Special Expanded Edition Photos from the 2010 National Conference!
Transcription
Special Expanded Edition Photos from the 2010 National Conference!
Fall 2010 Providing Patient Support, Education, & Advancing Research Special Expanded Edition Photos from the 2010 National Conference! Read about the Conference from a Patient’s Perspective 5 Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation: Treating Depression and Anxiety 6 Scientific Breakthrough: First Animal Model for TN 7 The 512 Society 925 NW 56th Terrace, Suite C Gainesville, FL 32605-6402 Sustaining the Future of TNA 9 ThelatestnewsbroughttoyoubyTNATheFacialPainAssociation.Presenting informationonthecareandmanagementofneuropathicfacialpain includingtrigeminalneuralgia.TNAservesasanadvocateforpatientsliving withneuropathicfacialpain,includingtrigeminalneuralgia,byproviding information,encouragingresearchandofferingsupport. ~Celebrating~ Years 1990–2010 Fall 2010 A Message from the Chairman -RogerLevy The highlight of TNA’s 20th Anniversary has undoubtedly been the National Conference held at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota this past August. Our national conferences always represent the best that TNA has to offer and this year was no exception. First, we bring together many support group leaders and members from across the country and then we add our tireless and dedicated staff and Board members. Together with our Medical Advisory Board and other speakers, we all gather to make sure that the many patients and their loved ones who attend the conference from around the US and from overseas learn of the latest treatments and opportunities to deal with their pain, while enjoying the camaraderie that a shared experience can create. Looking back on the experience, participation in this conference reaffirmed for me three important things. First, there is something unique about bringing patients together with the healthcare providers who represent best in class. Not only does this allow patients to hear from and question experts, it allows the healthcare providers to gain insights not readily apparent in a clinical setting. So, we will continue and expand our conference program. Secondly, interaction among patients as they live and learn together, if only for a few days, is an important opportunity for warding off isolation and feelings of helplessness. This is an important opportunity Page 1 also presented by participation in one of our support groups. And so we must nurture and expand our support group network while encouraging patients to become active participants. Lastly, I saw in our audience the diversity of conditions that nerve-generated facial pain represents and that more young people are turning to us for help. Therefore, if there was ever a doubt whether TNA should have a role in research today, it was dispelled for me when confronted by the impact of chronic facial pain on the young. So we must and will expand our efforts to foster translational research for new treatments and a cure. With the latter in mind, the Board of TNA has created the Facial Pain Research Foundation to raise research money and to work with multiple institutions where finding new ways to treat facial pain are being researched. With a separate Board of Trustees, our new Foundation will bring a novel approach to raising funds and establishing research opportunities. I look forward to sharing more of this as the foundation gets under way. In the meantime, we are also re-establishing our Patient Registry as a means of building what will be the largest database of patient facial pain information, an important tool for researchers, to be followed by a Research Registry as a repository for information on facial pain research projects under way across America and overseas. Success is a journey, not a destination, and we have a long journey before us. But we close the year of our twentieth anniversary with rededication to the mission and goals that the Association has set out to achieve and to the belief that the journey will be worthwhile and that along the way the lives of many people will be improved. Page 2 Fall 2010 Page 3 Page 4 Fall 2010 A Patient’s Perspective on the National Conference – Tiffany T. Smith Today I am getting my skull opened for the second time in one week so that electrodes stitched onto the cover of my brain can be connected to a motor cortex stimulator implanted in my stomach that will take away my facial pain. That wouldn’t be happening had I not attended TNA’s 20th Anniversary National Conference last month at the Mayo Clinic. Three and a half years ago, at the age of 22, doctors discovered that I had sinus tumors. Many medications and two expansive sinus surgeries later, I was left with no sinus tumors, but something that everyone reading this article would consider much worse: trigeminal neuralgia type 2. The constant, severe pain in the right side of my face has hijacked what was supposed to be the best years of my life. Instead of going out to happy hours, enjoying (or hating!) law school, and spending time with friends, these last several years have been a fog of doctors, emergency room visits, medications, surgeries, and most of all, pain. My perpetual search for answers brought me to TNA – The Facial Pain Association’s website, and from there, I found more detailed information about my disease. After consulting with some of the world’s best doctors, motor cortex stimulation was suggested as an answer to my problems. But a year and many fights with my insurance company later, I still had no surgery date in sight and had not found any other successful treatment. That all changed when I decided to attend TNA’s National Conference. For the first time since I’ve been diagnosed, I was surrounded by people who actually understood my struggles. Though I’ve been lucky to have family and friends who love and support me, there is nothing quite like meeting other people who have been kept up at night by the same excruciating pain as I have. I was lucky enough to meet another young woman suffering from Page 5 facial pain who, despite living on opposite coasts, will probably become a lifelong friend. On top of that, the national conference provided me with unparalleled access to leading doctors and researchers for trigeminal neuralgia and other facial pain. Instead of having to fly across the country for limited appointments, I attended every session I could and followed certain doctors around like a lovesick puppy. One of those doctors was Dr. Kenneth Casey, who has become my personal hero. After attending many of his sessions and hearing his keynote speech at the gala dinner, I decided that I had never met a more brilliant, compassionate and dedicated doctor and promptly informed him that I would be sending my medical records to him as soon as I returned to Maryland. One week later, I flew to Michigan to have a formal appointment with him, and less than two weeks after that, I returned for motor cortex stimulation stage 1 surgery. I am ecstatic to say that my trial was successful. Attending the TNA conference not only served as an introduction to the surgeon who would change my life, but most importantly, gave me enough information to make a thoughtful and informed decision concerning my treatment options. I believe that attending the Conference is imperative for anyone who suffers from facial pain, as it provides a network of fellow patients and doctors who – combined – are a wonderful resource for learning more information about any type of facial pain. Unquestionably, attending TNA’s National Conference is the best decision I’ve ever made and has allowed me to regain the most important thing – hope for my future. Treating Depression and Anxiety with Cranial Electrotherapy (CES) - Suzanne Grenell I have survived breast cancer – twice. I have also lived with trigeminal neuralgia – for twelve years. As a result, I know what it’s like to live with depression, anxiety, insomnia and pain, and the elusive comfort offered by pharmaceutical drugs that come with a high price: serious side effects. Having worked as a senior executive at Intel for sixteen years, I also know how technological innovation can dramatically improve people’s lives. That’s why, when I was introduced to Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation or “CES” for short, I leapt at the opportunity to test its benefits. Now, while not approved to treat facial pain, CES does provide a drug-free treatment for depression, anxiety and insomnia associated with all forms of chronic pain. What exactly is Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation? CES works by applying a mild electrical current (so mild that it is not felt) to the head to stimulate the brain’s production of serotonin and dopamine, using patented radio frequencies. Serotonin and dopamine are the two neurochemicals greatly responsible for good mood and sound sleep. The mild electrical current is generated by a handheld device that sends the current through two sponge applicators on either side of the head. Some CES devices use ear clips instead of sponges. CES devices are regulated by the FDA and there are several varieties on the market, most of which cost around $695. All require a prescription from a medical practitioner licensed for electrotherapy. I have learned that CES has been the subject of many peer reviewed studies over the past thirty years, including research completed at Harvard in 2009, and the overwhelming majority of studies are positive. I purchased my device directly from Fisher Wallace Laboratories and they were very responsive to my requests for information and answered my questions promptly. But there are several devices on the market and, as with all treatments, you need to check out CES before you try it, as CES may not be for everyone. However, it is helping me. With it, I am moving forward on a continuous path of health improvement and balance in my life and I encourage anyone with chronic pain to consider it as an alternative to drugs. Editor’s Note: Suzanne is a former TNA Board member and is a frequent speaker on wellness issues. TNA does not endorse any particular treatment, product or service. However, we believe that facial patients can benefit from the personal experiences of others. Providing Patient Support, Education, and Advancing Research 925 NW 56th Terrace, Suite C Gainesville, FL 32605-6402 Tel.: 1.800.923.3608 or 352.331.7009 www.tna-support.org Page 6 Fall 2010 In Florida Laboratory: Scientists Aim to Develop First Animal Model of Trigeminal Neuralgia – Arline Phillips-Han University of Florida neuroscientist Lucia Notterpek, PhD, is leading major new studies in mice aimed at developing an animal model of the human pain associated with damage to the myelin sheath, which electrically insulates nerves. Her research, funded by The TNA-Facial Pain Association, addresses fundamental questions about the role of myelin deterioration in trigeminal neuralgia (TN), and involves testing experimental drugs to repair the damage. “At the present stage of research into trigeminal neuralgia, the focus needs to be on the myelin* sheath,” says Albert Rhoton Jr., MD, the father of modern-day microscopic neurosurgery and internationally known teacher, brain anatomist and textbook writer at the UF McKnight Brain Institute. “Surgical treatment has been relatively static for 25 years or so, and medications have advanced minimally. Today, no available drug is much better than Tegretol.” (Tegretol is the brand name for the drug carbamezepine, the frontline treatment for facial pain.) Rhoton, who treated more than 3,000 patients with trigeminal neuralgia during his 40 years of clinical practice, says many experts on this nerve disorder believe the notoriously intense and often disabling TN pain is initiated by myelin damage, which occurs when an artery or vein sags and pulsates against the trigeminal nerve. In many cases of typical TN, this theory seems verified surgically; many TN patients Page 7 find great pain relief when a surgeon separates the offending blood vessel from the nerve. But thousands of patients who suffer with facial pain do not respond to any available therapy. Rhoton says there is evidence, seen though the surgical microscope, of indentations in the trigeminal nerve at places where the myelin appears thinned or notched. He said one line of thinking is that the myelin sheath tries, but fails, to regenerate itself after injury, underscoring the need for expanded research. Notterpek, who chairs the Department of Neuroscience at UF, has rapidly established her project. She is now using mice to test one wellknown nerve-protective molecule and several newly developed pharmaceutical compounds designed to stabilize the myelin-producing Schwann cells. The animals undergoing treatment include mice with various myelin abnormalities, as well as mice that lack the myelin-producing gene known as PMP22, and mice with healthy myelin. Prior to administering the drug compounds, myelin damage is induced in anesthetized mice by tying surgical thread around the trigeminal nerve, an attempt to replicate the kind of nerve-compression injury associated with classic TN. The animals are then tested at regular intervals to correlate myelin damage with behavioral changes that appear to indicate discomfort. Testing the animals for “pain” is a special assignment for Andrew Ahn, MD, PhD, a neurologist with expertise in headache and facial pain recently recruited to the UF College of Medicine from the University of California San Francisco. “Whether what we measure in the mice is actually the same as the pain in our patients is uncertain, but we make our best approximation through a series of behavioral approaches aimed at analyzing their sensitivity to various stimuli,” said Ahn, an assistant professor of neurology and neuroscience. “We start with observations of how the mice behave spontaneously; concerted grooming behaviors over the affected area can be suggestive of pain or discomfort. Then we can look at how they respond (for example by flinching) to touch with a calibrated mechanical stimulus using so-called von Frey hairs that look like a short segment of fishing line on the end of a short handle, and to various levels of heat. In a newer approach believed to be more clinically relevant, we are assessing changes in operant behavior, or how pain might interfere with motivated activities such as eating or drinking. Ahn and Notterpek are collaborating with a large group of scientists associated with the UF College of Dentistry’s Comprehensive Center for Pain Research, one of few such centers in the nation. Notterpek has published two papers on her discovery that rodents generally have to reach a certain age before they show signs of myelin deterioration— similar to the way TN most often affects people over age 50. She is testing a hypothesis that the peripheral nerves in mice with PMP22 gene deficiency are more sensitive to injury, and require little provocation to initiate myelin damage, as compared to normal mice. She aims to determine the least amount of nerve damage required to initiate loss of myelin in normal mice, and in mice that are deficient in the PMP22 gene. At the close of each study, the mice are sacrificed so that the trigeminal nerve can be removed and examined microscopically to assess the status of the myelin coating. The scientists remove the peripheral facial nerves and measure the level of molecules involved in both the myelin sheath pathway and the pain pathway. “We have selected small compounds that could be given orally to human patients, once we establish a safe dosage and rule out unacceptable side effects,” Notterpek said. Obtaining reliable data will require repeated experiments in large numbers of animals, which could take several years. Douglas K. Anderson, PhD, Eminent Scholar Emeritus in Neuroscience at UF, who preceded Notterpek as chairman of the Department of Neuroscience, proposes another approach to myelin repair that might be tested in the kind of myelindeficient animal model she is developing. Anderson suggests the demyelinated region of the trigeminal nerve might be patched with myelinproducing cells derived from adult or embryonic stem cells, or with the patient’s own Schwann cells, provided these cells do not carry a genetic defect that produces unstable myelin. “Fixing this ‘short circuit’ on the trigeminal nerve could restore normal or near normal activity in this nerve and eliminate the debilitating episodes of pain,” he said. He also speculates “gene therapy might be used to deliver genes that produce endogenous factors known to control pain, and/or to knock out genes found to be involved in pain production. With this approach, it might be possible to manage the pain (CONTINUED ON PAGE 10) Page 8 Fall 2010 512 Society Campaign Launches Macaroni & Cheese As part of ensuring its future, TNA The Facial Pain Association successfully launched a campaign at the national conference in August to create and sustain a future for the organization. The gifts of 512 people driven to create a future for TNA will make a million-dollar endowment a reality. Is there a better comfort food than Mac ‘n Cheese? Here is a basic recipe with a few suggested twists. • 8 T. (1 stick) unsalted butter • 6 slices good white bread, crusts removed, torn into ¼ to ½ inch pieces • 5 ½ C milk • ½ C flour • 2 tsp. salt • ¼ tsp. freshly grated nutmeg • ¼ tsp. freshly ground black pepper (optional) • 4 ½ C grated sharp white cheddar • 2 C grated Gruyere or 1 ¼ C grated Pecorino Romano cheese • 1 lb. elbow macaroni The campaign goal is to enlist 512 people willing to share the vision as charter members by donating $2,000 each over the next two years. The million-dollar endowment will lay a solid foundation for sustaining and expanding TNA services to facial pain patients and their families, as well as the healthcare professionals at the frontline of diagnosis and treatment. Earnings generated from investment of the endowment also will yield seed money to support new initiatives aimed at improving the lives of all who endure the debilitating pains of trigeminal neuralgia and other neuropathic facial pains. As TNA moves forward with the 512 Society legacy campaign, the plans are to continue to promote the campaign throughout the country and bring exclusivity to the 512 Society providing additional benefits of joining and national recognition of all members who have chosen to invest in TNA and share the vision. More information about the 512 Society can be obtained by calling the National Office at 1-800-923-3608 or email Susan Cupp, Chief Executive Officer, at scupp@ tna-support.org. Leave your legacy; join the 512 Society today! Page 9 Charter Members of the 512 Society as of this publication date: Anonymous Members (7) John F. Alksne, MD Linda Lee Alter Ramesh P. Babu, MD Nicholas M. Barbaro, MD Eden S. Blair, PhD John F. Boettner Michael Brisman, MD Nell and Truman Channell James and Mary Draeger Peter J. Jannetta, MD Roger L. Levy, Esq. Gwender Lias-Baskett Mark E. Linskey, MD Richard Marschner Franklin J. Naivar Michael Pasternak, PhD Jean C. Raymond Raymond F. Sekula, Jr., MD Konstantin Slavin, MD Lisa and Paul Smith Ms. L. Sunderland-Klassen John M. Tew, Jr., MD Kenneth White Mary Zalepeski Richard S. Zimmerman, MD Preheat oven to 375°. Butter a 3-quart casserole dish; set aside. Place bread in a medium bowl. Melt 2 T. butter, pour melted butter over bread, toss and set aside. Cover a large pot of water and bring to boil. Cook the macaroni until the outside of pasta is cooked and the inside is underdone, 2 to 3 minutes. Transfer macaroni to a colander and drain well. Warm milk in a saucepan over medium heat. Melt remaining butter in a high-sided skillet. When butter bubbles, add flour. Cook, whisking, 1 minute. Slowly add hot milk a little at a time to keep mixture smooth. Continue cooking, whisking constantly, until mixture bubbles and thickens, 8 to 12 minutes. Remove pan from heat. Stir in salt, nutmeg, pepper, 3 cups cheddar, 1 ½ cups Gruyere or Pecorino. Fold macaroni into the cheese sauce. Pour mixture into prepared baking dish. Sprinkle remaining cheese and bread crumbs over top. Bake until golden, about 30 minutes. Serves 8. Twist #1: Melt 2 T butter, add ½ lb. Cremini mushrooms and ½ lb. Shiitake mushrooms, stems removed, caps sliced. Sauté until tender, add 3 T cream sherry, continue to sauté until sherry is absorbed. Add mushrooms to cheese and macaroni mixture, bake. Twist #2: Replace ½ C of Gruyere with ½ C of crumbled blue cheese and add 6 slices of crisp, crumbled bacon to cheese and macaroni mixture, bake. Twist #3: Add 2 lbs. of cooked lobster meat to cheese and macaroni mixture, bake. SAVE THE DATE! TNA Conference Schedule for 2010 -2011 New Orleans, Louisiana....... April 2011 Richmond, Virginia................ May 2011 Irvine, California..................... Sept. 2011 Animal Model: Continued from Page 8 of TN without actually repairing, or even identifying, the defect producing the pain.” Anderson says investigation of demyelination in mice also may lead to better understanding of other nervedegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, in which damage to the myelin disrupts normal transmission of nerve impulses. This common link of myelin injury gives strong rationale for the development and validation of an animal model as a number one priority toward the development of effective therapy that will reverse or stop the progression of trigeminal neuralgia. Anderson previously served on the TNA-FPA Board of Directors and was instrumental in drafting the blueprint for the research initiative led by Notterpek. He is internationally known in scientific circles for his development of the first effective medication for acute spinal cord injury and for his pioneering studies of embryonic tissue transplants to halt complicated wounds associated with paralyzing spinal cord injury in people. Keep up with research briefings on the TNA-FPA web site at http://www.tna-support.org. * Myelin is an electrically insulating coating on nerve fibers. It helps to increase the speed at which impulses are conducted along the nerve and to prevent the electric current from leaving the axon of the nerve. Myelin can be damaged by a tumor or an overlying blood vessel. Page 10 Fall 2010 TNA – The Facial Pain Association Welcomes New Members July 2010 The following individuals joined or renewed their TNA membership between April & September 2010. Judi Coleman Kittie Robertson Richard Fishman Anne Masterson Evelyn Burry Philip Tereskiewicz Diane Mosbrucker Carol Belluomo Maura Nolan Vicki Jankowski Nyda Concialdi Delores H. Zimmerman Danielle Lavoie Nancy L Cowger Michael Eckman Lynn Ruppe Candy Schoeneberg Ella Burakowski Vince Holtmann Judy Osborne Virginia Masse Mary Gregerson Harold Buder Lee Alloway Judith Chodil Sharon Raphael Rita Welz Elizabeth Rash Kathleen Brown Sharon Groten John & Rosemary Ashby Shelba-Jean Fricks Luella LaBrant Cynthia Bordan Grant Reibelt John Hartigan Jacquie Roland LaVonne Gerdes Victoria Hartmann John Temple Brian Power Howard buchly Sharon Hamilton April 2010 May 2010 Brenda Sharp Clarence Willard Barbara Haskins Karen Hopwood Susan Berrodin Ronald Irons Angela Sorensen Mary E Stanley Patty Biringer Steven Zimmerman Jerrie Fowler Ted Wozny Roger W. Dobson Christy Bosak Kathleen Gallivan Sue Vincent Silke Baumann Anne Leskinen Jacqueline Moody Jerri Griffee Peter A. Robertson, Jr. Tom Bailey Charles Webster Doreen VanMinsel Wesley Allen Debbie Barker Sarah Goldberg Betty Hare Tiffanie Rosier Beatrice Figueroa Theral Moore Gwenne Cicero Paul Milton Peter Costantino Angelina Olsen William Siebrandt Jerry Renninger Jennifer Sonnenberg Carolyn Vasquez Tim Moore Chuck Brandt Yifu Zhu Ann Clayton Aimee M. Kerkemeyer Reba Little Lauren Senese Barbara Omoth Ronald Streich Paul Selman Sharon Jo Bramm Virginia Fugate Betty Luckett Phil and Carol Muller Yvette Kalb Mary Swift M.D. Weeks Linda Collier Joseph Martin Patricia Ramsey Patricia D’Ambrosio Bonnie G. Gray Steve Callanan Kathleen Reid Douglas Stone Amy Elliott Joyce Sternberg Andrea Ashe Susanne Eberle Beverly Sherbondy Edward Welty Andrew Petitjean Richard Tedford Mary Jane Pych Veronica Rone Laura Luca Claire R. Hughes Barbara Travis Shirley Dean Mary Parks Floria Cardona Page 11 Lynne Hales Michael Ramirez Jimmy Brown Danette McGee Darlene & Ric Knorr W. J. Wright Mike Taylor Lynda Ketcham Kim Trelegan Barbara Frazier Elizabeth Gale Rose Rich Jennifer Sweeney Robert Alexander Sarah Cohen June 2010 Linda Hokit Cynthia Bennett Angie Keppel Vickie Dance Michael Pasternak Christine Falco Lilly Glass Rennee DeTullio Thomas Bowler Bob Moses Barbara Rappaport Monica Laust Crissy Ortiz Joanne Thompson Dale Richardson Pearl Schulson Jean Lumpkin Judy Folkmanis Sam Briscoe Kathleen Warren Gwen Lias- Baskett Dorothy Erwin Pat Dought Jerry Shain Wesley Bezuidenhout jodi kinmon Barbara Daniels Diane Antonette Tiffany Smith Neal Kratzke Gene Summerville Karen Schroeder Erika Sanchez Phyllis Ogof Janice Przystal Janice Revelos Linda Park Virginia Frazier Judy Bedford Joyce Clark Marie Kulp James Walker Maria Miller Ellen Harris Karen C. Hopwood Glen Damron Dan Merges Robert Parsons Lisa Eschleman Kathryn Rosenblatt Rosemary Walter Gwen Lias Baskett Judith B. Friedman Roy Crane LeRoy Nelson Diane Hoffman Manuela & Calvin Noel Nancy Oscarson Judy Scheiwe Sylvia R. Schoenfeld James Mullins Jenenne M Thompson Elda Mueses Ditslear Janet Lynn Lorenz Brent Clyde Lisa Single Leonard Abrams Karis Boerner Mary E. Johnson Shelley Kothlow Rhonda Furin Katherine Strotman Norma Murray Stephen Iacovino Pamela Clifford Frank Krone David Yost Ilean Wesley Lisa Coffman Stephanie Fisher libuse carosella Joanne Kimsey Shannon Ross Marion Conditt Kip (Denise) Benko Patricia Parenti Norman Peters Laura Dabrowski Dana Strothman Margaret Glass Gloria Johnson Suzanne LaVoie August 2010 Gregory Strain Alice Norris Thomas Houle Karin Woeste Trudi McDonald Frances Schimandle Alan Stumbaugh Harry Nutter Susan Serrapere Mary Healy Marilyn Thayer Frank Skoviera Carolyn Churchwell Dwight Jundt Susan Folchi Melinda Melvin Susan Anderson Kimberly Liedberg Douglas Blake Efstathios Dourdounas Charlcie Montgomery Deidre M Silbert Stephen Davis Lisa Free Kathleen Kennedy Steffany Catalano Michael DeJarnette Carol Sluzevich David Sirois Darlene Troxel John Albrecht Eldon Christians Alfreda Willingham Mary Draeger Tracey Belden Carolyn Krinkie Ken Hassel Scott Bergh Elaine Schneider Roberta Boyle Eileen Post Matthew ORourke September 2010 Charlotte McLaughlin Mark Linskey, MD Norah Rodgers Sara Bentley Wierda Kelley Bergman Li-lan Maureen Walsh Pam Kubala Barbara Farmer Estelle Rubenstein Joan Piasecki Darlene Linhart Larry Mengedoht Rathna Lingamaneni Allan Waxman Merle McCartney Suzanne Donnelly Jason Cable Abby Semel Julene Sommers Natalie Schickling Jim Dowdy Tamarah Haywood Roy McKay Judith Martin Robert Krinkie Fredy Argir Larry Druffel Earnest Najorka Marina Barreras Gwen Asplundh Nancy Jones Allison Blevins Belinda Lijeron Karen Downing Rita Ratliff Jitka Karlikova Mariana Carlstrom Minnie Wright Rajesh Bindal Maureen OConnor Jody Eff Jane Bryant Hillary Collier Starr Oliver Anne Goldberg Kathleen McGetrick Brenda Weddle Monica Jaramillo Philip Einhorn Vickie Guite Theresa Cole-McCabe Barbara Shavulsky Paul Bracaglia Chris Loughran Barbara Babbitt Soraya Namvar Page 12