Distribution of cichlid fishes (Family Cichlidae)!

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Diversity and evolution of cichlid fishes
Distribution of cichlid fishes (Family Cichlidae)!
The Midas cichlid species complex in Nicaragua
Wilson, Noack & Meyer, Proc. R. Soc. (2000)
Barluenga & Meyer, Molecular Ecology (2004)
The Midas cichlid species complex in Nicaragua
Amphilophus from Nicaragua: A highly polymorphic cichlid species complex
Meyer J. Zool. (1990) & Biol. J. Linn. Soc. (1990)
The Midas cichlid (Amphilophus citrinellus) species complex in Nicaragua
zaliosus
labiatus
Sympatric
speciation
in proved?
the Midas
How
could Sympatric
Speciation be
i)!
cichlid species complex in Nicaragua
A setting where allopatry is unlikely
(remote oceanic islands, hosts for parasites or small crater lakes)
ii)!
Sister species with sympatric distribution
iii)!
Sister species forming a monophyletic group
(nuclear and mtDNA evidence)
iv)!
Sister species reproductively isolated
(Coyne & Orr, Speciation 2004)
Sympatric speciation in the Midas cichlid species complex in Nicaragua
MtDNA analysis of the Midas Cichlid species complex (control region 840 bp)
Wilson, Noack & Meyer, Proc. R. Soc. (2000)
Barluenga & Meyer, Molecular Ecology (2004)
Sympatric speciation origin of Amphilophus zaliosus in Crater Lake Apoyo
Barluenga, Stölting, Salzburger, Muschick & Meyer Nature (2006)
Crater Lake Apoyo
- < 23.000 years old
- no inflows, not connections to other bodies of water
- up to 200 meters deep
- small size (ca. 20 km2)
- impoverished fauna (six species of fish)
- oligotrophic
Eco-morphology: the two species have different body shapes
Barluenga, Stölting, Salzburger, Muschick & Meyer (2006) Nature
Klingenberg, Barluenga & Meyer (2003) Evolution
Eco-morphology: differences in habitat preference
Benthic species (A. citrinellus)
in shallow zone
Limnetic species (A. zaliosus)
in open water
Eco-morphology: the two species have different pharyngeal jaw shapes and different diets
Sympatric speciation of Amphilophus zaliosus in Lake Apoyo
Unrooted haplotype network based on 729 mitochondrial control region
DNA sequences (840 bp)
A coalescence-based mitochondrial mismatch analysis
of A. citrinellus from Crater Lake Apoyo uncovers a
demographic expansion about 2 mutations ago
Mitochondrial mismatch analysis of A. zaliosus
suggesting an ongoing demographic expansion
Three-dimensional representation of a factorial correspondence analysis based on
microsatellite genotypes from A. zaliosus (red), A. citrinellus in Lake Apoyo (yellow), and
A. citrinellus in other lakes in Nicaragua (blue)
Nuclear marker phylogenies. a, Microsatellite based population tree calculated with
CONTML applying a Brownian motion approximation. b, Microsatellite based population
tree calculated with POPULATIONS applying the Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards method.
Numbers above the branches are bootstrap values (10,000 replicates). c, Neighborjoining phylogeny based on AFLP data. All nuclear markers clearly support the
monophyly of the Lake Apoyo Midas Cichlids. The Arrow Cichlid (A. zaliosus) is derived
from Lake Apoyo’s Midas Cichlid (A. citrinellus) fauna rendering the ancestral species A.
citrinellus paraphyletic
iv) The two species are reproductively isolated
Bayesian population assignment test. The population assignment test with the
software STRUCTURE based on 10 microsatellite loci uncovered three distinct populations
(red A. zaliosus, yellow A. citrinellus in Crater Lake Apoyo, and blue A. citrinellus from
Lake Nicaragua)
i)!
A setting where allopatry is unlikely
!
The Crater Lake Apoyo in Nicaragua is very small and isolated
ii)!
Sister species with sympatric distribution
!
Two cichlids species, A. citrinellus and A. zaliosus, are
sympatrically distributed in Crater Lake Apoyo
iii)!
Sister species forming a monophyletic group
!
A. citrinellus and A. zaliosus form a monophyletic group based on
mitochondrial data, and have a unique AFLP and microsatellite
iv)! fingerprint
Sister species reproductively isolated
!
Genetic evidence of reproductive isolation, plus, field and lab
evidence of assortative mating and behavioral premating
isolation
(Coyne & Orr, Speciation 2004)
Sympatric speciation in parallel
Ernst Mayr
“Animal
species and
evolution” (19
63)
Allopatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
lake 1
lake 1
lake 2
lake 2
Dieckmann &
Doebeli
Nature (1999);
Kondrashov &
Kondrashov
Nature (1999);
Higashi et al.
Nature (2000)
Wilson, Noack
& Meyer
Proc R Soc
Lond (2000)
Kirkpatrick, Nature News and Views about Wilson, Noack and Meyer (2000)
Sexual selection and sympatric speciation of cichlids in crater Lake Xiloa
xiloensis G
xiloensis N
Saggitae G +N
‘amarillo’
labiatus
rare
Elmer, Lehtonen & Meyer (2009) Evolution

Distribution of cichlid fishes (Family Cichlidae)!

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