Brief of 13,922 Current Law Students at Accredited American Law

Georgetown University Law Center
Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW
2003
Brief of 13,922 Current Law Students at Accredited
American Law Schools as Amici Curiae in Support
of Respondants, Grutter v. Bollinger, No. 02-241
(U.S. Feb. 18, 2003)
Julie R. O'Sullivan
Georgetown University Law Center
Peter J. Rubin
Georgetown University Law Center
Docket No. 02-241
This paper can be downloaded free of charge from:
http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/scb/19
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 
 

 


   


       
      
      
    
     
  
  
  
   
    
  
 

  

    
    
    
 
   
   
  
      
     
        
      
     
  
      
     
      
      
     
  
     
     
     
       
  

  


    
     
   
     
       
       
  
      
    
      
  
   
     
     
 
    
     
     
      

   
        
        
        
         
        
      
        
      
         
       
        
         
         
   
         
       
        
      
     
         
      
  
        
        

           
             
            
          
             
          
         
     

            
       

        
        
      
        
         
        
      
        
       
        
    

    
    
       
      
    
         
           
       
        
       
           
          
       
        
         
        
        
         
        
        
        
       
  

       
        
       
      
      
       
          
     
       
         
         
          
           
         
      
        
          
        
       
        
        
       
       
        
 
    
       
        
  
     
      
         
       
         
        
         
        

         
          
         
      
       
        
        
       
        
         
      
        
        
       
        
           
        
         
        
        
      
          
         
         
    
        
        
         
        
       
         
        
         
        
          
  

       
      
       
       
        
         
         
       
        
        
    

         
       
       
       
       
      
       
         
        
       
         
        
          
          
         
       
      
     
       
       
         
         
     

 
     
      

          
       
    
         
       
       
     
        
       
        
       
         
        
       
       
   
       
       
 
       
        
        
      
        
        
        
       
           
        
       
        
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        
        
        
         
           
       
          
        
      
      
          
         
        
       
        
         
          
         
         
         
          
  
    
        
          
        
  
      
         
       
         
          

          
          
        
         
     
     

         
       
        
         
       
       

       
         
      
       
      
    
 
  
  
  
   
    
  
 
   
  

         
         
         
        

 
       

  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

           
             
   

 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
   
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
     
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
     
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 

   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
       
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 

    
   
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
  

 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
      
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
      
 
 
 
 
   
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
   
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
  

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
  
 

    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
      

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
       
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
      

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
      

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 

 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
  

 
 
  
 
      
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
      
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
 
 
  
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
     
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
    
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
     
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
     
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
   
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
     
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 

 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 

  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
   
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 

  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
  

  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
     
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
     
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
  

 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
       
 
 

  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
   
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
         

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
    
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  

 
 
     
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
      
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 

 
 
    
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
       
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
        
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 

  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
  
 
 
 
 
     
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
   
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
      
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
   
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 

 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
   
 
  
 

 
 
    
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
     
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
     


 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
     
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
  
    
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
       

 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  

  
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
     
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
       
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  

 
 
 
  
 
    
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
    
 
 
 
 
 
  
     
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
     
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
     
 
 

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
   
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 

  
 
  
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 

    
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
       
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
    
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
      

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 

       
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
        
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
     
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 

 
  
     
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
       
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
     
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
       
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 

 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
 
 
 
  
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
     
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
 

  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
     
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
      
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
  
        
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 

  
 
     
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
     
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
     

 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
     
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  
  
 
 
 
 
  
   
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
       

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
     
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
    

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 

  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
     
  
 
  
  
  
  
      
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 

  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
     
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
      
 
 
 
 
 
     
 
 
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  

 
 
  
 
 
     
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
    
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
     
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

 
  
  
  
  
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
      
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
      
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
     
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
     
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
     
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
        
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
  

     
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
 

 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
     
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
    
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
  
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 

 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
    
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 

  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     
  
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
  
 
  
 
 

  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
    

 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
      
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 

 
 
 
  
 
  
   
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
   
 
  
 
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
      
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 

 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
      
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
    
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
       

  
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
    
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
        
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
       

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
          
 
        
      
           
        
         
       
         
         
         
          
         
       
         
         
         
        
         
        
         
  