Verified non-indigenous amphibians and reptiles in Florida from

Transcription

Zootaxa 3028: 1–64 (2011)
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Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
Monograph
ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
ZOOTAXA
3028
Verified non-indigenous amphibians and reptiles in Florida
from 1863 through 2010:
Outlining the invasion process and identifying invasion pathways and stages
KENNETH L. KRYSKO1, JOSEPH P. BURGESS2, MICHAEL R. ROCHFORD3, CHRISTOPHER R.
GILLETTE4, DANIEL CUEVA5, KEVIN M. ENGE6, LOUIS A. SOMMA7, JENNIFER L. STABILE8,
DUSTIN C. SMITH9, JOSEPH A. WASILEWSKI10, GUY N. KIECKHEFER III3, MICHAEL C.
GRANATOSKY1, 11 & STUART V. NIELSEN12
1
Florida Museum of Natural History, Division of Herpetology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
(e-mail: KLK: [email protected])
2
Florida Department of Environmental Protection, GTM NERR, Ponte Vedra, Florida 32082, USA (e-mail: [email protected])
3
University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, 3205 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314-7719, USA
(e-mail: MRR: [email protected], GNK: [email protected])
4
Florida International University, Department of Environmental Studies, Modesto Maidique Campus, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, Florida
33199, USA (e-mail: [email protected])
5
Florida International University, Department of Biological Sciences, Modesto Maidique Campus, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, Florida 33199,
USA (e-mail: [email protected])
6
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 1105 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, Florida 32601, USA
(e-mail: [email protected])
7
Volunteer in Herpetology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
8
Central Florida Zoological Park, 3755 NW Highway 17-92, Sanford, Florida 32747, USA (e-mail: [email protected])
9
Zoo Miami, 12400 Southwest 152nd Street, Miami, Florida 33177, USA (e-mail: [email protected])
10
Natural Selections, 24305 SW 142th Avenue, Homestead, Florida 33032, USA ([email protected])
11
Present address: Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, P.O. Box 90383, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
12
University of Mississippi, Department of Biology, 214 Shoemaker Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, USA (e-mail: [email protected])
Magnolia Press
Auckland, New Zealand
Accepted by S. Carranza: 02 Aug. 2011; published: 15 Sep. 2011
KENNETH L. KRYSKO, JOSEPH P. BURGESS, MICHAEL R. ROCHFORD, CHRISTOPHER R. GILLETTE, DANIEL CUEVA, KEVIN M. ENGE, LOUIS A. SOMMA, JENNIFER L. STABILE, DUSTIN C.
SMITH, JOSEPH A. WASILEWSKI, GUY N. KIECKHEFER III, MICHAEL C. GRANATOSKY& STUART V. NIELSEN
Verified non-indigenous amphibians and reptiles in Florida from 1863 through 2010: Outlining
the invasion process and identifying invasion pathways and stages
(Zootaxa 3028)
64 pp.; 30 cm.
15 Sep. 2011
ISBN 978-1-86977-783-8 (paperback)
ISBN 978-1-86977-784-5 (Online edition)
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2011 BY
Magnolia Press
P.O. Box 41-383
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New Zealand
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ISSN 1175-5326
(Print edition)
ISSN 1175-5334
(Online edition)
2 · Zootaxa 3028 © 2011 Magnolia Press
KRYSKO ET AL.
Table of contents
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Species Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
CAUDATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
SALAMANDRIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
AMPHIUMIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
ANURA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
BOMBINATORIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
PIPIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
MICROHYLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
HYPEROLIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
BUFONIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
HYLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
TESTUDINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
EMYDIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
TESTUDINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
GEOMYDIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
TRIONYCHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
KINOSTERNIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
CHELIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
CROCODYLIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CROCODYLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
ALLIGATORIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
SQUAMATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
IGUANIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
POLYCHROTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
TROPIDURIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
AGAMIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
CHAMAELEONIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
GEKKONIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
PHYLLODACTYLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
TEIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
LACERTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
SCINCIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
CORDYLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
VARANIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
ACROCHORDIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
BOIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
PYTHONIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
COLUBRIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Abstract
We follow a biological invasion model that consists of a series of five consecutive obligatory stages, concluding with
stages 4a and 5 (i.e., widespread = invasive species). The State of Florida is infamous for having the most introduced
(stages 2–5) amphibians and reptiles in the United States. However, there is disagreement regarding their numbers as well
as identification in some cases. Unverified claims of species being introduced (stage 2), or established (stages 3–5) without
evidence (i.e., a voucher specimen or photograph) are prevalent in the literature. It is crucial to provide data on all known
non-indigenous herpetofaunal species via vouchers to help keep numbers of species consistent, accurately identify
species, document when and where a particular species is found, and identify the invasion pathway and current invasion
stage of each species. In this study, we use vouchers to confirm interceptions and introductions of all known nonindigenous amphibians and reptiles in Florida from 1863 through 2010, provide a list of these species along with their
invasion pathways and current ecological status (i.e., invasion stage), and provide a species account for each newly
confirmed species. We include species that were previously reported in the literature but lacking an associated voucher
VERIFIED NON-INDIGENOUS HERPS IN FLORIDA
Zootaxa 3028 © 2011 Magnolia Press ·
3
and provide greater details on previously reported species and those species whose invasion stage has been upgraded to
established (stages 3–5). Based on nearly two decades of field work along with examination of museum records and
literature, we confirm three intercepted and 137 introduced amphibian and reptile taxa in Florida. Of these, 56 are
established (i.e., reproducing; stages 3–5), including three frogs, four turtles, one crocodilian, 43 lizards, and five snakes.
Of 149 total independent introduction pathways (i.e., including a different pathway one time only for each taxon) for the
140 total non-indigenous taxa above, two (1.34%) are related to the biological control pathway, four (2.68%) to the zoo
pathway, 18 (12.08%) to the cargo pathway, and 125 (83.89%) to the pet trade pathway. Florida now ranks as having the
largest number of established non-indigenous herpetofaunal species in the entire world. Despite current state laws that
make it illegal to release any non-indigenous animal in Florida without first obtaining a permit from the Florida Fish and
Wildlife Conservation Commission, enforcement is difficult, and no person has ever been prosecuted for the establishment
of a non-indigenous animal species in Florida. Because current state and federal laws have not been effective in curtailing
the ever-increasing number of illegal introductions, laws need to be modified and made enforceable. At the very least,
those responsible for introductions should be held accountable for compensation to clean up (= extermination) of those
species for which they are responsible. Lastly, we strongly support the creation of an Early Detection and Rapid Response
program to quickly identify newly found introduced species for eradication attempts. This paper will also serve as a
baseline to document future introductions.
Key words: alien, checklist, crocodilian, exotic, frog, herpetology, lizard, non-native, salamander, snake, turtle
“That which is lost is the beauty inherent in the biological systems and relationships evolved under unique historical regimes of migration, competition, and evolutionary accommodation. These unique histories have led to the
evolutionary development of unique floras and faunas in different parts of the world. These evolved biotas include
species, each with a unique combination of adaptive features allowing it to survive in its own particular slice of the
world; communities of coevolved and co-accommodating species creating geographically unique assemblages of
life forms; and the ecosystems whose mix of unique communities, climatic regimes, and topography impart to landscapes their specific distinctiveness and appeal. I suggest that the distinctive co-evolved, unique beauty of each of
these systems is besmirched by the introduction of alien species – much as a beautiful beach or coastline may be
impaired by an oil spill. Or perhaps more aptly, the facile pollution of these self-generated biotas by human introductions is equivalent to splattering the canvases in the Louvre with day-glo paint: the structural integrity of the
canvases may not be marred, the added colors may be beautiful, but the aesthetic integrity of the artworks is thoroughly violated. The difference, of course, is that the impact of an oil spill lasts for mere years, vandalization of a
painting may be rectified by careful restoration, but alien invasions are most usually irreversible and irreparable.”
Fred Kraus (2009: 13)
Introduction
Introduced species are second in negative effects only to human-mediated effects on native species, habitats, and
whole ecosystems (Simberloff et al. 1997; Wilcove et al. 1998; Parker et al. 1999; Pimentel et al. 2000, 2005;
Kraus 2009). Many introduced species not only cause harm to the environment, but also to the economy and human
health (Executive Order 13112, Invasive Species Advisory Committee 2006; Kraus 2009). Invasion ecologists
study the processes by which organisms are transported and become introduced to new areas where they are not
native. Below we illustrate one model of the invasion process as a reference guide, although other similar
frameworks exist (e.g., Williamson & Fitter 1996; Kolar & Lodge 2002; Fletcher 2005; Hill 2008). Colautti and
MacIsaac (2004) break down the invasion process into a series of five consecutive obligatory stages, concluding
with stages 4a and 5 (i.e., widespread = invasive species; although these authors deter using the term invasive
species [R. Colautti personal communication]).
·
·
·
·
Stage 0 = Potential invader begins as a resident in its native or a donor region.
Stage 1 = Potential invader is transported to a new area.
Stage 2 = Potential invader survives transport, escapes or is released (i.e., becomes introduced), and is thus
non-indigenous to the new area.
Stage 3 = Non-indigenous species survives and establishes (reproduces) in the new suitable environment
but remains uncommon and localized.
KRYSKO ET AL.
·
·
Stage 4 = Non-indigenous species becomes either (a) widespread but remains uncommon, or (b) dominant
in abundance or density but remains localized.
Stage 5 = Non-indigenous species becomes both widespread and dominant.
The State of Florida is infamous for having the largest number of introduced (stages 2–5) amphibians and reptiles
in the United States, but there is disagreement regarding the number of species and even their identification.
Unverified claims of species being introduced (stage 2), or established (stages 3–5) without evidence (i.e., a
voucher specimen or photograph) are prevalent in the literature, and erroneous and unverifiable information is
often perpetuated in the literature (also see Kraus 2008). For example, two anoles (Anolis extremus Garman 1887
and A. ferreus [Cope 1864]) were claimed to be introduced (stage 2) during the 1990s in Fort Myers, Lee County
(Bartlett 1994; Bartlett & Bartlett 1999), and both species continue to be reported (see Meshaka et al. 2004; Kraus
2008). However, species identification cannot be verified because no known voucher specimen or photograph
exists for either species from Florida. Photographs of these non-indigenous species in the field guide by Bartlett
and Bartlett (1999) are of imported captive individuals (R.D. Bartlett and William B. Love personal
communication), and subsequent searches by many people of the purported introduction sites have failed to find
either anole species, suggesting that 1) if these species were introduced they failed to become established or 2) they
were never introduced at all. Many other examples of unverified introductions exist as well, which unfortunately
lead to the purported invasion of these species in the literature (for some other taxa see Bartlett & Bartlett 1999;
Engeman et al. 2005; Meshaka et al. 2004; Kraus 2008, 2009; Anonymous 2009; Campbell & Olmeda 2009). No
one should be exempt from this examination; even the senior author of this paper has reported introduced taxa
without providing an associated voucher (e.g., see Trachemys scripta scripta [Thunberg in Schoepff 1792] and
Mecistops cataphractus [Cuvier 1825] in Krysko et al. 2010a).
Because of these examples and the potential ecological effects caused by introduced species, we believe it is
crucial to provide data on all known non-indigenous herpetofaunal species via vouchers to help keep numbers of
species consistent, accurately identify species, document when and where a particular species is found, and identify
the invasion pathway and stages of species. In this study, we use vouchers to confirm interceptions and
introductions of all known non-indigenous amphibians and reptiles in Florida from 1863 through 2010, provide a
list of these species along with their invasion pathways and ecological status (i.e., invasion stage), and provide a
species account for each newly confirmed species. We include species that were previously reported in the
literature but lacking an associated voucher and provide more details on previously reported species whose
invasion stage has been upgraded to established (stages 3–5). Providing a list of unverified taxa in Florida is well
beyond the scope of this paper, as the examples are innumerable. However, this paper will also serve as a baseline
to document future introductions.
Materials and methods
We confirm interceptions (i.e., discovery in transit before introduction) and introductions of all known nonindigenous herpetofaunal species in Florida from 1863 through 2010 from our field surveys, examination of
specimens in systematic collections throughout the United States, photographs sent to us for identification
purposes, and the literature. Beginning in 1992, one of us (KLK) started a project documenting non-indigenous
herpetofaunal species in Florida. The long-term continuation of this project is now a large collaborative effort
involving biologists from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), South Florida Water
Management District, National Park Service, United States Geological Survey, Florida State Collection of
Arthropods of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS), universities, zoological
parks, as well as concerned citizens. During our field surveys, specimens were collected opportunistically by hand,
with nooses (Camposano et al. 2008), blowguns shooting tapered corks (Krysko et al. 2009), fishing rods using
invertebrates (mainly dead insects found on the radiators of vehicles and live domestic crickets) for bait (Krysko
2000), and as salvaged dead-on-road (DOR) animals. We also took in situ photographs at times to provide evidence
in case non-indigenous animals escaped capture. Both specimens and photographs are deposited as vouchers in the
Florida Museum of Natural History (FLMNH), University of Florida (UF collection), which is mandated by law as
Florida’s official natural history museum and serves as the state repository for our voucher specimens (Florida
5
Statute § 1004.56). Appropriate permits were obtained to collect on protected public lands, and permission was
requested to collect on private properties. Voucher specimens in collections other than UF were either borrowed
and examined by us to verify species identification, or verified by curatorial staff within their respective
institutions. We also sent voucher photographs for taxon confirmation or identification purposes to authorities who
have experience with certain taxonomic groups.
Although several authors (e.g., Williamson & Fitter 1996; Kolar & Lodge 2002; Fletcher 2005; Hill 2008)
have proposed similar invasion models and definitions regarding establishment, we follow the definition of
establishment to mean evidence of reproduction (see Introduction; stage 3 following Colautti & MacIsaac 2004) in
the wild with the presence of different size classes (juveniles and adults). We do not impose an arbitrary time limit
on how long a species must been present. We provide a comprehensive summary table for all confirmed intercepted
and introduced non-indigenous amphibians and reptiles in Florida from 1863 through 2010, listing family,
scientific and common names, year introduced, year established, source, first voucher, current invasion stage, and
introduction pathways. Clarifications on certain headings are provided.
Year Introduced.—The known or estimated year of first invasion pathway (additional years are provided for
different invasion pathways).
Year Established.—The known or estimated year of first established population for each invasion pathway.
Source.—The first known reference for a particular interception or introduction (additional sources are
provided for different invasion pathways, or as This Study if we provide the first known voucher, provide greater
details to a species we previously documented, or upgrade a species invasion stage to being established [stages 3–
5]).
First Voucher.—The first known voucher for a particular interception or introduction (additional vouchers are
provided for different invasion pathways). Acronyms for collections follow Leviton et al. (1985), with the addition
of Everglades National Park (EVER), from which the entire fluid-preserved collection is now accessioned and
curated within the UF collection.
Stage.—Current invasion stage determined by examining the known geographic distribution of each taxon
based on our field work, examination of vouchers, and literature.
Pathway.—Invasion pathways are categorized as cargo (i.e., cargo/plants), biological control, zoo, or pet trade,
and determined via documented cases in the literature, personal correspondences, and most logical explanations.
We made one invasion pathway change from its original documentation in the literature. Meshaka (1999)
suggested that the Brown Mabuya, Eutropis multifasciata (Kuhl 1820), was introduced via the pet trade. However,
we removed this species from the pet trade pathway and placed it into the cargo pathway because it is known to be
established only in the vicinity of The Kampong, Miami-Dade County, a botanical garden specializing in importing
plants from the indigenous region of E. multifasciata (Larry Schokman personal communication).
Three graphs were created to illustrate 1) the number of independent invasion pathways (n = 146) of
introduced amphibian and reptile taxa (n = 137) in Florida for each decade from 1860–2010 (note that intercepted
taxa [n = 3] are not included), 2) an accumulation curve for the total number of invasion pathways (n = 146) and
established taxa (n = 56) for each decade from 1860–2010 (establishment is calculated only once for each taxon
using the first year it became established), and 3) the numbers of indigenous species and established nonindigenous taxa among taxonomic groups (salamanders, frogs, turtles, crocodilians, amphisbaenids, lizards, and
snakes). Because some sample sizes were small and the data were not normally distributed, we conducted Pearson
chi-square tests of goodness of fit (Sokal & Rohlf 1995) to determine differences 1) between numbers of
indigenous species and established non-indigenous taxa among taxonomic groups, and 2) in the distribution of nonindigenous taxa among their independent invasion pathways (each different pathway is counted only once for each
taxon, even if that taxon has been introduced multiple times via the same pathway). Statistical analyses were
conducted using JMP (ver. 8. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with α = 0.05.
For each species account, we provide a common name, currently accepted scientific name with authority,
indigenous and introduced geographic distributions, all associated data documenting its interception or
introduction in Florida, and a representative voucher photograph. A single higher resolution digital image for each
of these species is also available from MorphoBank (www.morphobank.org; project number p536) with the
following codes: M88020, M88441–M88450, M88496–M88500, M88544–M88546, M88559, M88568–M88576,
M88624–M88676, M88677. Updated taxonomy and taxa below are arranged in systematic order by family
following Maddison and Schulz (2007), Gamble et al. (2008), Frost (2010), and Uetz et al. (2011).
KRYSKO ET AL.
Results
We confirmed three intercepted and 137 introduced amphibian and reptile taxa (n = 140) in Florida from 1863
through 2010 (Table 1; Fig. 1). Of 149 total independent invasion pathways for the 140 non-indigenous taxa (Table
1), two (1.34%) are related to the biological control pathway, four (2.68%) to the zoo pathway, 18 (12.08%) to the
cargo pathway, and 125 (83.89%) to the pet trade pathway (Fig. 1). There was a significant difference in the
distribution of these non-indigenous taxa among invasion pathways (χ2 = 279.69, d.f. = 3, p < 0.0001), with the pet
trade being the largest contributing pathway by far.
TABLE 1. Confirmed intercepted (n = 3) and introduced (n = 137) non-indigenous amphibians and reptiles in Florida from 1863
through 2010 using vouchers (i.e., specimens or photographs). Year Introduced = known or estimated year of first invasion pathway
(additional years are provided for different invasion pathways); Year Established = known or estimated year of first established
population for each invasion pathway; Source = first known reference for interception or introduction (additional sources are provided
for different invasion pathways, or as This Study if we provide the first known voucher, provide more details on a species we
previously documented, or upgrade a species invasion stage to established [stages 3–5]); First voucher = first known voucher; Stage =
current invasion stage (see Introduction); Pathway = invasion pathway: cargo (i.e., cargo/plants), biological control, zoo, or pet trade.
Family/Species
Common Name
Year
Introduced
Year
Established
Source
First
Voucher
Stage
Pathway
Hypselotriton orientalis
(David 1873)
Oriental Firebellied Newt
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 157033
2
Pet Trade
Pachytriton labiatus
(Unterstein 1930)
Spotless Stout
Newt
2010
N/A
This Study
UF 157219
2
Pet Trade
Three-toed
Amphiuma
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 157220,
157286
2
Pet Trade
Oriental Firebellied Toad
2007
N/A
This Study
UF 152327
2
Pet Trade
African Clawed
Frog
1964
N/A
King & Krakauer
1966; This Study
UF 158477
2
Pet Trade
Malaysian Painted
Frog
2008
N/A
This Study
UF 153704
2
Pet Trade
Fornasini's Spiny
Reed Frog
2010
N/A
This Study
UF 163085
2
Pet Trade
Duttaphrynus melanostictus
(Schneider 1799)
Asian Blackspotted Toad
2010
N/A
This Study
UF 159699
1
Cargo
Rhinella marina (Linnaeus
1758)
Cane Toad
1936
N/A
Lobdell 1936
UMMZ 113000
2
Biological
Control
1955
1950s
King & Krakauer
1966
5
Pet Trade
2002
2000s
Himes 2007
3
Zoo
SALAMANDRIDAE
AMPHIUMIDAE
Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier
1827
BOMBINATORIDAE
Bombina orientalis
(Boulenger 1890)
PIPIDAE
Xenopus laevis (Daudin 1802b)
MICROHYLIDAE
Kaloula pulchra Gray 1831b
HYPEROLIIDAE
Afrixalus fornasini
(Bianconi 1849)
BUFONIDAE
UF 151348-51
...... continued on the next page
7
TABLE 1 (continued)
Family/Species
Common Name
Year
Introduced
Year
Established
Source
First
Voucher
Stage
Pathway
Eleutherodactylus coqui
Thomas 1966
Coqui
1973
N/A
Austin & Schwartz
1975
MPM 24418
2
Cargo
Eleutherodactylus planirostris
(Cope 1862a)

1863
1860s
Cope 1863
USNM 30955
5
Cargo
Litoria caerulea (White 1790)
Great Green
Treefrog
2003
N/A
Bartlett 1994; This
Study
UF 146573
2
Pet Trade
Osteopilus septentrionalis
Duméril & Bibron 1841
Cuban Treefrog
1920s
1920s
Barbour 1931
USNM 85392-97
5
Cargo
Pseudacris sierra
(Jameson et al. 1966)
Sierra Chorus
Frog
1983
N/A
This Study
UF 116750-51
1
Cargo
Chrysemys dorsalis
(Agassiz 1857)
Southern Painted
Turtle
2008
2000s
Johnston et al. In
Press; This Study
UF 153957
3
Pet Trade
Chrysemys picta bellii
(Gray 1831a)
Western Painted
Turtle
1933
N/A
Carr 1940; This Study
UF 1898
2
Pet Trade
Chrysemys picta picta
(Schneider 1783)
Eastern Painted
Turtle
2007
N/A
Deckert 1918; This
Study
UF 153764
2
Pet Trade
Glyptemys insculpta
(Le Conte 1830)
Wood Turtle
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 159391
2
Pet Trade
Graptemys ouachitensis Cagle
1953
Ouachita Map
Turtle
2006
N/A
Enge et al. 2007
UF 150157
2
Pet Trade
Graptemys pseudogeographica
kohnii (Baur 1890)
Mississippi Map
Turtle
2010
N/A
Kail et al. In Press
UF 159338
2
Pet Trade
Graptemys pseudogeographica
pseudogeographica
(Gray 1831c)
False Map Turtle
2000
2000s
Lau & Johnston 2008;
This Study
UF 121459
3
Pet Trade
Trachemys callirostris
(Gray 1855)
Colombian Slider
1972
N/A
This Study
UF 154026,
155125
2
Pet Trade
Trachemys scripta elegans
(Wied-Neuwied 1839)
Red-eared Slider
1958
1960s
King & Krakauer
1966
CU 13034
5
Pet Trade
Trachemys scripta scripta
(Thunberg in Schoepff 1792)
Yellow-bellied
Slider
2002
2000s
Johnston & Johnston
2003; This Study
UF 134595
3
Pet Trade
Trachemys venusta
(Gray 1855)
Huastecan Slider
2009
N/A
Kail et al. 2010
UF 157304
2
Pet Trade
Chelonoidis carbonaria
(Spix 1824)
Red-footed
Tortoise
2007
N/A
Meshaka et al. 2004;
This Study
UF 153958
2
Pet Trade
Geochelone sulcata
(Miller 1779)
African Spurred
Tortoise
2002
N/A
This Study
UF 151752
2
Pet Trade
Stigmochelys pardalis
(Bell 1828)
Leopard Tortoise
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 155440
2
Pet Trade
Testudo horsfieldii
(Gray 1844)
Horsfield’s
Tortoise
2008
N/A
Krysko et al. 2010a;
This Study
UF 152758,
159551
2
Pet Trade
Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima
(Linnaeus 1758)
Tropical Wood
Turtle
2006
N/A
This Study
UF 121604
2
Pet Trade
Rhinoclemmys punctularia
(Daudin 1801)
Spotted-legged
Wood Turtle
2008
N/A
Bartlett & Bartlett
2006b; This Study
UF 153697
2
Pet Trade
ELEUTHERODACTYLIDAE
HYLIDAE
EMYDIDAE
TESTUDINIDAE
GEOMYDIDAE
KRYSKO ET AL.
TABLE 1 (continued)
Family/Species
Common Name
Year
Introduced
Year
Established
Source
First
Voucher
Stage
Pathway
Spiny Softshell
2008
N/A
This Study
UF 153765
2
Pet Trade
Staurotypus salvinii Gray 1864
Pacific Coast
Giant Musk Turtle
2010
N/A
Smith et al. 2011
UF 160342
2
Pet Trade
Sternotherus carinatus
(Gray 1855)
Razorback Musk
Turtle
2008
N/A
This Study
UF 154191
2
Pet Trade
Twist-neck Turtle
1985
N/A
This Study
UF 154589
2
Pet Trade
African Slendersnouted Crocodile
1983
N/A
Anonymous 1983;
This Study
UF 163093
2
Zoo
Caiman crocodilus
(Linnaeus 1758)
Spectacled
Caiman
1950s
1950s
King & Krakauer
1966
UF 75207
4b
Pet Trade
Paleosuchus palpebrosus
(Cuvier 1807)
Cuvier’s Dwarf
Caiman
2008
N/A
This Study
EVER 40566
2
Pet Trade
Paleosuchus trigonatus
(Schneider 1801)
Schneider’s
Smooth-fronted
Caiman
1999
N/A
This Study
UF 165484
2
Pet Trade
Brown Basilisk
1963
1960s
King & Krakauer
1966
UF 124584
5
Pet Trade
Ctenosaura pectinata
(Wiegmann 1834b)
Mexican Black
Spiny-tailed
Iguana
1960s
1960s
Eggert 1978
KU 206675
4b
Pet Trade
Ctenosaura similis
(Gray 1831a)
Black Spiny-tailed
Iguana
1970s
1970s
Butterfield et al. 1997
UF 91662
5
Pet Trade
Cyclura cornuta
(Bonnaterre 1789)
Rhinoceros Iguana
1960s
N/A
King & Krakauer
1966
2
Zoo
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 155189
2
Pet Trade
TRIONYCHIDAE
Apalone spinifera
(Le Sueur 1827)
KINOSTERNIDAE
CHELIDAE
Platemys platycephala
(Schneider 1792)
CROCODYLIDAE
Mecistops cataphractus
(Cuvier 1825)
ALLIGATORIDAE
CORYTOPHANIDAE
Basiliscus vittatus Wiegmann
1828
IGUANIDAE
Cyclura nubila nubila
(Gray 1831a)
Cuban Rock
Iguana
2004
N/A
This Study
UF 164356
1
Cargo
Iguana iguana
(Linnaeus 1758)
Green Iguana
1964
1960s
King & Krakauer
1966
UF 22910
5
Pet Trade
Texas Horned
Lizard
1928
1930s
De Sola 1934
FMNH 11037
4a
Pet Trade
Anolis chlorocyanus Duméril
& Bibron 1837
Hispaniolan Green
Anole
1987
1980s
Moler 1988
KU 210033
4b
Pet Trade
Anolis coelestinus Cope 1862b
Jeremie Anole
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 157133
2
Pet Trade
PHRYNOSOMATIDAE
Phrynosoma cornutum
(Harlan 1825)
POLYCHROTIDAE
9
TABLE 1 (continued)
Family/Species
Common Name
Year
Introduced
Year
Established
Source
First
Voucher
Stage
Pathway
Anolis cristatellus Duméril &
Bibron 1837
Puerto Rican
Crested Anole
1975
1970s
Schwartz & Thomas
1975
MCZ R-14622326
5
Pet Trade
Anolis cybotes Cope 1862b
Large-headed
Anole
1964
1967
King & Krakauer
1966
UF 91063
4b
Pet Trade
Anolis distichus Cope 1861
Bark Anole
1946
1940s
Smith & McCauley
1948
MCZ R-50001
5
Cargo
1960s
1960s
King & Krakauer
1966
5
Pet Trade
Anolis equestris Merrem 1820
Knight Anole
1952
1950s
Neill 1957
LACM
61680
5
Pet Trade
Anolis garmani Stejneger 1899
Jamaican Giant
Anole
1975
1970s
Roberts 1977
LSUMZ 35367
4b
Pet Trade
Anolis porcatus Gray 1840
Cuban Green
Anole
1904
1900s
Barbour 1904
UF 91293
4 or 5
Cargo
Anolis sagrei Duméril &
Bibron 1837
Brown Anole
1887
1880s
Garman 1887
USNM 85175-99
5
Cargo
1941
1940s
Oliver 1950
5
Pet Trade
Anolis trinitatis Reinhardt &
Lütkin 1862
St. Vincent Bush
Anole
2004
2004
This Study
UF 144299,
151034
3
Pet Trade
Tropidurus hispidus
(Spix 1825)
Peter’s Lava
Lizard
2003
N/A
Enge et al. 2004; This
Study
UF 137411-13
2
Pet Trade
Leiocephalus carinatus Gray
1827
Curlytailed Lizard
1935
1930s
Barbour 1936
UF 7893
5
Zoo
1940s
1940s
Weigl et al. 1969
5
Biological
Control
1950s
1950s
Duellman & Schwartz
1958; King 1960
5
Pet Trade
TROPIDURIDAE
Leiocephalus personatus Cope
1862b
Haitian Curlytail
Lizard
1970s
N/A
Bartlett 1994; Krysko
et al. 2010a; This
Study
UF 145733
2
Pet Trade
Leiocephalus schreibersii
(Gravenhorst 1837)
Red-sided
Curlytail Lizard
1978
1970s
Wilson & Porras 1983
UF 121397-99
4b
Pet Trade
Uranoscodon superciliosus
(Linnaeus 1758)
Mophead Iguana
2004
N/A
This Study
UF 145734
2
Pet Trade
Agama agama (Linnaeus 1758)
African Rainbow
Lizard
1976
1976
UF 43490
5
Pet Trade
Calotes cf. versicolor (Daudin
1802c)
Bloodsucker
Lizard
1978
1970s
Enge & Krysko 2004
UF 137448
4b
Pet Trade
Laudakia stellio
(Linnaeus 1758)
Roughtail Rock
Agama
1996
N/A
Meshaka et al. 2004
EVER 304176
2
Pet Trade
AGAMIDAE
Leiolepis belliana (Gray 1827)
Butterfly Lizard
1992
1990s
Krysko & Enge 2005
UF 141589-91
3
Pet Trade
Physignathus cocincinus
Cuvier 1829
Chinese Water
Dragon
2010
N/A
This Study
UF 158809
2
Pet Trade
Pogona vitticeps (Ahl 1826)
Inland Bearded
Dragon
2005
N/A
This Study
UF 152677
2
Pet Trade
Uromastyx dispar maliensis
Joger & Lambert 1996
Southern Saharan
Spiny-tailed
Lizard
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 159616
2
Pet Trade
KRYSKO ET AL.
TABLE 1 (continued)
Family/Species
Common Name
Year
Introduced
Year
Established
Source
First
Voucher
Stage
Pathway
Chamaeleo calyptratus
Duméril & Bibron 1851
Veiled Chameleon
2000
2000s
Krysko et al. 2004
UF 133251,
133255-57,
133259-63
4a
Pet Trade
Chamaeleo senegalensis
(Daudin 1802a)
Senegal
Chameleon
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 157301
2
Pet Trade
Furcifer oustaleti (Mocquard
1894)
Oustalet’s
Chameleon
2000
2000s
Gillette et al. 2010
UF 163066-084
3
Pet Trade
Furcifer pardalis
(Cuvier 1829)
Panther
Chameleon
2008
N/A
This Study
UF 153489
2
Pet Trade
Trioceros melleri (Gray 1865)
Meller’s
Chameleon
2008
N/A
This Study
UF 153465
2
Pet Trade
Sphaerodactylus argus Gosse
1850
Ocellated Gecko
1944
1940s
Savage 1954
CAS-SU 1043940,10442
3
Cargo
Sphaerodactylus elegans
MacLeay 1834
Ashy Gecko
1921
1920s
Stejneger 1922
MCZ 31636-43
5
Cargo
Gonatodes albogularis
(Duméril & Bibron 1836)
Yellow-headed
Gecko
1933
1930s
Carr 1939
YPM 01308
4a
Cargo
1965
N/A
King & Krakauer
1966
2
Pet Trade
CHAMAELEONIDAE
SPHAERODACTYLIDAE
GEKKONIDAE
Chondrodactylus turneri
(Gray 1864)
Turner’s Thicktoed Gecko
2010
N/A
This Study
UF 157971
2
Pet Trade
Gehyra mutilata
(Wiegmann 1834a)
Mutilating Gecko
1996
N/A
Meshaka et al. 2004
EVER 303436
2
Pet Trade
Gekko badenii Szczerbak &
Nekrasova 1994
Golden Gecko
2008
2000s
This Study
UF 153894
3
Pet Trade
Gekko gecko (Linnaeus 1758)
Tokay Gecko
1964
1960s
King & Krakauer
1966
UF 99183
5
Pet Trade
Gekko grossmanni Günther
1994
Marbled Gecko
2008
N/A
This Study
UF 152730
2
Pet Trade
Gekko vittatus (Houttuyn 1782)
Lined Gecko
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 157035,
157327
2
Pet Trade
Hemidactylus frenatus
Schlegel 1836
House Gecko
1993
1990s
Meshaka et al. 1994
USNM 50438183, 504379-80
5
Pet Trade
Hemidactylus garnotii Duméril
& Bibron 1836
Indo-Pacific
Gecko
1963
1960s
King & Krakauer
1966
MCZ 77585
5
Cargo
Hemidactylus mabouia
(Moreau de Jonnès 1818)
Tropical House
Gecko
1980s
1980s
Lawson et al. 1991
CAS 174849-53
5
Cargo
Hemidactylus platyurus
(Schneider 1792)
Asian Flat-tailed
House Gecko
1984
1980s
Meshaka & Lewis
1994
KU 222278-80,
223403
4b
Pet Trade
Hemidactylus turcicus
(Linnaeus 1758)
Mediterranean
Gecko
1910
1910s
Fowler 1915
ANSP 18035
5
Cargo
1960s
1960s
King & Krakauer
1966
5
Pet Trade
Lepidodactylus lugubris
Mourning Gecko
2005
2000s
This Study
UF 151603
3
Pet Trade
Lygodactylus williamsi
Loveridge 1952
Turquoise Dwarf
Gecko
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 161359
2
Pet Trade
Phelsuma dubia
(Boettger 1881)
Dull Day Gecko
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 157201
2
Pet Trade
11
TABLE 1 (continued)
Family/Species
Common Name
Year
Introduced
Year
Established
Source
First
Voucher
Stage
Pathway
Phelsuma grandis Gray 1870
Madagascar Giant
Day Gecko
1990s
1990s
Bartlett & Bartlett
1999
UF 130735-37,
131553-54
5
Pet Trade
Phelsuma laticauda
(Boettger 1880)
Gold Dust Day
Gecko
2003
N/A
Bartlett & Bartlett
2006b; This Study
UF 137087
2
Pet Trade
Phelsuma standingi Methuen
& Hewitt 1913
Standing’s Day
Gecko
1995
N/A
This Study
UF 163090
2
Pet Trade
Ptychozoon lionotum
Annandale 1905
Smooth-backed
Gliding Gecko
2003
N/A
Enge et al. 2004; This
Study
UF 137764
2
Pet Trade
Tarentola annularis (Geoffroy
Saint-Hilaire 1827)
White-spotted
Wall Gecko
1990
1990s
Bartlett 1997
EVER 302922,
303438-43
3
Pet Trade
Tarentola mauritanica
(Linnaeus 1758)
Moorish Gecko
1996
1990s
Bartlett & Bartlett
1999; This Study
UF 157285
3
Pet Trade
Ameiva ameiva
(Linnaeus 1758)
Giant Ameiva
1953
1950s
Neill 1957
UMMZ 111408
5
Pet Trade
Aspidoscelis motaguae
(Sackett 1941)
Giant Whiptail
1994
1990s
Bartlett 1995
KU 222210-11
4b
Pet Trade
Cnemidophorus lemniscatus
(Linnaeus 1758)
Rainbow Whiptail
1964
1960s
King & Krakauer
1966
KU 209859
4b
Pet Trade
Tupinambis merianae
Argentine Black &
White Tegu
2002
2000s
Enge et al. 2006
UF 135044
4b
Pet Trade
Tupinambis rufescens
(Günther 1871)
Red Tegu
2007
N/A
This Study
UF 151510
2
Pet Trade
Tupinambis teguixin
(Linnaeus 1758)
Gold Tegu
1990
N/A
Anonymous 1990;
This Study
UF 153696
2
Pet Trade
Japanese Grass
Lizard
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 157202
2
Pet Trade
Chalcides ocellatus (Forskål
1775)
Ocellated Skink
1999
2000s
This Study
UF 135284
3
Pet Trade
Egernia cunninghami
(Gray 1832)
Cunningham’s
Skink
2008
N/A
This Study
UF 153760
2
Pet Trade
Eutropis multifasciata
(Kuhl 1820)
Brown Mabuya
1990
1990s
Meshaka 1999
USNM 523790
4b
Cargo
Lepidothyris fernandi
(Burton 1836)
Fire Skink
2008
N/A
This Study
UF 153513
2
Pet Trade
Tiliqua scincoides
(White 1790)
Eastern Blue
Tongue Skink
2007
N/A
This Study
UF 152392
2
Pet Trade
Trachylepis quinquetaeniata
(Lichtenstein 1823)
African Sand
Skink
2010
2000s
Krysko et al. 2010b
UF 157446-50
4b
Pet Trade
Gorongosa
Girdled Lizard
2006
N/A
This Study
UF 153698
2
Pet Trade
Black-throated
Monitor
2007
N/A
This Study
UF 152520
2
Pet Trade
PHYLLODACTYLIDAE
TEIIDAE
LACERTIDAE
Takydromus tachydromoides
(Schlegel 1838)
SCINCIDAE
CORDYLIDAE
Cordylus mossambicus
FitzSimons 1958
VARANIDAE
Varanus albigularis
microstictus Boettger 1893
KRYSKO ET AL.
TABLE 1 (continued)
Family/Species
Common Name
Year
Introduced
Year
Established
Source
First
Voucher
Stage
Pathway
Varanus exanthematicus
(Bosc 1792)
Savannah Monitor
1992
N/A
Prusak 1992
UF 135537
2
Pet Trade
Varanus indicus
(Daudin 1802c)
Pacific Mangrove
Monitor
2010
N/A
This Study
UF 160345
2
Pet Trade
Varanus jobiensis Ahl 1932
Peach-throated
Monitor
2008
N/A
This Study
UF 154404
2
Pet Trade
Varanus niloticus
(Linnaeus 1766)
Nile Monitor
1990
1990s
Campbell 2003
UF 137057
5
Pet Trade
Varanus salvadorii
(Peters & Doria 1878)
Crocodile Monitor
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 159511
2
Pet Trade
Varanus salvator Laurenti
1768
Water Monitor
1978
N/A
Beltz 1992; This Study
UF 65461
2
Pet Trade
Javan File Snake
1970s
1970s
This Study
UF 151593-94
3
Pet Trade
Boa constrictor constrictor
Linnaeus 1758
Common Boa
1960s
1970s
King & Krakauer
1966
UF 137070
3
Pet Trade
Boa constrictor occidentalis
Philippi 1873
Argentine Boa
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 157190
2
Pet Trade
Epicrates cenchria
(Linnaeus 1758)
Rainbow Boa
1997
N/A
This Study
UF 123128
2
Pet Trade
Eunectes murinus
(Linnaeus 1758)
Green Anaconda
2004
N/A
Snow et al. 2007b;
This Study
UF 143935
2
Pet Trade
Eunectes notaeus Cope 1862c
Yellow Anaconda
2007
N/A
Reed & Rodda 2009;
This Study
UF 152688
2
Pet Trade
Gongylophis colubrina
(Linnaeus 1758)
Egyptian Sand
Boa
2007
N/A
This Study
UF 151512
2
Pet Trade
Gongylophis muelleri
Boulenger 1892
West African Sand
Boa
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 155335
2
Pet Trade
Broghammerus reticulatus
(Schneider 1801)
Reticulated
Python
1989
N/A
Neil & Dampier 1989;
This Study
UF 163091
2
Pet Trade
Leiopython fredparkeri Schleip
2008
Parker’s Python
2006
N/A
This Study
UF 159916
2
Pet Trade
Morelia spilota
(Lacépède 1804)
Carpet Python
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 157128
2
Pet Trade
Python bivittatus Kuhl 1820
Burmese Python
1979
1980s
Meshaka et al. 2000
EVER 301944,
305096
5
Pet Trade
Python regius (Shaw 1802)
Ball Python
1995
N/A
Beltz 1995; This Study
UF 152563
2
Pet Trade
Python sebae (Gmelin 1789)
Northern African
Python
2002
2000s
Reed et al. 2010, 2011
UF 153699
3
Pet Trade
Lampropeltis alterna
(Brown 1901)
Gray Banded
Kingsnake
2010
N/A
This Study
UF 158776
2
Pet Trade
Lampropeltis californiae
(Blainville 1835)
California
Kingsnake
1992
N/A
Bartlett & Bartlett
2003; This Study
UF 135053
2
Pet Trade
Lampropeltis triangulum
hondurensis Williams 1978
Honduran
Milksnake
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 157203
2
Pet Trade
ACROCHORDIDAE
Acrochordus javanicus
Hornstedt 1787
BOIDAE
PYTHONIDAE
COLUBRIDAE
13
TABLE 1 (continued)
Family/Species
Common Name
Year
Introduced
Year
Established
Source
First
Voucher
Stage
Pathway
Lampropeltis triangulum
sinaloae Williams 1978
Sinaloan
Milksnake
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 155625
2
Pet Trade
Pantherophis obsoletus
(Say 1823)
Texas Ratsnake
2009
N/A
This Study
UF 155624
2
Pet Trade
Pituophis ruthveni Stull 1929
Louisiana
Pinesnake
2010
N/A
This Study
UF 157954
2
Pet Trade
Tentacle Snake
2010
N/A
Holbrook & Krysko
2011
UF 163086
2
Pet Trade
Ramphotyphlops braminus
(Daudin 1803)
Brahminy Blind
Snake
1979
1970s
AUM 32681
5
Cargo
Typhlops lumbricalis
(Linnaeus 1758)
Earthworm Snake
1930
N/A
Myers 1958
UF 8995
2
Cargo
HOMALOPSIDAE
Erpeton tentaculatum
Lacépède 1800
TYPHLOPIDAE
FIGURE 1. Number of different invasion pathways (n = 146) of introduced amphibian and reptile taxa (n = 137) in Florida for
each decade from 1860–2010. Note that intercepted taxa (n = 3) are not included.
KRYSKO ET AL.
The earliest (Cope 1863) known herpetofaunal introduction to Florida is an amphibian, the Greenhouse Frog,
Eleutherodactylus planirostris (Cope 1862a) (currently stage 5). The earliest (2009; This Study) known salamander
introduction is the Oriental Fire-bellied Newt, Hypselotriton orientalis (David 1873) (currently stage 2), although
no non-indigenous salamanders are currently known to be established. The earliest (1933; Carr 1940) known turtle
introduction is the Western Painted Turtle, Chrysemys picta bellii (Gray 1831a) (currently stage 2; taxon corrected
in This Study). The earliest (1950s; King & Krakauer 1966) known crocodilian introduction is the Spectacled
Caiman, Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus 1758) (currently stage 4b). The earliest (Garman 1887) known lizard
introduction is the Brown Anole, Anolis sagrei Duméril and Bibron 1837 (currently stage 5). The earliest (1930;
Myers 1958) known snake introduction is the Earthworm Snake, Typhlops lumbricalis (Linnaeus 1758) (currently
stage 2). Fifty-six taxa have evidence of establishment (i.e., reproducing; stages 3–5), including three frogs, four
turtles, one crocodilian, 43 lizards, and five snakes (Figs. 2–3). From the 1960s (n = 23) to the 2000s (n = 56), the
number of established taxa more than doubled (Fig. 2). We found a significant difference between indigenous and
established non-indigenous taxa among taxonomic groups (Fig. 3; χ2 = 86.543, d.f. = 6, p < 0.0001). We provide
accounts for 83 newly confirmed intercepted or introduced non-indigenous amphibians and reptiles in Florida
through 2010, including those previously reported in the literature but lacking an associated voucher and those
whose invasion stage has been upgraded to established (stages 3–5).
FIGURE 2. Accumulation curves for the total number of invasion pathways of introduced taxa (n = 146) and established taxa
(n = 56) for each decade from 1860–2010. Note that establishment is calculated only once for each taxon using the first year it
became established, and intercepted taxa (n = 3) are not included.
15
FIGURE 3. Numbers of indigenous and established non-indigenous taxa among taxonomic groups.
Discussion
Florida now ranks as having the largest number (n = 56) of established non-indigenous herpetofaunal species in the
entire world, with Hawaii coming in a distant second (n = 31; Kraus 2009). The indigenous origins of these species
in Florida are nearly global, spanning Australia, Oceania and Indonesia, Asia, the Mediterranean, Africa,
Madagascar, South America, the Caribbean, and western, central and eastern regions of the United States.
The “tens rule” states that only about 10% of non-indigenous species that are transported to a new area (stage
1) become introduced (stage 2), 10% of introduced species become established (stage 3), and 10% of established
species become pests (i.e., have a negative effect) (see Holdgate 1986; Williamson & Brown 1986; Williamson &
Fitter 1996). This model was developed for British plants and animals, but there are exceptions such as birds in
Hawaii, where >50% of introduced species became established (Williamson & Fitter 1996). We do not have
sufficient data from Florida to determine if this modeling rule applies to the transition from being transported to a
new area to becoming introduced or from being established to becoming a pest. However, the tens rule clearly does
not apply to the transition from being introduced to becoming established, as 56 (40.87%) of 137 of Florida’s
introduced herpetofaunal species are now established (Table 1). Kraus (2009) reported 50 species of established
non-indigenous herpetofauna in Florida, 55 that did not successfully establish, and 17 of uncertain status, strictly
through using peer-reviewed literature. Our data represent a considerable expansion and clarification from his
massive compilation of data; however, our verified, voucher-based data cannot be compared to Kraus (2009)
because of the differing methodologies and the fact that he used the year 2006 as his cut-off point for data
collection. The large number of established non-indigenous lizards (n = 43) in Florida is overwhelming considering
KRYSKO ET AL.
that there are only 16 native lizard species in Florida. The prevalence of non-indigenous lizards might be because
of their popularity in the pet trade, the similarity of their native climate and habitats to those in Florida, and/or
edificarian habits. It is noteworthy that, to date, there has never been a verified, established, non-indigenous
amphibian or reptile species in Florida that has been subsequently extirpated.
We documented three intercepted species (Table 1), including Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider 1799),
Pseudacris sierra (Jameson et al. 1966), and Cyclura nubila nubila (Gray 1831a). One of these, P. sierra, is
noteworthy because it has been intercepted four different times over a near 30-year period originating from the
same horticultural business in Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, California.
We documented 137 introduced taxa, including 149 total independent invasion pathways. The least frequent (n
= 2) invasion pathway is for biological control, increasing slightly to four for the zoo pathway and 18 for the cargo
pathway (Table 1; Figs. 1–2). Beginning in the 1960s, the pet trade pathway began to increase, whereas other
pathways remained the same or declined each decade thereafter. The pet trade pathway contributed mostly during
the 2000s to the overall number of independent invasions (Figs. 1–2). The most frequent (n = 125) invasion
pathway is the pet trade, and animal dealers are the source of many established populations of introduced reptile
species in Florida (also see Bartlett & Bartlett 1999; Meshaka et al. 2004). From 1995–2010, one animal importer
in particular in Hollywood, Broward County, was the most likely source for the introduction of at least 32 (23.35%)
of the 137 confirmed introduced taxa (Table 1) that have not been found elsewhere, lack established populations in
extensive areas leading to the facility, and have been listed in their inventory: Hypselotriton orientalis, Pachytriton
labiatus (Unterstein 1930), Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier 1827, Bombina orientalis (Boulenger 1890), Kaloula
pulchra Gray 1831b, Afrixalus fornasini (Bianconi 1849), Litoria caerulea (White 1790), Anolis coelestinus Cope
1862b, Calotes cf. versicolor (Daudin 1802c), Physignathus cocincinus Cuvier 1829, Chamaeleo senegalensis
(Daudin 1802a), Chondrodactylus turneri (Gray 1864), Gekko badenii Szczerbak and Nekrasova 1994, Gekko
gecko (Linnaeus 1758), Gekko grossmanni Günther 1994, Gekko vittatus (Houttuyn 1782), Hemidactylus platyurus
(Schneider 1792), Lygodactylus williamsi Loveridge 1952, Phelsuma dubia (Boettger 1881), Ptychozoon lionotum
Annandale 1905, Tarentola annularis (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1827), Tarentola mauritanica (Linnaeus 1758),
Tupinambis teguixin (Linnaeus 1758), Takydromus tachydromoides (Schlegel 1838), Lepidothyris fernandi (Burton
1836), Acrochordus javanicus Hornstedt 1787, Epicrates cenchria (Linnaeus 1758), Python regius (Shaw 1802),
Lampropeltis triangulum hondurensis Williams 1978, Lampropeltis triangulum sinaloae Williams 1978,
Pantherophis obsoletus (Say 1823), and Erpeton tentaculatum Lacépède 1800 (for most of these, see species
accounts below). This locality is well known for unusual non-indigenous species, and neighborhood children,
hobbyists, and even professional herpetologists frequently search the area for released or escaped animals (also see
Christy 2008, 2009, 2010; Smith 2011). A second animal importer in Florida City, Miami-Dade County, was the
most likely source for the introduction of at least 5 (3.64%) of the 137 confirmed introduced taxa (Table 1),
including Litoria caerulea, Furcifer oustaleti (Mocquard 1894) (see Gillette et al. 2010), Phelsuma laticauda
(Boettger 1880), Tarentola annularis, and Tupinambis spp. Other animal dealers and individual pet owners are
responsible for the majority of the remaining introduced taxa.
To assist management agencies with developing effective programs to reduce introduced species, herein we
offer suggestions regarding 1) how to properly document newly discovered introduced herpetofaunal species in
Florida in order to keep numbers of species consistent, accurately identify species, and document when and where
a particular species is found and its invasion pathway and stage; 2) the definition of an established species; and 3)
management strategies to possibly prevent or slow the introduction of more species in Florida.
To properly document an introduced species, we urge publishing observed introduction events in a scientific
journal. The numerous examples of unverified claims already present in other types of literature suggest the need to
have tighter editorial accountability when publishing as well (Kraus 2008). However, scientific journals require
vouchers only when they have been deposited in a systematic research collection and a catalogue number has been
provided. An easy way for the public to report and assist in documenting non-indigenous amphibians and reptiles is
to send voucher specimens and/or digital images along with all associated data (i.e., locality, latitude/longitude [if
possible], date, and collector or photographer) to Florida’s official natural history museum, the Florida Museum of
Natural History (http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/herpetology/herpetology.htm). In turn, FLMNH researchers will
attempt to verify submitted data, prepare specimens for the scientific research collection, and provide a catalogue
number for documenting in a peer-reviewed journal.
17
We consider a species to be established when there is evidence of reproduction (stage 3) in the wild, and we do
not impose an arbitrary time limit on how long a species must been present. In contrast, FWC defines a species as
established when it has “reproduced for five or more years” and is “unlikely to be extirpated without human
intervention” (Hardin 2007:44). This definition is quite counterintuitive. We recommend that FWC reconsider
these criteria and that extirpation efforts begin as soon as non-indigenous species are detected, because once
populations have time to disperse from their points of introduction, they are usually very difficult (if not
impossible) and expensive to eradicate. The FWC claims that they would like to attempt to exterminate nonindigenous species, but this depends upon practicality, availability of resources, and potential consequences (Scott
Hardin personal communication). At this time, it is apparent that public and governmental support for responding
to non-indigenous species is divided because of economic pressures and private interests. Instead of responsibility
falling on any single agency (such as FWC), we feel it is time to consider constructing Invasive Species
Committees (ISCs), as has been done in Hawaii (Kraus & Duffy 2010). The model of ISCs was developed to avoid
such limitations by forming cooperative partnerships among agencies and the public to identify and eradicate nonindigenous species (Kraus & Duffy 2010). By combining efforts and not allowing one agency to have full authority
and responsibility, a broad range of interested partners can work around political jurisdictions and/or barriers,
obtain resources, and achieve a true Early Detection and Rapid Response program in a fairly cost-effective manner
(Kraus & Duffy 2010; also see Perry & Farmer 2011). We also strongly urge state and federal authorities,
researchers, and residents to immediately target and remove all newly found introduced species, before they spread
and become out of control.
The FWC’s “approach to managing non-native wildlife is based on (1) encouraging responsible pet ownership;
(2) a regulated industry is preferable to underground traffic; and (3) most introduced species have negligible
environmental impacts” (Hardin 2007:43). Although we agree that responsible dealers and pet ownership should
first be encouraged over prohibition, we found that 83.78% of all introduced herpetofaunal species through 2010
are directly related to the pet trade pathway, and this approach is simply not working but getting worse each decade
(Figs. 1–2). As for claiming that most introduced species having negligible environmental impacts (Hardin 2007),
none of the 56 established herpetofaunal species in Florida has been thoroughly studied (or not been studied at all)
to determine its economic or environmental impacts. However, preliminary diet studies of at least one species,
Python bivitattus Kuhl 1820, illustrate that it consumes birds, alligators, and mammals (Greene et al. 2007; Snow
et al. 2007a; Rochford et al. 2010; Holbrook & Chesnes 2011; Reed et al. 2011), many of which are protected or
managed species. Although the stance is sometimes taken that introduced species do not pose any threats to the
environment, economy, nor human health (e.g., Python bivitattus; see Barker & Barker 2009, 2010a, 2010b; Jordan
2009), this denial or mere lack of understanding potential consequences and range expansion of introduced species
are common misconceptions. “Effects of invasions are frequently impossible to predict, although ecological
mechanisms of impact can often be identified and explained retrospectively” (Kraus 2009:15). Additionally, Kraus
(2009) suggested that impacts are indeed apparent for nearly all introduced amphibians and reptiles that have
received research attention, and the reason that impacts are assumed to be minimal or absent for most species is
that research has not been conducted to determine impacts. As a principle of logic in Florida, we suggest
considering the Precautionary Principle: where effects are uncertain but potentially both costly and irreversible,
and society should limit those effects before uncertainty is resolved (Perrings et al. 2005; Kraus 2009). Taking such
a passive stance as currently done towards non-indigenous species in Florida is unacceptable, especially knowing
the severe negative effects introduced species have had around the world (Pimentel et al. 2005; Pimentel 2007).
Nonetheless, with such a high diversity of herpetofaunal species now in Florida, it appears that the stage is now set
for a species (either one that is already introduced or a future non-indigenous species) to have devastating impacts.
For example, the Brown Treesnake, Boiga irregularis (Bechstein 1802), on Guam has caused harm to human
health, the economy, and the environment, including the loss of 11 of 13 of Guam’s land birds (Rodda & Fritz
1992; Fritts & Leasman-Tanner 2001), but it took approximately 40 years lag time to determine such effects. Boiga
irregularis consumed much of the naïve native fauna before shifting its diet to mostly lizards, many of which were
also introduced (Rodda & Fritz 1992; Fritts & Leasman-Tanner 2001 and references therein). The scenario in
Florida is quite similar; the southern peninsula (where most non-indigenous species occur) has an island-like
geography (surrounded by water on three sides and a freeze line to the north; Myers & Ewel 1990; Simberloff
1997), there are many bird species (both indigenous and non-indigenous), and the majority (~77%) of Florida’s
established non-indigenous herpetofauna is now comprised of lizards. Additionally, despite peninsular Florida not
KRYSKO ET AL.
being a true island, “every sort of havoc wrought by non-indigenous species on islands can be found on the
mainland as well” (Simberloff 1997:4). In Florida, we do not know what cumulative or synergistic impacts the
large number of non-indigenous herpetofaunal species are having nor what the future holds. Nonetheless, if current
trends continue as they appear now, additional species will become introduced or established with unknown
consequences.
Despite Florida Statute § 379.231 that makes it illegal to release any non-indigenous animal in Florida without
first having a permit from the FWC, no person has ever been prosecuted for intentionally releasing a nonindigenous animal (Linda Harrison personal communication) because such an act would have to be witnessed by
FWC law enforcement in order for a possible conviction. Because current state and federal laws have not been
effective at curtailing the ever-increasing number of illegal introductions, laws need to be modified and made
enforceable. Craighead and Dasmann (1966:19) suggested that those responsible for illegal introductions should be
held accountable by compensating for the cleaning up (= eradication) of those species for which they are
responsible, and King (2010:17) points out an existing legal precedent for sea snakes in Florida and advocates that
a “letter of credit” be required of pet dealers that could pay for eradication if any of their non-indigenous animals
were released or had escaped. FWC staff has discussed options for recovering the cost of cleaning up of released or
escaped animals from facility or pet owners (Scott Hardin personal communication), and it is working with the
Florida Reptile & Amphibian Association to develop best management practices for the reptile industry that
include security, containment, and recovery procedures that might reduce escapees from complying members. We
agree with Campbell (2007) and King (2010) that an Early Detection and Rapid Response program (e.g., Stanford
& Rodda 2007) needs to be implemented in Florida to quickly identify newly found introduced herpetofaunal
species for eradication efforts, like ISCs do in Hawaii and FDACS and USDA do to eradicate or prevent the spread
of agricultural pests. Although we are sensitive about unjustifiably diminishing the rights of pet owners (also see
Perry & Farmer 2011), we believe that the current approach to managing non-indigenous wildlife, existing laws,
and denial and uncaring attitudes regarding introduced species need to be changed immediately, and preventative
measures must be considered at this time.
Species Accounts
Species accounts are listed below for each of the 83 newly confirmed taxa, including those previously reported in
the literature but lacking an associated voucher and those whose invasion stage has been upgraded to established
(stages 3–5). Greater details are also provided for some previously reported species.
CAUDATA
SALAMANDRIDAE
The Oriental Fire-bellied Newt, Hypselotriton orientalis (David 1873), is indigenous to southern central China
(Zhao & Adler 1993; Zhao 1999). On 4 June 2009, CRG and DC collected an adult H. orientalis (photographic
voucher UF 157033) at 2338 h alongside an Oriental Fire-bellied Toad, Bombina orientalis (see account below) in
a puddle of water ca. 1.5 m in diameter and 7.5 cm deep just outside the property of the animal importer’s facility
at 6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). On 22 August 2009, CRG and
DC collected, but did not voucher, another adult H. orientalis at night time at the same site. On both 21 June and 3
July 2010 at night time, MRR collected additional adults (UF 158927: 34.1 mm snout-vent length [SVL], 61.2 mm
total length [TL] and UF 157946: 35.9 mm SVL, 63.6 mm TL; MorphoBank M88020; Fig. 4), respectively) just
outside the property under a board near the same puddle of water as above. This species likely was released or had
escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. These represent the first known vouchers for this species and the earliest
known salamander introduction in Florida.
The Spotless Stout Newt, Pachytriton labiatus (Unterstein 1930), is indigenous to southern and central China
(Zhao & Adler 1993; Zhao 1999). On 2 February 2010 at 2230 h, CRG and DC collected a P. labiatus (UF 157219,
19
64.6 mm SVL, 128 mm TL; MorphoBank M88441; Fig 5.) in the same puddle of water (see Hypselotriton
orientalis account above) just outside the property of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road,
Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage
2) from an enclosure. This represents the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
FIGURES 4–8. 4. Oriental Fire-bellied Newt, Hypselotriton orientalis (UF 157946; MorphoBank M88020), collected on 3
July 2010 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 5. Spotless Stout Newt, Pachytriton
labiatus (UF 157219; MorphoBank M88441), collected on 2 February 2010 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Christopher R. Gillette. 6. Three-toed Amphiuma, Amphiuma tridactylum (UF 157220; MorphoBank M88442), collected on 3 December 2009 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 7. Oriental Firebellied Toad, Bombina orientalis (UF 155692; MorphoBank M88443), collected on 22 August 2009 in Hollywood, Broward
County, Florida. Photograph by Christopher R. Gillette. 8. African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis (UF 158477; MorphoBank
M88444), collected on 27 June 2010 in Titusville, Brevard County, Florida. Photograph by Michael C. Granatosky.
KRYSKO ET AL.
AMPHIUMIDAE
The Three-toed Amphiuma, Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier 1827, is indigenous to southeastern Texas, east to
Alabama and north to southern Illinois and southwestern Kentucky (Conant & Collins 1998). Carr (1940), Bishop
(1943), and Carr and Goin (1955) suggested that A. tridactylum might occur as an indigenous species in several
Florida panhandle counties, but this was based on a misunderstanding of amphiumid taxonomy, and no voucher of
this species exists for this region. On 3 December 2009 at 2245 h, CRG and DC found seven and collected five
adult A. tridactylum (UF 157220; MorphoBank M88442; Fig. 6; photographic voucher UF 157286 of four different
individuals) in the same puddle of water as above (see Hypselotriton orientalis species account) just outside the
property of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN,
-80.21976oW). On various other nights at this same site, CRG observed additional adult A. tridactylum, but these
salamanders escaped back into the pipe before they could be photographed or captured. On 8 October 2010 at 2230
h, DC, Jake Edwards and Suzanne Hurley collected another adult A. tridactylum (photographic voucher UF
163094) at this same site. This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. These
represent the first known vouchers for this species in Florida.
ANURA
BOMBINATORIDAE
The Oriental Fire-bellied Toad, Bombina orientalis (Boulenger 1890), is indigenous to Japan, Korea, and fareastern Russia and China; it adapts to urban and suburban habitat (Zhao & Adler 1993; Zhao 1999; Ishchenko &
Mitchell 2008) and has been introduced to Spain, the Netherlands, and perhaps Germany (Kraus 2009). On 27
September 2007 at night time, SVN collected an adult B. orientalis (photographic voucher UF 152327) in leaf litter
at the base of a tree just outside the property of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood,
Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). At this same locality, on 22 August 2009, CRG and DC found two
and collected one adult B. orientalis (UF 155692; MorphoBank M88443; Fig. 7 at night time alongside a
Hypselotriton orientalis (see account above). In September 2009, CRG and DC collected, but did not voucher, two
additional adult B. orientalis found just east of the facility’s property. On 30 January 2010 at 2130 h, GNK, Ari
Triest, Jakob Pammer, and Keiley Huerff collected two additional adult B. orientalis (photographic voucher UF
157280) in this same area. Although B. orientalis has now been found multiple times for three years, there is no
current evidence of reproduction (stage 3). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an
enclosure. These represent the first known vouchers for this family and species in Florida.
PIPIDAE
The African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis (Daudin 1802b), is indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa, including the
countries of Namibia, South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Congo,
southwestern Kenya, eastern Nigeria, Zambia, Angola, Malawi, Tanzania, Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda,
Cameroon, and Gabon (Tinsley et al. 1996; Poynton 1999; Channing 2001). This species has been introduced,
often with established populations, to non-indigenous regions throughout the world, including Japan, Ascension
Island, and a wide variety of localities on the continents of Europe, South America, and North America (Tinsley &
McCoid 1996; Kraus 2009). In 1964, ca. 200 X. laevis were intentionally released into Hialeah (Red Road) Canal,
Hialeah, Miami-Dade County, Florida, by an animal importer (King & Krakauer 1966), but no voucher was
deposited. An additional Florida report includes a single X. laevis found near Tampa, Hillsborough County, but no
date of collection or voucher was mentioned (Tinsley & McCoid 1996). On 27 June 2010 at 1430 h, MCG collected
an adult (63.6 mm SVL) X. laevis (UF 158477; MorphoBank M88444; Fig. 8) while dip-netting in a retention pond
on Knox McRae Drive, 0.08 km east of Sussana Lane, Titusville, Brevard County (28.57232oN, -80.83237oW).
This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This represents the first known
voucher for this family and species in Florida.
21
FIGURES 9–14. 9. Malaysian Painted Frog, Kaloula pulchra (photographic voucher UF 155691; MorphoBank M88445), collected on 22 August 2009 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Christopher R. Gillette. 10. Fornasini's
Spiny Reed Frog, Afrixalus fornasini (UF 163085; MorphoBank M88446), collected on 5 November 2010 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 11. Asian Black-spotted Toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (UF
159699; MorphoBank M88447), collected on 26 August 2010 in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph by Dustin
C. Smith. 12. Great Green Treefrog, Litoria caerulea (photographic voucher UF 152655; MorphoBank M88448), collected on
6 December 2006 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Michael R. Rochford. 13. Sierra Chorus Frog, Pseudacris sierra (UF 152457; MorphoBank M88449), collected on 20 June 2007 in Dover, Hillsborough County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 14. Southern Painted Turtle, Chrysemys dorsalis (UF 157930; MorphoBank M88450), collected
on 20 June 2010 in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko.
MICROHYLIDAE
The Malaysian Painted Frog, Kaloula pulchra Gray 1831b, is indigenous to India, Bangladesh, Myanmar,
Thailand, China, Sumatra, and Sulawesi (Inger 1999). This species is known to have been transported into
Australia and New Zealand via cargo and has established non-indigenous populations in Borneo, Brunei, Celebes,
Guam, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore (Christy et al. 2007; Tyler & Chapman 2007; Charles 2008; Das
KRYSKO ET AL.
2009; Fidenci 2009; Kraus 2009). On 29 December 2006 at 2100 h, Michael Cravens collected an adult K. pulchra
(photographic voucher UF 152654) in the parking lot of a strip mall at 5450 Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward
County (26.046123oN, -80.218873oW), ca. 100 m east of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road,
Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). On 2 April 2008, Nathan H. Nazdrowicz collected an
adult (51 mm SVL) K. pulchra (UF 153704) under a railroad tie just outside the property of the animal importer's
facility. On 22 August 2009 at 2315 h, CRG and DC collected an adult K. pulchra (photographic voucher UF
155691; MorphoBank M88445; Fig. 9) inside a cinder block wall along the same strip mall at 5450 Stirling Road.
Although multiple K. pulchra have now been found in a 3.5-year period, there is no current evidence of
reproduction (stage 3). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. These represent
the first known vouchers for this species in Florida.
HYPEROLIIDAE
Fornasini's Spiny Reed Frog, Afrixalus fornasini (Bianconi 1849), is indigenous to savannas of coastal southern
Kenya southward to South Africa (Channing & Howell 2006). On 5 November 2010 at 1822 h, MRR collected an
adult (26 mm SVL) A. fornasini (UF 163085; MorphoBank M88446; Fig. 10) perched on a PVC pipe just outside
the property of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591 oN,
-80.21976oW). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This represents the first
known voucher for this family and species in Florida.
BUFONIDAE
The Asian Black-spotted Toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider 1799), is indigenous to southern Asia
including central, southern and southwestern China, Taiwan, southward into India, Sri Lanka, and southeast
through to Borneo and sections of Indonesia (Zhao & Adler 1993; Inger 1999; Zhao 1999). This species has
become established in Sulawesi, western Papua and the Maldives, and it has been introduced to Australia and New
Zealand (Kraus 2009). On 26 August 2010, a D. melanostictus was intercepted (stage 1) by USDA from inside a
shipping container of Money Trees (Pachira aquatica) at 6302 NW 36th Street, Miami, Miami-Dade County
(25.80762oN, -80.29922oW). This cargo originated from a port at Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China, on 25 July 2010;
however, the location of the tree farm is not known. This D. melanostictus (UF 159699; 65 mm SVL, 32.4 g, MorphoBank M88447; Fig. 11) was subsequently transferred to Zoo Miami before being deposited in the FLMNH.
This is the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
HYLIDAE
The Great Green Treefrog, Litoria caerulea (White 1790), is indigenous to eastern and northern Australia and
southern Papua New Guinea, and it has been introduced to New Zealand (Tyler 1999; Cogger 2000; Kraus 2009).
Litoria caerulea reportedly has been found in Florida along canals in Lee, Collier, Sarasota, Broward, and MiamiDade counties (Bartlett 1994; Butterfield et al. 1997; Powell et al. 1998; Bartlett & Bartlett 1999, 2006a; Meshaka
et al. 2004); however no specific locality nor known vouchers exist. On 29 May 2003, KLK and KME collected an
adult L. caerulea (UF 146573) on a wooden fence at a reptile importer’s facility at 36490 SW 192nd Avenue,
Florida City, Miami-Dade County (25.432283oN, -80.50195oW). This specimen likely escaped (stage 2) from an
outdoor screened enclosure that contained dozens of L. caerulea. On 6 December 2006 at 1900 h, MRR collected
an adult L. caerulea (photographic voucher UF 152655; MorphoBank M88448; Fig. 12) on the underside of a piece
of fallen metal gutter about 0.75 m above ground just outside the property of the animal importer's facility at 6450
Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). On 11 September 2007, MRR collected
another adult (72.6 mm SVL) L. caerulea (UF 151734) and observed another adult inside a PVC pipe on the
ground at this site. On 27 September 2007, SVN collected an adult L. caerulea (photographic voucher UF 152330)
on an aluminum fence just outside the property of the animal importer's facility. On 8 March 2010 at 2200 h, DC
23
and Ana M. Martinez collected another adult (71.2 mm SVL) L. caerulea (UF 158810) perched on a nonindigenous pothos plant at this site. Although L. caerulea has now been found multiple times over a period of 6.5
years, there is no current evidence of reproduction (stage 3). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage
2) from enclosures. These represent the first known vouchers for this species in Florida.
The Sierra Chorus Frog, Pseudacris sierra (Jameson et al. 1966) is a western North American chorus frog that has
undergone a recent taxonomic split from the Pseudacris regilla complex of Pacific Chorus Frogs (Recuero et al.
2006a, 2006b). The indigenous range of P. sierra extends from the Pacific coast of central California, northeast to
eastern Oregon, Idaho, and Montana (Recuero et al. 2006a, 2006b). On 24 August 1983, J. Frankel and M.
Thurmond intercepted (stage 1) two P. sierra (UF 116750–51) on bird’s nest fern (Asplenium nidus) seedlings at a
cargo dock at the Miami International Airport, Miami, Miami-Dade County (25.80648oN, -80.289164oW). The
shipment originated from a horticultural business in Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, California. On 3 November
1986, a gravid female P. sierra was intercepted (stage 1) in a shipment of climbing bird’s nest ferns (Microsorium
punctatum “Grandiceps”) that reached a plant nursery at 2005 Jaudon Road in Dover, Hillsborough County
(27.97246oN, -82.24021oW), and was subsequently transferred to FDACS, Division of Plant Industry (DPI),
Gainesville, and then the FLMNH (UF 65748). The origin of the ferns and frog was the same horticultural business
above in Santa Rosa, California. On 20 June 2007, Rick Stokes intercepted (stage 1) an adult P. sierra in a
shipment of starter ferns (plant species not specified) in a different nursery located at 4630 Reola Road, Dover,
Hillsborough County (28.0251oN, -82.218919oW). This specimen was originally transferred to DPI (Entomology
number E2007–4456), before being deposited in the FLMNH (UF 152457; MorphoBank M88449; Fig. 13). This
plant shipment also originated from the same horticultural business in Santa Rosa, California. Members of the P.
regilla complex are highly adaptable and not particularly ecosystem limited (Stebbins 2003; Somma 2008).
Although there is no current evidence that this species is established (stage 3), its persistent entry into Florida for
nearly 25 years through the same horticultural commerce from California is cause for concern. These are the first
known vouchers for this species in Florida.
TESTUDINES
EMYDIDAE
The Southern Painted Turtle, Chrysemys dorsalis (Agassiz 1857), is indigenous to North America from southern
Illinois to the Gulf, and from western Alabama to extreme southeastern Oklahoma, with a disjunct population in
central Texas (Starkey et al. 2003; Ernst & Lovich 2009). King and Krakauer (1966) reported the release (stage 2)
in 1964 of 25 C. dorsalis into a canal in Hialeah, Miami-Dade County; however, no known voucher exists. On 10
November 2008, CRG photographed a C. dorsalis (photographic voucher UF 153957) in a pond at 11200 SW 8th
Street, Florida International University, Modesto Maidique Campus, 0.03 km northwest of the Owa Ehan Building
(25.75858oN, -80.37338oW). In March 2008, CRG collected, but did not voucher, a neonate C. dorsalis from the
same pond. On 20 June 2010, KLK et al. collected two adult (112 and 128 mm CL) female C. dorsalis (UF 157930
[MorphoBank M88450; Fig. 14] and photographic voucher UF 157931, respectively) from the same pond. On 25
June 2009, Matthew H. Kail collected an adult (112 mm CL) female C. dorsalis (UF 159928) in a pond on the
Santa Fe College campus, Gainesville, Alachua County (29.68265oN, -82.43532oW) (Johnston et al. In Press).This
species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from enclosures (released at FIU), and a neonate found at FIU
suggests reproduction and establishment (stage 3) of this species there. These are the first known vouchers for this
species in Florida.
The Western Painted Turtle, Chrysemys picta bellii (Gray 1831a), is indigenous to a broad region of North America
from western Ontario across southern Canada west to British Columbia, southward to Missouri, eastern Colorado,
Wyoming, Idaho, northern Oklahoma and northern Oregon, with scattered populations in several southwestern
states and Chihuahua, Mexico (Starkey et al. 2003; Ernst & Lovich 2009). In April 1933, O. C. Van Hyning
collected a C. p. bellii (107.0 mm CL; UF 1898; MorphoBank M88496; Fig. 15) from the Chipola River, south of
Marianna, Jackson County (30.74894ºN,-85.21627ºW). This specimen was erroneously identified by Carr (1940)
KRYSKO ET AL.
as “Chrysemys picta dorsalis” (= C. dorsalis). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an
enclosure. This represents both the first known voucher for this species/subspecies and earliest known turtle
introduction in Florida.
FIGURES 15–20. 15. Western Painted Turtle, Chrysemys picta bellii (UF 1898; MorphoBank M88496), collected in April
1933 from the Chipola River, Jackson County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 16. Eastern Painted Turtle, Chrysemys picta picta (photographic voucher UF 153764; MorphoBank M88497), collected on 26 August 2007 in Miami, MiamiDade County, Florida. Photograph by Christopher R. Gillette. 17. Wood Turtle, Glyptemys insculpta (photographic voucher UF
159391; MorphoBank M88498), collected on 23 August 2009 in St. Augustine, St. Johns County, Florida. Photograph by John
D. Brueggen. 18. False Map Turtle, Graptemys pseudogeographica (photographic voucher UF 121459; MorphoBank
M88499), found on 5 May 2009 in Palm Bay, Brevard County, Florida. Photograph by Christopher R. Gillette. 19. Colombian
Slider, Trachemys callirostris (UF 154026; MorphoBank M88500), collected in 1972 in Key West, Monroe County, Florida.
Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 20. Yellow-bellied Slider, Trachemys scripta scripta (UF 157934; MorphoBank M88544),
collected on 20 June 2010 in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko.
25
The Eastern Painted Turtle, Chrysemys picta picta (Schneider 1783), is indigenous to North America from northern
Georgia north to Nova Scotia, and west to the Appalachians (Starkey et al. 2003; Bonin et al. 2006; Ernst & Lovich
2009). This and other members of the C. picta complex have been widely introduced to Europe and non-indigenous
regions of western North America (Spinks et al. 2003; Kraus 2009). Deckert (1918) claimed that C. p. picta existed
in Jacksonville, Duval County, but no known voucher exists (Carr 1940; Carr & Goin 1955; Bartlett & Bartlett
1999). On 5 June 1939, T. Carr collected a C. p. picta (UF 1920) at the Chemistry Building on the University of
Florida campus, Gainesville, Alachua County (29.65059oN, -82.34384oW), but identification cannot be verified
because this specimen is missing. On 26 August 2007, CRG photographed a C. p. picta (photographic voucher UF
153764; MorphoBank M88497; Fig. 16) in a pond at 11200 SW 8th Street, Florida International University,
Modesto Maidique Campus, 0.08 km southeast of the Ryder Business Building, Miami, Miami-Dade County
(25.757oN, -80.3754oW). This species likely was released (stage 2). These represent the first known vouchers for
this species/subspecies in Florida.
The Wood Turtle, Glyptemys insculpta (Le Conte 1830), is indigenous to southern Quebec and Ontario, south to
Virginia and west to Minnesota and Iowa (Ernst & Lovich 2009). On 23 August 2009, John D. Brueggen collected
a G. insculpta (photographic voucher UF 159391; MorphoBank M88498; Fig. 17) on State Road 207, 1.6 km east
of I-95, St. Augustine, St. Johns County (29.83752oN, -81.36921oW). The specimen was donated to the St.
Augustine Alligator Farm. This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This
represents the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
The False Map Turtle, Graptemys pseudogeographica (Gray 1831c), is indigenous to the Missouri River system
and upper Mississippi River drainages as far north as Minnesota and North Dakota, and as far northeast as Indiana
(Ernst & Lovich 2009), and it has been introduced to various non-indigenous localities in the United States and
France (Haffner 1997; Spinks et al. 2003; Ernst & Lovich 2009; Kraus 2009). On 19 December 2000 at 1500 h,
KLK, Anthony T. Reppas and Amir Soleymani collected an adult (134.8 mm CL) G. pseudogeographica (UF
121459) basking on oolitic limestone along Snapper Creek and SW 99th Court, Miami, Miami-Dade County
(25.696183oN, -80.355317oW). On 26 August 2007, CRG collected a G. pseudogeographica (photographic
voucher UF 153763) in a pond at 11200 SW 8th Street, Florida International University (FIU), Modesto Maidique
Campus, 0.08 km southeast of the Ryder Business Building, Miami, Miami-Dade County (25.757oN, -80.3754oW).
At a nearby pond 0.03 km northwest of the Owa Ehan Building, FIU (25.75858oN, -80.37338oW), CRG collected
two neonate (1.5 cm CL) G. pseudogeographica (photographic vouchers UF 154572 and 155179) on 30 January
and 29 March 2009, respectively. At this same pond, CRG and DC collected three additional neonate G.
pseudogeographica on 1 October 2009 (photographic vouchers UF 162631) and 23 February 2010, and observed
another neonate on 20 September 2010 at 1300 h. On 20–21 June 2010, KLK et al. collected four adult G.
pseudogeographica on the FIU campus: two (148.0 mm CL [UF 157935] and 185.0 mm [UF 159345]) were 0.08
km southeast of the Ryder Business Building, one (286.0 mm) was 0.01 km west of the Owa Ehan Building
(25.75786oN, -80.3733oW), and one (190.0 mm) was 0.18 km southwest of the main campus entrance on US 41
(25.75975oN, -80.37739oW). On 1 October 2007, Lau and Johnston (2008) collected an adult (13.1 cm CL) G.
pseudogeographica (photographic voucher UF 150678) 1.21 km upstream from the river sink of the Santa Fe
River, O’Leno State Park, Columbia County (29.917oN, -82.57487499oW). On 5 May 2009, CRG observed three
adults and collected one G. pseudogeographica (photographic voucher UF 155445; MorphoBank M88499; Fig. 18)
at the Turkey Creek Sanctuary, Palm Bay, Brevard County (28.01413oN, -80.601132oW). This species likely was
released or had escaped (stage 2) from enclosures (released at FIU and Turkey Creek Sanctuary), and numerous
adults and neonates in different ponds on the FIU campus suggests reproduction and establishment (stage 3) of this
species there. This species is currently being used as a substitute for T. scripta elegans in the pet trade (Lee 2010).
These represent the first known vouchers for this species in Florida.
The Colombian Slider, Trachemys callirostris (Gray 1855), is indigenous to the northwestern Maracaibo Basin in
Venezuela and a portion of Caribbean Colombia (Pritchard & Trebbau 1984; Bonin et al. 2006). In 1972, Bernard
Martof collected two juvenile T. callirostris (UF 154026 [MorphoBank M88499; Fig. 19], 127 mm CL; and UF
155125) in an unspecified locality on Key West, Monroe County (24.55607oN, -81.77767oW). Joseph Ward
KRYSKO ET AL.
(personal communication) did not observe this species during a follow-up survey in 1977. This species likely was
released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. These represent the first known vouchers for this species in
Florida.
The Yellow-bellied Slider, Trachemys scripta scripta (Thunberg in Schoepff 1792) (for authority see Rhodin and
Carr 2009), is indigenous to southeastern Virginia south to southeastern Alabama and northern Florida (as far south
as Levy County), and it has been broadly introduced to numerous non-indigenous localities worldwide via the pet
trade (Thomas 2006; Ernst & Lovich 2009; Kraus 2009). Unvouchered observations for T. s. scripta have been
reported on Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade County, Florida, by Bader (1976) at Crandon Park, and by Krysko et al.
(2010a) from a T. s. scripta collected at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park on 8 January 2005. On 1 April 2009, a
park visitor collected an adult T. s. scripta (photographic voucher UF 159494) at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State
Park, Miami-Dade County (25.673667oN, -80.1575oW), but this turtle was re-released back into a pond within the
park by staff. On 22 September 2002, Johnston and Johnston (2003) collected an adult (21.8 cm CL) female T. s.
scripta (UF 134595) in a canal on SW 76th Avenue, 0.61 km north of Orange Drive, Davie, Broward County
(26.06888oN, -80.24833oW). On 26 August 2007, CRG collected a T. s. scripta (140 mm CL; photographic voucher
UF 155178) in a pond at 11200 SW 8th Street, Florida International University (FIU), Modesto Maidique Campus,
0.03 km northwest of the Owa Ehan Building, Miami (25.75843oN, -80.37346oW). On 20–21 June 2010, KLK et
al. collected five juvenile and adult T. s. scripta (along with juveniles and adults of 97 T. s. elegans and 10 T. s.
scripta x T. s. elegans intergrades) on the FIU campus: one (98.0 mm CL [UF 157934; MorphoBank M88544; Fig.
20]) was 0.04 km southeast of the Ryder Business Building (25.75706oN, -80.3753oW), three (112 cm, 115 mm,
and 171 mm) were 0.08 km southeast of the Ryder Business Building (25.757oN, -80.3754oW), and one (128 mm)
was 0.04 km west of the Owa Ehan Building (25.75838oN, -80.3739oW). This species likely was released (stage 2),
and juveniles and adults found at FIU suggest reproduction and establishment (stage 3) of this species there. These
represent the first known vouchers for this subspecies in southern Florida.
TESTUDINIDAE
The Red-footed Tortoise, Chelonoidis carbonaria (Spix 1824), is indigenous to southern Central America, and
South America east of the Andes Mountains, south to northern Argentina, with non-indigenous populations in
Trinidad and a variety of Caribbean Islands, and it has been introduced to California (Pritchard & Trebbau 1984;
Bonin et al. 2006; Kraus 2009). Meshaka et al. (2004) claimed that C. carbonaria has been found in a tropical
hardwood hammock near Cutler Bay, Miami-Dade County, since the 1980s, but they did not provide a specific
locality or voucher. On 15 July 2007 at 1600 h, CRG collected a C. carbonaria (photographic voucher UF 153958;
MorphoBank M88545; Fig. 21) on Jones Road, 0.13 km north of State Road 518, Melbourne, Brevard County
(28.12171oN, -80.70868oW). On 10 April 2008, Kristina Serbesoff-King photographed (photographic voucher UF
152773), but did not remove, a C. carbonaria at the Seacrest Scrub Natural Area, West Palm Beach, Palm Beach
County (26.49625oN, -80.06911oW). On 25 October 2009, William Johnson collected a C. carbonaria
(photographic voucher UF 156970) at 415 Forest Road, Mount Dora, Lake County (28.81471oN, -81.6484oW). On
27 July 2010, Jake Edwards collected a male C. carbonaria (21.5 cm CL; photographic voucher UF 158808) on
SW 42nd Court, 0.09 km west of SW 62nd Avenue, Davie, Broward County (26.06909oN, -80.22929oW). This
species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from enclosures (released at Seacrest Scrub Natural Area).
The African Spurred Tortoise, Geochelone sulcata (Miller 1779), is indigenous to isolated, relictual colonies
scattered across sub-Saharan western, central, and eastern Africa (Bonin et al. 2006), and it has been introduced to
United Arab Emirates (Soorae et al. 2010) and California (Lemm 2006). This species has been found in
Hillsborough and Sarasota counties (George L. Heinrich personal communication), but no vouchers exist for these
areas. Numerous G. sulcata have been removed from the Boyd Hill Nature Preserve in St. Petersburg, Pinellas
County. In 2002, G.L. Heinrich (personal communication) collected and kept in captivity, but did not voucher, an
adult female G. sulcata from Lake Seminole Park, Seminole, Pinellas County (30.791867oN, -85.679609oW),
27
which was estimated to have a mass of 27 kg in 2006. In February 2007, an adult male G. sulcata (photographic
voucher UF 164360; MorphoBank M88546; Fig. 22) was observed in a natural area during a prescribed fire and on
23 April 2007 it was photographed by JPB and collected near Dunny Lane and Fulford Road, Pumpkin Hill State
Park, Duval County (30.47405oN, -81.5019oW). On 18 September 2007, Monty Kowtiz collected a G. sulcata
(photographic voucher UF 151752) in Bonifay, Holmes County (30.79186oN, -85.6796oW). On 21 July 2008,
Arnold Brunell collected an adult (41.2 kg) male G. sulcata (photographic voucher UF 153511) at 1329 Webster
Street, Orlando, Orange County (28.58692oN, -81.39898oW). On 28 August 2008, Fred Robinette and Kelly
Bunting collected an adult (18.1 kg) male G. sulcata (photographic voucher UF 153514) near Panama City at 9124
Kingswood Road, Southport, Bay County (30.31536oN, -85.61382oW). There have been at least three other G.
sulcata captured, but not vouchered, in the Panama City area (John G. Himes personal communication). On 3
November 2008, Julian Proctor collected G. sulcata (photographic voucher UF 153890) on Emporia Road, 0.8 km
west of US 17, Pierson, Volusia County (29.20475oN, -81.45464oW). On 1 December 2008 at 1700 h, Steve
Brinkley collected an adult G. sulcata (photographic voucher UF 154195) at County Road 74 and Bronco Road,
Charlotte County (26.94663oN, -81.88685oW). On 20 January 2009, Kevin Jackson collected a G. sulcata
(photographic voucher UF 154409) at 1988 Raymond Lane, Sneads, Jackson County (30.70779oN, -84.9409oW).
On 23 June 2009, Amanda Sigman provided us with photographs of a juvenile G. sulcata (photographic voucher
UF 155687) found at 3602 Shore Drive, St. Augustine, St. Johns County (29.83348oN, -81.30728oW). On 4
November 2009, Cliff Morris collected an adult (53.3 cm CL) G. sulcata (photographic voucher UF 156972) at
5852 South Rovan Point, Lecanto, Citrus County (28.778oN, -82.469oW). On 12 December 2009 at 1709 h, MRR
and CRG found a dead G. sulcata (photographic voucher UF 157355), likely killed on the nearby service road, just
inside the fence of Kissimmee Prairie State Park, NW 322nd Street, 0.84 km east of 192nd Avenue, Okeechobee
County (27.53884oN, -81.01422oW). On 18 February 2010, Nicole Ranalli provided us with photographs of an
adult (40 cm CL) G. sulcata (photographic voucher UF 157312) collected by forestry personnel 0.66 km south of
Lake Andrea Road and Sulternfuss Road, Walk-in-the-Water Wildlife Management Area, Lake Wales Ridge State
Forest, Polk County (27.79716oN, -81.47461oW). Although there is currently no evidence of reproduction (stage
3), the high propagule pressure (i.e., number of individual tortoises being found in the wild), and the superficial
resemblance to the indigenous Gopher Tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus (making identification of species difficult
for the average observer), should be a major concern. This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2)
from enclosures (release at Kissimmee Prairie State Park and Lake Wales Ridge State Forest). These represent the
first known vouchers for this species in Florida.
The Leopard Tortoise, Stigmochelys pardalis (Bell 1828), is indigenous to eastern and southern Africa, from
central Sudan southward though South Africa and Namibia (Spawls et al. 2002; Bonin et al. 2006; Alexander &
Marais 2007), and it has been introduced to California, USA, and non-indigenous portions of South Africa (Lemm
2006; Kraus 2009). On 27 May 2009, Kenneth N. Johnson collected a S. pardalis (photographic voucher UF
155440; MorphoBank M88549; Fig. 23) at 11822 152nd Street North, Jupiter, Palm Beach County (26.9001oN,
known voucher for this species in Florida.
Horsfield’s Tortoise, Testudo horsfieldii (Gray 1844), is indigenous to Asia from extreme western China and the
Caspian Sea in southern Russia, south through Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan to the northern and western
Baluchistan region (Bonin et al. 2006; Lee & Smith 2010), and it has been introduced to Maryland and North
Carolina, USA, and Austria (Kraus 2009; Lee & Smith 2010). On 26 July 2005, a T. horsfieldii (photographic
voucher UF 159551) was collected at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park, Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade County
(25.673667oN, -80.1575oW) (see Krysko et al. 2010a for original record without voucher), and donated to the
Miami Museum of Science. On 4 April 2008, Jason R. Bourque collected a (144.8 mm CL) female T. horsfieldii
(UF 152758; MorphoBank M88568; Fig. 24) along railroad tracks 0.5 km west of County Road 491, Brooksville,
Hernando County (28.62893oN, -82.45204oW). On 27 May 2009, Ryan Roehm collected a T. horsfieldii
(photographic voucher UF 155439) at 1105 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, Alachua County (29.61618oN,
-82.33632oW). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from enclosures. These represent the first
KRYSKO ET AL.
FIGURES 21–26. 21. Red-footed Tortoise, Chelonoidis carbonaria (photographic voucher UF 153958; MorphoBank
M88545), found on 15 July 2007 in Melbourne, Brevard County County, Florida. Photograph by Christopher R. Gillette. 22.
African Spurred Tortoise, Geochelone sulcata (photographic voucher UF 164360; MorphoBank M88546), collected on 23
April 2007 at Pumpkin Hill State Park, Duval County, Florida. Photograph by Joseph P. Burgess. 23. Leopard Tortoise, Stigmochelys pardalis (photographic voucher UF 155440; MorphoBank M88559), collected on 27 May 2009 in Jupiter, Palm Beach
County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth N. Johnson. 24. Horsfield’s Tortoise, Testudo horsfieldii (UF 152758; MorphoBank
M88568), collected on 4 April 2008 in Brooksville, Hernando County, Florida. Photograph by Jason R. Bourque. 25. Tropical
Wood Turtle, Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima (UF 121604; MorphoBank M88569), collected on 16 August 2006 in Manatee
County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 26. Spotted-legged Wood Turtle, Rhinoclemmys punctularia (photographic
voucher UF 153697; MorphoBank M88570), collected on 2 March 2008 in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph
by Christopher R. Gillette.
GEOMYDIDAE
The Tropical Wood Turtle, Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima (Linnaeus 1758) (for authority see Rhodin & Carr 2009), is
indigenous to Central America, northward to portions of the western coast of Mexico (Bonin et al. 2006), and it has
29
been introduced to Massachusetts, USA (Kraus 2009). On 16 August 2006 at 900 h, Travis K. Blunden collected a
subadult (140 mm CL) R. pulcherrima (UF 121604; MorphoBank M88569; Fig. 25) on Duette Road, 0.4 km north
of Duette Ranch Preserve, Manatee County (27.5902oN, -82.1228oW). This species likely was released (stage 2).
This represents the first known voucher for this family and species in Florida.
The Spotted-legged Wood Turtle, Rhinoclemmys punctularia (Daudin 1801), is indigenous to the Guianas, the
Orinoco drainage of Venezuela, Suriname, northeastern Brazil, and Trinidad (Pritchard & Trebbau 1984; Bonin et
al. 2006). Bartlett and Bartlett (2006b) claim that R. punctularia has been established in Miami-Dade County for
about 10 years, and state that “most Florida specimens have been found at the edges of parking lots and roads on
the Miccosukee Indian Reservation” (2006b:111), but no known voucher has ever been deposited in a systematic
collection. However, this species was not found during a survey by David Serrano (personal communication) in
2009 within the Miccosukee Indian Reservation. On 2 March 2008, a R. punctularia was found (photographic
voucher UF 153697; MorphoBank M88570; Fig. 26) near Jungle Island, 1111 Parrot Jungle Trail, Miami, MiamiDade County (25.78534oN, -80.17341oW). This species had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This represents
the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
TRIONYCHIDAE
The Spiny Softshell, Apalone spinifera (Le Sueur 1827), is indigenous to a broad section of eastern and central
North America, from portions of Ontario and New York, west through the plains states, south to the Gulf of Mexico
and the southern states through limited sections of northern Florida, with disjunct populations in Montana,
Wyoming, and various western states (Ernst & Lovich 2009). Various non-indigenous introductions of A. spinifera
have occurred in France, Mexico, Hawaii and various eastern and western states in the USA (Haffner 1997; Ernst
& Lovich 2009; Kraus 2009). On 13 October 2008, CRG photographed an adult A. spinifera (photographic voucher
UF 153765; MorphoBank M88571; Fig. 27) in a pond at 11200 SW 8th Street, Florida International University,
Modesto Maidique Campus, 0.08 km southeast of the Ryder Business Building, Miami (25.757oN, -80.3754oW).
On 20 June 2010, KLK et al. observed, but did not voucher, an adult A. spinifera (possibly the same individual) at
this same pond. On 7 October 2010, DC observed an adult male and female A. spinifera at this same pond,
illustrating the potential for future reproduction and establishment. This species likely was released (stage 2). This
represents the first known voucher for this species in southern Florida.
KINOSTERNIDAE
The Razorback Musk Turtle, Sternotherus carinatus (Gray 1855), is indigenous to a section of the United States
from southern Oklahoma, central Arkansas, and Mississippi, south to the Gulf of Mexico through the Gulf Coastal
Plain, with a disjunct population in Alabama (Ernst & Lovich 2009). On 17 December 2008, CRG photographed
an S. carinatus (photographic voucher UF 154191) in a pond at 11200 SW 8th Street, Florida International
University, Modesto Maidique Campus, 0.03 km northwest of the Owa Ehan Building, Miami, Miami-Dade
County (25.75843611oN, -80.37346944oW). At a nearby pond 0.08 km southeast of the Ryder Business Building
(25.757oN, -80.3754oW), CRG collected two adult S. carinatus (photographic vouchers UF 155180; and UF
157278 [MorphoBank M88572; Fig. 28]) on 30 March 2009 and 4 February 2010, respectively. At this same pond
on 24 February 2010, CRG and DC observed, but did not voucher, another adult S. carinatus. Although S.
carinatus has now been found multiple times, there is no current evidence of reproduction (stage 3). This species
likely was released (stage 2). These represent the first known vouchers for this species in Florida.
CHELIDAE
The Twist-neck Turtle, Platemys platycephala (Schneider 1792), is indigenous to the Amazon and Orinoco River
drainages in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela (Pritchard &
KRYSKO ET AL.
Trebbau 1984; Bonin et al. 2006). Circa 1985, Gary Patterson collected a P. platycephala in a pond at 101
Clubhouse Drive, Wilderness Country Club, Naples, Collier County (26.1405oN, -81.8001oW). This animal was
kept in captivity and still alive as of 15 February 2009 (photographic voucher UF 154589; MorphoBank M88573;
Fig. 29). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This represents the first
known voucher for this family and species in Florida.
FIGURES 27–32. 27. Spiny Softshell, Apalone spinifera (photographic voucher UF 153765; MorphoBank M88571), found on
13 October 2008 in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph by Christopher R. Gillette. 28. Razorback Musk Turtle,
Sternotherus carinatus (photographic voucher UF 157278; MorphoBank M88572), collected on 4 February 2010 in Miami,
Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph by Christopher R. Gillette. 29. Twist-neck Turtle, Platemys platycephala (photographic voucher UF 154589; MorphoBank M88573), collected ca. 1985 in Naples, Collier County, Florida. Photograph by
Gary Patterson. 30. African Slender-snouted Crocodile, Mecistops cataphractus (photographic voucher UF 163093; MorphoBank M88574), collected on 24 June 1986 on Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph by Brian Smith. 31.
Cuvier’s Dwarf Caiman, Paleosuchus palpebrosus (EVER 40566, UF 153469; MorphoBank M88575), collected on 15 August
2008 in Everglades National Park, Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph by Daniel Cueva. 32. Schneider’s Smooth-fronted
Caiman, Paleosuchus trigonatus (photographic voucher UF 165484; MorphoBank M88576), collected in April 1999 near
Black Point, Homestead, Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph by Joseph A. Wasilewski.
31
CROCODYLIA
CROCODYLIDAE
The African Slender-snouted Crocodile, Mecistops cataphractus (Cuvier 1825), is indigenous to a broad region of
central Africa from Senegal east to Tanzania (Waitkuwait 1989). On 25 March 1983, three juvenile (ca. 1220 mm
TL) crocodilians, including one M. cataphractus, were reported stolen from the old Crandon Park Zoo, Key
Biscayne, Miami-Dade County (25.704317oN, -80.157883oW), after the lock on a chain-link fence that surrounded
a small concrete pool had been cut (Ron Magill personal communication; Anonymous 1983). On 24 June 1986,
Jeff Grigg recaptured the M. cataphractus (photographic voucher UF 163093; MorphoBank M88574; Fig. 30) near
the old Crandon Park Zoo (the date and collector erroneously reported in Krysko et al. 2010a), after it was likely
re-released by those responsible for originally taking the three crocodilians (Ron Magill personal communication;
Tomb 1986). This represents the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
ALLIGATORIDAE
Cuvier’s Dwarf Caiman, Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier 1807), is indigenous to the Amazon and Orinoco basins
of South America, across the Brazilian Shield, south to the Rio Paraguay drainage basin of northern Paraguay
(Magnusson 1992). On 13 August 2008, DC observed an adult (619 mm SVL, 1067 mm TL) female P. palpebrosus
on Long Pine Key, Old Ingraham Highway, Everglades National Park, Miami-Dade County (25.38798044oN,
-80.6226oW), and on 15 August 2008, DC and CRG collected this animal (EVER 40566, UF 153469; MorphoBank
M88575; Fig. 31). This species likely was released (stage 2). This represents the first known voucher for this
species in Florida.
Schneider’s Smooth-fronted Caiman, Paleosuchus trigonatus (Schneider 1801), is indigenous to Guyana,
Suriname, French Guiana, Venezuela, northern and western Brazil, Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, and
extreme northern Bolivia (Magnusson & Campos 2010). In April 1999, Todd Hardwick captured an adult P.
trigonatus (photographic voucher UF 165576; MorphoBank M88576; Fig. 32) in a canal near Black Point,
Homestead, Miami-Dade County (25.54032oN, -80.33149oW). This animal was subsequently brought to and
identified by JAW based on three pelvic scale rows of dorsal scutes above the cloaca. This species likely was
released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This represents the first known voucher for this species in
Florida.
SQUAMATA
IGUANIDAE
The Rhinoceros Iguana, Cyclura cornuta (Bonnaterre 1789), is indigenous to Hispaniola and its satellite islands
(Schwartz & Henderson 1991). King and Krakauer (1966) first reported the introduction (stage 2) of C. cornuta on
Virginia Key and Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade County. Several lizards had escaped from an exhibit on Virginia Key
and were frequently observed at the Miami Seaquarium, but no known voucher exists. On 7 April 2009, Kathleen
Windsor found an adult C. cornuta (photographic voucher UF 155189; MorphoBank M88624; Fig. 33) on
Wildwood Lane, 0.46 km east of Key Deer Boulevard, Big Pine Key, Monroe County (24.65162oN, -81.43658oW).
On 26 May 2010 at 1100 hr, CRG found a C. cornuta (UF 162586) DOR on State Road 823, 0.14 km south of State
Road 818, Hollywood, Broward County (26.062oN, -80.31366oW). This species likely was released or had escaped
(stage 2) from enclosures (released on Big Pine Key by a hobbyist who allows it to roam freely throughout the
neighborhood). This represents the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
The Cuban Rock Iguana, Cyclura nubila nubila (Gray 1831a), is indigenous to Cuba and its surrounding islands,
and it has been successfully introduced to Isla Magueyes, Puerto Rico (Schwartz & Henderson 1991; Kraus 2009).
KRYSKO ET AL.
On 5 April 2004, three adult C. n. nubila (photographic voucher UF 164356; MorphoBank M88625; Fig. 34) were
intercepted (stage 1) at the shipping terminal of the Jacksonville Port Authority, 8998 Blount Island Boulevard,
Jacksonville, Duval County (30.39912oN, -81.52777oW). These C. n. nubila were found in a shipping container
originating from Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and were subsequently housed in the Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens
hospital, before being taken back by USFWS. This represents the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
FIGURES 33–38. 33. Rhinoceros Iguana, Cyclura cornuta (photographic voucher UF 155189; MorphoBank M88624), found
on 7 April 2009 on Big Pine Key, Monroe County, Florida. Photograph by Kathleen Windsor. 34. Rhinoceros Iguana, Cyclura
nubila nubila (photographic voucher UF 164356; MorphoBank M88625), found on 5 April 2004 in Jacksonville, Duval
County, Florida. Photograph by J. Andrew Teare. 35. Jeremie Anole, Anolis coelestinus (UF 164359; MorphoBank M88626),
collected on 16 December 2010 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 36. St. Vincent
Bush Anole, Anolis trinitatis (UF 144299; MorphoBank M88627), collected in April 2005 in Miami Beach, Miami-Dade
County, Florida. Photograph by Joseph P. Burgess. 37. Peter’s Lava Lizard, Tropidurus hispidus (UF 137413; MorphoBank
M88628), collected on 22 August 2003 in Palm City, Martin County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 38. Haitian
Curlytail Lizard, Leiocephalus personatus (photographic voucher UF 145733; MorphoBank M88629), found on 11 October
2004 on Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph by Joseph P. Burgess.
33
POLYCHROTIDAE
The Jeremie Anole, Anolis coelestinus Cope 1862, is indigenous to southwestern Hispaniola (Schwartz &
Henderson, 1991). On 2 December 2009 at 2305 h, CRG, DC, and Edward F. Metzger III collected an adult female
A. coelestinus (UF 157133) sleeping on a drainage pipe just outside the property of the animal importer's facility at
6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). On 9 December 2009, this female
laid a single egg in captivity. On 16 December 2010 at 1100 h, George Kolaz collected an adult male A. coelestinus
(UF 164359; MorphoBank M88626; Fig. 35) on a palm tree at this same site. Although A. coelestinus has now
been found at different times for more than a year, including a gravid female, there is no current evidence of
reproduction (stage 3) taking place in the wild. This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an
enclosure. These represent the first known vouchers for this species in Florida.
The St. Vincent Bush Anole, Anolis trinitatis Reinhardt and Lütken 1862, is indigenous to St. Vincent, Young
Island, and Chateaubelair Island in the Lesser Antilles, and it apparently has been introduced on Trinidad (Lazell
1972; Schwartz & Henderson 1991; Lever 2003; Kraus 2009). In September 2004, JPB was informed that A.
trinitatis had been deliberately released (stage 2) in the garden area of the Fountainbleau Hotel at 4441 Collins
Avenue, Miami Beach, Miami-Dade County (25.817497oN, -80.121571oW) in the summer of 2004. In October
2004, JPB visited this site and observed seven adult A. trinitatis on large ficus trees (Ficus sp.) and other tropical
plants, and one juvenile on an adjacent rock wall; three adult males and two females were collected. In February
2005, JPB collected one adult male, two females, and one juvenile. In April 2005, JPB collected an adult male and
female from a single ficus tree, and photographs of these individuals (photographic voucher UF 151034) along
with the male specimen (UF 144299; MorphoBank M88627; Fig. 36) were deposited as vouchers in the FLMNH.
In total, 11 individuals have been removed from this site, and the presence of juveniles suggests that reproduction
(stage 3) has occurred there. These represent the first known vouchers for this species in Florida.
TROPIDURIDAE
Peter’s Lava Lizard, Tropidurus hispidus (Spix 1825), is widespread within, and indigenous to, a large region of
tropical South America, east of the Andes Mountains (Frost 1992). On 22 August 2003 at 1815 h, KLK and KME
collected three T. hispidus (UF 137411–13; MorphoBank M88628; Fig. 37) from the driveway and porches of a
private residence at 6362 SW Citrus Boulevard, Palm City, Martin County (27.064oN, -80.321333oW) (Enge et al.
2004). This species was released (stage 2) the previous day in large numbers, and those we collected were
lethargic. We are uncertain if other T. hispidus survived at this introduction site. These represent the first known
vouchers for this species in Florida.
The Haitian Curlytail Lizard, Leiocephalus personatus Cope 1862, is indigenous to Hispaniola (Haiti and
Dominican Republic) (Schwartz & Henderson 1991). Leiocephalus personatus was reported to have been found
near the Miami International Airport (MIA), Miami-Dade County (Bartlett 1994; Butterfield et al. 1997; Bartlett &
Bartlett 1999, 2006b), but they did not provide a specific locality or voucher, and Meshaka et al. (2004) did not find
this species during their survey of MIA. On 11 October 2004, JPB photographed four L. personatus (photographic
voucher UF 145733; MorphoBank M88629; Fig. 38; Krysko et al. 2010a) in Crandon Gardens, Crandon Park, Key
Biscayne, Miami-Dade County (25.704317oN, -80.157883oW). We did not find this species at any other times
during our ongoing surveys of this area from 1992–present (Krysko et al. 2010a), suggesting it is a recent
introduction. This species likely was released (stage 2). This represents the first known voucher for this species in
Florida.
The Mophead Iguana, Uranoscodon superciliosus (Linnaeus 1758), is indigenous to Amazonian South America
and nearby Guianan regions (Frost 1992). On 11 October 2004, JPB photographed a U. superciliosus (photographic
voucher UF 145734; MorphoBank M88630; Fig. 39) on a tree in Crandon Gardens, Crandon Park, Key Biscayne,
Miami-Dade County (25.704317oN, -80.157883oW)( Krysko et al. 2010a). We did not find this species in our
ongoing surveys of this area from 1992–present (Krysko et al. 2010a), suggesting it is a recent introduction. This
species likely was released (stage 2). This represents the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
KRYSKO ET AL.
FIGURES 39–44. 39. Mophead Iguana, Uranoscodon superciliosus (photographic voucher UF 145734; MorphoBank
M88630), found on 11 October 2004 on Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph by Joseph P. Burgess. 40.
Chinese Water Dragon, Physignathus cocincinus (UF 158809; MorphoBank M88631), collected on 7 March 2010 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 41. Inland Bearded Dragon, Pogona vitticeps (photographic voucher UF 152677; MorphoBank M88632), collected on 19 May 2005 on Summerland Key, Monroe County, Florida.
Photograph by Greg Klimock. 42. North African Spiny-tailed Lizard, Uromastyx dispar maliensis (photographic voucher UF
159616; MorphoBank M88633), collected on 2 November 2009 in Cape Coral, Lee County, Florida. Photograph by Kraig R.
Hankins. 43. Senegal Chameleon, Chamaeleo senegalensis (photographic voucher UF 157301; MorphoBank M88634), collected on 5 June 2009 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Christopher R. Gillette. 44. Panther Chameleon,
Furcifer pardalis (photographic voucher UF 153489; MorphoBank M88635), collected on 8 August 2008 south of Arcadia, De
Soto County, Florida. Photograph by William B. Love.
AGAMIDAE
The Chinese Water Dragon, Physignathus cocincinus Cuvier 1829, is indigenous to southern China and eastern
Indochina, west through eastern Thailand (Zhao & Adler 1993). On 22 August 2003, KLK and KME were given
permission to look around the property of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward
35
County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW); we observed an adult P. cocincinus along the back of the building, but could
not capture it (see Krysko et al. 2006). On 7 March 2010 at 2200 h, DC and Suzanne Hurley collected a juvenile
(71.4 mm SVL, 270.4 mm TL) P. cocincinus (UF 158809; MorphoBank M88631; Fig. 40) sleeping on a chain-link
fence just outside the property of the animal importer's facility. Although we have observed an adult and juvenile at
this site, we believe that these represent independent introductions, and not an established (stage 3) population,
because no other P. cocincinus are known to have been found there. This species likely was released or had escaped
(stage 2) from enclosures. This represents the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
The Inland Bearded Dragon, Pogona vitticeps (Ahl 1926), is indigenous to a large region of eastern central and
inland southeastern Australia (Cogger 2000), and it has been unsuccessfully introduced to California, USA (Lemm
2006). Gibbons et al. (2009) hypothesized that P. vitticeps could be introduced to Florida through the pet trade. On
19 May 2005, Greg Klimock collected an adult P. vitticeps (photographic voucher UF 152677; MorphoBank
M88632; Fig. 41) floating alive in a canal at 25340 4th Street, Summerland Key, Monroe County (24.65162oN,
-81.43658oW). On 29 July 2010, Lori Oberhofer photographed, but did not capture, a P. vitticeps (photographic
voucher UF 158991) at 485 SE 21st Lane, Homestead, Miami-Dade County (25.46588oN, -80.44665oW). This
species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This represents the first known voucher for
this species in Florida.
The Southern Saharan Spiny-tailed Lizard, Uromastyx dispar maliensis Joger and Lambert 1996, is indigenous to
northwestern Mali, on the edge of the Adrar des Iforas and southwestern Algeria (Wilms et al. 2007). On 2
November 2009, Kraig R. Hankins collected an adult (215 mm SVL) U. d. maliensis (photographic voucher UF
159616; MorphoBank M88633; Fig. 42) at SW 44th Street and SW 1st Place, Cape Coral, Lee County (26.57015oN,
-81.97702oW), which was donated to the Cape Coral Environmental Park. This species likely was released or had
escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This represents the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
CHAMAELEONIDAE
The Senegal Chameleon, Chamaeleo senegalensis (Daudin 1802a), is indigenous to a broad section of sub-Saharan
and southern-central Africa from Sudan, Ethiopia, and Zambia, west through Togo and Senegal, and south to
Angola (Martin 1992). On 5 June 2009 at 2300 h, CRG and DC collected an adult female and male C. senegalensis
(photographic vouchers UF 157301 [MorphoBank M88634; Fig. 43] and UF 157302, respectively) that were found
just outside the property of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward County
(26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). The female (UF 157301) was found sleeping on a fence, whereas the male (UF
157302) was found approximately 1.5 m away sleeping on an oak tree. This species likely was released or had
escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. These represent the first known vouchers for this species in Florida.
The Panther Chameleon, Furcifer pardalis (Cuvier 1829), is indigenous to Madagascar and Reunion, and it has
been introduced to Mauritius (Raxworthy et al. 2002; Glaw & Vences 2007; Kraus 2009). On 8 August 2008, an
adult male F. pardalis was found crossing State Road 31 south of Arcadia, De Soto County (27.12466oN,
-81.795977oW). This animal was photographed by William B. Love (photographic voucher UF 153489;
MorphoBank M88635; Fig. 44) before being donated to the Calusa Herpetological Society. This species likely was
Florida.
Meller’s Chameleon, Trioceros melleri (Gray 1865), is indigenous to Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania (Martin
1992; Spawls et al. 2002). In July 2007, an adult female T. melleri was found crossing Orange Avenue and
Washington Street in Orlando, Orange County (28.54354oN, -81.379047oW), and donated to JLS at the Central
Florida Zoo, but no voucher was deposited. On 16 July 2008, an adult male T. melleri was found crossing Orange
Avenue in Orlando, Orange County, and donated to JLS at the Central Florida Zoo before being transferred to the
FLMNH (photographic voucher UF 153465; MorphoBank M88636; Fig. 45). Although two adult (one male and
KRYSKO ET AL.
one female) T. melleri have been found in the same vicinity over a 1-year period, there is no current evidence that
these individuals represent an established (stage 3) population. This species likely was released or had escaped
(stage 2) from enclosures. This represents the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
FIGURES 45–50. 45. Meller’s Chameleon, Trioceros melleri (photographic voucher UF 153465; MorphoBank M88636), collected on 14 July 2005 in Orlando, Orange County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 46. Turner’s Thick-toed Gecko,
Chondrodactylus turneri (UF 157971; MorphoBank M88637), collected on 8 April 2010 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 47. Golden Gecko, Gekko badenii (photographic voucher UF 153894; MorphoBank
M88638), found on 5 November 2008 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Christopher R. Gillette. 48.
Marbled Gecko, Gekko grossmanni (photographic voucher UF 157282; MorphoBank M88639), collected on 10 May 2009 in
Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Christopher R. Gillette. 49. Lined Gecko, Gekko vittatus (photographic
voucher UF 157035; MorphoBank M88640), found on 17 February 2008 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph
by Christopher R. Gillette. 50. Mourning Gecko, Lepidodactylus lugubris (photographic voucher UF 151603; MorphoBank
M88641), collected on 5 April 2005 in Port Saint Lucie, St. Lucie County, Florida. Photograph by Joseph P. Burgess.
37
GEKKONIDAE
Turner’s Thick-toed Gecko, Chondrodactylus turneri (Gray 1864), is indigenous to somewhat unclearly defined
northern sections of southern Africa including northern sections of South Africa, southern and northwestern
Namibia, Botswana, northern KwaZulu-Natal, and southern portions of Mozambique and Tanzania (Branch 1998;
Alexander & Marais 2007; Aaron M. Bauer personal communication). Bartlett and Bartlett (1999) and Meshaka et
al. (2004) claimed that Chondrodactylus bibronii (Smith 1846), a closely related congener indigenous to southern
Africa (Alexander & Marais 2007), was established (stage 3) in Bradenton, Manatee County, Florida, since the
1970s, but these authors do not provide a specific locality, voucher, or any other evidence demonstrating its
introduction (stage 2) or identity. On 8 April 2010, CRG and DC collected a juvenile (60.5 mm SVL) C. turneri
(UF 157971; MorphoBank M88637; Fig. 46; identity confirmed by Aaron M. Bauer personal communication) on a
wall just outside the property of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward County
(26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This
The Golden Gecko, Gekko badenii Szczerbak and Nekrasova 1994, is indigenous to Vietnam (Darevsky & Orlov
1994; Szczerbak & Nekrasova 1994; Nguyen et al. 2010; Rösler et al. 2011). On 5 November 2008 at 1553 h, CRG
and DC found an adult G. badenii (photographic voucher UF 153894; MorphoBank M88638; Fig. 47) under the
hood of a broken-down vehicle at Stirling Road and NW 65th Avenue, Hollywood, Broward County (26.046267oN,
-80.220513oW), adjacent to the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). On 16
May 2009, CRG and DC collected a neonate G. badenii (photographic voucher UF 157034) at night at this same
site. On 16 August 2009, MRR photographed an adult G. badenii (photographic voucher UF 155689) at night at
this same site. On 16 May 2009 at 2335 h, CRG and DC collected a juvenile (59 mm SVL) G. badenii (UF 155839)
at night at this same site. On 18 November 2010 at 2105 h, CRG and Edward F. Metzger III observed two adult G.
badenii at this same site. This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure, and the
presence of adults and juveniles for nearly two years suggests reproduction (stage 3) has occurred in the area.
The Marbled Gecko, Gekko grossmanni Günther 1994, is indigenous to southern Vietnam (Günther 1994; Rösler et
al. 2011). On 17 February 2008 at 1930 h, MRR photographed an adult G. grossmanni (photographic voucher UF
152730) on a wall just outside the property of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood,
Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). On 26 October 2008, GNK and Ari Triest photographed an adult G.
grossmanni (photographic voucher UF 154193) along an outside wall near the animal importer's facility. On 10
May 2009, CRG and DC collected an adult G. grossmanni (photographic voucher UF 157282; MorphoBank
M88639; Fig. 48) at night at this same site. On 16 August 2009, MRR photographed an adult G. grossmanni
(photographic voucher UF 155688) at night at this same site. On 10 May 2009 at night, CRG and DC collected an
adult (94 mm SVL) G. grossmanni (UF 155834) at this same site. On 20 August 2010 at 2215 h, GNK, CRG, and
Stuart F. Willicombe observed an adult G. grossmanni at this same site, but it escaped capture. On 3 September
2010 at 2100 h, CRG, GNK, Edward F. Metzger III, and Jakob Pammer collected two adult (95 mm SVL, 103 mm
SVL) G. grossmanni (UF 164371 and 164372, respectively) on the wall at this same site. Although G. grossmanni
has now been found multiple times for nearly two years, there is no current evidence of reproduction (stage 3). This
species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. These represent the first known vouchers
for this species in Florida.
The Lined Gecko, Gekko vittatus (Houttuyn 1782), is indigenous to the Indo-Australian Archipelago from Java to
Oceana (Henkel & Schmidt 1995; Rösler et al. 2011). On 6 June 2009 at 2244 h, CRG and DC observed an adult G.
vittatus (photographic voucher UF 157035; MorphoBank M88640; Fig. 49) on a coconut palm tree (Cocos
nucifera) and collected an adult (photographic voucher UF 157327) just outside the property of the animal
importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). On 25 March
2010 at 2100 h, CRG and DC collected, but did not voucher, a gravid female G. vittatus at this same site. On
various other nights at this same site, CRG and DC observed additional adult G. vittatus, but these geckos escaped
capture. Although G. vittatus has now been found multiple times for more than a year, including a gravid female,
KRYSKO ET AL.
there is no current evidence of reproduction (stage 3) taking place in the wild. This species likely was released or
had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. These represent the first known vouchers for this species in Florida.
The Mourning Gecko, Lepidodactylus lugubris (Duméril & Bibron 1836), is indigenous to southeastern Asia and
many islands in the western and central Pacific Ocean, and it has established introductions in Japan, Taiwan, South
and Central America, Mexico, Australia, and some islands in the Indian and Pacific oceans, including Hawaii
(McKeown 1996; Lever 2003; Kraus 2009). It has been introduced to California and Wisconsin, USA, and New
Zealand (Kraus 2008, 2009). Lepidodactylus lugubris is a unisexual complex of diploid and triploid populations of
apparently independent origins (Moritz et al. 1993; Volobouev et al. 1993). Meshaka et al. (2004) reported this
species on buildings of pet dealerships in Lee and Miami-Dade counties but provided no specific locality or
voucher, and the Lee County (Ft. Myers) individuals were reported to have been extirpated. On 5 April 2005 at
2030 h, JPB observed one adult and collected another adult L. lugubris (photographic voucher UF 151603;
MorphoBank M88641; Fig. 50) on the exterior wall of a former reptile importer’s building on SW Biltmore Street,
0.16 km north of Sea Holly Terrace, Port Saint Lucie, St. Lucie County (27.290982oN, -80.366304oW). This gecko
was gravid at the time of collection and laid three eggs (two in the first clutch and one in a second clutch) in
captivity from which two neonates hatched successfully. In August 2005, JPB observed (but did not collect) one
juvenile and two adult L. lugubris >3.1 m high above ground in the same building complex. On 2 November 2007
at 2015 h, JPB observed another adult L. lugubris on a wall at the original introduction site above, and at 2100 h,
collected a neonate L. lugubris (UF 152416) on a building wall at SW Bayshore Boulevard and SW Sea Holly
Terrace (27.28916oN, -80.36475oW), 0.23 km south of the original introduction site. This species likely was
released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure, and the presence of numerous individuals, including a gravid
female and juveniles suggests that reproduction (stage 3) has occurred there. These represent the first known
vouchers for this species in Florida.
The Turquoise Dwarf Gecko, Lygodactylus williamsi Loveridge 1952, is endemic to the Kimboza Forest of
Tanzania (Spawls et al. 2002). On 11 December 2009 at 2030 h, CRG, DC, MRR and GNK collected an adult male
L. williamsi (photographic voucher UF 161359; MorphoBank M88642; Fig. 51) on a metal fence pole behind a
strip mall at 5450 Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward County (26.046123oN, -80.218873oW), ca. 100 m east of the
animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). This
The Dull Day Gecko, Phelsuma dubia (Boettger 1881), is indigenous to Madagascar, the Comoros, and coastal
eastern Africa (Spawls et al. 2002; Glaw & Vences 2007). On 29 August 2009 at 2200 h, DC collected an adult P.
dubia (UF 157201; MorphoBank M88643; Fig. 52) sleeping on a coconut palm just outside the property of the
animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). This
The Gold Dust Day Gecko, Phelsuma laticauda (Boettger 1880), is indigenous to northern Madagascar and several
Indian Ocean islands (Glaw & Vences 2007; Lever 2003), and it has been introduced in the Hawaiian Islands,
French Polynesia, and the Comoros (McKeown 1996; Kraus 2008, 2009). Bartlett and Bartlett (2006b) report that
P. laticauda has been introduced to Broward, Collier, Miami-Dade, Monroe (including Key Largo), and Lee
counties, but provide no specific locality or voucher. On 29 May 2003 at 1800 h, KLK and KME collected a single
neonate (17.9 mm SVL) P. laticauda (UF 137087; MorphoBank M88644; Fig. 53) at a reptile importer’s facility
(see above Litoria caerulea species account) at 36490 SW 192nd Avenue, Florida City, Miami-Dade County
(25.432283oN, -80.50195oW). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure, but it is
uncertain if this neonate escaped because of its small size or was offspring from adults that had previously been
introduced. This represents the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
Standing’s Day Gecko, Phelsuma standingi Methuen and Huwitt 1913, is indigenous to Madagascar (Henkel &
Schmidt 2000). In 1996, William B. Love (personal communication) observed, but did not collect, two neonate P.
39
FIGURES 51–56. 51. William’s Dwarf Gecko, Lygodactylus williamsi (photographic voucher UF 161359; MorphoBank
M88642), collected on 11 December 2009 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Daniel Cueva. 52. Dull Day
Gecko, Phelsuma dubia (UF 157201; MorphoBank M88643), collected on 29 August 2009 in Hollywood, Broward County,
Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 53. Gold Dust Day Gecko, Phelsuma laticauda (UF 137087; MorphoBank
M88644), collected on 29 May 2003 in Florida City, Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 54.
Standing’s Day Gecko, Phelsuma standingi (photographic voucher UF 163090; MorphoBank M88645), found on 17 April
2008 on Key Largo, Monroe, Florida. Photograph by David Strasser. 55. Smooth-backed Gliding Gecko, Ptychozoon lionotum
(UF 137764; MorphoBank M88646), collected on 22 August 2003 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by
Kenneth L. Krysko. 56. Moorish Gecko, Tarentola mauritanica (photographic voucher UF 157285; MorphoBank M88647),
collected on 7 June 2009 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Christopher R. Gillette.
standingi on the side of a house, 0.61 km southwest of State Road 80 and the Hendry County line, Alva, Lee
County (26.70404oN, -81.56775oW). These two P. standingi must have hatched from eggs deposited by an adult
female held within an outside greenhouse; after the first year, one of these P. standingi disappeared, but the other
survived outside on the house until 2006. On 17 April 2008 at 1040 h, David Strasser photographed an adult P.
standingi (photographic voucher UF 163090; MorphoBank M88645; Fig. 54) on the side of a house near Coral
Way and Gayton Place, Key Largo, Monroe County (25.07189oN, -80.46373oW). Phelsuma standingi has been
KRYSKO ET AL.
seen in this vicinity since ca. 1995 (David Strasser personal communication); although this is a long-lived species
(can live more than 20 years in captivity) there is no current evidence of reproduction. This species likely was
Florida.
The Smooth-backed Gliding Gecko, Ptychozoon lionotum Annandale 1905, is indigenous to southeastern Asia and
morphologically distinguishable from other congeners (Brown et al. 1997). On 22 August 2003, KLK and KME
were given permission to look around the property of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road,
Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). At 1430 h, we observed >20 P. lionotum scattered
around the outside of the building, mostly on walls > 3 m above ground. We collected one adult (69.3 mm SVL) P.
lionotum (UF 137764; MorphoBank M88646; Fig. 55) on an outdoor metal railing leading into the facility (also see
Enge et al. 2004 for mentioning this species as introduced without providing details). Although we have not
observed this species on subsequent visits, like many other species reported herein, P. lionotum could have
dispersed into adjacent areas. This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This
PHYLLODACTYLIDAE
The Moorish Gecko, Tarentola mauritanica (Linnaeus 1758), is indigenous to the Mediterranean and North Africa
(Schleich et al. 1996). Bartlett and Bartlett (1999, 2006b) and Meshaka et al. (2004) report T. mauritanica from
Broward, Miami-Dade, and Lee counties; however, they did not provide a specific locality nor voucher. On 7 June
2009 at 2236 h, CRG and DC collected an adult T. mauritanica (photographic voucher UF 157285; MorphoBank
M88647; Fig. 56) on a wall just outside the property of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road,
Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). On 20 May 2010 at 2000 h, DC and Ana M. Martinez
collected a neonate (5 mm SVL) T. mauritanica (UF 157795) on a wooden curb at this same site. On 2 June 2010
at 2100 h, CRG observed an adult and collected a juvenile (53 mm SVL; UF 164378) T. mauritanica on a wall at
this same site. On 20 August 2010 at 2215 h, GNK, CRG, and Stuart F. Willicombe observed an adult T.
mauritanica at this same site, but it escaped capture. This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from
enclosures, and the presence of a juvenile along with multiple adults suggests reproduction (stage 3) in the wild.
This represents the first known vouchers for this species in Florida.
TEIIDAE
The Red Tegu, Tupinambis rufescens (Günther 1871), is indigenous to somewhat xeric regions of southeastern
Brazil, Bolivia, southward to Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay (Fitzgerald et al. 1991; Ávila-Pires 1995). On 14
August 2007, Doug Jones photographed an adult T. rufescens (photographic voucher UF 151510; MorphoBank
M88648; Fig. 57) at 3 Mandershaw Lane, Punta Gorda, Charlotte County (26.99959oN, -81.89523oW). On 20
September 2007, John Galvez photographed an adult T. rufescens (photographic voucher UF 151743) on SW 232nd
Avenue, 6.8 km south of State Road 9336, Miami-Dade County (25.3365oN, -80.56572oW). This species likely was
released or had escaped (stage 2) from enclosures. These represent the first known vouchers for this species in
Florida.
The Gold Tegu, Tupinambis teguixin (Linnaeus 1758), is broadly indigenous to tropical regions of eastern and
central South America (Ávila-Pires 1995), and was intentionally introduced to the island of San Andrés, Columbia,
by the release of juveniles from a pet trade shipment in 1984 (Fitzgerald et al. 2005). In 1990, an adult (ca. 1066
mm TL) T. teguixin was found after it escaped from its enclosure in Casselberry, Seminole County (Anonymous
1990), but no voucher was taken. Meshaka et al. (2004) stated that T. teguixin was observed in Everglades National
Park (also see Butterfield et al. 1997), North Miami, and near Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade County, but they did not
provide a specific locality nor voucher. In 1995, Brian E. Worthington captured an adult T. teguixin (UF 153696)
inside a chicken coop at 3820 NW 65th Avenue, Hollywood, Broward County (26.04296oN, -80.22056oW). This
41
specimen likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from the nearby animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling
Road, Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). On 21 July 2006, Valerie Cassidy photographed
an adult T. teguixin (photographic voucher UF 149983; MorphoBank M88649; Fig. 58) in Crandon Gardens,
Crandon Park, Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade County (25.70431oN, -80.15788oW)(Krysko et al. 2010a). We did not
find this species in our ongoing surveys of this area from 1992–present (Krysko et al. 2010a), suggesting that it was
a recent release (stage 2) at this site. Tegus (Tupinambis sp.) were supposedly observed at the old Crandon Park
Zoo before it closed in 1979 (Ernie Lynk and Steve Conners personal communication); however, we suspect that
these might have been the commonly observed Ameiva ameiva (Smith & Krysko 2007; Krysko et al. 2010a). On 11
June 2008, Jennifer Eells collected an adult (355 mm SVL, 970 mm TL) male T. teguixin (UF 152989, EVER
44945) at the Everglades National Park Headquarters, Parachute Key, Miami-Dade County (25.39614oN,
-80.58433oW). On 20 August 2009, Dallas Hazelton and Tony Pernas captured an adult (301 mm SVL) male T.
teguixin (UF 155723) in a live trap baited with egg oil and marshmallow on SW 187th Avenue, 0.5 km south of SW
360th Street, Florida City, Miami-Dade County (25.42853oN, -80.49338oW). On 7 November 2007, Tatiana Staats
found an adult T. teguixin (photographic voucher UF 155487) at 8500 Midnight Pass Road, Siesta Key, Sarasota
County (27.22651oN, -82.51865oW). On 11 March 2008, Harry Phillips found an adult T. teguixin (photographic
voucher UF 152526) dead in a swimming pool at 4328 SW 7 th Avenue, Cape Coral, Lee County (26.57102oN,
-81.98876oW). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from enclosures. These represent the first
LACERTIDAE
The Japanese Grass Lizard, Takydromus tachydromoides (Schlegel 1838), is indigenous to Japan (Mathui 1985).
On 29 August 2009 at 2258 h, CRG and DC collected an adult (54.1 mm SVL) T. tachydromoides (UF 157202;
MorphoBank M88650; Fig. 59) in an open grassy field just outside the property of the animal importer's facility at
6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). On 5 December 2009, CRG and DC
collected, but did not voucher, another adult T. tachydromoides at this same site. This species likely was released or
had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This represents the first known voucher for this family and species in
Florida.
SCINCIDAE
The Ocellated Skink, Chalcides ocellatus (Forskål 1775), is indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean,
and Middle East (Schleich et al. 1996), and it has been introduced to France and Great Britain, and established in
Italy (Kraus 2009). In 1999, John Decker collected a juvenile C. ocellatus (photographic voucher UF 135284) in
Miramar, Broward County (25.987306oN, -80.232268oW). We are uncertain of the introduction pathway of this
species there, but for years Glades Herp Farm, Inc. has purchased wild collected C. ocellatus from Miramar for
resale in the pet trade (Rob Roy MacInnes personal communication), suggesting that it is or was established (stage
3) there. However, we do not have any evidence of establishment at this time. Between August and September
2004, Jay P. Marino, Jr., collected >4 adult C. ocellatus (three vouchers deposited UF 142588–90, 97.9 mm, 102.3
mm, and 83.4 mm SVL, respectively) in a grassy yard with anthropogenic debris at 7335 Gulf Highlands Drive,
New Port Richey, Pasco County (28.326616oN, -82.692759oW). On 22 November 2004 at 1310 h, KLK and KME
visited this site and collected a juvenile (67.7 mm SVL) C. ocellatus (UF 142587; MorphoBank M88651; Fig. 60)
under a rock on sandy soil alongside a neighbor’s house. We were unable to determine the source of these animals,
but the presence of numerous adults and juveniles suggests that reproduction has occurred (stage 3) in this
neighborhood, which consists of many similar houses with small yards. The adjacent neighbor had also observed
this semi-fossorial species in his yard (Anonymous personal communication). This species likely was released or
Cunningham’s Skink, Egernia cunninghami (Gray 1832), is indigenous to southeastern Australia (Cogger 2000),
and it has been unsuccessfully introduced to New Zealand (Kraus 2009). On 10 October 2008, Kurt W. Larson
KRYSKO ET AL.
collected an E. cunninghami (92 mm SVL, 163 mm TL; photographic voucher UF 153760; MorphoBank M88652;
Fig. 61) in the kitchen of a residence at 2649 Andros Lane, Kissimmee, Osceola County. This species likely was
Florida.
FIGURES 57–62. 57. Red Tegu, Tupinambis rufescens (photographic voucher UF 151510; MorphoBank M88648), found on
14 August 2007 in Punta Gorda, Charlotte County, Florida. Photograph by Doug Jones. 58. Gold Tegu, Tupinambis teguixin
(photographic voucher UF 149983; MorphoBank M88649), found on 21 July 2006 on Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade County,
Florida. Photograph by Valerie Cassidy. 59. Japanese Grass Lizard, Takydromus tachydromoides (UF 157202; MorphoBank
M88650), collected on 29 August 2009 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Christopher R. Gillette. 60.
Ocellated Skink, Chalcides ocellatus (UF 142587; MorphoBank M88651), collected on 22 November 2004 in New Port
Richey, Pasco County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 61. Cunningham’s Skink, Egernia cunninghami (photographic voucher UF 153760; MorphoBank M88652), collected on 10 October 2008 in Kissimmee, Osceola County, Florida.
Photograph by Kurt W. Larson. 62. Fire Skink, Lepidothyris fernandi (photographic voucher UF 153513; MorphoBank
M88653), collected on 13 June 2008 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Michael R. Rochford.
43
FIGURES 63–68. 63. Eastern Bluetongue Skink, Tiliqua scincoides (photographic voucher UF 152392; MorphoBank
M88654), collected on 15 November 2007 in Cape Coral, Lee County, Florida. Photograph by Kraig R. Hankins. 64.
Gorongosa Girdled Lizard, Cordylus mossambicus (photographic voucher UF 153698; MorphoBank M88655), found in September 2006 on Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph by Joseph P. Burgess. 65. East African Whitethroated Monitor, Varanus albigularis microstictus (photographic voucher UF 153409; MorphoBank M88656), collected on 11
July 2008 on Summerland Key, Monroe County, Florida. Photograph by Phillip Hughes. 66. Pacific Mangrove Monitor,
Varanus indicus (photographic voucher UF 160345; MorphoBank M88657), collected on 14 September 2010 in Vero Beach,
Indian River County, Florida. Photograph by Bruce Dangerfield. 67. Peach-throated Monitor, Varanus jobiensis (photographic
voucher UF 154404; MorphoBank M88658), collected in October 2008 in Lakeland, Polk County, Florida. Photograph by
Kevin M. Enge. 68. Crocodile Monitor, Varanus salvadorii (photographic voucher UF 159511; MorphoBank M88659), collected on 16 September 2009 in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph by Dustin C. Smith.
The Fire Skink, Lepidothyris fernandi (Burton 1836), is indigenous to a widespread region of sub-Saharan Africa,
from Guinea and Liberia, east to Kenya and Uganda, and as far south as Angola (Spawls et al. 2002). On 13 June
2008 at 2330 h, MRR et al. collected an adult L. fernandi (photographic voucher UF 153513; MorphoBank
M88653; Fig. 62) in grass along a wall just outside the property of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling
Road, Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). This species likely was released or had escaped
(stage 2) from an enclosure. This represents the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
KRYSKO ET AL.
The Eastern Bluetongue Skink, Tiliqua scincoides (White 1790), is indigenous to a widespread region of northern,
eastern and southeastern Australia, and portions of New Guinea, including urban and suburban habitat (Cogger
2000; Koenig et al. 2001), and it has been introduced to New Zealand (Kraus 2009). Gibbons et al. (2009)
hypothesized that T. scincoides could be introduced to Florida through the pet trade. On 15 November 2007, Robert
Mondgock collected an adult T. scincoides (photographic voucher UF 152392; MorphoBank M88654; Fig. 63) at
623 SW 28th Terrace, Cape Coral, Lee County (26.599023oN, -81.987423oW). This species likely was released or
had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This represents the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
CORDYLIDAE
The Gorongosa Girdled Lizard, Cordylus mossambicus FitzSimons 1958, is indigenous to the Gorongosa
Mountains of Mozambique and a limited region of the Chimanimani Mountains in Zimbabwe (Branch 1998). In
September 2006, JPB photographed a C. mossambicus (photographic voucher UF 153698; MorphoBank M88655;
Fig. 64) in Crandon Gardens, Crandon Park, Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade County (25.704317oN, -80.157883oW)
(Krysko et al. 2010a). Donald Broadley tentatively identified this species as the Cape Crag lizard, Pseudocordylus
microlepidotus (Cuvier 1829) (see Krysko et al. 2010a), a species not legally imported and native to the Republic
of South Africa (Alexander & Marais 2007). However, we now recognize this as C. mossambicus after further
consideration because it is a commonly imported species and was re-identified by Philipp Wagner. This further
demonstrates the superiority of voucher specimens over photographs. We did not find this species at any other
times during our ongoing surveys of Crandon Park from 1992–present (Krysko et al. 2010a), suggesting it is a
recent introduction. This species likely was released (stage 2). This represents the first known voucher for this
family and species in Florida.
VARANIDAE
The East African White-throated Monitor, Varanus albigularis microstictus Boettger 1893, is indigenous to a broad
region of eastern Africa (Phillips 2004). On 30 November 2007, Guy Gilbert photographed a V. a. microstictus
(photographic voucher UF 152520) at a nursery on SW 168th Street, between State Road 997 and L-31 Canal,
Miami, Miami-Dade County (25.60876oN, -80.495011oW). On 11 July 2008, Reif Smith and Phillip Hughes found
a V. a. microstictus resting on a wooden porch attached to an abandoned house on Ocean Drive, 0.45 km south of
Overseas Hwy, Summerland Key, Monroe County (24.65709722oN, -81.43875277oW). This adult (685 mm SVL)
specimen was captured, euthanized, photographed (photographic voucher UF 153409; MorphoBank M88656; Fig.
65), and discarded. During dissection, this specimen was found to be gravid with at least 24 oviducal eggs. This
species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from enclosures. These represent the first known vouchers for
The Pacific Mangrove Monitor, Varanus indicus (Daudin 1802c), is indigenous to sections of northern Australia
and New Guinea, and numerous surrounding Pacific islands from the Marshall Islands westward to the Moluccas
and Timor, as far north as the Japanese Bonin Islands (Dryden & Ziegler 2004). Kraus (2009) lists populations in
the Marshall Islands, and portions of Micronesia and the Marianas as successful non-indigenous introductions. On
14 September 2010, Bruce Dangerfield collected an adult (107 cm TL) V. indicus (photographic voucher UF
160345; MorphoBank M88657; Fig. 66) in a tree at the Dogs For Life Dog Park, 1230 16 Avenue, Vero Beach,
Indian River County (27.62445oN, -80.40104oW). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an
enclosure. This is the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
The Peach-throated Monitor, Varanus jobiensis Ahl 1932, is indigenous to New Guinea and its offshore islands
(Philipp et al. 2004). In October 2008, James Mendenhall collected a V. jobiensis (photographic voucher UF
154404; MorphoBank M88658; Fig. 67) in a tree at the Cypress Lakes Golf Course, Lakeland, Polk County
(28.176oN, -82.0043oW). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This is the
first known voucher for this species in Florida.
45
The Crocodile Monitor, Varanus salvadorii (Peters & Doria 1878 in Peters et al. 1878), is indigenous to the island
of New Guinea (Horn 2004). On 16 September 2009, an adult (2.43 kg, 565 mm SVL, 1760 mm TL) male V. salvadorii (photographic voucher UF 159511; MorphoBank M88659; Fig. 68) was collected at the American Airlines
Cargo warehouse building 714, Miami International Airport, Miami, Miami-Dade County (25.79021oN,
-80.29582oW), and subsequently donated to Zoo Miami. This species likely had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This is the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
The Water Monitor, Varanus salvator (Laurenti 1768), is indigenous throughout most of southeastern Asia,
including Malaysia, Indonesia and its surrounding islands, eastern India, Sri Lanka, the Nicobar Islands, the
Philippines, and southernmost China, and it adapts well to urban and agricultural habitats (Gaulke & Horn 2004;
Horn & Gaulke 2004). It has been introduced to California, USA, and Taiwan (Lemm 2006; Kraus 2009). Varanus
salvator has been reported from Miami (Beltz 1992) and the Homestead area, Miami-Dade County (Belleville
1994; Frank & McCoy 1995), and DeLand, Volusia County (Anonymous 1999), but no known voucher exists. On
14 June 1978, Roscoe Croley collected a DOR V. salvator (UF 65461; MorphoBank M88660; Fig. 69) at 7920 NW
71st Street, Gainesville, Alachua County (29.72085oN, -82.41804oW). On 29 May 2007, Anthony Flanagan
photographed a V. salvator (photographic voucher UF 153959) along a canal at State Road 817 and Taft Street,
Hollywood, Broward County (26.0236oN, -80.24869oW). On 29 October 2009, Dennis Volin photographed a V.
salvator (photographic voucher UF 156969) at a retention pond on the Florida Turnpike at the Lake Worth Service
Plaza, Lake Worth, Palm Beach County (26.63689oN, -80.17516oW). Additionally, a V. salvator was observed on
Key Biscayne, Miami-Dade County, up until 1998, but has since disappeared (Ron St. Pierre personal
communication; Krysko et al. 2010a) and no voucher exists. This species likely was released or had escaped (stage
2) from enclosures. These represent the first known vouchers for this species in Florida.
ACROCHORDIDAE
The Javan File Snake, Acrochordus javanicus Hornstedt 1787, is indigenous to coastal areas from Thailand,
Vietnam, Cambodia, and through Malaysia and the Greater Sunda Islands of Indonesia (Lillywhite & Ellis 1994;
McDiarmid et al. 1999), although Trutnau (1986) claimed it occurs as far west as India. Loope et al. (2001:292)
first mentioned A. javanicus in southern Florida (citing Paul E. Moler [FWC] personal communication), and this
locality was erroneously referred to as University Lakes Trailer Park, Miami, Miami-Dade County, by Bartlett and
Bartlett (2003) and Meshaka et al. (2004) based on intentional misinformation to these authors regarding the actual
introduction site (JAW personal observation). In the early 1970s, an exotic animal importer, Bill Chase, released
several adult A. javanicus into a former rock-mining pit in the center of Jones Trailer Park, on State Road 997, 1.2
km southwest of U.S. 27, Miami-Dade County (25.94137oN, -80.43777oW). Since then, on numerous occasions
JAW has observed or captured A. javanicus in the rock pit both during the day and at night. In June or July of 1979
or 1980, JAW and Tamir Ellis captured five A. javanicus by hand in the rock pit: one ca. 120 mm TL, two ca. 900
mm TL, and two ca. 300 mm TL. One of these A. javanicus was maintained in a laboratory at the University of
Florida and later given to FWC as a voucher, but this specimen had gone missing (Tamir Ellis personal
communication). Circa 1990, at least two adult A. javanicus were caught on fishing gear using live fish as bait; one
of these A. javanicus was caught by Bill Vath (personal communication) and subsequently observed by many
people, including JAW and two FWC wildlife officers (David Roudebush personal communication), but the
photograph could not be located. In 1998, an adult (ca. 2100 mm TL) A. javanicus was observed floating dead in
the rock pit. Since then, at least two other A. javanicus have been observed alive, one in 2002 and one 2010, but no
vouchers for this population have been deposited in a collection. During cold weather in December 2002, an
unidentified person claimed to have collected five juvenile A. javanicus that were cold-stunned and floating in
shallow water in the Tamiami Canal just west of Krome Avenue, Miami-Dade County (estimated at 25.76121oN,
-80.49684oW) (R.D. Bartlett personal communication); however, this introduction is not credible and could not be
verified. Nonetheless, three of these purported A. javanicus died within a couple of weeks; two of these were
deposited as vouchers: UF 151593 (31.5 cm SVL; 38.4 cm TL) and UF 151594 (58.5 cm SVL; 71.2 cm TL). On 6
June 2011 at 2200 h, DC collected a juvenile (ca. 320 mm SVL) A. javanicus (photographic voucher UF 164361;
MorphoBank M88677; Fig. 70) laying on a metal rod ca. 150 mm above the same puddle of water (see
KRYSKO ET AL.
Hypselotriton orientalis account above) just outside the property of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling
Road, Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). Although this date is outside of the cutoff (2010)
of this paper, we believe it is crucial and included herein because this is the first verifiable voucher specimen
known from Florida. Additionally, in ca. May 2011, a neighborhood resident collected three other juvenile A.
javanicus in this same puddle of water (DC personal observation). This species has now been found multiple times
for nearly 40 years at Jones Trailer Park, and the presence of adults and juveniles suggests reproduction and
establishment (stage 3) of this species there. This represents the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
FIGURES 69–74. 69. Water Monitor, Varanus salvator (UF 65461; MorphoBank M88660), collected on 14 June 1978 in
Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 70. Javan File Snake, Acrochordus javanicus (UF
164361; MorphoBank M88677), collected on 6 June 2011 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Daniel
Cueva. 71. Argentine Boa, Boa constrictor occidentalis (UF 157190; MorphoBank M88661), collected on 7 December 2009 in
Jensen Beach, St. Lucie County, Florida. Photograph by Ronald C. Rozar. 72. Rainbow Boa, Epicrates cenchria (UF 123128;
MorphoBank M88662), collected in 1997 in Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 73.
Green Anaconda, Eunectes murinus (UF 143935; MorphoBank M88663), collected on 8 December 2004 in Fakahatchee
Strand Preserve State Park, Collier County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 74. Yellow Anaconda, Eunectes
notaeus (UF 152688; MorphoBank M88664), collected on 30 January 2007 in Sweetwater Slough, Big Cypress National Preserve, Monroe County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko.
47
BOIDAE
The Argentine Boa Constrictor, Boa constrictor occidentalis Philippi 1873, is indigenous to Argentina, Paraguay,
and southern Bolivia (McDiarmid et al. 1999; Savage 2002). On 7 December 2009, Christopher A. Vandello
collected an adult (2480 mm SVL, 2696 mm TL, 9.83 kg) female B. c. occidentalis (UF 157190; MorphoBank
M88661; Fig. 71) along rail road tracks, 0.43 km north of SE Walton Road, adjacent to Savannas Preserve State
Park, Jensen Beach, St. Lucie County (27.30222oN, -80.25858oW). During necropsy, R.N. Reed (personal
communication) observed corpora lutea and thickened oviducts, suggesting that this individual had reproduced
recently, either in the wild or captivity. This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure.
This represents the first known voucher for this subspecies in Florida.
The Rainbow Boa, Epicrates cenchria (Linnaeus 1758), is indigenous to a widespread region of the Amazon Basin
of South America, with a disjunct population in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil (Passos & Fernandes 2009), and it has
been introduced to non-indigenous regions of Brazil and Chile (Eterovic & Duarte 2002; Kraus 2009). During the
summer of 1997, KLK collected an adult (1045 mm SVL) E. cenchria (UF 123128; MorphoBank M88662; Fig.
72) at 2000 SW 16th Street, Gainesville, Alachua County (29.63401oN, -82.34339oW), which was kept in captivity
by Matt Burgess until it died ca. two months later. On 2 April 2008, Brian Bahder collected a juvenile (ca. 450 mm
TL) E. cenchria just outside the property of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood,
Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). On 12 July 2008, Marlyn Stone killed and photographed an adult
(1370 mm TL) E. cenchria (photographic voucher UF 153464) after it was found coiled around a 10 month old
domestic kitten at 7166 County Road 647, Bushnell, Sumter County (28.65193oN, -82.25576oW). This species
likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from enclosures. These represent the first known vouchers for this
species in Florida.
The Green Anaconda, Eunectes murinus (Linnaeus 1758), is widely distributed in South America, including most
tropical, lowland habitats east of the Andes mountain range (Rivas et al. 2007). On 8 December 2004, Lisa
Andrews collected a juvenile (2110 mm SVL, 2420 mm TL) male E. murinus (UF 143935; MorphoBank M88663;
Fig. 73) DOR on US Highway 41, 14.48 km west of State Road 29, Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park,
Collier County (25.93532oN, -81.45312oW). On 13 January 2010, the Osceola County Sheriff’s Office collected an
adult (3650 mm TL) E. murinus (photographic vouchers UF 157189) at East Lake Fish Camp, 3705 Big Bass
Road, Kissimmee, Osceola County (28.32844oN, -81.29282oW). This snake sought refuge inside a culvert leading
to a pond, and it was believed to be the perpetrator in the disappearance of many non-indigenous Muscovy Ducks
(Cairina moschata) in the area. Anecdotes exist for more E. murinus sighted in the Everglades region, but these are
not supported by vouchers (see Reed & Rodda 2009). As with E. notaeus below, we are concerned that the
Fakahatchee Strand individual might represent the first sign of an established, cryptic, aquatic species, especially in
the remote and vast Everglades. This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from enclosures. These
The Yellow Anaconda, Eunectes notaeus Cope 1862c, is indigenous to Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern
Argentina (McDiarmid et al. 1999; Waller et al. 2007). On 30 January 2007, a Florida Division of Forestry
employee collected an adult male (2060 mm SVL, 5.06 kg mass) E. notaeus (BICY 530, UF 152688; MorphoBank
M88664; Fig. 74) basking on the road shoulder on State Road 94, 8.05 km south of US Highway 41, Sweetwater
Slough, Big Cypress National Preserve, Monroe County (25.78849oN, -81.09992oW). On 23 January 2008,
Michael W. Swann photographed an E. notaeus (photographic voucher UF 151160) basking on a canal bank on
State Road 29, 0.55 km north of I-75, Big Cypress National Preserve, Collier County (26.15999oN, -81.34499oW).
There are anecdotes of other E. notaeus being collected close to the Palm Beach County line and sold to a pet
dealer/breeder, but no voucher exists (see Snow [personal communication] in Reed and Rodda 2009). As with E.
murinus above, we are concerned that these Big Cypress individuals might represent the first signs of an
established, cryptic, aquatic species, especially in the remote and vast Everglades. This species likely was released
or had escaped (stage 2) from enclosures. These represent the first known vouchers for this species in Florida.
KRYSKO ET AL.
FIGURES 75–80. 75. Egyptian Sand Boa, Gongylophis colubrinus (photographic voucher UF 151512; MorphoBank
M88665), collected on 14 August 2007 on Big Pine Key, Monroe County, Florida. Photograph by Midge Jolly. 76. West African Sand Boa, Gongylophis muelleri (photographic voucher UF 155335; MorphoBank M88666), collected on 23 February
2009 on Big Pine Key, Monroe County, Florida. Anonymous photographer. 77. Reticulated Python, Broghammerus reticulatus
(UF 159335; MorphoBank M88667), collected on 18 August 2010 in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph by
Dustin C. Smith. 78. Parker’s Python, Leiopython fredparkeri (UF 159916; MorphoBank M88668), collected on 20 December
2006 in Islamorada, Monroe County, Florida. Photograph by Skip Snow. 79. Carpet Python, Morelia spilota (UF 159553; MorphoBank M88669), collected on 24 July 2010 in Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph by Ryan L. Lynch. 80. Ball
Python, Python regius (photographic voucher UF 152572; MorphoBank M88670), collected on 19 January 2008 in Davie, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Michael R. Rochford.
The Egyptian Sand Boa, Gongylophis colubrinus (Linnaeus 1758), is indigenous to xeric regions of sub-Saharan
central and eastern Africa (McDiarmid et al. 1999; Spawls et al. 2002). On 14 August 2007, Midge Jolly collected
a G. colubrinus (photographic voucher UF 151512; MorphoBank M88665; Fig. 75) from inside a washing machine
at a private residence on the western end of Watson Boulevard, Big Pine Key, Monroe County (24.69077oN,
known voucher for this species in Florida.
49
The West African Sand Boa, Gongylophis muelleri Boulenger 1892, is indigenous to Saharan and sub-Saharan
Africa, from Sierra Leon, Mauritania and Senegal, eastward through Chad and western Sudan (McDiarmid et al.
1999). On 23 February 2009, an unknown resident found an adult (560 mm TL) female G. muelleri (photographic
voucher UF 155335; MorphoBank M88666; Fig. 76) that was killed by a domestic cat on Poinciana Road, 0.04 km
west of Avenue B, Big Pine Key, Monroe County (24.68746oN, -81.35849oW). This species likely was released or
PYTHONIDAE
The Reticulated Python, Broghammerus reticulatus (Schneider 1801), is widely distributed in a broad region
throughout tropical southeastern Asia (Pope 1961; Shine et al. 1999; Reed & Rodda 2009), and it has been
introduced to California, Colorado, Massachusetts, and Hawaii, USA, and Germany, and the Canary Islands (Kraus
2009). Meshaka et al. (2004) reported that B. reticulatus has been sighted several times in mangrove forests just
north of Flamingo, Everglades National Park, Monroe County, but did not provide a voucher. On 18 August 1989,
JAW, Todd Hardwick, Tom McClellan and Felix Valde collected an adult (6100 mm TL) female B. reticulatus
(photographic voucher UF 163091) under a house on NE 19th Street, Fort Lauderdale, Broward County
(26.15308oN, -80.103578oW), which received widespread publicity in the media and popular books (see Neil &
Dampier 1989; Carmichael & Williams 1991). On 14 May 2007, Steven Bierman found a B. reticulatus
(photographic voucher UF 151206) dead in a swimming pool filter at 5055 Gulf of Mexico Drive, Longboat Key,
Manatee County (27.405556oN, -82.652375oW). On 22 September 2009, John Rivard collected an adult (3050 mm
TL) B. reticulatus (photographic voucher UF 155856) at 150 Highland Avenue SE, Largo Central Park Nature
Preserve, Pinellas County (27.91216oN, -82.77243oW). On 18 August 2010 at 930 h, Dallas Hazelton et al.
collected an adult (5296 mm SVL, 5540 mm TL, 59.4 kg) female B. reticulatus (UF 159335; MorphoBank
M88667; Fig. 77) in one of the few remaining undeveloped tracts of pine rockland habitat, 0.45 km northeast of
SW 176th Street and 137th Avenue, Miami, Miami-Dade County (25.607502oN, -80.410902oW). This B. reticulatus
was donated to Zoo Miami. This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from enclosures. These
Parker’s Python, Leiopython fredparkeri Schleip 2008, is indigenous to central Papua New Guinea (Schleip 2008).
On 20 December 2006, David Roudebush was given an adult (1610 mm SVL, 1588 g) male L. fredparkeri (UF
159916; MorphoBank M88668; Fig. 78) collected DOR at the entrance of Founders Park Watersports, 87000
Overseas Highway, Islamorada, Monroe County (24.96024oN, -80.56841oW). This species likely was released or
The Carpet Python, Morelia spilota (Lacépède 1804), is indigenous to much of continental Australia, except
southern Victoria and arid central and western regions (Shine & Fitzgerald 1996; Cogger 2000). On 30 December
2009, Amanda Burke found an adult (1830 mm SVL) M. spilota (photographic voucher UF 157128) DOR at 91
Place North, 0.5 km west of Banyan Boulevard, Loxahatchee, Palm Beach County (26.81206oN, -80.30834oW).
On 24 July 2010, Skip Snow recovered an adult (1372 mm SVL, 1584 mm TL) M. spilota (UF 159553;
MorphoBank M88669; Fig. 79) from inside a residential clothes dryer vent 11360 SW 60th Avenue, Miami, MiamiDade County (25.66571oN, -80.29053oW). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from
enclosures. These are the first vouchers for this species in Florida.
The Ball Python, Python regius (Shaw 1802), is indigenous to much of central and western-central Africa (Barker
& Barker 2006), and it has been introduced to California, Colorado, and Hawaii, USA, the Canary Islands, St.
Maarten, Brazil, and Germany (Eterovic & Duarte 2002; Lemm 2006; Kraus 2009). Beltz (1995) first reported the
introduction of P. regius in Florida from Mount Dora, Lake County, and Bartlett and Bartlett (2003, 2006c) listed
this species from Santa Rosa, Leon, Duval, Alachua, Pinellas, Orange, Glades, Brevard, Lee, Collier and MiamiDade counties, but these authors did not provide specific localities and/or vouchers. On 17 July 2009 at 0430 h,
Donna Durham found an adult (ca. 1220 mm TL) P. regius (photographic voucher UF 155527) on the floor inside a
house at 2204 Clover Ridge Court, Eagle Lake, Polk County (27.98309oN, -81.74835oW). On 24 May 2010, Binion
KRYSKO ET AL.
Waters collected an adult (1097 mm SVL, 1177 mm TL) P. regius (UF 159625) DOR on SE 27th Street, 0.09 km
south of State Road 20, Gainesville, Alachua County (29.6418oN, -82.2892oW). On 6 June 2010, Shaye Winter
collected a gravid adult (1097 mm SVL, 1177 mm TL; six oviducal eggs) P. regius (UF 157835) DOR on Harbor
Shores Road, 0.12 km north of Lake Bradley Drive, Grand Island, Lake County (28.86599oN, -81.75308oW). On 7
January 2008, Jean-Paul Metz collected an adult (755 mm SVL, 810 mm TL) female P. regius (photographic
voucher UF 152563) at 120 Madeira Road, Islamorada, Monroe County (24.922402oN, -80.632082oW). On 1
October 2009, Joy Doumis collected an adult (1167 mm SVL, 106 mm tail length) male P. regius (UF 158959) at
63 Sombrero Beach Road, Marathon, Vaca Key, Monroe County (24.69296oN, -81.08107oW). On 24 July 2010,
Donna Allen collected a P. regius (photographic voucher UF 158775) DOR on NE Boca Bay Colony Drive, Palm
Beach County (26.41523oN, -80.07282oW). On 11 January 2008, Daniel Walsh photographed an adult (92.5 cm
TL) P. regius (photographic voucher UF 152562) that was killed by a fisherman at the water-control structure G123, US Highway 27, 0.5 km north of I-75, Broward County (26.149825oN, -80.44218611oW). On 19 January 2008
at 1627 h, MRR collected an adult P. regius (photographic voucher UF 152572; MorphoBank M88670; Fig. 80)
under plastic sheeting on College Avenue, along a canal between the Broward Fire Academy and the University of
Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, Broward County (26.086176oN, -80.24082oW).
On 2 April 2008, Brian Bahder, Nigel Watson and Nathan H. Nazdrowicz found five P. regius, at least one of which
was collected but not vouchered, at night just outside the property of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling
Road, Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). On 3 April 2008, these three people returned to
this same site and collected, but did not voucher, two additional P. regius. On 8 April 2008 at 1030 h, MRR and
Brian Bahder returned to this same site and collected, but did not voucher, four P. regius. On 8 April 2009, MRR
returned to this same site and collected an adult P. regius (photographic voucher UF 152809). On 11 December
2009 at 2030 h, CRG, DC, MRR and GNK visited this same site and collected, but did not voucher, two adult P.
regius. On 5 November 2010 at 1818 h, MRR visited this same site and found three P. regius; two were dead
(photographic vouchers UF 163087–88) and one collected alive (UF 163089; male, 610 mm SVL, 660 mm TL).
All of these snakes were found just outside the property of the facility in the grass, hanging from wall vents, or
inside PVC pipes. Although there is currently no evidence of reproduction (stage 3), we believe that there should
be a concern given the propagule pressure (i.e., number of snakes being found in the wild), and especially those
coming from a single invasion pathway and locality. This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from
enclosures. These represent the first known vouchers for this species in Florida.
COLUBRIDAE
The Gray Banded Kingsnake, Lampropeltis alterna (Brown 1901), is indigenous to an extremely limited region of
southeastern New Mexico, southwestern Texas, and southward into Mexico including the states of Coahuila,
eastern Chihuahua, western Nuevo León, Zacatecas, and eastern Durango (Ernst & Ernst 2003). This species has
been introduced to Hawaii and Florida (Kraus 2009); however, no known voucher exists for Florida. On 25 May
2010, an adult (390 mm SVL) female L. alterna (photographic voucher UF 158776; MorphoBank M88671; Fig.
81) was found in a parking lot at 851 North Maitland Avenue, Maitland, Orange County (28.63561oN,
-81.36607oW). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This represents the
first known voucher for this species in Florida.
The California Kingsnake, Lampropeltis californiae (Blainville 1835), is indigenous to western and southwestern
North America, from southern Oregon to Baja California, and eastward to Utah, Arizona, and southwestern
Colorado (Stebbins 2003; Krysko & Judd 2006; Pyron & Burbrink 2009), and it has been introduced to Brazil
(Eterovic & Duarte 2002), Grand Canary (Pether & Mateo 2007), and possibly (i.e., we could not determine
because of the recent taxonomic split from L. getula) Great Britain, and California, Hawaii, Massachusetts and
Virginia (Kraus 2009). Bartlett and Bartlett (2003, 2006c) claimed that this species has been found in Leon, Duval,
Alachua, Hillsborough, Pinellas, Lee, Collier, Monroe, Hendry, Broward and Miami-Dade counties, but provided
no specific locality nor voucher. In September 1992, KLK collected an adult L. californiae after Hurricane Andrew
in Homestead, Miami-Dade County, but no voucher was deposited. In 2002, Lindsay Pike collected a juvenile
51
(670 mm SVL) L. californiae (UF 135053; MorphoBank M88672; Fig. 82) DOR on County Road 672,
Hillsborough County (27.7926oN, -82.3798oW). On 4 January 2010, Ari Triest collected an adult (ca. 914 mm TL)
L. californiae (photographic voucher UF 157279) at 10015 Park Boulevard, Lake Seminole Park, 0.06 km
northwest of the park entrance, Seminole, Pinellas County (27.83997oN, -82.77453oW). On 20 June 2010 at 1145 h,
Michael Bozich collected an adult L. californiae (photographic voucher UF 157945) at 16730 79th Court North,
Loxahatchee, Palm Beach County (26.79295oN, -80.30677oW). This species likely was released or had escaped
(stage 2) from enclosures. These represent the first known vouchers for this species in Florida.
FIGURES 81–86. 81. Gray Banded Kingsnake, Lampropeltis alterna (photographic voucher UF 158776; MorphoBank
M88671), collected on 25 May 2010 in Maitland, Orange County, Florida. Photograph by Jennifer L. Stabile. 82. California
Kingsnake, Lampropeltis californiae (UF 135053; MorphoBank M88672), collected in 2002 in Hillsborough County, Florida.
Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 83. Honduran Milksnake, Lampropeltis triangulum hondurensis (UF 157203; MorphoBank
M88673), collected on 10 February 2009 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Daniel Cueva. 84. Sinaloan
Milksnake, Lampropeltis triangulum sinaloae (UF 155625; MorphoBank M88674), collected on 10 February 2009 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L. Krysko. 85. Texas Ratsnake, Pantherophis obsoletus (UF 155624;
MorphoBank M88675), collected on 2 March 2009 in Hollywood, Broward County, Florida. Photograph by Kenneth L.
Krysko. 86. Louisiana Pinesnake, Pituophis ruthveni (UF 157954; MorphoBank M88676), collected on 16 May 2010 in
Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida. Photograph by Dustin C. Smith.
KRYSKO ET AL.
The Honduran Milksnake, Lampropeltis triangulum hondurensis Williams 1978, is indigenous to the Caribbean
versant of Honduras south to Costa Rica (Williams 1988). Various L. triangulum subspecies have been introduced
to California, Indiana and Massachusetts, USA, and Brazil (Eterovic & Duarte 2002; Kraus 2009). On 10 February
2009 at 2300 h, CRG and DC collected a neonate hypomelanistic L. t. hondurensis (556 mm SVL, 633 mm TL; UF
157203; MorphoBank M88673; Fig. 83) on a stump of Brazilian Pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) just outside the
property of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.219
76oW). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This represents the first known
voucher for this species in Florida.
The Sinaloan Milksnake, Lampropeltis triangulum sinaloae Williams 1978, is indigenous to Mexico from
southwestern Sonora, southwest through Sinaloa to near the southern border of Nayarit, and into southwestern
Chihuahua (Williams 1988). On 10 February 2009 at 2100 h, CRG and DC collected a juvenile (325 mm SVL) L. t.
sinaloae (UF 155625; MorphoBank M88674; Fig. 84) just outside the property of the animal importer's facility at
6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward County (26.04591oN, -80.21976oW). This live L. t. sinaloae was located
and captured after observing a feral cat (Felis domesticus) trying to consume it. This species likely was released or
The Texas Ratsnake, Pantherophis obsoletus (Say 1823), is indigenous to North America from Texas and
Louisiana, north to Minnesota (Burbrink 2001). Various P. obsoletus subspecies (sensu lato) have been introduced
to Massachusetts, Maryland and North Carolina, USA, the Bahamas, Brazil, and Great Britain (Eterovic & Duarte
2002; Kraus 2009). On 2 March 2009 at 2300 h, CRG and DC collected a juvenile (280 mm SVL) amelanistic P.
obsoletus (UF 155624; MorphoBank M88675; Fig. 85) coiled approximately 0.3 m above ground on a chain-link
fence just outside the property of the animal importer's facility at 6450 Stirling Road, Hollywood, Broward County
(26.04591°N, -80.21976°W). This species likely was released or had escaped (stage 2) from an enclosure. This
The Louisiana Pinesnake, Pituophis ruthveni Stull 1929, is indigenous to a small region of western Louisiana and
adjacent eastern Texas (Rodríquez-Robles & De Jesús-Escobar 2000; Ernst & Ernst 2003). On 16 May 2010 at
1645 h, an adult (1302 mm SVL, 1486 mm TL) gravid female P. ruthveni (UF 157954; MorphoBank M88676; Fig.
86) was collected near exhibits at Zoo Miami, Miami, Miami-Dade County (25.60395oN, -80.4006oW). On 22 June
2010, this female oviposited three eggs; one egg went full-term and was opened on 14 September 2010 to reveal a
dead, fully-developed embryo (UF 164295). On 25 December 2010 at 1215 h, another adult (male, 1425 mm SVL,
1635 mm TL) P. ruthveni (UF 163092) was collected by Oscar Rodriguez in an undeveloped area at Zoo Miami
(25.60304oN, -80.40295oW), 0.26 km southwest of the first P. ruthveni. This species likely was released (stage 2)
by a zoo visitor. This represents the first known voucher for this species in Florida.
Acknowledgments
We truly thank Ray and Mike Van Nostrand (Strictly Reptiles) for allowing us to survey their property; Javier
Borrero (Aycock Veterinary Clinic) for permission to collect specimens on their property adjacent to Strictly
Reptiles. For field work, vouchers, identification verifications and specific species information we thank Mark M.
Lucas (Pachytriton labiatus), Keiley Huerff, Ethan R. Nielsen, Jakob Pammer, and Ari Triest (Bombina orientalis),
Michael Cravens and Nathan H. Nazdrowicz (Kaloula pulchra), David Begley (Duttaphrynus melanostictus),
Arne Schiøtz and Johan Marais (Afrixalus fornasini), Ana M. Martinez (Litoria caerulea), J. Frankel, Rick Stokes,
and M. Thurmond (Pseudacris sierra), Jake Edwards, Suzanne Hurley and Brain Machovina (Amphiuma
tridactylum), Christopher Boykin, Frank Ridgely, Catherine A. Smith, John B. Iverson and Peter A. Meylan
(Chrysemys dorsalis), O. C. Van Hyning, John B. Iverson and Peter A. Meylan (Chrysemys picta bellii), T. Carr,
John B. Iverson and Peter A. Meylan (Chrysemys picta picta), Christopher Boykin, Frank Ridgely, Anthony T.
Reppas, Catherine A. Smith, Amir Soleymani, Anthony Lau, Chris Lechowicz and Jerry Johnston (Graptemys
pseudogeographica), Christopher Boykin, Elizabeth A. Golden, Frank Ridgely, Catherine A. Smith, Jennifer
Johnston and Jerry Johnston (Trachemys scripta scripta), Jake Edwards, William Johnson, and Kristina Serbesoff-
53
King (Chelonoidis carbonaria), Arnold Brunell, Steve Brinkley, Kelly Bunting, George L. Heinrich, John G.
Himes, Kevin Jackson, Monty Kowtiz, Cliff Morris, Julian Proctor, Fred Robinette, Amanda Sigman, Larry
Connor and Nicole Ranalli (Geochelone sulcata), Kenneth N. Johnson (Stigmochelys pardalis), Jason R. Bourque,
Elizabeth Golden and Ryan Roehm (Testudo horsfieldii), Travis K. Blunden and Steve A. Johnson (Rhinoclemmys
pulcherrima), Christopher Boykin, Frank Ridgely, and Catherine A. Smith (Apalone spinifera), Paul E. Moler and
Gary Patterson (Platemys platycephala), Jeff Grigg, Ron Magill and Brian Smith (Mecistops cataphractus), Todd
Hardwick (Paleosuchus trigonatus), Kathleen Windsor (Cyclura cornuta), Dino Ferri, J. Andrew Teare and Greg
Lepera (Cyclura nubila nubila), Edward F. Metzger III and George Kolaz (Anolis coelestinus), Suzanne Hurley
(Physignathus cocincinus), Kim Gabel, Greg Klimock and Lori Oberhofer (Pogona vitticeps), Kraig R. Hankins
(Uromastyx dispar maliensis), William B. Love (Furcifer pardalis), Aaron M. Bauer and Stuart F. Willicombe
(Chondrodactylus turneri), Ari Triest (Gekko grossmanni), Gregory Watkins-Colwell (Lepidodactylus lugubris),
Leann Christenson and Bill Hughes (Phelsuma dubia), William B. Love and David Strasser (Phelsuma standingi),
Rafe Brown (Ptychozoon lionotum), Ana M. Martinez and Stuart F. Willicombe (Tarentola mauritanica), John
Galvez, Doug Jones and Lee Fitzgerald (Tupinambis rufescens), Valerie Cassidy, Jennifer Eells, Dallas Hazelton,
Tony Pernas, Harry Phillips, Tatiana Staats, Brian E. Worthington and Lee Fitzgerald (Tupinambis teguixin), Sam
R. Telford (Takydromus tachydromoides), John Decker, Jay P. Marino, Jr. and Rob Roy MacInnes (Chalcides
ocellatus), Kurt W. Larson and William B. Love (Egernia cunninghami), Robert Mondgock and Kraig Hankins
(Tiliqua scincoides), Larry Schokman (Eutropis multifasciata), Philipp Wagner and Donald Broadley (Cordylus
mossambicus), Guy Gilbert, Reif Smith, Phillip Hughes and Daniel Bennett (Varanus albigularis microstictus),
Bruce Dangerfield, Larry Connor and Daniel Bennett (Varanus indicus), James Mendenhall (Varanus jobiensis),
Roscoe Croley, Anthony Flanagan, Dennis Volin and Ron St. Pierre (Varanus salvator), Bill Vath, Tamir Ellis,
Marshall Heath Jones, David Roudebush and Paul E. Moler (Acrochordus javanicus), Christopher A. Vandello,
Ronald C. Rozar, Robert Reed and Scott Boback (Boa constrictor occidentalis), Brian Bahder, Matt Burgess, and
Marlyn Stone (Epicrates cenchria), Lisa Andrews, Skip Snow, Larry Connor, Robert Reed and Gordon Rodda
(Eunectes murinus), Michael W. Swann, Skip Snow, Anthony Flanagan, Robert Reed and Gordon Rodda (Eunectes
notaeus), Midge Jolly and Mark Bell (Gongylophis colubrinus), Skip Snow and Mark Bell (Gongylophis muelleri),
Steven Bierman, Alicie Warren, Todd Hardwick, Dallas Hazelton, Tom McClellan, Robert Reed, John Rivard, and
Felix Valde (Broghammerus reticulatus), David Roudebush, David Roudebush, Skip Snow, Robert Reed and Ron
Rozar (Leiopython fredparkeri), Skip Snow, Amanda Burke, and Ryan L. Lynch (Morelia spilota), Brian Bahder,
Ellen Beltz, Donna Durham, Jean-Paul Metz, Nathan H. Nazdrowicz, Daniel Walsh, Nigel Watson, Scott Hardin,
Larry Connor and Steve A. Johnson (Python regius), Michael Bozich, Lindsay Pike, Ari Triest, Larry Connor
(Lampropeltis californiae), Ryan Zach (Pituophis ruthveni), and Joshua Holbrook (Erpeton tentaculatum). For
miscellaneous assistance, information and publications we thank Skip Snow, Larry Connor, Brian J. Camposano,
Kraig Hankins, Ernie Lynk, F. Wayne King, Steve Conners, Nancy Russell, William B. Love, R.D. Bartlett, Robert
Powell, Rob Roy MacInnes, Ron St. Pierre, Mark M. Lucas, Richard Weaver, Nancy and Salvatore Somma, James
R. Wiley, Fred Kraus, Beverly Pope, Cal Welbourn, Robert E. Woodruff, Mike Dloogatch, David S. Lee, Allan
Woodward, Scott Hardin, The Johns Hopkins University Press, University of Georgia Press, and Struik Publishers,
Salvador Carranza, and three anonymous reviewers. Appropriate permits were obtained to collect on state
managed lands (Department of Environmental Protection 03220410, 5-04-45, 5-05-05, 5-10-51), and permission
was always granted to collect on private properties.
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