Mitosis

Transcription

Mitosis

Teacher’s Guide
Mitosis
Grades 5-9
MTTV
CREDITS
Program Production
S u n b u r s t Vi s u a l M e d i a
Te a c h e r ’s G u i d e
Te r r y G a t e s
Print Material Design
Cecile Foshee
© 2004 Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Hawthorne, NY 10532
Approximate running time: 32 minutes
Mitosis Video Quiz
Table of
Contents
Guide Information ....................................05
Fast Facts..................................................07
Before Viewing Activities ..........................10
During Viewing Activities ..........................14
After Viewing Activities ............................16
After Viewing Quizzes ..............................20
Additional Resources ................................25
Answer Keys ............................................27
Script........................................................37
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Mitosis Video Quiz
About This Guide
Guide
Information
Providing students with visual media is an excellent way to take them out of the
classroom and into the real world. Our programs offer real-world footage, dynamic graphics,
engaging dramatizations, and first-person testimonials that keep students interested and help
them visualize difficult concepts. More importantly, they reinforce critical learning objectives
shaped by state and national educational standards. However, the learning doesn’t begin and
end when the program does. You can make the learning experience even more effective by
using the materials provided in this Teacher’s Guide.
This guide is divided into the following sections:
• Fast Facts are designed to give your students a quick overview of the
information presented within the video.
• Before Viewing Activities help identify what students already know
about the subject, what they are curious about, and what they hope to learn.
• During Viewing Activities may be used during viewing to enhance
students’ understanding of the video.
• After Viewing Activities help students summarize and draw conclusions
from the information that was presented.
• After Viewing Quizzes test students’ retention of the information presented
in the program and activity sheets.
• Additional Resources are designed to help you extend the information
presented in the program into other areas of your curriculum.
• Answer Keys are provided for relevant activities or reproducible pages.
• Script content is provided in an unabridged version for future reference.
5
Mitosis Video Quiz
Program Overview
Guide
Information
Join Professor Science as he presents the basic concepts about mitosis. He explains what
mitosis is, names and describes the main parts of the cell that are involved in mitosis as well
as exploring the steps of its process. The program is divided into two sections and at the
conclusion of each one, interesting characters assess your students’ understanding of the
concepts through multiple-choice and true/false questions. Answers are provided at the
conclusion so students can self check their work.
Viewing Objectives
Upon watching the Mitosis Video Quiz DVD/Video, participating in the discussions,
and completing the activities given in the program guide, students will be able to:
• Define mitosis
• List the stages of the mitosis process
• Describe what occurs in each stage of the process
• Explain why mitosis is important in the creation of new cells
• Define key vocabulary related to mitosis
• Respond to multiple choice and true/false questions
6
Mitosis Video Quiz
Mitosis Fast Facts
Fast Facts
1. Every living thing is made of cells.
• All living things go through mitosis in order to grow.
2. When organisms grow up, the cells don’t get larger, they multiply in number.
• Living things need to create new cells as bones, muscles, and skin grows.
• Cells don’t last forever so our bodies are always replacing old or damaged
cells with new ones.
• Tissue cells are called somatic; they are the basic unit that makes up our body
tissues and organs such as hair, skin, or lung cells.
• These somatic cells are for growth; they are not for reproduction.
3. Mitosis is the division of somatic cells to create new, identical cells.
• During mitosis, each cell divides to make two new cells.
• These two cells divide to make four new cells, and these four make eight
new cells, etc.
4. Each
•
•
•
•
cell has parts:
The nucleus controls the cell functions.
Organelles outside the nucleus perform specialized tasks.
Cytoplasm holds the organelles in place.
The cell membrane separates the cell from other cells and lets nutrients in
and waste out.
5. Different cell types have different cycles.
• Not all cells reproduce and replace themselves, such as nerve cells.
• Some cells have a faster division rate than others.
6. A cell’s cycle begins with the longest stage called interphase.
• During this stage, the organelles produce energy and proteins to grow and
build new cells.
• Organelles duplicate themselves during interphase.
• Genetic material in the nucleus is duplicated.
• The cell is now ready for mitosis.
7. Somatic cells are eukaryotic, that is, they have a distinct nucleus.
• The nucleus is like the brain or control center of the cell.
• The nucleus contains DNA, which is our genetic code.
• DNA molecules join together to make up a complex
strand called a chromosome.
• Genetic codes are different for every person in the world.
7
Mitosis Video Quiz
Mitosis Fast Facts
Fast Facts
8. Somatic cells have a certain number of chromosomes inside their nuclei,
depending on what organism it is.
• Examples are: pea plants have 14, gorillas have 48, and goldfish have 94
chromosomes in each cell.
9. Somatic human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes or a total of 46.
• Humans have 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes in each cell.
• This is a diploid cell, which means it has the full number of chromosomes.
• Other cells are haploid cells, which means they have one-half of the
chromosomes.
• Haploid cells are the result of cell division for reproduction only.
10. Chromosomes start out as a tangled ball of long thin strands called chromatin.
• During interphase the chromosomes extend and replicate.
• The duplicated chromosomes join together at a central point called a
centromere.
• At this stage, the joined chromosomes are called chromatids.
11. The original cell is called the parent cell and new cells are called daughter cells.
• The pairs of chromosomes from the original cell are called sister
chromosomes and the duplicate ones are called daughter chromosomes.
12. There are four stages to mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
13. Prophase
• The chromosomes condense.
• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear.
• Spindle fibers form and centrioles migrate apart.
• Chromatids attach to spindle fibers.
14. Metaphase
• Chromatids align at center or equator of the cell.
• Chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers.
15. Anaphase
• Centromere of each chromatid splits.
• One chromatid from each chromosome moves to centrioles at poles of cell.
8
Mitosis Video Quiz
Mitosis Fast Facts
Fast Facts
16. Telophase
• Spindle fibers break down.
• Chromosomes elongate and become tangled in a ball of chromatin again.
• Nucleolus reappears.
• Nuclear envelope forms around separate set of chromosomes.
17. The rest of the cell divides.
• Cytokinesis occurs, that is, the cytoplasm divides as the cell membrane
pinches inward and cuts the cell in half.
• Now there are two new daughter cells, separated and independent of each
other and each with its own nucleus and organelles.
• The formation of these two new daughter cells now has the correct number
of chromosomes.
18. Mitosis starts over again.
19. Cells separate differently in plants and animals.
• Wall of plant cells is more rigid than animal cell membrane.
• A cell plate develops until two cells are separated.
9
Mitosis Video Quiz
Before Viewing
Activity 1
Name
What We Know
Prior to watching Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD, provide students with an opportunity to
share what they know about mitosis using this KWL chart.
PURPOSE OF MITOSIS
ANIMAL VS PLANT CELLS
K
W
L
MITOSIS PROCESS
INTERPHASE
10
Mitosis Video Quiz
Before Viewing
Activity 2
Name
Before Viewing Discussion
Teacher Note: Prior to asking your students to complete “Think-Pair-Share” on page 13,
ask the following questions to help them focus on the topic. Space has been provided
below for notes, additional questions, or their reflections of this activity.
1. Why is mitosis important to all living things?
2. How do animal and plant cells behave differently during mitosis?
3. What are the four stages of mitosis?
4. How do traits of a mother and father get passed on to their offspring?
5. What connection does the cell cycle called interphase have to do
with mitosis?
NOTES:
11
Mitosis Video Quiz
Before Viewing
Activity 3
Name
Vocabulary
Teacher Note: Prior to watching the program, be sure to provide your students an
opportunity to become familiar with the following vocabulary words and their meanings.
1. DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid; the unique genetic code
for every living thing
2. INTERPHASE – a stage of mitosis during which exact
copies of chromosomes are made
3. CENTROMERE – a single point where two chromatids
are held together
4. CHROMOSOMES – strands of genetic codes made up
of DNA molecules
5. SOMATIC – any cell that is not a reproductive cell
6. HAPLOID – in humans, a type of cell that contains a
total of 23 chromosomes, half of what a diploid cell has
7. CHROMATIDS – two identical chromosomes that split and
contain the same genetic material
8. MITOSIS – division of somatic cells to create new cells
9. DIPLOID – a type of cell that contains 23 pairs or a total of 46 chromosomes
10. EUKARYOTIC – cells that have a clear, distinct nucleus
11. CENTRIOLES – two small parts in animal cells that direct the movement of
chromosomes during mitosis
12. POLES – opposite ends of a cell
13. CYTOKINESIS – when a cell’s cytoplasm divides and cuts the cell in half and the
result is two cells in place of one
14. ANAPHASE – third stage of mitosis; spindle fibers pull chromatids to opposite
poles
15. DUPLICATE – to make an exact copy of
16. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE – envelope around nucleus of a cell
17. PROPHASE – first stage of mitosis; chromosomes become visible and centrioles
move towards poles
18. ALIGN – to line up
19. METAPHASE – second stage of mitosis; nuclear membrane dissolves and
chromatids align in center of cell
20. TELOPHASE – fourth stage of mitosis; chromosomes at opposite poles, spindle
fibers break down, and a nuclear envelope forms around both sets of
chromosomes
12
Mitosis Video Quiz
Before Viewing
Activity 4
Name
Think-Pair-Share
Teacher Note: Two heads are better than one and this activity will jump-start your
students’ journey into the world of mitosis! The following process will help your class
generate questions they have about cell division.
SUPPLIES:
• index cards
• pens/pencils
• large sheet of paper/
overhead/white board
Step 1: THINK – Provide several minutes of quiet time for students to think about the
process of mitosis and the questions they may have.
Step 2: PAIR – Assign each student a partner. Hand each pair 5 note cards. Direct the
partners to discuss questions they have and to write down five of the most interesting ones.
Step 3: SHARE – Ask each group to stack their cards with their “best” question on top. Go
around the room and ask each group to share their top question. Write the question where
all can see.
After collecting the best question from each group, continue with more questions. Review
them prior to watching Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD. Use these as the focus for watching
the program.
13
Mitosis Video Quiz
During Viewing
Activity 1
Name
Sequencing Wheel Graphic
Organizer
Complete the graphic organizer as you watch Mitosis
Video Quiz video/DVD.
The
Mitosis
Process
14
Mitosis Video Quiz
During Viewing
Activity 2
Name
Stages Web
What is mitosis? What are the stages? What happens during each stage? Complete this
graphic organizer while viewing the Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD.
Definition of mitosis:
The stages:
Purpose of mitosis:
What occurs:
15
Mitosis Video Quiz
After Viewing
Activity 1
Name
The “What” Web Organizer
After watching the Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD, fill in the information
missing from the following “what” questions below.
• What is mitosis?
• What is the purpose of this process?
• What happens before cell division can take place?
• What are the stages of mitosis?
• What do chromosomes have to do with mitosis?
• What is the reason this process is so important to all life?
16
Mitosis Video Quiz
After Viewing
Activity 2
Name
Extra! Extra! Read All About It!
Go back in time to the moment scientists
discovered the process of mitosis! Imagine what
the front page of a major newspaper would look
like. Create a headline, lead article, and
illustration that shares key information. Use at
least five vocabulary words in your article.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Headline
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
Illustration
____________________________________
17
Mitosis Video Quiz
After Viewing
Activity 3
Name
Stages of Mitosis
Name each stage of mitosis and write a brief description in the box of what takes
place during that stage. Make a sketch of each stage in each of the circles.
Stage:
Description:
Stage:
Description:
The Stages
of Mitosis
Stage:
Description:
Stage:
Description:
18
Mitosis Video Quiz
After Viewing
Activity 4
Name
Cell Division
Match the different steps of cell division with the correct label.
cell division
parent cell
cell growth
daughter cells
Draw the steps in the proper order. Label each. The last step has been completed for you.
Then, write a summary statement about this process.
______________
______________
______________
daughter cells
Summary: _______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
19
Mitosis Video Quiz
After Viewing
Quiz 1
Name
Mitosis Quiz
Mark the correct answer.
1.
Mitosis:
a. Takes place only in brain tissue
b. Is how cells reproduce and tissues grow
c. Divides only the cell nucleus
d. Creates cells that are different from each other
2.
Human haploid cells have:
a. 23 pairs of chromosomes
b. 46 chromosomes
c. 23 chromosomes
d. A and B
3.
TRUE OR FALSE: Mitosis is the division of somatic cells to create new, identical cells.
4.
Humans have _____chromosomes in their somatic cells.
a. 47
b. 46
c. 23
d. 48
5.
A eukaryotic cell has:
a. No nucleus
b. A distinct nucleus
c. An indistinct nucleus
d. Two nuclei
6.
Chromosomes are made of:
a. Sugar and spice
b. DNA molecules
c. DNA and cytoplasm
d. The liquid from the cell
7.
Chromatids are joined together at a point called the ___________.
a. Center point
b. Middle
c. Nucleus
d. Centromere
20
Mitosis Video Quiz
After Viewing
Quiz 1
Name
Mitosis Quiz (cont.)
8.
Diploid cells have:
b. 46 chromosomes
c. 23 chromosomes
d. A and B
9.
The genetic information for an organism is found:
a. In the cell nucleus
b. In the cytoplasm
c. In the cell membrane
d. All of the above
10. The cytoplasm:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Is a thick liquid
Is another name for the nucleus
Holds many of the cell’s organelles
A and C
11. During prophase, the centrioles:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Join together
Move to center of cell and form 2 separate poles
Move to opposite ends of cell and form 2 separate poles
None of the above
12. The four stages of mitosis in their correct order are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Prophase, telophase, anaphase, metaphase
Anaphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase
Telophase, metaphase, anaphase, prophase
13. TRUE OR FALSE: In plants and animals, the cell membrane pinches the divided cell
mass into two cells.
14. The chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers during which stage:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Anaphase
Interphase
Telophase
Prophase
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Mitosis Video Quiz
After Viewing
Quiz 1
Name
15. During interphase:
a.
b.
c.
d.
The cell grows
Chromosomes start to duplicate
The cell prepares for mitosis
All of the above
16. During metaphase:
a.
b.
c.
d.
The chromosomes duplicate
The spindle fibers attach to the centromere
The cell membrane closes around the new cells
The chromatids split at the centromere
17. TRUE OR FALSE: During metaphase, the nuclear membrane finishes breaking down.
18. In which stage do the nuclear envelopes form around the separate sets
of chromosomes:
a. Anaphase
b. Interphase
c. Telophase
d. Prophase
19. After mitotic cell division, or mitosis, the daughter cells contain:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Half of the chromosomes of the parent cell
The same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
A random number of chromosomes
An unknown number of chromosomes
20. What structure inside the cell helps pull the chromatids apart:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Centromere
Spindle Fibers
Nucleus
Membrane
22
Mitosis Video Quiz
After Viewing
Quiz 2
Name
Vocabulary Quiz A
Choose the vocabulary word to make each statement
correct.
1.
A.
DNA
B.
INTERPHASE
C.
D.
E.
F.
CENTROMERE
CHROMOSOMES
SOMATIC
HAPLOID
G.
CHROMATIDS
H.
I.
MITOSIS
DIPLOID
J.
EUKARYOTIC
deoxyribonucleic acid; the
unique genetic code for
every living thing
a stage of mitosis during
which exact copies of
chromosomes are made
a single point where two chromatids are held together
strands of genetic codes made up of DNA molecules
any cell that is not a reproductive cell
a type of cell that contains a total of 23 chromosomes,
half of what a diploid cell has
two identical chromosomes that split and contain
the same genetic material
division of somatic cells to create new cells
a type of cell that contains 23 pairs or
a total of 46 chromosomes
has a clear, distinct nucleus
When an organism grows or repairs damaged tissue, new cells are created through
a process called_____.
2.
Your body has two types of cells: reproductive cells and _____cells that make
up all the other body cells.
3.
These cells have a distinct control center, or nucleus, which means they are _____.
4.
Each nucleus contains the genetic code or _____for that organism.
5.
Each human has 46 special genetic codes or _____that determine what
characteristics we get from our parents.
6.
A cell’s cycle begins with_____, a stage where the genetic information in
chromosomes is copied.
7.
Almost all of the cells in humans are _____which means having 46 chromosomes.
8.
_____cells have only 23 chromosomes because they will combine with another
set of 23 chromosomes during reproduction.
9.
When each chromosome splits, the duplicates are called _____.
10. During interphase, the region of the chromosome where two are held
together is called the_____.
23
Mitosis Video Quiz
After Viewing
Quiz 3
Name
Vocabulary Quiz B
Choose the vocabulary word to make each statement correct.
two small parts in animal
cells that direct the movement
of chromosomes during mitosis
B. POLES
opposite ends of a cell
C. CYTOKINESIS
when a cell’s cytoplasm
divides and cuts the cell in half
D. ANAPHASE
third stage of mitosis; chromatids separate into
chromosomes and spindle fibers pull them to opposite poles
E. DUPLICATE
to make an exact copy of
F. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE envelope around nucleus of a cell
G. PROPHASE
first stage of mitosis; chromosomes become visible and
centrioles move towards poles
H. ALIGN
to line up
I.
METAPHASE
second stage of mitosis; nuclear membrane dissolves and
chromatids align in center
J. TELOPHASE
fourth stage of mitosis; chromosomes at opposite poles,
spindle fibers break down, and a nuclear envelope forms
around both sets of chromosomes
A.
CENTRIOLES
1. The phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane dissolves is the_____.
2. The envelope that surrounds the cell’s nucleus is the_____.
3. Another word to describe opposite ends of a cell is_____.
4. It is the function of the _____to assist the movement of chromosomes
during mitosis.
5. During _____, the centrioles move towards opposite ends of the cell.
6. During _____, a cell is cut in half when the cytoplasm divides.
7. Before mitosis, each pair of chromosomes makes an exact copy or a_____.
8. It is during _____that new nuclear envelopes form around both sets of
chromosomes.
9. During metaphase, the chromatids _____ at the center of the spindle.
10. Chromosomes move to opposite poles during _____.
24
Mitosis Video Quiz
Suggested Reading List
Additional
Resources
Alberts, Bruce, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter
Walter. Molecular Biology of the Cell.
This book is a classic in-depth text reference in cell biology. The authors talk about the
story of cell biology and help the non-expert reader create a framework to grasp the
subject. The authors also explore the implications and possibilities that await us in the
future. Written clearly and concisely, this beautifully illustrated book is a joy to read.
Bowen, I. D., M. Bowen, and A. Jones. Mitosis and Apoptosis: Matters of Life and Death.
This intriguing book takes a close look at the delicate balance between the birth and
death of cells as well as the molecular processes involved in cellular cycles. Illustrated
with line drawings and cartoons, this book is a treasure of information for young
biologists.
Klug, William and Michael Cummings. Concepts of Genetics.
A clear writing style plus an emphasis on basic concepts makes this book very attractive
to those interested in the world of genetics. Includes recent research and findings.
Reider, Conly. Methods in Cell Biology, Volume 61: Mitosis and Meiosis.
Mitosis and meiosis, those great processes for nuclear division in cells is the topic of this
volume. It is a practical handbook that wraps itself around the modern technologies that
are used to study these two processes. The author places an emphasis on the
composition and function of centrosomes, spindle pole bodies, and kinetochore structure.
Steingraber, Sandra. Living Downstream: A Scientist’s Personal Investigation of Cancer and
the Environment.
Application of scientific information to the real world, this book draws parallels from
Rachel Carson’s work. It’s time to ask the big questions of the relationship between
cancer and the environment. An important contribution to the future of cell biology.
Thomas, Lewis. The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher.
This incredible collection of essays covers various biology subjects. Although the
vocabulary can be challenging, the string of essays lead the reader through a stream of
extremely interesting readings.
25
Mitosis Video Quiz
Internet Sites
Additional
Resources
Below is a list of sites that you may use to find more information about mitosis. Due
to routine web maintenance, not all of the links will be accurate at the time of access.
If the link is not available, try to conduct a search on that topic from the main site or
from a search engine.
http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
Animal cell animation that demonstrates the stages of mitosis. Control buttons aid in running
the animation. Click on intermediate stages for a representative still frame.
http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/mitosis.html
Graphics gallery that includes vocabulary.
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells3.html
Interesting tutorial site for studying cells, mitosis, meiosis, the cell cycle, prokaryotes,
eukaryotes, & viruses. In English and Spanish.
http://www.bio.unc.edu/faculty/salmon/lab/mitosis/mitosis.html
Includes Mitosis World, Lab, Movies, Links, and Journals buttons.
http://biology.nebrwesleyan.edu/benham/mitosis/
Colorful photographs of the stages of mitosis.
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/mitosis.htm
Great outline format detailing the stages.
http://www.microscopy.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/mitosis/mitosis.html
Photo gallery.
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Mitosis.html
Stages of mitosis with electron microscope images.
http://www.nature.com/ncb/celldivision/
Nature journal website.
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Brilliant color photographs of stages of mitosis.
http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/cell_division.html
Interactive questions and answers about the process of mitosis.
http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/mitosis/navigator.html
Features mitosis animations.
26
Mitosis Video Quiz
Answer Key - During Viewing Activity Sheet 1
Sequencing Wheel Graphic
Organizer
Complete the graphic organizer as you watch Mitosis
Video Quiz video/DVD.
Chromosomes replicate
as the cell prepares for the next
four stages of mitosis
Nuclear
membrane
reappears; spindles
disappear; two
daughter cells form
as cytoplasm
divides;
cytokinesis
occurs
The
Mitosis
Process
One chromatid from each
chromosome moves to
poles of cell; there are
now twice as many
chromosomes in the
cell as in parent
cell
Chromosomes
become visible
and attach to
spindle fibers;
nuclear membrane
disappears
Chromosomes
are pulled by
spindle fibers
and line up in
the center of
the cell
27
Mitosis Video Quiz
Answer Key - During Viewing Activity Sheet 2
Stages Web
What is mitosis? What are the stages? What happens during each stage? Complete this
graphic organizer while viewing the Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD.
Definition of mitosis:
Mitosis is cell
division of
somatic cells
The stages:
Prophase
Purpose of mitosis:
The purpose of mitosis is to
create new cells for growth
or tissue repair
What occurs:
Chromosomes become visible
and attach to spindle fibers;
nuclear membrane disappears
Metaphase
Chromosomes are pulled by
spindle fibers and line up in
center of cell
Anaphase
chromosome moves to poles of
cell; there are now twice as
many chromosomes in the
cell as in parent cell
Telophase
Nuclear membrane reappears;
spindles disappears; two
daughter cells form as
cytoplasm divides; cytokinesis
occurs
28
Mitosis Video Quiz
Answer Key - After Viewing Activity Sheet 1
The “What” Web Organizer
After watching the Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD, fill in the information missing from the
following “what” questions below.
• What is mitosis?
Mitosis is cell division of somatic cells.
• What is the purpose of this process?
The purpose of mitosis is to create new cells for
growth or tissue repair.
• What happens before cell division can take place?
Interphase is the first stage before cell division can
begin. This is when the chromosomes replicate as the
cell prepares for the next four stages of mitosis.
• What are the stages of mitosis?
After interphase the four stages of mitosis are
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
• What do chromosomes have to do with mitosis?
The chromosomes are the genetic codes for each
organism and it is through the stages of mitosis
that the chromosomes are replicated.
• What is the reason this process is so important to all life?
All living things are made of cells. It is through the
process of mitosis that new cells are created to
replace old or damaged cells.
29
Mitosis Video Quiz
Stages of Mitosis
Name each stage of mitosis and write a brief description in the box of what takes place
during that stage. Make a sketch of each stage in each of the circles.
Stage: Prophase
Description:
Chromosomes become visible
and attach to spindle fibers;
nuclear
membrane disappears
Stage: Telophase
Description:
Stage:Metaphase
Description:
The Stages
of Mitosis
Nuclear membrane
reappears; spindles
disappear; two daughter
cells
form as cytoplasm
divides; cytokinesis
occurs
Chromosomes
are pulled by
spindle fibers
and line up in
center of cell
Stage: Anaphase
Description:
chromosome moves to the
poles of the cell; there are now
twice as many chromosomes in
the cell
as in parent cell
30
Mitosis Video Quiz
Cell Division
Match the different steps of cell division with the correct label.
cell division
parent cell
cell growth
daughter cells
Draw the steps in the proper order. Label each. The last step has been completed for you.
Then, write a summary statement about this process.
parent cell
Summary:
cell growth
cell division
daughter cells
Answers may vary but should include the key concepts of
mitosis being the process of cell division as cells go from a parent cell,
through a period of growth, then cell division, and finally ending as new
daughter cells.
31
Mitosis Video Quiz
Answer Key - After Viewing Quiz 1
Mitosis Quiz
Mark the correct answer.
1. Mitosis:
2. Human haploid cells have:
b. 46 chromosomes
c. 23 chromosomes
d. A and B
3. True or False: Mitosis is the division of somatic cells to create new, identical cells.
4. Humans have _____chromosomes in their somatic cells.
a. 47
b. 46
c. 23
d. 48
5. A eukaryotic cell has:
a. No nucleus
d. Two nuclei
6. Chromosomes are made of:
a. Sugar and spice
b. DNA molecules
7. Chromatids are joined together at a point called the ___________.
a. Center point
b. Middle
c. Nucleus
d. Centromere
32
Mitosis Video Quiz
8. Diploid cells have:
b. 46 chromosomes
c. 23 chromosomes
d. A and B
9. The genetic information for an organism is found:
b. In the cytoplasm
d. All of the above
10. The cytoplasm:
a. Is a thick liquid
b. Is another name for the nucleus
c. Holds many of the cell’s organelles
d. A and C
11. During Prophase, the centrioles:
a. Join together
b. Move to center of cell and form 2 separate poles
c. Move to opposite ends of cell and form 2 separate poles
d. None of the above
a. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
b. Prophase, telophase, anaphase, metaphase
c. Anaphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase
d. Telophase, metaphase, anaphase, prophase
13. True or False: In plants and animals, the cell membrane pinches the divided
cell mass into two cells.
14. The chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers during which stage:
a. Anaphase
b. Interphase
c. Telophase
d. Prophase
33
Mitosis Video Quiz
a. The cell grows
b. Chromosomes start to duplicate
c. The cell prepares for mitosis
d. All of the above
a. The chromosomes duplicate
b. The spindle fibers attach to the centromere
c. The cell membrane closes around the new cells
d. The chromatids split at the centromere
17. True or False: During metaphase, the nuclear membrane finishes breaking
down.
18. In which stage do the nuclear envelopes form around the separate sets
of chromosomes:
a. Anaphase
b. Interphase
c. Telophase
d. Prophase
19. After
a.
b.
c.
d.
mitotic cell division, or mitosis, the daughter cells contain:
Half of the chromosomes of the parent cell
The same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
A random number of chromosomes
An unknown number of chromosomes
20. What structure inside the cell helps pull the chromatids apart:
a. Centromere
b. Spindle Fibers
c. Nucleus
d. Membrane
34
Mitosis Video Quiz
Vocabulary Quiz A
Choose the vocabulary word to make each statement
correct.
1.
A.
DNA
B.
INTERPHASE
C.
D.
E.
F.
CENTROMERE
CHROMOSOMES
SOMATIC
HAPLOID
G.
CHROMATIDS
H.
I.
MITOSIS
DIPLOID
J.
EUKARYOTIC
deoxyribonucleic acid; the
unique genetic code for
every living thing
a stage of mitosis during
which exact copies of
chromosomes are made
a single point where two chromatids are held together
strands of genetic codes made up of DNA molecules
any cell that is not a reproductive cell
a type of cell that contains a total of 23 chromosomes,
half of what a diploid cell has
two identical chromosomes that split and contain
the same genetic material
division of somatic cells to create new cells
a type of cell that contains 23 pairs or
a total of 46 chromosomes
has a clear, distinct nucleus
When an organism grows or repairs damaged tissue, new cells are created through
H
a process called_____.
2.
E
Your body has two types of cells: reproductive cells and _____cells
that make
up all the other body cells.
3.
J
These cells have a distinct control center, or nucleus, which means they are_____.
4.
A
Each nucleus contains the genetic code or _____for
that organism.
5.
D
Each human has 46 special genetic codes or _____that
determine what
characteristics we get from our parents.
6.
B a stage where the genetic information in
A cell’s cycle begins with_____,
chromosomes is copied.
7.
I
Almost all of the cells in humans are _____which
means having 46 chromosomes.
8.
F
_____cells
have only 23 chromosomes because they will combine with another
set of 23 chromosomes during reproduction.
9.
G
When each chromosome splits, the duplicates are called _____.
10. During interphase, the region of the chromosome where two are held
C
together is called the_____.
35
Mitosis Video Quiz
Vocabulary Quiz B
Choose the vocabulary word to make each statement correct.
two small parts in animal
cells that direct the movement
of chromosomes during mitosis
B. POLES
opposite ends of a cell
C. CYTOKINESIS
when a cell’s cytoplasm
divides and cuts the cell in half
D. ANAPHASE
third stage of mitosis; chromatids separate into
chromosomes and spindle fibers pull them to opposite poles
E. DUPLICATE
to make an exact copy of
F. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE envelope around nucleus of a cell
G. PROPHASE
first stage of mitosis; chromosomes become visible and
centrioles move towards poles
H. ALIGN
to line up
I.
METAPHASE
second stage of mitosis; nuclear membrane dissolves and
chromatids align in center
J. TELOPHASE
fourth stage of mitosis; chromosomes at opposite poles,
spindle fibers break down, and a nuclear envelope forms
around both sets of chromosomes
A.
CENTRIOLES
I
1. The phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane dissolves is the_____.
F
2. The envelope that surrounds the cell’s nucleus is the_____.
B
3. Another word to describe opposite ends of a cell is_____.
A
4. It is the function of the _____to
assist the movement of chromosomes
during mitosis.
G the centrioles move towards opposite ends of the cell.
5. During _____,
C a cell is cut in half when the cytoplasm divides.
6. During _____,
E
7. Before mitosis, each pair of chromosomes makes an exact copy or a_____.
J
8. It is during _____that
new nuclear envelopes form around both sets of
chromosomes.
H at the center of the spindle.
9. During metaphase, the chromatids _____
D
10. Chromosomes move to opposite poles during _____.
36
Mitosis Video Quiz
Script
CAST
Professor Science ....................................................host
Ricky Wave ................................................................DJ
Star Stuck ............................................................reporter
Salty Gales ............................................................pirate
Quizitor ....................................................................robot
Victor Velocity............................................racecar driver
Sandy Space ....................................................astronaut
Nuke Rockney ......................................................coach
Quiz Clown ............................................................clown
Wendy River ........................................................cowgirl
Fizzle ........................................................................genie
SCENE 1
PROFESSOR SCIENCE
Hello there! Welcome to another wacky episode of the Wonderful World of
Science, starring… Me, PROFESSOR SCIENCE!! Do I have a great show for you
today! We are going to explore the amazing world of cell division, mitosis, to
be exact!! So let’s dive into this whole mitosis thing and see what is happening!
You see, every living thing is made of cells. Every living thing goes through
mitosis in order to grow. Trees, cats, elephants, and humans all undergo
mitosis. When an organism grows, the cells don’t keep getting bigger and
bigger; they multiply.
The body has to create new cells to make bigger bone, muscle and skin tissues!
New cells are also created to repair our tissues. The cells in our body don’t last
forever, you know. Whoa! What did I just say? The cells in our body don’t last
forever!?! That sounds pretty scary, doesn’t it? Well, it’s really not. Our bodies
constantly replace old or damaged cells with new ones. Like when you cut your
finger, new cells are created to replace the damaged ones.
37
Mitosis Video Quiz
Script
These tissue cells are called somatic. They are the basic unit that makes up our
body tissues and organs. When these cells divide, the process is called mitosis.
Mitosis is the division of somatic cells to create new, identical cells. During
mitosis, the cell divides to make two cells. And two cells divide to make four,
and four make eight, and eight . . .
Alright. Let’s talk about the cell. Each cell has parts: a nucleus that controls the
cell function, organelles outside of the nucleus that perform specialized tasks,
cytoplasm to hold the organelles in place, and a cell membrane that separates
the cell from other cells, and lets nutrients in and waste out.
Did you know that cells have cycles? Different cell types have different cycles.
And not all cells reproduce. Nerve cells aren’t replaced once they become
mature. Some cells have a faster division rate than others. And mitotic rates
vary slightly among people, depending on one’s diet and age. This is why
some people’s hair and nails grow faster than others.
Check this out! A bacteria cell, E. coli, reproduces every thirty minutes! A sea
urchin has cells that double every two hours. Human cells divide much slower
than that. Adult skin cells, like right here on my arm, divide about once every
24 hours!
A cell’s cycle begins with a stage called interphase. During this stage, the
organelles produce energy and proteins to grow and build new cells. The
organelles duplicate themselves during interphase. Also during this phase, the
genetic material in the nucleus is duplicated. Next, the cell undergoes mitosis!
A cell’s cycle is completed in the final stages of mitosis, when the cytoplasm
divides and the cell membranes form around the two new cells.
SCENE 2
PROFESSOR SCIENCE
Before we examine the stages of mitosis, or the actual division of a cell, it is
probably a good idea to know what is in the cell that is dividing. A somatic
cell is a typical body cell, like a skin, hair, or lung cell. It’s eukaryotic, meaning
it has a distinct nucleus. The nucleus is kind of like a brain; it controls everything
the cell does. The nucleus contains the DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid.
38
Mitosis Video Quiz
Script
DNA is our genetic code. This code is different for each person in the whole
world! That’s right! You are the only person in the entire world with your
genetic code, unless, of course, you have an identical twin! DNA molecules join
together to make up a complex strand called a chromosome.
Now, somatic cells have a certain number of chromosomes inside their nuclei,
depending on what organism it is. The number of chromosomes differs for each
type of organism Pea plants have 14; humans have 46; gorillas have 48, and
goldfish have 94 chromosomes in each cell.
Notice that all of these numbers are even. That’s because our chromosomes
exist in pairs. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes or a total of 46. Of each
pair, one chromosome comes from our mother and the other from our father.
Now, the number of chromosomes in a cell is very important. Somatic cells in
humans must have 23 pairs of chromosomes, or a total of 46. This type of cell
is called a diploid cell, because it has the full number of chromosomes. Almost
all of the cells in the human body are diploid. The rest are haploid cells, with
only one chromosome from each pair. Haploid cells are produced for organism
reproduction through a cell division called meiosis. But that’s another show,
completely.
Now, in the cell cycle, chromosomes actually start out as long thin strands, or
chromatin, which is like a ball of tangled thread.
During interphase, the
chromosomes duplicate. When mitosis begins, the chromatin condense and
break up into short pieces that are chromosomes. This is what a chromosome
looks like at this stage. The duplicated chromosomes join together at a single
point called the centromere, and at this stage they are called chromatids. Now
we’re ready to study the phases of mitosis.
Remember, every cell in our body has identical chromosomes, which are made
from DNA molecules. This is all because of mitosis! Isn’t that amazing? Well, I
think you are ready to tackle your first set of questions. Take it away guys!
39
Mitosis Video Quiz
Script
SCENE 3
RICKY WAVE
Hey, I’m glad you tuned in. This is DJ Ricky Wave broadcasting the first question
from SQRD- science quiz radio. And away we gooooo!
1. Mitosis:
How did you do? Get that answer on paper and we’re movin’ and groovin’ to
the next question! See you on the flip side!
STAR STRUCK
Hello movie fans, this is Star Struck coming to you live from the latest big movie
star premiere. I’m excited to be here and I hope you are ready because it’s time
for…
2. Human haploid cells have:
b. 46 chromosomes
c. 23 chromosomes
d. A and B
Any luck? Write those answers down. Hang in there! That’s what I tell all the
super stars!
SALTY GALES
Ahoy! Salty Gales here. I’ve just come back from a grand adventure. Maybe
someday I’ll tell ye all about it. But first, here’s the next question…
3. True or False: Mitosis is the division of somatic cells to create
new, identical cells
Well, what do you think? Be sure to write your answer down. Well, the seven
seas are calling me again so I’m shipping out!
40
Mitosis Video Quiz
Script
QUIZITOR
Hello. I am Quizitor. I hope you are doing well so far. Let’s get connected and
download the next question.
4. Humans have _____chromosomes in their somatic cells.
a. 47
b. 46
c. 23
d. 48
This is a fill-in-the- blank question so pick a number and write it down. It’s time
for me to juice up my circuits.
VICTOR VELOCITY
Vroom, vroom! Oh hello, there! Just let me make this turn…. All right, while
we’re in the open stretch, here’s a question to test the ability of your knowledge!
5.A eukaryotic cell has:
a. No nucleus
d. Two nuclei
How did you do? Write down your answer before I speed away on my next lap!
SANDY SPACE
Hello from the Space Station. I’m Sandy Space.
6. Chromosomes are made of:
a. Sugar and spice
b. DNA molecules
So how did you do? Did you get an answer down? Good. Don’t float away
because the next question is coming up.
41
Mitosis Video Quiz
Script
NUKE ROCKNEY
All right team, way to retain that knowledge! (Blows whistle) Time for
a quick drill!
7. Chromatids are joined together at a point called the _______.
a. Center point
b. Middle
c. Nucleus
d. Centromere
Hmm. That’s interesting. Pick one and write it down- you have a 50-50
chance. It’s not whether you win or lose it’s how you play the game!
QUIZ CLOWN
(Trying to juggle) You wouldn’t believe how hard this is! Before I get back to
practicing, try this out!
8. Diploid cells have:
b. 46 chromosomes
c. 23 chromosomes
d. A and B
What’s your answer? Write it down. Well, I’ve got to keep on juggling. The
head clown is testing me later!
WENDY RIVER
Howdy, y’all! I thought I’d see if you could wrangle up the correct answer to
this question for me!
9. The genetic information for an organism is found:
b. In the cytoplasm
d. All of the above
So how’d you do? Get your answer on paper and let’s mosey on to the next
question!
42
Mitosis Video Quiz
Script
FIZZLE
Hi there! You won’t need three wishes if you know the answer to this!
10. The cytoplasm:
a. Is a thick liquid
b. Is another name for the nucleus
c. Holds many of the cell’s organelles
d. A and C
I wish I could help you on that one. But I’m sure you don’t need it. You
already have an answer down, right? Great! Now on to more fun and
excitement with Professor Science!
SCENE 4
PROFESSOR SCIENCE
Welcome back! I bet you plowed right through those questions! Now that we
know about the cell cycle, and what happens to chromosomes before mitosis
begins, it’s time to learn the different phases of Mitosis and see how this stuff
really works!
When discussing Mitosis, scientists refer to the original cell as the parent cell,
and the new cells as daughter cells. The pairs of chromosomes from the
original cell are sister chromosomes, the duplicate ones are daughter
chromosomes.
Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle because there are many things
the cell must do to prepare for mitosis. During interphase, the cell grows and
DNA duplicates. After this happens, the cell is ready to divide.
There are FOUR stages to Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and
Telophase. It is in Prophase that the chromatin goes from a tangled ball to
individual, condensed chromosomes. Animal cells have centrioles that move
to opposite ends of the cell and form distinct poles.
Plant cells do not have centrioles, but are still able to accurately divide. The
centrioles produce tiny fibers that span across the cell between the two poles.
This forms a spindle. The cell is shaped like a football at this point. Next, the
cell’s nuclear membrane begins to break down.
43
Mitosis Video Quiz
Script
The second stage is Metaphase. At this stage, the nuclear membrane
finishes dissolving, and the chromatids align at the center of the cell. The
spindle fibers attach to each centromere. The chromatids are most compact
at the end of Metaphase.
During Anaphase, the chromatids separate into chromosomes when the
spindle fibers pull them apart at the centromere. Each identical set of new
chromosomes moves to opposite sides of the cell, or the poles.
At the start of Telophase, the chromosomes are at opposite poles and the
spindle fibers break down. The chromosomes elongate and become tangled
in a ball of chromatin again. A nuclear envelope forms around the separate
sets of chromosomes.
Now, remember, since the 46 chromosomes
duplicate right before mitosis takes place, each new cell has an identical set
of 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs.
SCENE 5
PROFESSOR SCIENCE
Now it’s time to divide the rest of the cell. The cytoplasm, cell membrane,
and organelles were duplicated earlier during interphase. In animal cells,
the cytoplasm divides as the cell membrane pinches inward, cutting the cell
in half. This is called cytokinesis.
Fully divided, there are now two daughter cells completely independent of
each other. Each cell has its own nucleus with identical DNA, cytoplasm, cell
membrane, and organelles. These new cells each start interphase where
they will grow until they are ready to divide. Then, mitosis will begin all
over again.
Cells separate a little differently in plants than in animals. The wall of a plant
cell is more stiff and rigid than an animal’s cell membrane. Rather than
moving inward, a cell plate forms in the center of the two dividing cells. The
plate is made of hard cellulose deposits, which develops outward until the
two cells are completely separate. A cell wall for each cell stems from the
cell plate.
44
Mitosis Video Quiz
Script
And there you have it, folks! Cell division by Mitosis! Don’t forget how
important cell division is! Cell division is the process that enables plants,
animals and other eukaryotes to reproduce and grow. Pretty cool, isn’t it?
With all this information fresh in your brains, my friends are going to come
back out to see what you know!
SCENE 6
SALTY GALES
Batton down the hatches, all of yee- a storm’s a brewin’! Ahoy matie. Time
again for ole Salty here to give you another question.
11. During Prophase, the centrioles:
a. Join together
b. Move to center of cell and form 2 separate poles
c. Move to opposite ends of cell and form 2 separate poles
d. None of the above
Whew! Did you catch all that? Remember to write down yer answer. I’ve
got to see if my crew battoned down those hatches!
STAR STRUCK
Hi everyone, Star Struck here with the latest entertainment news. Ooops!
Sorry, I mean the latest science quiz question.
a. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
b. Prophase, telophase, anaphase, metaphase
c. Anaphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase
d. Telophase, metaphase, anaphase, prophase
Well, there’s starphase and moviephase…just kidding. I’m sure you know
all of them. Just write those phases down before the next question comes
up!
45
Mitosis Video Quiz
Script
SANDY SPACE
Wow! That asteroid was too close for comfort. Hi, Sandy Space bringing you
the next cell-estial science question!
13. True or False: In plants and animals, the cell membrane
pinches the divided cell mass into two cells.
Hmm. Good question. You know the answer, right? Just write it down and
we’ll be moving along. I’ve gotta go maneuver through this asteroid belt.
QUIZITOR
Hello. I am Quizitor. It is time again for another question. I hope you are
ready. Here we go!
14. The chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers
during which stage:
a. Anaphase
b. Interphase
c. Telophase
d. Prophase
What do you think? Use a writing utensil and a piece of paper to mark your
response. Thank you for stopping by; it’s time for me to go oil my sprockets.
VICTOR VELOCITY
Vroom, vroom! Eeeerch!!! Thought I’d make a quick pit stop and spin
a question out to you!
a. The cell grows
b. Chromosomes start to duplicate
c. The cell prepares for mitosis
d. All of the above
Don’t rush through that one. Pick an answer and write it down. Oh, I see the
flag going down. I’ve gotta run!
46
Mitosis Video Quiz
Script
RICKY WAVE
Hi everyone from SQRD- science quiz radio. It’s me Ricky Wave. I’m here to
continue the countdown of the top 20 mitosis questions. This one has had
major radio play…it’s a big hit in Europe.. it’s
a. The chromosomes duplicate
b. The spindle fibers attach to the centromere
c. The cell membrane closes around the new cells
d. The chromatids split at the centromere
So, what do you think? Does it make the cut? Write down your choice and
keep listening to the wonderful tunes of SQRD!
NUKE ROCKNEY
All right team, we’ve been practicing for this moment! (Blows whistle) Now get
out there and show them what you’re made of!
17. True or False: During metaphase, the nuclear membrane
finishes breaking down.
How did it go? It’s a 50-50 chance. So take it! Write down an answer and
keep on moving. Go team go!
QUIZ CLOWN
(Trips on feet) I haven’t quite got the hang of these big shoes yet! While I dust
myself off, see if you can do any better with this!
18. In which stage do the nuclear envelopes form around the
separate sets of chromosomes:
a. Anaphase
b. Interphase
c. Telophase
d. Prophase
What do you think? Write down an A, B, C, or D. I’m going to give these big
shoes another try. Clown College was never like this!
47
Mitosis Video Quiz
Script
WENDY RIVER
Yee-haw!! I love these broncs! Why don’t y’all test your skills on this one
here!
19. After mitotic cell division, or mitosis,
the daughter cells contain:
a. Half of the chromosomes of the parent cell
b. The same number of chromosomes as
the parent cell
c. A random number of chromosomes
d. An unknown number of chromosomes
Before I ride off into the sunset, make sure you’ve got an answer
down. See y’all at the next round-up!
FIZZLE
Hi there! Before I return to my bottle, a wish was used to see if you’ve
been paying attention!
20. What structure inside the cell helps pull
the chromatids apart:
a. Centromere
b. Spindle Fibers
c. Nucleus
d. Membrane
We’ve reached the end! Did you get the last answer on paper? Great!
Now back to Professor Science while I return to my home sweet home.
SCENE 7
PROFESSOR SCIENCE
Well folks, there you have it, all you need to know about the amazing
cell division process called mitosis! Coming up are the answers to the
questions my friends gave you! Now I gotta split! I’ll see you next time
on the Wonderful World of Science!!
48
Mitosis Video Quiz
Script
ANSWERS
1.
b.
Mitosis is how cells reproduce and grow.
2.
c.
23 chromosomes
3.
True.
Mitosis is the division of somatic cells to create new,
identical cells.
4.
b.
Humans have 46 chromosomes in their somatic cells.
5.
b.
An eukaryote has a distinctive nucleus.
6.
b.
Chromosomes are made of DNA molecules.
7.
d.
centromere
8.
d.
Diploid cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes
or 46 single chromosomes.
9.
a.
The genetic information for an organism is found
in the cell nucleus.
10.
d.
The cytoplasm is the living substance of the cell,
the cell membrane.
11.
c.
During prophase, the centrioles, if there are any, move
to opposite ends of the cell and form 2 separate poles.
12.
a.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
13. False.
Plants have a hard cell plate that grows in the middle
to split the two cells..
14.
a.
The sister chromosomes split completely in anaphase.
15.
d.
During interphase, the cell grows, chromosomes start
to duplicate, and the cell prepares for mitosis.
16.
b.
The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres.
17.
True.
18.
c.
The nuclear envelopes form around the separate cells
during telophase.
19.
b.
After mitotic cell division, the daughter cells contain
the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
20.
b.
The spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart.
During metaphase, the nucleus is completely broken up.
49
Mitosis Video Quiz

Mitosis

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