,3 1 Food shops include food courts, restaurants, etc. 2 Food stalls include those in government hawker centres and private eating establishments. 3 The percentages for the figures may not add up to 100 percent due to rounding off. 4 This is an updated figure, which was previously given as an estimate in earlier publication. 7.4 Water As seen in Table 7.3, Singapore faces a safe level of water consumption with a well regulated supply. Table 7.3 – Water Resource Management in Singapore through 2007 to 2009 Water Resource Management Unit 2007 2008 2009 Improved drinking water sources1 % access 100 100 100 Improved sanitation2 % access 100 100 100 % 100 100 100 Access System Test meeting WHO drinking water Efficiency quality guidelines 36 SINGAPORE No. of sewerage disruptions per 1,000 - 21 194 17 Flood prone areas3 Hectares 984 794 67 No. of reservoirs in Singapore - 14 15 15 Mil m3 264.2 271.4 277.8 3 km of sewers Sales of potable water in Singapore - Domestic Supply - Non-domestic Mil m 191.3 191.2 190.1 Sales of NEWater Mil m3 49.2 66.0 72.0 Sales of Industrial Water Mil m3 29.3 23.7 21.9 Volume of used water treated Mil m3 536.2 516.0 515.5 1 Includes piped water into premises, public tap/standpipe, borehole/tube well, protected dug well etc. 2 Includes flush/pour flush toilets or latrines connected to a sewer, septic tank, etc. 3 Based on data over a financial year (period from 1st Apr of the year to 31st Mar of the following year). 2009 figure is estimated based on data available as of Dec 2009. 4 This is an updated figure, which was previously given as an estimate in earlier publication. Singapore has a highly effective and unique water conservation scheme. As seen in Table 7.4, water consumption remains at its moderate level and the number of lifestyle events held at reservoirs and waterways have increased significantly by 87.8% in the span of 3 years. The opening of reservoirs and waterways for water sport events was an intelligent implementation made by Singapore in its effort to conserve the environment. Given that Singapore has limited land and water space, the use of water catchment areas to support water sports was important in maximizing the already limited resources. The residents and sportsmen favoured the opening of the catchment areas for water sport activities. This implementation was served as a double-edge sword in promoting healthy exercise as well as appreciation for the environment. 37 SINGAPORE Table 7.4 – Water Demand and Management in Singapore through 2007 to 2009 Water Demand and Management Unit Domestic water consumption per capita Litres/day 157 156 155 - 954 139 No. of Lifestyle Events Held at Reservoirs and Waterways (Cumulative) 2007 2008 2009 74 7.5 Air Singapore faces little air pollution problems. In fact, there has been an increasing interest in green vehicles by the nation. Please see Table 7.5 and 7.6 for additional information. Table 7.5 – Climate change/ Energy Statistics Climate Change / Energy Statistics Unit 2007 2008 2009 Kt 39,905 35,945 NA2 % 10.13 19.4 NA2 kgCO2/kWh 0.5233 0.5016 NA2 MWh 1.36 1.27 NA2 - Natural Gas vehicles No. 485 3,443 4,578 - Hybrid vehicles No. 1,057 1,999 2,641 - Electric vehicles No. 1 1 5 CO2 emissions from combustion of fossil fuels 1 Energy consumption per dollar GDP (% improvement from 2005 levels) Carbon intensity of electricity generation Household electricity use per capita Green vehicles 1 The figures do not include non-CO2 greenhouse gases and CO2 emissions from other sources such as waste incineration. Bunker fuels are excluded from the figures as per international practice; as such fuels are used for transportation across national borders and are not part of national totals. Consumption of bunker fuels are accounted for separately from national totals. 2 Data for 2009 is currently being collated and will be available in the latter half of 2010. 3 This is an updated figure, which was previously given as an estimate at the time of publication of KES 2010 booklet. 38 SINGAPORE Table 7.6 – Pollutant concentration in Singapore through 2007 to 2009 Pollutant Averaging Time Unit 2007 2008 2009 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 24-hour μg/m3 80 76 83 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Annual μg/m3 22 22 22 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1-hour mg/m3 2.3 2.3 2.4 Ozone 8-hour μg/m3 140 103 100 Particulate Matter PM10 24-hour μg/m3 69 57 77 Particulate Matter PM2.5 24-hour μg/m3 35 30 39 Lead Quarterly average μg/m3 0.02 0.02 0.01 All statistics provided by the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources.http://app.mewr.gov.sg/web/Contents/Contents.aspx?ContId=681 39