A Golden Jubilee Celebration 50th Anniversary
Transcription
A Golden Jubilee Celebration 50th Anniversary
The Republic of 50th Anniversary A Golden Jubilee Celebration . Foreword by A & OREWORD(IS%XCELLENCY 0RESIDENT%RNEST"AI+OROMA 3TATEMENT0ROFESSOR-&YLE #HAIRMANTH!NNIVERSARY#OMMISSION -ESSAGE4HE2T(ON4ONY"LAIR &RIENDOF3IERRA,EONE -ESSAGE&RANK4IMIS #%/!FRICAN-INERALS #HAPTER&ROMTHE%ARLIEST4IMES¯ !RRIVALOFTHE0ORTUGUESE #HAPTER$ISCOVERYAND-IXED &ORTUNE¯THE0ORTUGUESE0ERIOD #HAPTER4OWARDS0ROGRESSAND %QUILIBRIUM¯THE"RITISH0ERIOD #HAPTER3IERRA,EONE¯ 0OLITICAL)NFRASTRUCTURE #HAPTER%CONOMYAND.ATURAL 2ESOURCES¯!BUNDANT2ESOURCES #HAPTER3IERRA,EONE¯ &OREIGN0OLICY#ENTRE #HAPTER!2ICH4APESTRY¯ 3IERRA,EONEAN#ULTURE #HAPTER!&REE0RESS¯ 3IERRA,EONEAN-EDIA #HAPTER!"EAUTIFUL$ESTINATION¯ 4OURISMAND,EISURE #HAPTER3IERRA,EONE¯ ,EADINGTHE7ORLD #HAPTER,OOKING!HEAD¯ !"RIGHT&UTURE !PPENDICES #HRONOLOGY ¯ ,EADUPTO)NDEPENDENCE 3TATISTICS ¯ &ACTSAND&IGURES 3IERRA,EONE ¯ .ATIONAL!NTHEM 3IERRA,EONE ¯ 'OVERNOR#LARKSON´S0RAYER 4 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% )THASBEENAGREATPRIVILEGETOEDITTHIS ANNIVERSARYPUBLICATIONCELEBRATING YEARSOF3IERRA,EONE´SINDEPENDENCE I ½RSTVISITEDWEST!FRICAASAYOUNGOF½CER CADETONLEAVEFROMTHE2-!3ANDHURSTINTHE 3UMMEROF)CANREMEMBERNOWSOVIVIDLY THESIGHTSSMELLSANDSOUNDSOFTHATFASCINATINGBUSTLING ANDBEAUTIFULCOASTLINE4HEPEOPLEMUSTBEAMONGSTTHE MOSTWELCOMINGANDTHEMOSTFRIENDLYANYWHEREINTHE WORLD#ERTAINLYTHE3IERRA,EONEANS)HAVEWORKEDWITH HEREIN,ONDONINPARTICULAR!DE$ARAMYHAVEBEEN UTTERLYCHARMING)THASBEENAGREATPLEASURETOWORK WITHTHEM3IERRA,EONEHASAWEALTHOFNATURALRESOURCES ANDATALENTEDPEOPLE)THASTHEPOTENTIALTOPROSPER 4HECHAPTERSINTHISPUBLICATIONTAKEABROADLOOKATTHAT BRIGHTFUTURE 3IERRA,EONEHASHADATOUGHTIMEINTHEPAST YEARSINPARTICULAR)TSPEOPLEDESERVEBETTER¯ITISA COUNTRYWITHENORMOUSPOTENTIAL)DOFERVENTLYWISH THENATIONOF3IERRA,EONEANDITSPEOPLEWELLONTHE OCCASIONOFTHEIRTH!NNIVERSARYOF)NDEPENDENCE) HOPEWEHAVECONTRIBUTEDTOTHISCELEBRATIONWITHTHIS PUBLICATIONINSOMESMALLWAY #OLONEL-ICHAEL$EWAR%DITOR !BOVE4HENATIONALCOAT OFARMSSUPERIMPOSEDONTHE NATIONAL¾AG )T½LLSMEWITHIMMENSEPRIDETOBETHE 0RESIDENTOF3IERRA,EONEATSUCHAN AUSPICIOUSTIMEINOURCOUNTRY´SHISTORY !NDITGIVESMEGREATPLEASURETOWELCOME YOUTOTHISBOOKLETINCOMMEMORATIONAND CELEBRATIONOF3IERRA,EONE´S'OLDEN*UBILEE OFINDEPENDENCE A SAYOUNGBOYATTHETIMEOFOUR INDEPENDENCE)WASVAGUELYAWAREOF SOMETHINGMOMENTOUSGOINGONINTHE COUNTRYBUTWASOBVIOUSLYTOOYOUNGTOAPPRECIATETHE SIGNI½CANCEOFTHEOCCASION)TWASATIMEOFGREATJOY ANDOPTIMISMANDONECOULDNOTHELPBUTBEINFECTED BYIT!TTHATTIMENONEOFUSCOULDHAVEFORESEENTHE CHANGESTHATWOULDTAKEPLACEINOURBELOVEDCOUNTRY )CONSIDERTHEDAY)ASSUMEDTHE0RESIDENCYTOBE ONEOFTHEPROUDESTDAYSOFMYLIFE)WASBOTHDELIGHTED ANDHUMBLEDBYTHEFACTTHATMYFELLOW3IERRA,EONEANS HADENTRUSTEDMEWITHTHETASKOFMOVINGTHECOUNTRY ONWARDSANDUPWARDSATACRITICALTIMEINOURHISTORY AMAWARETHATTHEJOBOF0RESIDENTMEANSHAVINGTO BETHELEADEROFTHEWHOLECOUNTRY4HATHASALWAYS BEENATTHEFOREFRONTOFMYTHOUGHTSANDACTIONSSINCE BECOMING0RESIDENTAND)REMINDMYSELFOFTHATFACT EVERYDAY-YNATURALOPTIMISMHASNEVERBLINDEDMETO THEFACTTHATWEHAVEALOTOFWORKTODOTOGETTOWHERE WEWOULDLIKETOBEASACOUNTRY)NFACTITHASSERVEDTO SPURMEONTOBEUNSTINTINGINMYEFFORTSTOBRINGABOUT THECHANGESTHATWEWOULDALLLIKETOSEEANDWHICHWILL BENE½TUSALL 4HISBOOKLETISNOTINTENDEDTODELIVERAHISTORY LESSONNONETHELESS)HOPETHATBYTHETIMEYOUGETTO THEENDOFITYOUWILLHAVELEARNTSOMEMOREABOUTOUR WONDERFULCOUNTRY)NFACTTHEAUTHORSDELIBERATELY STEEREDCLEAROFOVERLOADINGTHEBOOKLETWITHFACTS AND½GURESBECAUSEABOVEALLELSETHISISVERYMUCHA CELEBRATIONOF3IERRA,EONEAND3IERRA,EONEANS )TWASNOTBYACCIDENTTHATDECIDEDTHATTHE THEMEFORTHISYEAR´S'OLDEN*UBILEECELEBRATIONS SHOULDBE±9EARS&ORWARD#ELEBRATINGA.EW3IERRA ,EONE²)NMOVINGFORWARDWEWILLOFCOURSELOOKBACKAT THOSEDREAMSOFOURNATION´SFOUNDERSANDATTHESAME TIMEUSETHISANNIVERSARYASANOPPORTUNITYFORTHE REGENERATIONOFOURNATION 4OTHECASUALREADERITMIGHTSEEMTHAT3IERRA ,EONEHASHADLITTLETOCELEBRATEINRECENTTIMESBUT THEYCOULDNOTBEMOREWRONG7EAREDETERMINEDNOT TOBEACOUNTRYTHATISDE½NEDBYWARANDITSAFTERMATH BECAUSEWEKNOWTHATWEAREMUCHMORETHANTHAT !SANATIONWEAREGROWINGEVERMORECON½DENT OFOURPLACEINTHEWORLDANDAREDETERMINEDTOBETHE AUTHORSOFHOWOTHERSPERCEIVEUS&ORTOOLONGWEHAVE BEENDE½NEDBYOTHERS´PERCEPTIONOFWHOWEARE7E BELIEVETHATNOONEISBETTERPLACEDTHANOURSELVESTO TELLOUROWNSTORY )TISSOMETIMESEASYTOFORGETTHATWEAREAYOUNG NATIONANDTHATLIKEANYYOUNGNATIONTHEREARE GROWINGPAINS4HESEHAVEBEENPARTICULARLYPAINFUL ATTIMESANDWECANONLYHOPETHATWEHAVELEARNT LESSONSTHATWILLMAKEUSSTRONGERINTHEFUTURE7EAREA RESILIENTANDRESOURCEFULNATIONWITHANINDOMITABLE SPIRITANDONETHATHASITSOWNSPECIALBRANDOF HUMOURWHICHHASHELPEDTOLIFTOURSPIRITSINOUR DARKESTMOMENTS7EAREANATIONWELLKNOWNFOROUR TRADITIONOFRELIGIOUSTOLERANCE4HESETOOARETHINGS WORTHCELEBRATING )NSPITEOFALLTHETRAVAILSTHATWEHAVEGONE THROUGHWEHAVEREASONTOFEELBLESSEDTHATWEHAVE FRIENDSBOTHCLOSEANDFARAWAY7ETHANKTHEMANDWE HOPETHEYWILLCONTINUETOBE³&RIENDSOF3IERRA,EONE´ )WOULDLIKETOUSETHISOPPORTUNITYTOCALLONALL 3IERRA,EONEANSANDFRIENDSOF3IERRA,EONETOCOME TOGETHERDURINGTHESECELEBRATIONSANDTOUSETHIS ³'OLDEN/PPORTUNITY´AFFORDEDBYTHIS'OLDEN*UBILEE TOREDOUBLEOUREFFORTSTOMAKETHISTHECOUNTYWEWANT ITTOBESOTHATWECANCOMETOEMBODYTHEWORDS ONOURNATIONALCREST±5NITY&REEDOMAND*USTICE² (ERE´STOTHENEXTYEARSANDBEYOND2EAD ANDENJOY %RNEST"AI+OROMA 0RESIDENTOF4HE2EPUBLICOF3IERRA,EONE 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 5 Statement by 0UBLISHER !'(USSAIN -ANAGING%DITOR -ICHAEL$EWAR (EADOF%XTERNAL#OMMUNICATIONS 3IMON7ATSON(UGHES %XTERNAL#OMMUNICATIONS -ICHAEL4HOMPSON 3AM3TEPHENSON -ICHALE7ILDS !RT$IRECTOR *AMES$EWAR $ESIGNER 4OM'OOD 0HOTO%DITOR !DE$ARAMY #ONTRIBUTING0HOTOGRAPHERS 0ETER!NDERSEN 'ARY3CHULZE +ATRINA-ANSON &RANCES.GABOH3MART !DE$ARAMY !DONIS!BBOUD +IM"RUNHUBER *ENNIFER(OLLETT +RYSTLE,AI -ICHELLE$ELANEY 4HE#OMMONWEALTH3ECRETARIAT 4HE3MITHSONIAN-USEUMOF!FRICAN!RT !GENCE&RANCE0RESSE!&0 4HE'RIMALDI&ORUM-ONACO #ONTRIBUTING!UTHORS !NSU-OMOH¯-0HILRESEARCHSTUDENT3CHOOL OF'OVERNMENTAND3OCIETY)NTERNATIONAL $EVELOPMENT$EPT5NIVERSITYOF"IRMINGHAM &RANKLYN*OHNSON !DE$ARAMY -ICHAEL$EWAR 0UBLISHEDBY ,OWNDES'ROUP,TD 6 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% Message by )TWASWITHASENSEOFGREATPRIDEAND HONOURTHAT)ACCEPTEDTHEINVITATIONFROM (IS%XCELLENCYTHE0RESIDENT%RNEST"AI +OROMATOBECOME#HAIRMANOFTHE.ATIONAL 0LANNING#OMMITTEETOOVERSEEOURCOUNTRY´S 'OLDEN*UBILEE)NDEPENDENCE!NNIVERSARY COMMEMORATIONS M YINITIALTHOUGHTSWEREABOUTTHEENORMITY OFTHETASKTHATLAYAHEADINTHESHORTSPACE OFTIME!FTERALLITWASN´TASIFTHEREWASA TEMPLATETHAT)COULDDRAWONFORTHEJOBALTHOUGHTHEREHAD BEENBODIESCONSTITUTEDANDINDIVIDUALSTASKEDTOOVERSEE VARIOUSINDEPENDENCECELEBRATIONSINTHEPASTTHISISA SIGNI½CANTMILESTONETHATISBEINGCOMMEMORATED-YCAREER ANDSENSEOFPATRIOTICDUTYMEANTHAT)HAVEBEENABLETO BRINGALLOFTHESETOBEARINTHESERVICEOFMYCOUNTRYATA MOMENTOUSTIMEINOURHISTORY )HAVEBEENHEARTENEDBYTHEWAY3IERRA,EONEANS FROMALLWALKSOFLIFEHAVEEMBRACEDTHEIDEAOFMARKING THISSIGNI½CANTMILESTONEINAWAYTHATWILLBEMEMORABLE UNIFYINGANDREJUVENATINGASWEEMBARKONTHENEXT YEARSOFOURJOURNEYASANINDEPENDENTNATION7EAREALL CONSCIOUSOFTHEFACTTHATWEHAVEANOPPORTUNITYTONOTONLY MAKEAMARKINTHIS*UBILEEYEARBUTALSOTOBEINVOLVEDIN ENSURINGTHATTHENATIONISBEQUEATHEDANENDURINGLEGACY 4OTHISENDTHEMEMBERSOFTHECURRENT.ATIONAL #OMMITTEEHAVESERVEDTHEIRCOUNTRYWILLINGLYGUIDEDBYTHE SPIRITOFNATIONALPRIDEANDASTRONGSENSEOFDUTY)HOPETHAT THISSENSEOFPRIDETHAT)ANDMYFELLOWCOMMITTEEMEMBERS FEELAS3IERRA,EONEANSCOMESTHROUGHTHEPAGESOFTHIS PUBLICATION !S)LEAFTHROUGHTHISBOOKLET)½NDMYSELFRE¾ECTING ONHOWFARWEHAVECOMEASAPEOPLE4HOUGHWEHAVEFACED MANYCHALLENGESWEHAVERISENTOTHEOCCASIONEACHTIME UNITEDINTHELOVEWESHAREFOROURCOUNTRY 7ESEEOURSELVESASHAVINGAGREATRESPONSIBILITYFOR ENSURINGTHATWEADEQUATELYSHOWCASETHEDIVERSECULTURES ANDUNIQUETRADITIONSTHATCANBEFOUNDWITHIN3IERRA,EONE 7EWOULDSUBMITHUMBLYTHATWEHOPEWEHAVEMANAGEDTO ACHIEVETHATWITHINTHEPAGESOFTHISBOOKLET )HOPETHAT)HAVEBEENABLETOREPAY(IS%XCELLENCY4HE 0RESIDENT´STRUSTINMEBYWHATMYCOMMITTEEAND)HAVEBEEN ABLETODELIVER)TISAPLEASUREANDANHONOURTOHAVEBEEN CALLEDTOTHISTASKAND)WILLCLOSEBYASKINGTHATYOUENJOY THISPUBLICATIONANDENJOY3IERRA,EONE*OINUSASWEWORK TOWARDSTHENEXTYEARSOFPROSPERITYFOR3IERRA,EONE 0ROFESSOR%MERITUS#ECIL-AGBAILY&YLE #HAIRMANOFTHETH!NNIVERSARY#ELEBRATIONS.ATIONAL 0LANNING#OMMITTEE 3IERRA,EONEHASHADANIMPORTANTPLACE INMYLIFEFROMAVERYYOUNGAGEWHENMY FATHER½RSTTAUGHTAT&OURAH"AY#OLLEGE MANYYEARSAGO!NDMYPASSIONFOR3IERRA ,EONEANDMYCOMMITMENTTOITSCONTINUED DEVELOPMENTHASREMAINEDUNDIMMED SINCESTEPPINGDOWNAS5+0RIME-INISTER )TISTHEREFOREMYPLEASURETOTAKETHIS OPPORTUNITYTOCONGRATULATETHISCOUNTRYON ITSTHANNIVERSARYOFINDEPENDENCE A S3IERRA,EONELOOKSBACKATTHEPAST YEARSITISANOPPORTUNITYFORRE¾ECTION 4HISCOUNTRYHASCOMETHROUGHSOME INCREDIBLYDIF½CULTTIMESINTHEPASTYEARS)AM PROUDOF"RITAIN´SPARTINHELPINGTHE3IERRA,EONE GOVERNMENTTOENDTHEDEVASTATINGCIVILWARTHROUGH THEINTERVENTIONMADEBYOURARMEDFORCESDURINGMY TIMEAS0RIME-INISTER "UTTHISISALSOANOPPORTUNITYTORE¾ECTON HOWFAR3IERRA,EONEHASCOMEINASHORTSPACEOF TIME4ODAY3IERRA,EONEISAPLACEOFPEACEAND STABILITYANDINTHE3IERRA,EONEANPEOPLE VOTEDINFREEANDFAIRELECTIONS)TISACREDITTOBOTH PARTIESTHATAPEACEFULTRANSITIONOFPOWERENSUED ANDTHATDEMOCRACYBECAME½RMLYEMBEDDED)N THEAFTERMATHOFTHECIVILWARPUBLICSERVICESAND INFRASTRUCTUREWEREINDIRESTRAITS0RESIDENT+OROMA ANDHISGOVERNMENTFACEDAMAMMOTHTASKTOBEGIN REBUILDINGTHEBASICSERVICESTHAT3IERRA,EONE´S CITIZENSNEEDED¯ANDHAVEARIGHTTOEXPECT&OUR YEARSONTHEREISSTILLALONGWAYTOGOBUT)AM STRUCKEACHTIME)VISIT&REETOWNWITHHOWQUICKLY CHANGEISHAPPENING¯3IERRA,EONE´SCAPITAL WASONCETHEDARKESTINTHEWORLDNOWMAINS ELECTRICITY¾OWSTHROUGHTHECITY 4HECHARITY)FOUNDEDONLEAVINGOF½CETHE !FRICA'OVERNANCE)NITIATIVE!')HASBEEN WORKINGIN3IERRA,EONEFORTHREEYEARSNOW SUPPORTINGTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEGOVERNMENT´S PRIORITIESOFAGRICULTUREPRIVATESECTORDEVELOPMENT ANDHEALTH4HISMONTHSEESANOTHERIMPORTANT ANNIVERSARY¯THATOFTHE&REE(EALTHCARE)NITIATIVE THATWASLAUNCHEDAYEARAGO7ITHTHESUPPORTOF !')ANDTHEINTERNATIONALCOMMUNITY3IERRA,EONE HASTAKENABOLDANDAMBITIOUSSTEPBYABOLISHING USERFEESFORMOTHERSANDBABIESWHONOWHAVE BETTERACCESSTOHEALTHCARETHANEVERBEFORE)AM PROUDTHATTHE!FRICA'OVERNANCE)NITIATIVEHAS BEENABLETOSUPPORTTHEGOVERNMENTTOMAKETHIS PROGRAMMEWORKONTHEGROUND4HERESULTSARE STARTLING¯ALREADYTHEREHASBEENAREDUCTION INCHILDDEATHSFROMMALARIA )BELIEVETHATTHEOPPORTUNITIESFOR3IERRA ,EONEANDFOR!FRICATODAYAREGREATERTHANAT ANYTIMESINCETHEWINDSOFCHANGEBLEWTHROUGH THECONTINENTONTHEEVEOF3IERRA,EONE´S INDEPENDENCEYEARSAGO4HEREISANEW GENERATIONOF!FRICANLEADERSINBUSINESSANDIN POLITICSTHATARELEADINGTHEWAYFOR!FRICATOSHAKE OFFTHEWORLD´SMISCONCEPTIONS4HEIRSUCCESSIS ALREADYBEGINNINGTOREAPREWARDSANDTHEGLOBAL COMMUNITYISBEGINNINGTOTAKENOTICEOFTHEARRAY OFOPPORTUNITYTHATISAVAILABLEIN!FRICA 4HEKEYWILLBETOMAKESURETHEECONOMIC BENE½TSOF!FRICA´SINCREDIBLEWEALTHOFRESOURCES REACHITSPEOPLE3IERRA,EONEISARICHCOUNTRY ¯BUTITSPEOPLEARENOTRICH)BELIEVETHEKEY TOREALISINGTHISCOUNTRY´SVASTPOTENTIALIS½RSTLY EFFECTIVEGOVERNANCEANDSECONDLYDEVELOPMENT OFTHEPRIVATESECTORTHATWILLENDAIDDEPENDENCY 'OODGOVERNANCESTRONGLEADERSHIPANDPRIVATE SECTORINVESTMENTARETHETOOLSTHATPUT3IERRA ,EONE´SFUTURE½RMLYINTHEHANDSOFITSCITIZENS 4HESEAREEXCITINGTIMESFOR3IERRA,EONE¯ ANDFOR!FRICA4ODAYISNOTJUSTABOUTHOPEFOR THECONTINENTBUTEVIDENCETHATCHANGEISALREADY TAKINGPLACE)AMPERSONALLYCONVINCEDTHATTHIS CANBE!FRICA´SCENTURY!SITLOOKSFORWARDTOTHE NEXTYEARS3IERRA,EONECANANDSHOULDBEONE OFITSMOSTSTRIKINGSUCCESSSTORIES 4HE2T(ON4ONY"LAIR 0ATRONOFTHE!FRICA'OVERNANCE)NITIATIVE 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 7 Frank Timis Message by )TISAPRIVILEGEANDAPLEASUREFOR!FRICAN-INERALS TOSPONSORBOTHTHEPUBLICATIONANDFORTHCOMING CELEBRATIONTOMARKTHETHANNIVERSARYOF )NDEPENDENCEIN3IERRA,EONE S INCE!FRICAN-INERALSHASBEEN ACTIVELYINVESTINGIN3IERRA,EONE ACOUNTRYRICHINMINERALDEPOSITS FORMERLYUNDISCOVEREDANDFOLLOWINGAPERIODOF POLITICALINSTABILITYNOWEXPERIENCINGFAVOURABLE REGENERATION %LECTIONSHELDINLEDTOTHESUCCESSFUL TRANSITIONOFPOWERANDESTABLISHMENTOFTHE DEMOCRATICPROCESS )THASBEENAREMARKABLEJOURNEYSINCE !FRICAN-INERALSCOMPLETEDTHECOUNTRY´S½RST AEROMAGNETICSURVEYDURINGSUBSEQUENT EXPLORATIONPROGRAMMESANDMULTIELEMENT SAMPLINGANALYSISHAVERESULTEDINTHE#OMPANY DEVELOPINGAMAJORMINERALEXPLORATIONPORTFOLIO UNRIVALLEDINSCALEIN3IERRA,EONE !SA#OMPANYWEHAVESOUGHTTOMEETTHE CHALLENGESCONFRONTINGTHECOUNTRYCONSISTENTLY UPGRADINGOURINFRASTRUCTUREINITIATIVESHEALTH EDUCATIONANDEMPLOYMENTPROGRAMMESAND GENERALLYSEEKINGNEWOPPORTUNITIESTOIMPROVETHE LIVESOF3IERRA,EONE´SPEOPLE!LLOFTHESEEFFORTS AREMADEINSUPPORTOFTHEGOVERNMENT´SLONGTERM PLANTOHELPPOVERTYSTRICKENCOMMUNITIESAND IMPROVELIVINGSTANDARDSFORALL 8 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% )MPORTANTLYOURENVIRONMENTALANDSOCIAL IMPACTPOLICIESARESTRUCTUREDTOCOMPLYWITHTHE %QUATOR0RINCIPLESINTERNATIONALLYRECOGNISED ASASETOFBENCHMARKSFORMANAGINGTHEIMPACT OFLARGEPROJECTSONLOCALCOMMUNITIESANDTHE ENVIRONMENT !FRICAN-INERALSISJUSTLYPROUDTOHAVE RECEIVEDTHEPRESTIGIOUS)NTERNATIONAL9EAROF 0LANET%ARTH!WARDIN!FRICAN-INERALS´ 4ONKOLILI)RON/REAND)NFRASTRUCTURE0ROJECT WASAWARDED±-OST%FFECTIVE#ORPORATE3OCIAL 2ESPONSIBILITY0ROJECT²4HE5.RECOGNIZED AWARDISATESTAMENTTOTHEONGOINGSOCIALAND ENVIRONMENTALRESPONSIBILITYENDEAVOURSTHAT DE½NETHE4ONKOLILIPROJECT4HERECIPIENTOF THEAWARDISDETERMINEDBYAPANELOFSOCIAL ANDENVIRONMENTAUTHORITIESAND±INNOVATION BENE½CIALEXCELLENCEANDSIGNI½CANTACHIEVEMENT INTHEAREASOFENVIRONMENTALENHANCEMENTAND SUSTAINABILITYOFTHE%ARTH´SRESOURCES²FORMTHE CRITERIAFORTHEPRIZE !FRICAN-INERALSONEOFTHELARGESTEMPLOYERS IN3IERRA,EONEANDLOOKINGTOSETTHESTANDARDFOR FUTUREFOREIGNINVESTMENTPROJECTSINTHECOUNTRY HASRECEIVEDTHEHIGHESTLEVELOFSUPPORTFROMLOCAL COMMUNITIESREGIONALGOVERNMENTAGENCIESAND THEOF½CESOFTHE0RESIDENTOF3IERRA,EONE )TAKETHISOPPORTUNITYTOWISH(IS%XCELLENCY 0RESIDENT+OROMAANDTHEPEOPLEOF3IERRA,EONE CONGRATULATIONSONTHETHANNIVERSARYOF )NDEPENDENCEOFTHE2EPUBLICOF3IERRA,EONE &RANK4IMIS #%/ /PPOSITE4OP-ANGROVE SWAMPSTYPICALOFTHOSE FOUNDACROSSTHECOUNTRY /PPOSITE"OTTOM !TRADITIONALOLDVILLAGE SETTLEMENTDEEPINTHE FORESTSOFTHE3OUTHERN 0ROVINCE . Chapter 1. From the Earliest Times – 2IGHT!YOUNG³"ONDO´ INITIATE¯ONEOFTHEOLDEST TRADITIONALWOMEN´S´SECRET SOCIETIES´ )NCOMMONWITHMOSTCOUNTRIESSOUTH OFTHE3AHARA3IERRA,EONEHASHADTO RELYINLARGEPARTON%UROPEANOR!RAB TRAVELLERSTOTELLAMAJORPARTOFITSEARLY HISTORY7HAT3IERRA,EONESHARESWITHALL THESEOTHERCOUNTRIESINTHESURROUNDING SUBREGIONISALACKOFWRITTENHISTORY)TIS NOTTRUETOSAYHOWEVERTHATTHECOUNTRY ORTHEREGIONDOESNOTHAVEARECORDED HISTORYITVERYMUCHDOESANDASTILL VIBRANTONEATTHAT A FTERALLTHISWESTERNCORNEROF!FRICA ISHOMETOTHETRADITIONOFTHEGRIOTS THOSEKEEPERSOFTHEORALHISTORY OFTHEIRPEOPLEPARTICULARLYTHE-ANDINKAOR -ADINGAPEOPLEWHOCANSTILLBEFOUNDACROSS VASTSWATHESOF7EST!FRICA!LOTOFORALHISTORY HASBEENHANDEDDOWNBUTFOREITHERTHECASUALOR SERIOUSHISTORIANTHISISNEVERDEEMEDSUF½CIENTOR ASPERSUASIVEASTHATWHICHISWRITTENDOWN 7HATHASBEENPASSEDDOWNTOUSRELATING TOTHEEARLIESTTIMESHASTHEREFORECONSISTED OFAMIXTUREOFTHEWRITTENANDTHEORAL-UCH OFWHATWASWRITTENBYTHEEARLIEST³OUTSIDERS´ PRINCIPALLYTHE0ORTUGUESEWASITSELFAMIXTURE OFTHEIROWNOBSERVATIONSANDTHEACCOUNTS GIVENTOTHEMBYTHEINHABITANTSOFTHEREGION WHOMTHEYCAMEACROSS 4HATLITTLEISKNOWNISPERHAPSSOMETHINGFOR WHICHWESHOULDBEGRATEFUL'RATEFULBECAUSETHE EVENTUALCONTACTWITH³OUTSIDERS´WASNOTALWAYS BENE½CIALTOTHEPEOPLEOFTHEREGION-OSTOF THEEARLIEST%UROPEANTRAVELLERSWHOPASSEDTHE COASTOFWHATBECAMEKNOWNAS3IERRA,EONEDID SOONTHEIRWAYTOSOMEWHEREELSESOMEWHERE WHICHHELDTHEPROMISEOFSUCHUNTOLDRICHES THATTHEREWASNONEEDTOSTOPOFFANDEXPLORE THEHINTERLANDBEYONDTHESHORESOFTHISPARTOF !FRICA0ARTICULARLYASSOMEWHODIDOBSERVEITAS THEYPASSEDTHOUGHTTHETERRAINHADAFORBIDDING ASPECTTOIT*OURNEY´SENDFORTHESE%UROPEAN ADVENTURERSWASTHESEDUCTIVEPULLOFTHESPICESOF THE%ASTINANAGEWHEREWETAKESUCHSPICESFOR GRANTEDITISHARDTOCONJUREUPTODAYTHELUREAND FASCINATIONTHATTHOSE%ASTERNSPICESHADONTHE %UROPEANS -ANYOFTHEACCOUNTSLOOKINGBACKOVER THEREASONSFORTHELACKOFEARLYEXPLORATIONAND 12 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% SETTLEMENTINTHISREGIONTENDTONARROWTHEM DOWNTOFOURMAINONES)FONELOOKSATTHEEARLIEST MAPSTHATACCURATELYTRACETHESHAPEOFTHEWHOLE OFTHE!FRICANCONTINENTITISCLEARTHATTHESEEARLY MAPSDRAWNBYTHE0ORTUGUESEWHOWERETHE½RST ANDMOSTADVENTUROUSOFTHE%UROPEANSEAFARING NATIONSUSEDTHECOASTASPOINTERSORLANDMARKS TOGUIDETHEMASTHEYSAILEDTOWARDSTHEIRMAIN DESTINATION !SECONDREASONWASTHATTHEBUSINESSOF BUILDINGSETTLEMENTSINAPLACETHEYHADNO INTENTIONOFSETTLINGINDIDNOTMAKEANYSENSE ANDMOSTIMPORTANTLYWOULDHAVEBEENACOSTLY BUSINESSPARTICULARLYASITWASTHEPURSUITOF PRO½TABLETRADETHATWASTHEIRMAINCONCERN 4HETHIRDBARRIERWASTHATTHEREWERETIMES ,EFT!³"ALANJI´PLAYER¯ONE OFTHEOLDESTTRADITIONAL INSTRUMENTS¯VERYSIMILARTO THEXYLOPHONE !BOVEONEOFTHE TRADITIONALMASQUERADERS 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 13 . WHENOUTOFNECESSITYTHEYHADTOCOMEASHORE /NSUCHOCCASIONSTHEYWOULDENCOUNTERKINGS ORCHIEFSWHOWEREREADYTOBARTERORTRADEWITH ANYWHOCAMEINTOTHEIRDOMAIN!GAINTHISCOULD PROVETOBEACOSTLYBUSINESS4HEREASONINGTHUS WASTHATIFTHISWASWHATTHEYENCOUNTEREDONTHE COASTHOWMUCHMOREEXPENSIVEWOULDITBEIFTHEY VENTUREDINTOTHEINTERIOR 4HEFOURTHANDONEOFTHEMOSTCRUCIALIN TERMSOF3IERRA,EONE´SHISTORYANDDEVELOPMENT WASTHEINHOSPITABLENATUREOFTHETERRAINAND THEINCLEMENTWEATHER7HENTHEHEATWASNOT UNBEARABLETHEFEVERMOSTLYFROMMOSQUITOES WASAKILLER9ETAGAINTHEREASONINGWASTHAT THISAREAWASNOTKNOWNATTHETIMEFORHAVING PRECIOUSMINERALSASWASTHECASEWITHTHEGOLDOF -EXICOWHICHMADETHEPRIVATIONSOFSTAYINGAND EVENTUALLYSUBDUINGTHOSEPEOPLEINCLUDINGTHEIR RULERSANATTRACTIVEPROPOSITION 4HELARGEBELTOFFORESTTHATACTEDASABARRIER FROMTHE3AHARAWASANOTHERFACTORTHATPREVENTED EXPLORATIONFROMTHATPARTOFTHECONTINENT)TIS THOUGHTTHATTHEREASONTHECARAVANSFROM!RAB LANDSSTOPPEDSHORTOFPENETRATINGTHISFORESTBELT WASTHATEARLYENCOUNTERSHADEXPOSEDTHEMTOWILD ANIMALSTHATROAMEDTHESEFORESTS 3OMEONEWHODIDRECORDSOMEOFWHATCAME TOBEKNOWNABOUTTHISPARTOF!FRICAISOFTEN MISTAKENLYASSUMEDTOBEA2OMAN,EO!FRICANUS )NFACTTHISWASMERELYADESCRIPTIONOFWHOHE WAS,EO4HE!FRICAN(EWASFROMTHE#ITYOF&EZ )N-OROCCOANDHISFULLANDRATHERIMPRESSIVE NAMEWAS%L(ASSANBEN-OHAMMEDEL7AZZAN EZ7AZAYYATITHEREAREOTHERVARIATIONSONTHE SPELLINGOFTHENAME "ETWEENAND!FRICANUSWROTE WHATHECALLED³!$ESCRIPTIONOF!FRICA´(ISTORY HASTAUGHTUSTHATHEGOTALOTWRONGBUTWEARE ,EFT!YOUNG³0ORROH´ INITIATE¯THISBEINGONE OFTHEOLDESTMEN´S³SECRET SOCIETIES´IN3IERRA,EONE "OTTOM&ISHINGHASBEEN ANIMPORTANTSOUCEOF INCOMEFORCOASTALDEWELLERS FORCENTURIES People and vessels In a nutshell, that is the driving force behind Jan De Nul Group. Thanks to the 5,000 employees worldwide and its ultramodern fleet, today the group ranks at the top . of the international dredging and marine related industry. Also with regard to civil engineering and environmental works, the group is one of the largest contractors. Jan De Nul congratulates the people from Sierra Leone for the 50th anniversary of the Republic of Sierra Leone. Our company is grateful to contribute to the future growth and development of the country by dredging Sierra Leone’s freeways to the world and contributing in the opening of the iron ore export programs. OFFICE JAN DE NUL NV 14 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% Tragel 60 I 9308 Hofstade-Aalst I Belgium T +32 53 731 711 I F +32 53 781 760 [email protected] I www.jandenul.com . . GRATEFULTOHIMFORCAPTURINGSOMEOFWHATHE OBSERVEDORWASTOLDABOUT!SHEWRITESABOUTTHE AREANOWCALLED3IERRA,EONEHETELLSUSTHATNO GREATCONQUERINGARMIESCAMEFROMTHATREGION)N FACTTHISAREACLOSETOTHECOASTHEIDENTI½ESASA PLACEWHERETHOSEESCAPINGWARWENTTOSEEKREFUGE ORATLEASTAPLACEWHERETHEYHOPEDTO½NDPEACE )TISWORTHQUOTINGFROMHISACCOUNTOFTHISAREA ±4HEYMAKEWARONNOONEANDNONESETS FOOTOUTSIDEHISOWNCOUNTRY3OMEWORSHIP THESUNOTHERSWORSHIP½RE´(EGOESON TOSAY±THEREARE½FTEENKINGDOMSKNOWNTO USTOSTRETCHALONGTHETWOBRANCHESOFTHE .IGERANDHERTRIBUTARIES² (EGOESONTOSAYTHATSOMESOCIALINTERCOURSE OCCURSBETWEENTHOSEFARTHERNORTHANDTHOSE CLOSETOTHECOAST(OWEVERTHEMANYBELIEFS ANDLANGUAGESTOBEFOUNDTHEREANDTHE TREACHEROUSNESSOFANYJOURNEYTHEREMADEIT DIF½CULTTOACCESSTHEAREA /FTHOSEWHOWROTEATLENGTHABOUT!FRICA TWOSTANDOUT6ALENTIN&ERNANDESCOMMONLY MISTAKENLYREFERREDTOAS0ORTUGUESEBUTACTUALLYA 'ERMANFROM-ORAVIAWHOMOVEDTO,ISBONAND $UARTE0ACHECO0EREIRAWHOWAS0ORTUGUESEAND WHOWASTHEGOVERNOROF%LMINA#ASTLEINMODERN DAY'HANADURINGTHETIMEWHENITWASHELDBY THE0ORTUGUESEARETHEMOSTNOTABLE 4HUSITISTHATTHEACCOUNTSBY&ERNANDESAND 0EREIRATENDTOCONCENTRATEONINTERACTIONSWITH THOSEINHABITINGTHECOASTALAREAS7ETHEREFOREGET MENTIONSOF4HE"ULLOMSWHOWERESAIDTOINHABIT FROMTHECOASTTOASFARASONECOULDPADDLEWITH ACANOEINLAND4HE4EMNESWERESAIDTOINHABIT THEAREAOF+ASSEHONTHERIVER3CARCIES4HE3USUS WERETOBEFOUNDATWASWASDESCRIBEDAS³½FTEEN LEAGUESFROMTHECOAST)NTHE.ORTH&ERNANDES DESCRIBED½NDINGTHE³#APEOS´3OMEHAVETAKEN THISTOBESPELLED³3APIOS´AND³3APIS´AMONGST NUMEROUSVARIATIONS !LTHOUGHWEAREGRATEFULFORTHEEARLY RECORDERSOFHISTORYITISCLEARTHATTHEYHAD TROUBLEGETTINGTHEIRTONGUESAROUNDSOMEOFTHE PLACENAMESLEAVINGUSWITHPOSSIBLYCORRUPTED VERSIONSOFWHATWEKNOWTOBEVARIOUSTOWNSTODAY %ARLYREPORTSTELLOFPLACESSUCHAS !BOVE!CARVEDMALE½GURE INTHE.OMOLI3TYLEFROMTHE THTHCENTURY)MAGE 4HE3MITHSONIAN /PPOSITE"OTTOM2IGHT 4RADITIONALLYATTIRED DRUMMERSWITHSOMEOFTHE OLDESTTYPEOFTRADITIONALLY MADEDRUMS -ANGUYDESCRIBEDASAVILLAGEOFSOME THOUSANDINHABITANTSINPOSSIBLY -ANGEWHICHISACOMMONNAMEFORAVILLAGE AMONGTHE4EMNE 0INTOOR0YMTOA6ILLAGEINTHEHILLS POSSIBLY'BINTI 3TUDIESSHOWTHATTHE½RSTPEOPLETOENTERWHATIS MODERNDAY3IERRA,EONEWEREPROBABLYTHE,IMBA COMINGFROMTHEWESTANDPUSHINGTHEPEOPLE KNOWNASTHE'BANDEINTOWHATISNOW,IBERIA 3OMEOFTHISISRECORDEDIN,IMBALEGENDWHICH SAYSTHATTHE½RSTMANFROMTHEIRNATIONWHOCAME TO3IERRA,EONEATTHEHEADOFANARMYWASCALLED -ANSONFUNDU4HELEGENDSAYSTHATTHE'BANDE HADTERRITORYASFARWESTASTHEPRESENTDAY7ARA 7ARA#HIEFDOMS4HE'BANDE4HE,OKOAND4HE 16 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% "OTTOM,EFT-ODERN EXAMPLEOFTHEOLDESTFORM OFTRADITIONALMASQUERADE /PPOSITE4OP2IGHT %XAMPLESOFTHEOLDESTFORM OFTRADITIONALHUTSFOUND ACROSS3IERRA,EONE -ENDESHAVEHISTORICALLINKS7HATGIVESCREDENCE TOTHELEGENDISTHATPARTOFITSAYSTHATSOMEWERE LEFTBEHINDTO½GHTWHILSTTHEOTHERS¾EDTOWHERE THEYARENOWANDTHATTHISEXPLAINSWHYTHEREIS EVIDENCEOFTHE,OKOAND4EMNETRADINGTOGETHER FROMMUCHEARLIERTHANTHE-ENDEAND4EMNE 4HISWOULDINDICATETHATTHOSELEFTBEHINDWERENOT WIPEDOUTBUTFOUGHTSURVIVEDANDSTAYED 3USUORALHISTORYALSOTELLSUSTHATWHENTHEY CAMETOTHEAREACLOSETOTHECOAST4HE,IMBAS WEREALREADYTHERE4HATHISTORYALSOTELLSUSTHAT THEYWERESTRONGANDLEDBYONE+ING+ANFORI $OMIN+ONTEHOR#ONTEH9ALUNKATRADITIONHAS ITTHATTHEYARRIVEDINTHESOUTHTOESCAPEATTEMPTS TOCONVERTTHEMTO)SLAMBY-ANSA-USATHE LEGENDARY+INGOF-ALI 4HATHISTORYALSOTELLSUSTHATTHISWASAN AREAWELLPOPULATEDBYELEPHANTHERDS!NDTHAT ELEPHANTSWEREHUNTEDBYTHEEARLY4EMNEARRIVALS TOWARDSTHEAREAWHERETHESUNSETS,EGENDHASIT THATTHEYHUNTEDTHEMANDWHENTHEYREACHEDTHE COASTASTHEAREAWASUNINHABITEDTHEYCHOSETO MAKEITTHEIRHOME5PONHISDEATH+ING+ANFORI +ONTEHWASSUCCEEDEDBYHISSON-ANGA+OMBEH "ALLA)TWASDURINGTHELETTER´SREIGNTHATTHE½RST 0ORTUGUESEWERESAIDTOHAVELANDEDONTHECOASTOF 3IERRA,EONE)TISSAIDTHAT-ANGA+OMBEH"ALLASO GREATLYENJOYEDHISTRADEWITHTHE0ORTUGUESETHAT HEWASTHEONEWHOASKEDTHEMTOSETTLEINTHEAREA 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 17 Chapter 2. Early European Contact – Mixed Fortune !LTHOUGHTHENAME3IERRA,EONEIS COMMONLYACKNOWLEDGEDTOHAVEBEEN COINEDBY0EDRO$A#INTRATHEREHAD ALREADYBEEN0ORTUGUESEINTERACTIONWITH THEPEOPLEOFTHEAREALONGBEFOREHISTIME )TISGENERALLYACCEPTEDTHAT3IERRA,EONE´S ³0ORTUGUESE0ERIOD´INFACTDATESBACKTO AROUNDSOMEYEARSBEFORE0EDRO DA#INTRACAMEUPONTHECOAST!NDTHAT WASSOMEYEARSAFTER0ORTUGUESEEXPLORERS MAKINGTHEIRWAYTOTHESPICEROUTESOFTHE %AST½RSTCAMEUPONTHECOASTANDMAPPED IT)TMUSTBEREMEMBEREDTHATTHISWASA TIMEWHENTHEREWASAGREATRACEAMONGST THENATIONSOF%UROPETODISCOVERNEWLANDS ANDTERRITORIESTOTRADEWITHORTOSUBDUE P EDRODA#INTRAHADONCEBEENAPAGE TO0RINCE(ENRYTHE.AVIGATOROR $OM(ENRIQUETHESONOF+ING*OAO OF0ORTUGAL)TWASSAIDTHAT(ENRYHAD ANOBSESSIONWITHSENDINGSHIPSOUTTO½NDNEW LANDSANDTOCLAIMTHEMINTHENAMEOF0ORTUGAL)T WASTHEREFOREAPTTHATWHENHEDIEDIN.OVEMBER THEKINGAPPOINTED0EDROTOCARRYON(ENRY´S NAUTICALWORK )NTERESTINGLYFORALL THATWEKNOWABOUT0EDRODA#INTRAANDHISLIFEFOR 3IERRA,EONEANSTHEDETAILSABOUTTHENAMINGOFTHE COUNTRYARENOTTOBEFOUNDINACCOUNTSGIVENBYDA #INTRABUTBYAN)TALIANOUTOF6ENICEWHOASWAS THEFASHIONINTHOSEDAYSHADSOUGHTANDBEENGIVEN THE³PERMISSION´OFTHE+INGOF0ORTUGALTOSAILASFAR INTO!FRICAASTHERIVER#ASAMANCEIN(EWAS !LVISE#ADAMOSTO#ADAMOSTOWASLIVINGIN,AGOS IN0ORTUGALWHENDA#INTRA´SEXPEDITIONRETURNED TO#ABO3AO6ICENTE#APE3T6INCENTIN (OWEVERITWASNOTUNTILWHENHEPUBLISHED ANACCOUNTOFHISOWNTRAVELSONTHEWESTCOASTOF !FRICATHATHEINCLUDEDWHATHESAYSISTHEREASONING BEHINDDA#INTRA´SNAMINGOFTHISPLACE 4HISACCOUNTLAYSTORESTSOMEOFTHEMYTHS SURROUNDINGTHENAMINGOF3IERRA,EONE#ADAMOSTO RECCOUNTS ±4HISISWHAT)HAVELEARNTDURINGTHETIMEWHEN)WASIN THESEPARTSBUTTHEREHAVEBEENOTHERSAFTERME/FMOST IMPORTANCEWERETHETWOARMEDCARAVELSWHICHTHE+ING OF0ORTUGALHADSENTTHITHERAFTERTHEDEATHOFTHE)NFANTE $ON(ENRY4HEIRCOMMANDERWASONE0IERODE3INZIAA 20 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% SQUIREOFTHISLORD´SWHOHECOMMISSIONEDTOSAILFARTHER ALONGTHISCOASTOFTHE"LACKSANDTODISCOVERNEWLANDS 7ITHTHISCAPTAINWENTA0ORTUGUESEYOUTHAFRIENDOF MINEWHOHADBEENTHEREWITHMEASANOTARY/NTHE RETURNOFTHECARAVELS!LVISE#ADAMASTOWASIN,ACHUSA PLACENEAR#APEDE3AN6INCENZOWITHERTHESAIDCAPTAIN RETURNED-YFRIENDCAMEASHORETOMYHOUSEANDGAVE MEHISOBSERVATIONSPOINTBYPOINTONTHELANDTHEYHAD DISCOVEREDTHENAMESTHEYHADGIVENTHEPLACESATWHICH THEYHADSTAYEDALLINDUEORDERASSETFORTHBELOW² (ECONTINUES ±ABOUTMILESBEYONDTHE2IO6ERDETHEREISANOTHERCAPE TOWHICHTHEYGAVETHENAME#APE,IEDOTHATISINOUR TONGUE!LIEGROBECAUSEITSEEMEDTOTHEMTHATTHISCAPE !BOVE)VORYSALTCELLAR #ARVEDBYA3APIARTIST DUBBED³4HE-ASTEROF 3YMBOLISM²)TFEATURESAN ENTANGLEMENTOFSNAKES AROUNDTHELOWERPARTFOUR BIRDSONTHEUPPERPART )TWAS7ILLIAM&AGGIN HOMAGETOTHESKILLOFTHIS ARTISTWHOCOINEDTHENAME ³-ASTEROF3YMBOLISM´ . WITHTHESURROUNDINGCOUNTRYWASEXCEEDINGLYPLEASANT "EYONDTHIS#APE!LIEGROBEGINSAMOUNTAINOUSCOAST WHICHEXTENDSFORABOUTSIXLEAGUESFORITISVERYHIGH COVEREDWITHTALLANDPERENNIALLYGREENTREESATTHEENDOF ITABOUTEIGHTMILESOUTTOSEATHEREARETHREEISLETSTHE LARGESTOFWHICHISABOUTTOMILESINCIRCUMFERENCE 4HEYNAMEDTHISTHE)SOLA3ALVAZAANDTHEMOUNTAIN -ONTAGNA,IONA"EYONDTHECOASTOF-ONTAGNA,IONAALL ISLOWLANDANDFRINGEDWITHMANYSANDBANKSWHICHRUNOUT TOSEA² (ETHENGOESONTODESCRIBEOTHERAREASALONGTHE COASTTAKINGINTHE0LANTAIN)SLANDS4HE3HERBRO 2IVERAND#APE3T!NNE /NE$UARTE0ACHECO0EREIRAANOTHER0ORTUGUESE EXPLORERADDS ±-ANYPEOPLETHINKTHATTHENAME3ERRA,YOAWASGIVEN BECAUSEMANYLIONSWERETOBEFOUNDINTHATPARTBUTTHAT ISWRONGITISBECAUSE0EDRODE#INTRAWHENHESAWALAND SOROUGHANDWILDCALLEDIT,YOA4HATISTHEONLYREASON ANDNOOTHEREXPLANATIONISTRUEBECAUSEHETOLDMETHIS HIMSELF² 0EREIRA%SMERALDODE3ITU/RBIS 0EREIRAWOULDPROVETOBEAMOSTVALUABLEEARLY EXPLORERIN3IERRA,EONEASHEWOULDBEONEOFTHE ½RSTTOHANDDOWNALEXICONOFWORDSFORHISFELLOW COUNTRYMENTOUSETODOBUSINESSINTHEAREA3OME MAYHAVEBEENLOSTINTRANSLATIONBUTMANYARE RECOGNISABLEASWORDSINUSETODAY4HENAMEOF THECOUNTRYASWEKNOWITTODAYISAMIXTUREOFTHE 0ORTUGUESEAND)TALIANSPELLINGS)TALIANMAPMAKERS WHOWEREDEEMEDTHEPREEMINENTPRACTITIONERSOF THEIRTRADEATTHETIMEMOSTLIKELYTOOKTHEIRSPELLING FROMTHE6ENETIAN#ADAMOSTO !LTHOUGH6ALENTIN&ERNANDESOBTAINEDALL HISINFORMATIONSECOND¡HANDHISSOURCEWASAN IMPECCABLEONE!LVARO6ELHOA0ORTUGUESETRADER WHOTRADEDALONGTHECOASTANDHADHISHEADQUARTERS IN3IERRA,EONEFOREIGHTYEARS)TISFROMHISACCOUNTS ASRECORDEDBY&ERNANDESTHATWELEARNTHATTHE INHABITANTSCALLEDTHEIRCOUNTRY0YMTOWHICHWAS ALSOTHENAMEOFAVILLAGEINTHEMOUNTAINS(AVING HIDDENTHEREGIONBYPRODUCINGDECEPTIVEMAPSAS WASCOMMONATTHISTIMETOPROTECT³POSSESSIONS´ THE0ORTUGUESEWEREKEENTORECOMMENDTHEAREA TOTHEIRKINGANDFELLOWCOUNTRYMEN!FTER0EDRODA #INTRAOTHER0ORTUGUESESAILEDALONGTHECOASTAND INLANDGIVINGPLACENAMESASTHEYWENT&OREXAMPLE WEKNOWTHATDUETOTHEFACTTHATONEOFTHE"ANANA )SLANDSHADAROCKYSHORETHEYCALLEDTHEM)SLAS "RAVASOR"RAVE)SLANDS!NDTHELARGEST)SOLA3ALVAZA OR(EALTHY)SLANDPROBABLYBECAUSETHEASPECTWAS SOFAIR 4HE0ORTUGUESEWERESOSUCCESSFULINKEEPING THEIR³SECRET´OF3IERRA,EONETHAT-ARTIN&ROBISHER´S ³$ECLARATIONFORTHETRA½QUETO'UINEA´ASTHE AREAINCLUDING3IERRA,EONEWASTHENKNOWNWAS TOSAYERRONEOUSLYTHATTHE+INGOF0ORTUGALHADNO ±#ASTELLFORTOR(OUSEOF4RA½QUEUPONTHECOASTS BETWEEN#APE6ERDEANDTHE+INGDOMOF"INNY ;"ENIN=BUTONLIEONESMALLFORTAT#APE4REPONTES CALLED!SHIENANDTHEOTHERLEAGUESBEYOND CALLED#ASTEL$EL-INA%LMINA#ASTLE²7HATHEWAS NOTAWAREOFWERETHEEXTENSIVEVISITSALREADYMADEBY THE0ORTUGUESEANDRECORDEDONTHEIRSECRETMAPS "YTHETIME!LVARESD´!LMADAWROTEABOUT3IERRA ,EONEINHEDIDNOTFEELTHENEEDTOEXPLAIN MUCHABOUTTHETERRAINANDTHELANGUAGESOWELL ENTRENCHEDWAS0ORTUGUESETRADEINTHEREGIONBY THISTIME$´!LMADAANATIVEOF#ABO6ERDE#APE 6ERDEINSTEADWROTEABOUTTHECUSTOMSOFTHEPEOPLE INCLUDINGTHEIRMETHODSOFDISPENSINGJUSTICEEVEN DESCRIBINGHOWCASESWEREPRESENTEDINTHECOURTS ,EFT/LIPHANTCMIN LENGTH)VORYCARVEDBYA 3APIARTISTIN3IERRA,EONE TH¯TH#ENTURY!$ .EARTHEOPENINGOF THEITEMARECARVEDTHE BLAZONSOFTHEROYALHOUSE OF0ORTUGALTHE/RDEROF #HRISTTHEARMILLARYSPHERE ANDTHEROYALCOATOFARMS )TISBELIEVEDTHATITENDED UPIN4URINASPARTOFTHE $UKE´SCOLLECTIONINTHEEARLY DECADESOFTHETHCENTURY ASPARTOFTHEDOWRYOF $UCHESS"EATRICEOF!ZIZ DAUGHTEROF%MANUEL) +INGOF0ORTUGAL)N "EATRICEMARRIED#HARLES )))OF3AVOY.OWIN4URIN !RMERIA2EALE ADDAX BIOENERGY Directing Energy – Growing Solutions "ELOWLEFT3POON CMINLENGTH)VORYCARVED BYA3APIARTISTIN3IERRA ,EONETH¯THCENTURY !$2ECORDEDINTHE2OYAL #OLLECTIONOF$ENMARKAS FARBACKAS/NTHE STEMASNAKEANDANOTHER ANIMALCONFRONTEACHOTHER .OWIN#OPENHAGENAT 4HE.ATIONAL-USEUMOF $ENMARK "ELOW!N)VORYCARVED SALTCELLARBYA3APIARTIST TH¯THCENTURY!$ Addax Bioenergy congratulates the Republic of Sierra Leone and its people on the occasion of its 50th Anniversary of Independence. 22 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% We are proud to develop sustainable agriculture and bioenergy solutions and to be part of Sierra Leone’s long-term success. We wish you a great celebration and a very bright future ahead. www.addaxbioenergy.com . HOWTHEINHABITANTSCHOSETHEIRRULERSANDHOWTHEY PERFORMEDTHEIRRULERS´BURIALRITESTHEBURYINGOF THEDEADWITHINTHEIROWNHOUSESLADENWITHGOLDIN THEIREARSAROUNDTHEIRARMSANDTHROUGHTHENOSE (EALSODESCRIBESTHEYEARLONGSECLUSIONOFYOUNG MAIDENSANDTHECHOOSINGOFBRIDESBYYOUNGMEN #APE6ERDEHADAMOSTIMPORTANTROLETOPLAYINTHE 0ORTUGUESEINTERACTIONWITH3IERRA,EONE)THADBEEN WELLSETTLEDBYTHE0ORTUGUESESINCEAROUND ANDTHEYUSEDTHEPORTOF3ANTIAGOIN#APE6ERDEAS THEIRBASEFROMWHICHTOTRADEWITH3IERRA,EONE!S TIMEWENTONENVIOUSEYESWERECASTTOWARDSWHAT WASBECOMINGALUCRATIVETRADINGAREA/NE:ACHARY 2OGERSAN%NGLISHMANREPRESENTINGTHE%NGLISH 2OYAL!FRICAN#OMPANYFELTCOMPELLEDTOWRITETO HISDIRECTORSIN±9E#ACHEO;ON#APE6ERDE= TRADETO3IERRA,IONAWILLBELOSTIFTHE0ORTUGEEZES #OMPANYCONTINUES²4HE0ORTUGUESEHELDSUCHSWAY OVERTHEREGIONTHATTHEYISSUED³LEASES´TOCONTRACTORS WHOHADTOPAYAFEETOTHE0ORTUGUESEGOVERNMENT )TISINTERESTINGTONOTETHATTHOSEGRANTEDSUCHLEASES INCLUDEDNON0ORTUGUESEINCLUDING*EWS3PANISH AND)TALIANTRADERS 4HESLAVETRADEBENE½TEDTHE3PANISHAND 0ORTUGUESEAFTERBYWHICHTIME0ORTUGALHAD BECOMEPARTOFTHE3PANISH%MPIRE4HEYCOULDTRADE FORSLAVESBYBUYINGFROM³UNOF½CIALTRADERS´ANDSO ESCAPETHETAXESTHEYHADTOPAYWHENTHEYBOUGHT FROM3PANISHLICENSEDSLAVETRADERS "ARTHOLOMEW!NDREWASABLETOTHREATENTHE +INGOF0ORTUGALINTHATIFHEALLOWEDTHE$UTCH TOBUILDAFORTIN3IERRA,EONEHEWOULDABANDON THETERRITORY4HE$UTCHWEREDULYDISCOURAGEDFROM 24 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% DOINGSOAND0ORTUGUESEIN¾UENCECONTINUED 4HESECRETCOULDNOTSTAYHIDDENFORLONGAND GRADUALLYTHEOTHER%UROPEANSLAVETRADINGNATIONS DISCOVEREDTHEREGIONANDTHEIRINCURSIONSLEDTO THEWANINGOF0ORTUGUESEIN¾UENCE)TISPERHAPS SIGNI½CANTTHATTHE4EMNEWORDFORWHITEMANIS /POTOBELIEVEDTOBEAVARIANTOF/PORTOWHICHISIN 0ORTUGAL #ONTRARYTOSOMEACCOUNTSITISBELIEVEDTHATIT WASTHE0ORTUGUESEANDNOTTHE"RITISHWHOBROUGHT #HRISTIANITYTOTHEREGIONINTHETHCENTURY&ATHER "ARREIRAA*ESUITPRIESTWHOARRIVEDINAND WHOLIVEDALONGTIMEINTHEREGIONRECALLSTHATFOR YEARSTHE0ORTUGUESEINTHEAREAWEREUNABLETO ATTENDMASS(ECLAIMSTHATHEBUILTACHURCHINONE OFTHEBAYSPOSSIBLY+ROO"AYANDSAIDTHE½RSTMASS THEREON3T-ICHAEL´S$AY3EPTEMBER 4HE)SLAMICINVASIONWHICHSWEPTDOWNTOWARDS THECOASTFROMTHENORTHMADETHECOUNTRYA HAZARDOUSPLACE(OWEVERTHATWASNOTTHEGREATEST THREATTO0ORTUGUESEIN¾UENCE4HATCAMEFROMTHEIR TRADITIONAL%UROPEANRIVALSTHE%NGLISHANDTHE $UTCH!STHE0ORTUGUESEHADCONCENTRATEDTHEIR TRADEALONGTHECOASTANDTHERIVERSTHE%NGLISH PUSHEDFURTHERINLANDANDESTABLISHEDSETTLERSTO MAKEMOREPERMANENTSETTLEMENTSANDSTRUCTURES 3MUGGLINGOFCONTRABANDMAINLYRUMWASCOMMON ALONGTHECOASTANDTHE%UROPEANNATIONSWAGED WARONEACHOTHERIN%UROPEASWELLASELSEWHERE INCLUDING3IERRA,EONE9ORK)SLANDAND"UNCE)SLAND WHERETHE%NGLISHHADNOWSETUPWEREATTACKED NUMEROUSTIMESWITHONEPARTICULARLYDEADLYATTACK ON"UNCEIN$ESPITETHESESETBACKSTHE %NGLISHWEREDETERMINEDTOHOLDONANDDIDSO7HEN INTHE"RITISHLANDEDFORMERSLAVESFROM !MERICAANDWHITEWOMENTOFOUNDASETTLEMENT ³4HE0ROVINCEOF&REEDOM´THE0ORTUGUESEIN¾UENCE INTHEAREAWASTRULYOVER4HISMARKEDTHEREALSTART OF"RITISHENTRENCHMENTINTHECOUNTRY ,EFT!SALTCELLARCM INHEIGHTANDCMIN DIAMETER)VORYCARVED BYA3APIARTISTIN3IERRA ,EONE!PRINTEDINVENTORY OF-ARCHESE&ERDINANDO #OSPIFROMLISTSTHIS ITEMAS±ANANCIENTIVORY CHALICEWITHALID²4HEREARE SNAKESCONFRONTINGDOGS THEREISANAKEDWOMAN ONTHEBACKOFAANIMALOF SOMESORTPLUSTWOOTHER FEMALE½GURES4HEREIS ATHEORYTHATTHETHEME MAYHAVEBEENSUGGESTED WITHTHEAIDOFDRAWINGS BYTHE%UROPEANCLIENTAS THESEMOTIFSARESORAREIN THISTYPEOFCARVING.OW IN"OLOGNA)TALY¯-USEI #IVICID´!RTE!NTICA "ELOW!NOTHER/LIPHANT CMINLENGTH)VORY CARVEDBYA3APIARTISTFROM 3IERRA,EONETH¯TH #ENTURY!$DEPICTING HUNTINGSCENESINCLUDING MYTHOLOGICALMONSTERSAND ACENTAURSTRIKINGARROWSAN ELEPHANTWITHASMALLTOWER ONITBACK!LONGTHEBODY OFTHESPIRALISAPRAYER ±$!0!#%-$/-).%). $9%"53./342)3².OW INAPRIVATECOLLECTION CONGRATULATIONS ON 50 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE! Chapter 3. Towards Progress and Equilibrium – . !STHEPOWEROF0ORTUGALWANEDTHE MOSTSIGNI½CANT%UROPEANIN¾UENCEON 3IERRA,EONEWASEXERTEDBYTHE"RITISH !SEARLYASTHEREWASA"RITISH TRADINGPOSTINTHEVICINITYOF3HERBRO )SLANDABOUTMILESFROMWHERE &REETOWNISSITUATEDTODAY T HE"RITISH&RENCH$UTCHAND OCCASIONAL0ORTUGUESEMISSIONARIES CONTINUEDTOTRADEANDPROSELETYZE INTHEAREAFORTHENEXTYEARS!LSODURING THATPERIODTHE½RSTSLAVESWEREBROUGHTFROM 7EST!FRICAINCLUDING3IERRA,EONETO.ORTH !MERICA"RITAINAND"RITISHSEAFARERSPLAYED AMAJORROLEINTHISTRADE!LTHOUGH"RITAIN DIDNOTOUTLAWTHESLAVETRADEUNTILAS EARLYASAPLANWASIMPLEMENTEDBYTHE 3T'EORGE´S"AY#OMPANYCOMPOSEDOF"RITISH PHILANTHROPISTSTOSETTLEENSLAVED!FRICANSWHO HADBEENPROMISEDTHEIRFREEDOMFORJOININGTHE "RITISH!RMYDURINGTHE!MERICAN2EVOLUTION 2ATHERTHANHAVINGTO½NANCIALLYSUPPORTTHEM IN,ONDONAMOREPRAGMATICSOLUTIONWASTO SETTLETHEMIN3IERRA,EONEINWHATTHEYCALLED ±4HE0ROVINCEOF&REEDOM²-ORE"LACK,OYALISTS FOLLOWEDOVERTHENEXTYEARSANDBYTHEY HADESTABLISHEDASETTLEMENTAT&REETOWN4HIS SETTLEMENTWASJOINEDBYOTHERGROUPSOFFREE SLAVESANDBECAMEONEOF"RITAIN´S½RSTCOLONIES IN7EST!FRICA )N3IERRA,EONEWASSTILLLITTLEMORE THANATRADINGPOSTEXTENDINGONLYAFEW MILESUPTHEPENINSULAFROM&REETOWN4HE VASTMAJORITYOFTHELANDAREATHATCONSTITUTES PRESENTDAY3IERRA,EONEWASSTILLPEOPLED ANDCONTROLLEDBYTHEINDIGENOUSTRIBESSUCH ASTHE-ENDEANDTHE4EMME!SHAPPENED ELSEWHEREIN!FRICATHEPROCESSOFCOLONIZATION WASLARGELYDRIVENBYTRADE4REATIESWEREMADE WITHTHELOCALCHIEFSTOSECURETHELOCALPEACESO THATCOMMERCECOULDCONTINUEUNINTERRUPTED !SIN)NDIATHE"RITISH'OVERNMENTSECURED THEPEACENOTSOMUCHBYTHEUSEOFMILITARY FORCEASBYAGREEINGTOPAYACHIEFASTIPENDIN RETURNFORACOMMITMENTFROMHIMTOKEEPTHE PEACEWITHHISNEIGHBOURS4HE"RITISHQUICKLY REALISEDTHATNOTONLYWASTHEREINSUF½CIENT MILITARYFORCEAVAILABLETOTAKEANDCONTROLAN 26 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% !BOVE"RITISHARMYOF½CERS STATIONEDIN3IERRA,EONE SHORTLYAFTER77))ATTHE ENGINEERINGWORKSNEAR 4OWER(ILLNEXTTOWHATIS NOW4HE0RESIDENT´SOF½CE EMPIREBUTTHATEVENIFAMILITARYFORCECOULD BEASSEMBLEDITSUSEMIGHTWELLBECOUNTER PRODUCTIVEINTHELONGERTERM4HUSAN%MPIRE WASACQUIREDBYSTEALTHANDMOSTLYTHROUGHTHE MEDIUMOFTRADE!CHIEFMIGHTALSOBEBRIBED TOKEEPROADSOPENTHUSALLOWINGTHECOLONIAL ADMINISTRATIONTOCOLLECTCUSTOMDUTIESANDTO SETTLEDISPUTESBETWEENTRIBES!FTERTHESE TREATIESREQUIREDCHIEFSTODESISTFROMSLAVE TRADING 4HISISNOTTOSAYTHATWHENTHESEMETHODS FAILEDTHE"RITISHDIDNOTUSEMILITARYMEANS )NFORINSTANCE'OVERNOR4URNERLEDA MILITARYEXPEDITIONTOPUNISHACHIEFFORREFUSING TOCEDETERRITORYTOTHE"RITISHANDFORENGAGING INTHESLAVETRADE,ATERTHESAMEYEARANOTHER EXPEDITIONWENTUPTHE*ONG2IVERANDSACKED !BOVE3IERRA,EONE´S½RST 0RIME-INISTER3IR-ILTON -ARGAIDANCESWITH(ER -AJESTY4HE1UEENONHER VISITTO3IERRA,EONEIN #OMMENDAATOWNBELONGINGTOANOTHER RECALCITRANTCHIEF4HISPOLICYOFDIVIDEANDRULE CONTINUEDTHROUGHOUTTHEBESTPARTOFTHETH #ENTURY 4HENINTHESTHESOCALLED±3CRAMBLE FOR!FRICA²WHEN"RITAIN&RANCE'ERMANY 0ORTUGAL)TALYAND3PAINALLTRIPPEDOVEREACH OTHERTOGRABASMUCHLANDONTHE!FRICAN CONTINENTASPOSSIBLESPURRED"RITAINTO FORMALISEITSINTERESTIN3IERRA,EONE4HETHREAT INTHISINSTANCECAMEFROM&RANCE4OFORESTALLA &RENCHINCURSIONINTOWHATTHE"RITISHHADCOME TOCONSIDERASTHEIROWNSPHEREOFIN¾UENCE EFFORTSWEREREVIVEDTO½NALISEABOUNDARY AGREEMENTWITH&RANCEBETWEEN3IERRA,EONE AND&RENCH'UINEA)N*ANUARYABOUNDARY AGREEMENTWASSIGNEDIN0ARIS!SINOTHERPARTS OFTHE"RITISH%MPIRETHISBOUNDARYWASIMPOSED ANDDIDNOTNECESSARILYCONFORMTOTRIBAL BOUNDARIES4OTHISDAYMANYOFTHETENSIONS WITHINMODERNNATIONSTATESDERIVEATLEASTIN PARTFROMTHEARTI½CIALBOUNDARIESIMPOSED DURINGTHECOLONIALPERIOD4HISISNOTTOSAY THECOLONIALADMINISTRATORSWERENOTDOINGTHE BESTJOBTHEYCOULDWITHINTHECONTEXTOFTHE TIME.EVERTHELESSTHELEGACYOFMANYOFTHESE BOUNDARIESHASBEENTOXIC )N!UGUSTAN/RDERIN#OUNCILWAS ISSUEDIN7ESTMINSTERTOAUTHORISETHESMALL COLONYCENTREDON&REETOWNTOMAKELAWSFOR THETERRITORYAROUNDITEXTENDINGOUTTOTHE BOUNDARYAGREEDWITH&RANCEANDWHICHTO ALLINTENTSANDPURPOSESISTHESAMEASTHE PRESENTDAYBOUNDARY/N!UGUSTA 0ROCLAMATIONHADBEENISSUEDINTHECOLONY DECLARINGTHETERRITORYAROUND&REETOWNTOBE A"RITISH0ROTECTORATE&REETOWNREMAINEDA COLONYTHE0ROTECTORATEWASGOVERNEDFROMIT !LMOSTEVERYCHIEFTAINCYWITHINTHENEWLY ACQUIREDTERRITORIESRESPONDEDWITHARMED RESISTANCE4HEYOBJECTEDTOTHEFACTTHATMOST OFTHEPOWERSOFTHECHIEFSWEREREMOVEDAND GIVENTOCOURTSPRESIDEDOVERBY"RITISH$ISTRICT #OMMISSIONERS!NEWTAXWASLEVIEDBYTHE "RITISHANDWHENINATTEMPTSWEREMADETO COLLECTTHISTAXANARMEDINSURRECTIONENSUED 3EPARATERISINGSINTHE.ORTHAND3OUTHARE COLLECTIVELYREFERREDTOASTHE(UT4AX7AROF 4HEYWERE½RMLYPUTDOWNBYTHE"RITISH ANDITSLEADERSWEREEITHEREXILEDTOTHE'OLD #OASTOREXECUTED!FTERTHE(UT4AX7ARTHERE WASNOFURTHERSIGNI½CANTARMEDRESISTANCETO COLONIALISMTHOUGHDISSENTTOOKOTHERFORMS &ORINSTANCE3IERRA,EONEDEVELOPEDANACTIVE TRADEUNIONMOVEMENTWHOSESTRIKESWEREOFTEN SUPPORTEDBYWIDESPREADRIOTSAMONGTHEWIDER POPULATION 4HE"RITISHCONTINUEDTORULEIN3IERRA ,EONEPARTLYBYPROXY)NRETURNFORMAINTAINING THECHIEFSINTHEIRPRIVILEGEDPOSITIONSTHEY WEREEXPECTEDTOPROVIDEPOLICINGANDLABOUR ANDCOLLECTTAXES#HIEFSWHOWERENOTWILLINGTO PLAYTHISROLEWEREREPLACEDBYMORECOMPLIANT ONES.OTSURPRISINGLYTHEATTITUDEOF!FRICANS TOWARDSTHEIRCHIEFSWASANAMBIVALENTONE #ONSEQUENTLYTHROUGHOUTTHECOLONIALPERIOD 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 27 . 4OP2UINSOFTHESLAVE MERCHANT´SHOUSEON"UNCE )SLAND !BOVE!NOLD"RITISHMADE CANNONONCEUSEDTODEFEND "UNCE)SLANDONTHESHORES OFTHEISLAND 28 50 INTHETH#ENTURYTHEREWERENUMEROUSRIOTS DIRECTEDATTHETRIBALCHIEFS4HESECULMINATED INTHERIOTSWHICHTOOKPLACERIGHT ACROSSTHE0ROTECTORATEANDWHICHHADTOBE SUPPRESSEDCAUSINGCONSIDERABLELOSSOFLIFEBY THE!RMY (OWEVERMUCHOFTHE"RITISHLEGACYIN 3IERRA,EONEHASBEENPOSITIVE)NTHEEARLY TH#ENTURY&REETOWNSERVEDASTHERESIDENCE OFTHE"RITISH'OVERNORWHOALSORULEDTHE'OLD #OASTAND'AMBIASETTLEMENTS#ONSEQUENTLY &REETOWNBECAMETHEEDUCATIONALCENTREOF "RITISH7EST!FRICAASWELL!SEARLYAS 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% &OURAH"AY#OLLEGEWASESTABLISHEDWHICH BECAMEAGREATCENTREOFLEARNINGFORALL%NGLISH SPEAKING!FRICANSONTHE7EST#OAST&OR MORETHANACENTURYITWASTHEONLY%UROPEAN EDUCATIONALESTABLISHMENTOFUNIVERSITYSTATUSIN 7ESTERN3UB3AHARAN!FRICA)TEXISTSTOTHISDAY 4HE#ONSTITUTIONPROVIDEDAFRAMEWORK FORCOLONIZATION3IR-ILTON-ARGAIWAS APPOINTEDTHE½RST#HIEF-INISTERIN &INALLYIN!PRIL3IERRA,EONEGAINEDITS INDEPENDENCE)TRETAINEDAPARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMOF'OVERNMENTANDWASWELCOMEDINTO THE"RITISH#OMMONWEALTHOF.ATIONS4HE 3IERRA,EONE0EOPLE´S0ARTY3,00LEDBY3IR -ILTON-ARGAIWONTHE½RSTGENERALELECTIONIN -AY 4HE"RITISHPERIODOFRULEIN3IERRA,EONE WASFORTHEMOSTPARTWITHINTHECONTEXTOFITS TIMEARELATIVELYBENIGNADMINISTRATION.OR DIDTHE"RITISHATTEMPTTOHANGONTOPOWER FORANYLONGERTHANWASNECESSARYTOENSURE ANEF½CIENTHANDOVER)NDEED3IERRA,EONE WASONEOFTHE½RSTOF"RITAIN´SCOLONIESTOGAIN INDEPENDENCEAFTERTHE3ECOND7ORLD7AR 4HEREARESOMETHATWOULDARGUEGIVENWHATHAS HAPPENEDIN3IERRA,EONESINCEINDEPENDENCE THATPERHAPSINDEPENDENCECAMETOOEARLY9ET ITISDIF½CULTTOSEEHOW"RITAINCOULDHAVEDONE OTHERWISE4HEAPPETITEFORINDEPENDENCEIN THEEARLY´SWASINTENSEAND3IERRA,EONE SEEMEDIDEALLYQUALI½EDTOMAKEITSOWNWAYIN THEWORLD Chapter 4. Sierra Leone – 3IERRA,EONEANSLIKETOSEETHEMSELVESAS PEACELOVINGPEOPLEANDYETTHEROADSINCE INDEPENDENCEHASOCCASIONALLYBEENA VERYBLOODYONE4HISISASTARKCONTRASTTO THEDAY3IERRA,EONEANS½RSTAWOKETOTHE REALISATIONTHATTHEYWEREABOUTTOJOINTHE GROWINGLISTOFINDEPENDENTNATIONS . ,EFT3IGNATAROUNDABOUT WITHTHENATIONALCRESTAND MOTTO O NTH-AYONTHESTEPSOFTHE FAMOUS,ANCASTER(OUSEIN,ONDON)AIN -C,EOD4HE3ECRETARYOF3TATEFORTHE #OLONIESADDRESSEDDELEGATESANDTHEPRESSWITH THESEWORDS ±"YSIGNINGTHIS2EPORT)AMSOTOSPEAKREGISTERING THEBIRTHOFINDEPENDENT3IERRA,EONEONTH!PRIL 4HISISTHEGREATRESULTOFOURTALKS4HEYHAVEBEEN MARKEDBYFRIENDSHIPANDCORDIALITYWHILENOTLACKINGIN FRANKNESSANDPLAINSPEAKING3IERRA,EONEAND"RITAIN HAVEBEENFRIENDSFORYEARS!LLOFUSWHOHAVETAKEN PARTINTHETALKSSEENOREASONWHYASINDEPENDENTSTATES WESHOULDNOTREMAINCLOSEFRIENDSFORMANYYEARSTO COME¨² !BOVE%LECTIONPOSTERFOR ONEOFTHEPARTIES0-$# THATCONTESTEDTHE ELECTIONS )NHISCLOSINGREMARKSATTHEENDOFTHOSEHISTORIC TALKS3IR-ILTON-ARGAIRESPONDED ±4HISISAMEMORABLEDAY)REMEMBERHOWWESTARTEDWITH FRIENDSHIPANDTHECORDIALITYWITHWHICHWEHAVEBEEN ABLETODISCUSSTHINGS"EFORE)LEFT3IERRA,EONE)TOLDMY PEOPLEWEWEREGOINGTOMEETOURFRIENDSANDWESHOULD HAVENODOUBTSABOUTTHEM4HATISWHATHASHAPPENED TODAY¨WEWILLNEVERBEINAPOSITIONTOLETYOUREGRET WHATYOUHAVEDONEAND3IERRA,EONEWILLFOREVERBE FRIENDSOF"RITAIN¨² 4HOSEREMARKSATTHEENDOFTHE,ANCASTER(OUSE TALKSPERFECTLYENCAPSULATEDTHENATUREOFTHE DISCUSSIONS4HEREHADBEENNONEOFTHERANCOUR REPORTEDINDISCUSSIONSBETWEENOTHERASPIRING COLONIALTERRITORIESANDTHEIRERSTWHILERULERS 7HEN3IERRA,EONEATTAINEDINDEPENDENT STATUSONTH!PRILMANYSAWITASTHEEND OFAJOURNEYMANYMORESAWITASTHEBEGINNINGOF ONE)NAWAYBOTHSIDESWERECORRECT&ORTHOSEIN THEFORMERCAMPINDEPENDENCEWASTHENATURAL CONCLUSIONTOWHERETHECOUNTRYHADBEENHEADING INEXORABLYALMOSTSINCETHE½RSTSTIRRINGSOFPOLITICAL ENFRANCHISEMENTHADBEENAWAKENED4HOSEWHO 30 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% HELDTHELATTERBUTNOTDIAMETRICALLYOPPOSITEVIEW SAWINDEPENDENCEASTHETIMEWHENTHE³REALWORK WOULDBEGIN´ 4HESEVIEWSWERECERTAINLYRE¾ECTEDANDECHOED ATTHE,ANCASTER(OUSE,ONDONCONFERENCEHELDTHE YEARBEFORE3IERRABECAMEANINDEPENDENTNATION 3PEAKINGATTHEOPENINGCEREMONYAT,ANCASTER (OUSEINATTHOSETALKSTHE3ECRETARYOF3TATE FORTHE#OLONIESHADTHISTOSAYTOTHE3IERRA,EONE DELEGATION ±,ETMESAYHEREANDNOWTHAT)RECOGNISETHESTRENGTHOF YOURASPIRATIONSONTHEATTAINMENTOFINDEPENDENCEATAN EARLYDATE)TWASINTHATSPIRITTHAT)ISSUEDANINVITATION TOYOUR'OVERNMENTTOSENDANALLPARTYDELEGATIONTO THESETALKS¨² 2IGHT"RIGADIER*ULIUS -AADA"IOOFTHE.ATIONAL 0ROVISIONAL2ULING#OUNCIL .02#WITH#ORPORAL &ODAY3ANKOHOFTHE 2EVOLUTIONARY5NITED&RONT 25&AFTERPEACETALKSIN ,OME 4HE3ECRETARYOF3TATEWENTONTOSAY ±)NMYCOMMUNICATIONTOTHE'OVERNOR)REFERREDTO ANUMBEROFIMPORTANTISSUESWHICHWOULDHAVETOBE CAREFULLYEXAMINED)EMPHASISEDTHATTHEATTAINMENT OFNATIONALSOVEREIGNTYWOULDBRINGWITHITINCREASED RESPONSIBILITIESINBOTHTHEINTERNATIONALANDDOMESTIC SPHEREANDTHATTHECONFERENCEWOULDPROVIDEAFORUM FORDISCUSSINGALLTHEPROBLEMSTHATWOULDREQUIRESOLUTION IFTHEWELFAREANDPROGRESSOFTHEPEOPLEOF3IERRA,EONE WERETOBEPROPERLYSAFEGUARDED¨² 3OITWASTHATTHEGAUNTLETWASTHROWNDOWNTOALLOF THOSEATTENDINGTHECONFERENCEREMINDINGTHEMOF THERESPONSIBILITYTHATWOULDFALLONTHEIRSHOULDERS ONCETHEGOALOFINDEPENDENCEHADBEENACHIEVED 4HEMENREPRESENTING3IERRA,EONEATTHAT CONFERENCEHADNODOUBTSTHATGIVENTHETENACITY THATTHEYHADSHOWNINGETTINGTOTHISPOINTTHEY HADNOOPTIONOTHERTHANTOSUCCEED 4OANOUTSIDERSTUDYING!FRICANPOLITICSIN 3IERRA,EONEMAYHAVEAPPEAREDTOBE±JUST ANOTHEROFTHOSE!FRICANNATIONSSEEKINGTOBECOME INDEPENDENT²(OWEVERTOTHECONFERENCEDELEGATE ANDALL3IERRA,EONEANSTHEYHADNEVERSEEN THEMSELVESASBELONGINGTO±JUSTANOTHERCOUNTRY² FARFROMITTHEYHAVEALWAYSSEENTHEMSELVESASA COUNTRYTHATALREADYHADANAMAZINGHISTORYAND WASLIKELYTOBERULEDBYPEOPLEDETERMINEDTOKEEP ONMAKINGHISTORY 3IR-ILTON-ARGAISOONTOBECOMETHE INDEPENDENTNATION´S½RST0RIME-INISTERHADTHE HONOUROFRESPONDINGATTHEOPENINGSESSIONOF THATCONFERENCE(EUSEDTHEOPPORTUNITYTO REMARKONTHECORDIALNATUREOFRELATIONSBETWEEN THETWOCOUNTRIESANDTHATTHECONFERENCEWOULD ENDWITHANAGREEDDATEFORINDEPENDENCE)N CONCLUDINGHISOPENINGRESPONSEHESAID ±¨WEHOPETHATATTHEENDWESHALLHAVEREACHED AGREEMENTONOURDATEFORINDEPENDENCEANDTHAT WESHALLHAVERECEIVEDTHEPROMISEOF(ER-AJESTY´S 'OVERNMENTTOSPONSOROURFULLMEMBERSHIPINTHE #OMMONWEALTH¨² 4HEPOPULARLAST"RITISH'OVERNOR3IR-AURICE $ORMANHADALSOBEENREADYTOLENDHISSUPPORT ALBEITSPRINKLEDWITHSOMEREMARKABLYPRESCIENT 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 31 . WORDSATTHE,ANCASTER(OUSEOPENINGSESSION ,EFT-EMBERSOFTHE0OLICE FORCEMARCHPAST ±¨)NPRESENTTIMES3IERRA,EONEHASACQUIREDWHAT)CAN ONLYDESCRIBEASACERTAINNOTORIETYBOTHFORITSCLIMATE WHICHISADMIRABLEANDFORITSDIAMONDSWHICHAREA MIXEDBLESSING)NTHEFUTUREWEALLRECOGNISETHATHARD TIMESECONOMICALLYAND½NANCIALLYMAYLIEAHEADOF US¨² 4HE½RSTTASKTOBEADDRESSEDBYTHEDELEGATESWAS TOAGREEWHATINTERIMCHANGESWERENEEDEDWITH ALMOSTIMMEDIATEEFFECT4HE½RSTTOBEAGREEDWAS THATTHE'OVERNORWOULDHANDOVERTHE0RESIDENCY OFTHE%XECUTIVE#OUNCILWHICHWOULDHENCEFORTH BECALLED4HE#ABINETTOTHE0REMIERWHOSETITLE WOULDALSOBECHANGEDTO³0RIME-INISTER´)TWAS FURTHERAGREEDTOSETUP%XECUTIVE0UBLIC3ERVICE AND*UDICIAL3ERVICE#OMMISSIONSANDAGREETHE -INISTERSWHOWOULDHAVERESPONSIBILITYFOR$EFENCE THE0OLICEAND%XTERNAL!FFAIRS !CRUCIALELEMENTOFTHECONFERENCEWASTHE AGREEMENTTHATONINDEPENDENCETHECONSTITUTION WOULDINCLUDECLAUSESABOUTFUNDAMENTALHUMAN RIGHTSASWELLASCLAUSESRELATINGTOPROCEDURES PERCENTAGEOFPARLIAMENTARIANSNEEDEDETCFORANY CHANGESTOTHECONSTITUTIONANDFORENTRENCHINGTHE BASICTENETSOFTHECONSTITUTIONALPROVISIONS 4HEPARALLELTALKSHELDWHILETHECONFERENCEWAS ONGOINGHADAGREEDTHATTHEREWOULDBEAMUTUAL DEFENCEAGREEMENTTOBESIGNEDIMMEDIATELYAFTER INDEPENDENCE!SAFURTHERSIGNOFGOODWILLTHE 5NITED+INGDOM'OVERNMENTOFFEREDASSISTANCE TOTALLINGMINTHEFORMOFLOANSGRANTS ANDTECHNICALASSISTANCEFORWHATWEREDEEMED ³TRANSITIONAL´ARRANGEMENTS !TTHETIMETHEREWEREALARGENUMBEROF 3IERRA,EONEANSTUDENTSSTUDYINGINTHE5+AND 32 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% "ELOW$ETAILFROMTHEFRONT OFTHEMAIN,AW#OURTS BUILDINGINTHECENTREOF &REETOWN THEDELEGATESENSUREDTHATTHEYKEPTTHEMABREAST OFDEVELOPMENTS4HISWASVITALINANAGEWHERE MASSCOMMUNICATIONWASNOTEASY3IERRA,EONE´S #OMMISSIONERTOTHE5NITED+INGDOMATTHE TIME$R2%+ELFA#AULKERMADESURETOACTAS BRIDGEBETWEENTHEDELEGATESAND3IERRA,EONEAN EXPATRIATES !SMENTIONEDEARLIERTHEATTAINMENTOF INDEPENDENTSELFGOVERNINGSTATUSHADBEENCOMING SINCETHEFOUNDATIONOF&REETOWNASA³0ROVINCEOF &REEDOM´IN *USTTHREEYEARSAFTERTHATIN³GOVERNMENT´ OFTHETERRITORYHADBEENBYA"OARDOF$IRECTORS OF4HE3IERRA,EONE#OMPANYFORMERLY4HE3T 'EORGE´S"AY#OMPANY"YNOTONLYWASTHE 3IERRA,EONE#OMPANYGIVENA2OYAL#HARTERBUT . THE'OVERNORIN#OUNCILWASALSOGIVENLEGISLATIVE POWERS4HE"RITISH0ARLIAMENTABOLISHEDSLAVERYIN ANDWASTOUSE3IERRA,EONEASTHEPOINTFROM WHICHITENFORCEDABOLITIONSEIZINGANDDESTROYING SLAVETRADINGSHIPSANDFREEINGTHOSECAPTUREDIN 3IERRA,EONE"Y3IERRA,EONEWASMADEA "RITISH#ROWN#OLONY!SFARBACKASITWAS DECIDEDTHATANUNOF½CIALMEMBERSHOULDBE APPOINTEDTOTHE!DVISORY#OUNCIL3OITWASTHAT THE'OVERNORHADBEENINSTRUCTEDTOCHOOSETHE MEMBER±FROMAMONGSTTHEMOSTCONSIDERABLEOF THE0ROTESTANTINHABITANTSRESIDINGINTHE#OLONY² !NDSOCHANGESCAMEGRADUALLYUNTILWHEN THEPRINCIPLEOFREPRESENTATIVEGOVERNMENTWAS ESTABLISHEDINTHECOUNTRY4HEFOLLOWINGYEARSAW THEDECISIONTOACCORDONEOFTHESIXELECTED3IERRA ,EONEANSONTHE%XECUTIVE#OUNCILTHETITLEOF#HIEF -INISTER 7ITHTHENATIONWIDEEXTENSIONOFTHEELECTORAL FRANCHISECAMETHE½RST'ENERAL%LECTIONSIN-AY 4HISWASAMAJORSTEPFORWARDINTHECOUNTRY´S POLITICALGROWTH4HESEELECTIONSINEVITABLYLED TOTHEESTABLISHMENTOFTHE½RSTALL3IERRA ,EONEAN%XECUTIVE#OUNCIL4HISYEARALSOSAWTHE REPLACEMENTOFALLOF½CIALMEMBERSOFTHE%XECUTIVE #OUNCILWITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFTHE'OVERNOR 4HENEWLYELECTED#HAMBER4HE(OUSEOF 2EPRESENTATIVESNOWCONSISTEDOFELECTEDMEMBERS WITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFTHE0ARAMOUNT#HIEFSWHO WEREELECTEDBYTHE$ISTRICT#OUNCILS 4(%%!2,9-!*/2 #/.34)454)/.!,$%6%,/0-%.43 "ETWEENANDTHEREHADBEEN%XECUTIVE AND,EGISLATIVE#OUNCILS4HEESTABLISHMENTOFTHE LATTERLEDTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFREPRESENTATIVE ELECTEDCABINETGOVERNMENT4HE½RSTELECTIONSIN THECOUNTRYUNITINGTHE#OLONYANDTHE0ROTECTORATE WEREHELDIN 4HE#ONSTITUTIONISOFTENCITEDASONEOF THEMAJORLANDMARKSINTHECOUNTRY´SHISTORYAND AMAJORONEONTHEROADTOSELFGOVERNMENT4HIS WASBECAUSEITCREATEDALARGEUNOF½CIALMAJORITYIN WHATWASSTILLTHE,EGISLATIVE#OUNCILBYINCREASING THENUMBEROFUNOF½CIALMEMBERSTOUPFROM ATTHESAMETIMEASREDUCINGTHEOF½CIALSDOWN FROMTOSEVEN)TWASTHIS#ONSTITUTIONTHATPAVED THEWAYFORTHEAPPOINTMENTOF-INISTERSFROMTHE RANKSOFTHEUNOF½CIALMEMBERSIN)N 3IR-ILTON-ARGAIWASACCORDEDTHETITLE³#HIEF -INISTER´ 4HE#ONSTITUTIONWASTHEONETHAT WIDENEDTHEFRANCHISEFORELECTIONTOTHELEGISLATURE ANDUSHEREDINANEWELECTORALSYSTEMINTHE 0ROTECTORATE4HISWASTHE#ONSTITUTIONTHAT BROUGHTTHECOUNTRYCLOSESTTOFULLREPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT-OSTCRUCIALLYITBROUGHTWITHIT UNIVERSALADULTSUFFRAGE . !BOVE0RESIDENT!HMAD 4EJAN+ABBAH,RECEIVES THE3TAFFOF/F½CEFROM "RIGADIER*ULIUS-AADA "IO2IN ANDTHE.ATIONAL#OUNCILOF3IERRA,EONE.#3, )NTHATELECTIONTHE3,00EMERGEDASTHECLEAR WINNERANDFORMEDTHEGOVERNMENT4HE500WITH SIXSEATSFORMEDTHEOF½CIALOPPOSITION4HEOTHER TWOPARTIESDIDNOTWINANYSEATS!YEARLATERSAW ANEWPARTYFORMEDBY!LBERT-ARGAI3IR-ILTON´S BROTHER"YINDEPENDENCETHISPARTYTHE0EOPLE´S .ATIONAL0ARTY0.0HADFOURSEATSINTHE(OUSE OF2EPRESENTATIVES"YTHETIMEOFINDEPENDENCE OTHERPARTIESHADJOINEDTHEPOLITICALFRAYWITHTHE FORMATIONOFTHE)NDEPENDENT0ROGRESSIVE0ARTY )00THE2ADICAL$EMOCRATIC0ARTY2$0ANDTHE 3IERRA,EONE)NDEPENDENT0ROGRESSIVE-OVEMENT 3,)0-4HE!LL0EOPLE´S#ONGRESS!0#WHICH WOULDCOMETOSHAREDOMINATIONOFTHEPARTY POLITICALLANDSCAPEWITHTHE3,00WASONLYFORMED ON3EPTEMBERLESSTHANONEYEARBEFORE INDEPENDENCE 4ODAYTHE!0#ANDTHE3,00DOMINATEINMOST AREASALTHOUGHTHEPRESIDENTIALANDPARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONSOFSAWTHEEMERGENCEOFAGENUINE ³THIRDFORCE´INTHEFORMOFTHE0EOPLE´S-OVEMENT FOR$EMOCRATIC#HANGE0-$# ,EFT"ANDMASTEROFTHE3IERRA ,EONE0OLICE&ORCEBAND BALANCESHISSTAFFATAMARCH PASTATTHE.ATIONAL3TADIUM ON*ANUARY "OTTOM!ERIALSHOTOFCENTRAL &REETOWN "OTTOM,EFT-EMBERSOF THE3IERRA,EONE!RMYBAND ATAMARCHPASTATTHE .ATIONAL3TADIUMON *ANUARY 4(%%!2,9%34!",)3(-%.4 /&0/,)4)#!,0!24)%3 4HE'ENERAL%LECTIONOFWASTHE½RSTTOBE CONTESTEDBYFOURPOLITICALPARTIES4HE3IERRA ,EONE0EOPLE´S0ARTY3,00WASTHE½RSTPOLITICAL PARTYTOBEFORMEDIN3IERRA,EONEIN4HE 5NITED0ROGRESSIVE0ARTY500THE,ABOUR0ARTY 34 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 35 . . &AR,EFT0RESIDENTIAL %LECTIONPOSTEROF3,00 CANDIDATEFORMERVICE 0RESIDENT3OLOMON"EREWA ,EFT0RESIDENTIAL %LECTIONPOSTEROF!0# CANDIDATENOW0RESIDENT %RNEST"AI+OROMA 4(%&,!'.!4)/.!, !.4(%-!.$#/!4/&!2-3 7ITHINDEPENDENCECAMEANEW¾AGTHETRI COLOUREDGREENWHITEANDBLUENEW.ATIONAL !NTHEMANDANEW#OATOF!RMS .ATIONAL!NTHEM4HEANTHEMDOESNOTHAVEAN OF½CIALNAMEBUTISOFTENREFERREDTOAS³(IGHWE EXALTTHEE´AFTERTHE½RSTWORDSSUNGINTHEANTHEM 4HE&LAG4HE.ATIONAL#ONSTITUTIONSTATESTHATON THE¾AGTHE'REENSTANDSFORAGRICULTUREMOUNTAINS ANDNATURALRESOURCESTHE7HITE5NITYAND*USTICE THE"LUEFORTHECAPITAL´SDEEPBLUENATURALHARBOUR 4HE#OATOF!RMSANDTHE¾AGWEREDEVELOPED BYTHE#OLLEGEOF!RMSOR(ERALD´S#OLLEGEIN ,ONDONANDWEREGRANTEDIN4HESHIELDON THEARMSDEPICTSALIONBENEATHAZIGZAGBORDER REPRESENTINGTHE,ION-OUNTAINSAFTERWHICHTHE COUNTRYWASNAMED)TALSOSHOWSTHREETORCHESTO SYMBOLIZEPEACEANDDIGNITY!TTHEBASEAREWAVY BARSDEPICTINGTHESEA4HESUPPORTERSOFTHESHIELD ARELIONSSIMILARTOTHOSEONTHECOLONIALBADGE4HE THREEMAINCOLOURSFROMTHESHIELDGREENWHITE ANDBLUEWEREUSEDTOFORMTHE¾AG!TTHEBOTTOM 36 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% OFTHESHIELDTHENATIONALMOTTO5NITY&REEDOM *USTICEMOTTOCANBESEEN 4HEREAREMANY3IERRA,EONEANSWHOWILLTELLYOU THATNEITHERTHE¾AGNORTHE#OATOF!RMSFOUND AWAYOFREPRESENTINGTHENATION´SGREATESTNATURAL RESOURCEITSPEOPLE BEENPROPOSEDBY3IR!LBERT-ARGAIWHOHADTAKEN OVERAS0RIME-INISTERFOLLOWINGHISBROTHER´SDEATH IN4HETWOMAINPARTIESWERENOWLEDBY MEN!LBERT-ARGAIOF3,00AND3IAKA3TEVENSOF THE!0#WHOPRACTISEDAMUCHROUGHERFORMOF POLITICALANTAGONISMTHANHADEVERBEENSEENWHEN 3IR-ILTONWASINPOWER !LTHOUGHTHEY½ELDEDFEWERCANDIDATESTHE !0#WONMORESEATSTHANTHE3,00SEATSAS AGAINST)NTHEIMMEDIATEAFTERMATHOFTHOSE ELECTIONSTHESEEDSOFFUTURECON¾ICTINTHECOUNTRY WERESOWN!SSIX3,00MEMBERSOPPOSEDTOTHE SUGGESTEDINTRODUCTIONOFAONEPARTYSTATEHAD CONTESTEDANDWONSEATSASINDEPENDENTSTHE CLOSENESSOFTHERESULTLEDTOTHE3,00CLAIMING THATTHESEINDEPENDENTSHADRETURNEDTOTHEFOLD ANDREFUSEDTOCONCEDEDEFEAT(ADTHEYDONESO ITWOULDHAVEBEENTHE½RSTTIMEINPOSTCOLONIAL !FRICATHATANOPPOSITIONPARTYHADUNSEATEDAN INCUMBENTREGIME !DAYAFTERTHEANNOUNCEMENTOFTHEELECTION RESULTSANDWITHTHE!0#MEMBERSONTHEVERGE OFPLANNINGTOTAKETHEREINSOFOF½CE"RIGADIER $AVID,ANSANATHEHEADOFTHEARMEDFORCESWENT ONRADIOTOANNOUNCETHATDUETOTHEUNSTABLE SITUATIONINTHECOUNTRYHEHADSUSPENDEDTHE CONSTITUTIONANDDECLAREDMARTIALLAW4HATPOST INDEPENDENCEHONEYMOONWASTRULYOVER3IERRA ,EONEHADITS½RSTCOUPD´ETATANDADAYLATERITHAD ITSSECOND,ANSANAWASARRESTEDBYFELLOWOF½CERS WHOSETUPTHE.ATIONAL2EFORMATION#OUNCIL .2#4HE.2#WERETHEMSELVESOVERTHROWNAYEAR LATERBY.#/SWHOHANDEDPOWERBACKTO3IAKA 3TEVENS´!0#3TEVENSWASTOEXACTREVENGEBYHAVING ,ANSANAANDOTHERSTRIEDANDEXECUTEDFORTREASON 4HEIREXECUTIONSSENTSHOCKWAVESTHROUGHOUTTHE COUNTRYANDSERVEDTOFURTHERWIDENTHEALREADY EVIDENTPOLITICALETHNICDIVIDE !SHISINTOLERANCEOFPOLITICALOPPOSITIONGREWIT WASNOSURPRISEWHEN3TEVENSWHOHADOPPOSEDTHE INTRODUCTIONOFAONEPARTYSTATEBECAME%XECUTIVE 0RESIDENTATTHEHEADOFAREPUBLICAN#ONSTITUTION INANDINAFTERELECTIONSTHATSAW EXTENSIVEVIOLENCEANDALLEGATIONSOFRIGGINGBYTHE RULING!0#IMPOSEDAONEPARTYSTATE4HISISA PATTERNFAMILIARTOANYFOLLOWEROF!FRICANPOLITICS 3TEVENSRULEDFORSEVENMOREYEARSBEFOREHANDING POWEROVERTO*OSEPH3AIDU-OMOHIN 0/34).$%0%.$%.#%!.$"%9/.$ -),)4!2925,%!.$#)6),7!2 /N!PRILTWODAYSAFTER)NDEPENDENCE$AY CELEBRATIONS*3-OMOHWASOVERTHROWNINACOUP LEDBYJUNIOROF½CERS4HISHAPPENEDWHILETHERE WASAWARTHATWASTOEVENTUALLYENGULFTHEWHOLE COUNTRYBUTWHICHATTHISTIMEWASTAKINGPLACE MANYMILESFROMTHECAPITAL4HEOF½CERSFORMED THE.ATIONAL0ROVISIONAL2ULING#OUNCIL.02# ANDWEREINPOWERUNTIL)TWASNOTHOWEVERA CASEOFASMOOTHHANDOVER)N*ANUARY#APTAIN 6ALENTINE3TRASSERWHOHADBEEN#HAIRMANOFTHE .02#WASOUSTEDINA³PALACECOUP´BY*ULIUS-AADA "IO)NSPITEOFCLAIMSTHATONEOFTHEREASONSWHY THEYHADDECIDEDTOOUST-OMOHWASTOBETTER PROSECUTETHEWARANARMYLEDGOVERNMENTHAD BEENHIGHLYINEFFECTIVEINSTEMMINGTHEADVANCEOF THEREBEL2EVOLUTIONARY5NITED&RONT25&LEDBYA FORMERARMYCORPORAL&ODAY3ANKOH 3TRASSERANDTHEOTHERYOUNGOF½CERSOFTHE "ELOW4HEMAINBUILDINGOF .02#INFACTSEEMEDMORECONCERNEDWITHMAKING THE)NTERNATIONAL#RIMINAL AMENDMENTSTHATWOULDHAVELOWEREDTHE #OURTIN&REETOWN 0/34).$%0%.$%.#%!.$"%9/.$ 0/,)4)#!,35##%33)/. 4HEPOSTINDEPENDENCEPOLITICALHONEYMOON CERTAINLYCARRIEDITSELFINTOTHE½RST'ENERAL ELECTIONSWHICHWEREWONBYTHE3,00"YTHETIME OFTHENEXT'ENERAL%LECTIONINTHE!0#WHICH HADBEENA¾EDGLINGPARTYATINDEPENDENCEHAD BUILTUPSTRONGSUPPORTINTHENORTHANDWESTOFTHE COUNTRY!LTHOUGHBOTHOFTHEMAINPOLITICALPARTIES DENIEDANDCONTINUETODENYITITWASOBVIOUSTO THENEUTRALSTHATTHEYWERESPLITANDFOUNDTHEIR SUPPORTALONGETHNICLINES.EVERTHELESSTHE PARTIESACKNOWLEDGEDTHATTHEYNEEDEDTOAPPEAL TOTHEELECTORATEWITHCLEARECONOMICANDSOCIAL POLICIES)NTERESTINGLYINVIEWOFTHEFACTTHATA FEWYEARSLATERITWASTHEPARTYTHATWOULDGOON TOINTRODUCEAONEPARTYSTATETHEMAINBATTLECRY OFTHE!0#INTHEELECTIONWASITSOPPOSITION TOTHEINTRODUCTIONOFAONEPARTYSTATE4HISHAD 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 37 . YEARAGETHRESHOLDWHICHBARREDALLOFTHEMFROM CONTESTINGCIVILIAN0RESIDENTIALELECTIONS%IGHT MONTHSAFTERASSUMINGPOWERTHE.02#HAD EXECUTEDFELLOWSOLDIERSINCLUDINGTHEPOPULAR #OLONEL9AHYA+ANUWHOHADBEENTHEMOSTSENIOR OF½CERAMONGTHOSEWHOHADUSHERED-OMOHINTO EXILEIN'UINEA4HEMENWEREACCUSEDOFPLOTTING TOOVERTHROW3TRASSER4HEEXECUTIONSONLYSERVEDTO CAUSEGREATERDIVISIONSWITHINTHEARMY 4HECIVILWARMANY3IERRA,EONEANSDISPUTETHE CON¾ICTBEINGGIVENTHISTITLEHADSTARTEDIN WHENFORCESLEDBYEX#ORPORAL&ODAY3ANKOHHAD COMEINTOTHECOUNTRYFROMNEIGHBOURING,IBERIA ,IBERIAWASITSELFINTHETHROESOFALONGCIVILWAR)N THEYEARSTHATITRAGEDITISESTIMATEDTHATATLEAST PEOPLEWEREKILLED4HEWAROCCASIONALLY MADETHEFRONTPAGESOFTHEWORLD´SPRESSASBEING AMONGSTTHEMOSTBRUTALEVERWAGEDONTHE!FRICAN CONTINENT 4HEREWASABRIEFINTERRUPTIONINWHEN ELECTIONSWEREHELDWHICHWEREWONBYTHE3,00 NOWLEDBY!HMAD4EJAN+ABBAH-ANYOPPOSEDTHE ELECTIONSWITHTHEMANTRA±0EACEBEFOREELECTIONSNOT ELECTIONSBEFOREPEACE²THISBECAUSETHEWARWASNOT YETOVER /NTH-AYTHECIVILIANREGIMEWAS OVERTHROWNBYTHEMILITARYWHICHINSTALLED*OHNNY 0AUL+OROMAATTHEHEADOFTHE!RMED&ORCES 2EVOLUTIONARY#OUNCIL!&2#4HE!&2#STATEDAIM WASTHATITWOULDNEGOTIATEWITHTHEREBEL25&AND BRINGPEACE4OBRINGTHISTOFRUITIONTHEYFORMED ACOALITIONWITHTHE25&4HEREGIONALECONOMIC BLOCTHE%CONOMIC#OMMUNITYOF7EST!FRICAN 3TATES%#/7!3AUTHORISEDITSSECONDMILITARY INTERVENTIONINAREGIONALCON¾ICTTHE½RSTHAD BEENINTHE,IBERIANCIVILWAR%#/-/'%CONOMIC #OMMUNITYOF7EST!FRICAN3TATES-ONITORING'ROUP WASLEDBY.IGERIANTROOPS)NAFURTHERROUNDOF BLOODLETTINGIN/CTOBERPEOPLEACCUSED OFHELPINGTHE!&2#OUSTTHE+ABBAHGOVERNMENT WEREEXECUTEDINCLUDING-AJOR+ULA3AMBATHE ONLYWOMANTOBEEXECUTEDBY½RINGSQUADIN3IERRA ,EONE´SVARIOUSBLOODYCON¾ICTS4HISPRESAGEDTHE BLOODIESTDAYFORTHECAPITALWHENONTH*ANUARY REBELTROOPSOVERRAN&REETOWNLEADINGTOAN ESTIMATEDPEOPLEBEINGKILLED)N/CTOBEROF THATYEAR5.PEACEKEEPERSDEPLOYEDTODISARMTHE REBELSINSTEADFOUNDTHEMSELVESTAKENHOSTAGEAFTERA CLASH%VENTUALLYAPEACEACCORDWASSIGNEDLEADING TOTHEEXTRAORDINARYSITUATIONWHEREREBELLEADER 3ANKOHWASBROUGHTINTOAGOVERNMENTOFNATIONAL UNITY.OONEHADVOTEDFOR3ANKOHANDTHEREWERE SEVEREDOUBTSTHATHIS25&WOULDHAVEWONMANY VOTESINANELECTION-OSTEXTRAORDINARILYGIVENTHAT THE25&HADBEENABLETOSUSTAINTHEIRWARBYTHE SALEOFDIAMONDSMINEDWITHFORCEDLABOURSOCALLED ³BLOODDIAMONDS´3ANKOHWASMADE6ICE0RESIDENT ANDPUTINCHARGEOFTHECOUNTRY´SMINERALRESOURCES 38 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 3ANKOH´STIMEINGOVERNMENTWASNOTTOLAST)N SOMEOFHISSUPPORTERSOPENED½REONPROTESTERS OUTSIDEHISHOUSEKILLINGSOMEOFTHEM4HISLED TO3ANKOHHAVINGTO¾EEBEFOREBEINGCAPTUREDA FEWDAYSLATER(EWASINDICTEDONCOUNTSOFWAR CRIMESBYA5.SANCTIONEDCOURT(EWASTAKENINTO CUSTODYBY"RITISHFORCESBUTDIEDOFASTROKEBEFORE HISTRIALCOULDBECONCLUDED !2%452.4/#)6),)!.25,% 4HEWARWASDECLAREDOF½CIALLYOVERIN*ANUARY +ABBAHWHOHADWONTHE0RESIDENTIAL %LECTIONCOULDNOTCONTESTTHEEDITIONANDHIS 6ICE0RESIDENT3OLOMON"EREWAWASDEFEATEDBYTHE !0#´S%RNEST"AI+OROMA&ORTHESECONDTIMEINTHE COUNTRY´SHISTORYTHE!0#HADPREVAILEDAGAINSTA SITTING3,00'OVERNMENT!LTHOUGHTHEREWASABRIEF HINTOFDmJgVUWITH"EREWAREPORTEDLYCONSIDERING AJUDICIALCHALLENGEOFTHEPUBLISHEDRESULTHEAND THE3,00ACCEPTEDTHATTHEYHADLOSTTHEELECTIONS ANDTHE!0#WEREBACKINPOWER 4HECOUNTRYHADCOMEALONGWAYFROMBUT ONCEAGAINTHEREISOPTIMISMTHATTHEWARISGONE ANDTHATABRIGHTERFUTURELIESAHEAD !BOVE,OOKINGEASTALONG 3IAKA3TEVENS3TREETINTHE CENTREOF&REETOWN Chapter 5. Economy and Natural Resources – /NTAKINGOF½CEIN0RESIDENT %RNEST"AI+OROMAMADEHISNOWFAMOUS STATEMENTTHATINABIDTOTURNTHINGS AROUNDHEWASDETERMINEDTHATUNDERHIS WATCHHEWOULD±RUN3IERRA,EONELIKEA BUSINESS² T HESTATEMENTWASMADEINANEFFORTTO OVERTURNYEARSOFUNDERPERFORMANCEBY THE3IERRA,EONEECONOMY/NEVOCAL SUPPORTEROFTHE0RESIDENT´SVISIONHASBEENTHE BILLIONAIRE0HILANTHROPIST'EORGE3OROS3PEAKINGVIA AVIDEOTAPEDMESSAGETOANINVESTMENTFORUMHELDIN ,ONDONIN.OVEMBER3OROSLOOKEDBACKTOHIS VISITTO3IERRA,EONEIN ±!FTERMEETING0RESIDENT%RNEST+OROMAANDOTHERMEMBERS OFTHEGOVERNMENTDURINGMY½RSTVISITTO&REETOWN)CAME AWAYCONVINCEDTHAT3IERRA,EONE´SNEWGOVERNMENTWAS SERIOUSABOUTMOVINGTHECOUNTRYFORWARD %ACHSUBSEQUENTMEETINGHASMADEMEMORECON½DENT THATDESPITEMANYCHALLENGES3IERRA,EONEHASSIGNI½CANT UNREALISEDPOTENTIALANDISOPENFORBUSINESS)FYOU LOOKCAREFULLYITISCLEARTHATTHECOUNTRYHASTHEGENUINE POTENTIALTOBECOMEALEADING!FRICANECONOMY 4HEFOUNDATIONSFORAPROSPEROUSFUTUREAREBEINGLAID IN3IERRA,EONERIGHTNOW4HEREISSIGNI½CANTOPPORTUNITY FORHIGHFUTURERETURNSONINVESTMENT)NVESTINGINAND STRENGTHENINGTHEECONOMYIN3IERRA,EONEANDITS NEIGHBOURINGCOUNTRIESISCRUCIALFORBUILDINGOPENSOCIETIES 40 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% IN7EST!FRICA3IERRA,EONEISASTABLESTATEWHEREGOOD GOVERNANCEHASTAKENHOLD4HROUGHTHE3OROS%CONOMIC $EVELOPMENT&UND)WILLMAINTAINANINTERESTIN3IERRA ,EONEFORYEARSTOCOME² 'EORGE3OROS´WORDSWEREANECHOOFSTATEMENTSMADE DOWNTHEYEARSBY3IERRA,EONEANOF½CIALS4AKETHIS STATEMENTBY-R+!$ARAMY3IERRA,EONE´S-INISTER OF$EVELOPMENTADDRESSINGASIXDAYCONFERENCEIN !DDIS!BABAIN.OVEMBERWHOHAVINGASSURED THEDELEGATESTHATTHEECONOMYWASSOUNDTHE SOCIETY½NEANDTHESYSTEMOFGOVERNMENTBASEDONA 7ESTERNMODELSAID ±¨7ETHEREFOREEXTENDANOPENANDWARMINVITATIONTOALL GENUINEBUSINESSCONCERNSINANYPARTOFTHEWORLDTOCOME ,EFT!LLUVIALDIAMONDMINERS PANNINGFORDIAMONDSIN+ONO $ISTRICT "ELOW&ISHINGBOATSATRESTIN 4OMBO6ILLAGE /PPOSITE4YPICALSCENEOF OPENCASTDIAMONDMINESIN +ONO$ISTRICT 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 41 . TO3IERRA,EONETOINVESTANDHELPUSBUILDOURCOUNTRY) ASSUREYOUONBEHALFOFMYGOVERNMENTTHATBOTHCAPITAL ANDPERSONNELWILLRECEIVEMAXIMUMPROTECTION¨² (OWEVERIFYOUMENTION³3IERRA,EONE´TOSOMEONE WITHONLYACASUALKNOWLEDGEOF!FRICAOROFTHE COUNTRYTHEYARELIKELYTOASKYOUWHETHERTHEWAR ISNOWOVER)FYOUWERETOPUSHTHEMFURTHERAND ASKWHATTHEYCONSIDEREDTOBETHECOUNTRY´SMAIN SOURCEOFWEALTHYOUWOULDPROBABLYGETTHEANSWER ±DIAMONDS²7ELLTHATMAYBETRUEBUTISDOESN´TEVEN BEGINTOTELLHALFTHESTORYOFWHATTHECOUNTRYHAS TOOFFER 7HILEITISTRUETHATSINCEDIAMONDSWERE½RST DISCOVEREDINTHECOUNTRYINTHESTHEYHAVEBEEN AMAJORSOURCEOFINCOME3IERRA,EONEHASMANY OTHERSIGNI½CANTNATURALRESOURCESWHICHIFPROPERLY HARNESSEDSHOULDSEETHECOUNTRYSUCCESSFULLYEMERGE FROMTHECIVILWARWHICHSOBADLYHARMEDTHECOUNTRY INEVERYWAY %#/./-)#$%6%,/0-%.4!.$ $%6%,/0-%.4/&%#/./-)#0/,)#)%3 )NTHEIMMEDIATEPOSTINDEPENDENCEPERIOD SUCCESSIVEGOVERNMENTSTRIEDTOHARNESSTHEINCOME FROMDIAMONDMININGTOTHEBENE½TOFTHEWHOLE COUNTRY4HEINITIALDISCOVERYOFDIAMONDSHADBEEN MADEINTHE3EWA2IVERAREAIN!NDITSOON BECAMECLEARTHATOTHERPARTSOFTHECOUNTRYHELD SIGNI½CANTDIAMONDDEPOSITS/NCETHISWASKNOWN THESTILLPRESENT½GHTTOCOMBATILLEGALMININGAND SMUGGLINGSTARTED"YINDEPENDENCEMUCHOFTHE SMUGGLINGHADBEENERADICATED(OWEVERGIVEN THENATUREOFTHESESTONESSMALLEASILYPORTABLE COMPLETELYSTEMMINGTHEILLEGALTRADEWILLPROBABLY NEVERHAPPEN 42 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 4HEDISCOVERYOFDIAMONDSLEDTOOTHERSURVEYS TOUNCOVEROTHERMINERALRESOURCES3OITWASTHAT PLATINUMRUTILEANDBAUXITEWEREDISCOVEREDIN VARIOUSPARTSOFTHECOUNTRY 4HESEDISCOVERIESLEDTHEGOVERNMENTTOLAUNCH ANAMBITIOUSMTENYEARDEVELOPMENTPLAN)N ITWASREALISEDTHATTHISWASANUNSUSTAINABLE OBJECTIVEANDTHEPLANWASAMENDEDTOA½VE YEARPLANDONEINCONJUNCTIONWITHTHE5NITED .ATIONS4HEFOLLOWINGYEARTHECOUNTRYHADITS½RST EXPERIENCEOFHAVINGTORESORTTOASSISTANCEFROMTHE )NTERNATIONAL-ONETARY&UND)-&4HISHADCOME ABOUTFOLLOWINGTHECOUNTRY´SDIF½CULTYINSERVICINGA NATIONALDEBTOFM)TWOULDNOTBETHELASTTIME THATTHECOUNTRYWOULDHAVETOTAKESUCHACTIONWITH THERESULTING½NANCIALSTRICTURESATTACHEDTOSUCH REMEDIES)NANEFFORTNOTTOHAVETOAGAINRESORTTO SUCHACOURSEOFACTIONTHEGOVERNMENTANNOUNCED PLANSTOINCREASEDIAMONDANDOTHERMINERAL PRODUCTIONANDREVENUE !NOTHERPROGRAMMEINTRODUCEDINTHEEARLY SWASTHEFORMATIONOFTHE2ICE#ORPORATION UNDERTHEAUSPICESOFTHE-INISTRYOF4RADEAND )NDUSTRY!LARMEDATTHEINCREASINGLYLARGEAMOUNT OFRICEBEINGIMPORTEDAFOURYEARPROGRAMMEWAS INTRODUCEDWITHTHEAIMOFBRINGINGACRES UNDERRICECULTIVATIONINORDERTOMAKETHECOUNTRY SELFSUF½CIENTINITSSTAPLEFOOD 5NDERINVESTMENTINAGRICULTURETHROUGHOUT THESANDSLEDTOTHEINEVITABLECOLLAPSEOFTHE COUNTRY´SONCETHRIVINGAGRICULTURALSECTOR4HIS DESPITEPRONOUNCEMENTSBYSUCCESSIVEGOVERNMENTS THATTHEYTOOKSERIOUSLYTHENEEDTOINVESTINTHIS SECTOR 4HECIVILWARPUTPAIDTOANYTHOUGHTSOFREVIVING THEAGRICULTURALSECTOR4HEYEARSOFNEGLECTWERE COMPOUNDEDBYPEOPLE¾EEINGTHECOUNTRYSIDEFOR THERELATIVESAFETYOFTHEBIGTOWNSANDCITIES 3INCETHEREESTABLISHMENTOFDEMOCRACYAND CIVILIANRULESUCCESSIVEADMINISTRATIONSHAVEMADE STRIDESTOFACILITATEAHEALTHIERECONOMICCLIMATE ,EFT!YOUNGBOYSELLINGBAGS OFICEDWATERINTHESTREETSOF &REETOWN /PPOSITE4OP2IGHT $IAMONDMINEIN+ONO $ISTRICT /PPOSITE"OTTOM2IGHT !SELECTIONOFTYPICAL AGRICULTURALPRODUCEFROM ACROSS3IERRA,EONE 7(!4$/%33)%22!,%/.% (!6%4//&&%2 /NEOFTHE½RSTSIGNI½CANTCHANGESHAPPENEDUNDER THE4EJAN+ABBAHREGIMEWHENINCONJUNCTION WITHTHE5NITED+INGDOM´S$EPARTMENT&OR )NTERNATIONAL$EVELOPMENT$&)$THEYLAUNCHEDAN ³ADMINISTRATIVEBARRIERSREMOVALPROGRAMME´DESIGNED TOGETRIDOFMUCHOFTHEREDTAPEENCOUNTEREDIN DOINGBUSINESSINTHECOUNTRY 4OURISMFORTHETOURISTTHECOUNTRYBOASTS KMOFSOMEOFTHEMOSTSTUNNINGPRISTINEAND ENCHANTINGCOASTLINEIMAGINABLE)NAWAYTHEFACT THATTHECOUNTRYHASNEVERHADTODEALWITHMASS 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 43 . TOURISMHASENDEDUPBEINGABLESSINGMUCHOFTHE COUNTRYREMAINSUNSPOILTANDTHOSEINCHARGEOF PROMOTINGTOURISMHAVELOOKEDATCOUNTRIESWITH SIMILARFEATURESANDLEARNTLESSONSINWHATTOAVOIDIN ORDERTOKEEPTHECOUNTRYPRISTINE3IERRA,EONEHAS THEHIGHESTMOUNTAININ7EST!FRICA-T"INTUMANI WHICHOFFERSSTUNNINGVIEWSFROMITSPEAKASWELLAS THEOPPORTUNITYTOSEEBUFFALOASPECIESNOTSEEN ANYWHEREELSEINTHECOUNTRY &ORTHEECOTOURISTTHEREAREAHUGENUMBEROF ¾ORAANDFAUNAUNIQUETO3IERRA,EONETOBESTUDIED THEREAREANDCOUNTINGPROTECTEDAREASTHATARE HAVENSFORTHEPYGMYHIPPOPOTAMUSTARPON½SHING AMONGSTSOMEOFTHELARGEST½SHTHATCANBECAUGHT ACHIMPANZEESANCTUARYELEPHANTSAREMINDERTHAT INTHETHANDTHCENTURIESTHISCOUNTRYWAS HOMETOSOMEOFTHE½NESTIVORYCARVERSTHEWORLDHAS EVERSEENANDMANYSPECIESOFBIRDS-ANY½RSTTIME VISITORSGOAWAYASKINGTHEQUESTION±WHYDON´TMORE PEOPLEKNOWABOUTTHISPLACE²!SWORDGETSOUT ABOUTTHEBEAUTYOFTHECOUNTRYTHISSITUATIONWILL CHANGERAPIDLY&ORTHE³HERITAGE´TOURISTSTHERECANBE NOBETTERCOUNTRYTOVISITGIVENTHECOUNTRY´SPIVOTAL ROLEINBOTHTHEEXPANSIONANDTHEABOLITIONOFTHE TRANSATLANTICSLAVETRADE!FRICAN!MERICANSAND THOSEOF!FRICAN#ARIBBEANDESCENTAREMORELIKELY TO½NDTHEIR³ROOTS´HERETHANANYWHEREELSE¯THERE ARECURRENTLYNOLESSTHANNATIONALHERITAGESITES LINKEDTOTHISPERIODOFTHECOUNTRY´SHISTORY#HIEF AMONGTHESE³HERITAGESITES´IS"UNCE)SLANDWHICH HASRECEIVEDAGRANTTOREHABILITATEIT)NTHECOLONIAL DAYSTHECOUNTRYEARNEDTHETITLE±THE7HITEMAN´S GRAVEYARD²DUETOTHE%UROPEANS´LOWRESISTANCETO MALARIA&ORTHOSEWHONOWVISITANDINSTANTLYFALLIN LOVEWITHTHECOUNTRYPERHAPSANEWPHRASEOUGHTTO BECOINED³ONCEBITTENFOREVERSMITTEN´ !GRICULTUREWITHSOMEOFTHEHIGHESTRAINFALLIN THE7EST!FRICANSUBREGIONTHECOUNTRYISIDEAL FORGROWINGALARGENUMBEROFAGRICULTURALPRODUCE 4HEABUNDANTRAINFALLMAKESIRRIGATIONEASY4HERE ARELARGETRACTSOFLANDSUITABLEFORAGRICULTURESTILL BEINGUNDERUTILISED3OMEOFTHEPRODUCECURRENTLY BEINGHARVESTEDINVARYINGQUANTITIESANDWHICH STILLREQUIREINCREASEDINVESTMENTINCLUDECOFFEE COCOAPINEAPPLESMANGOESRICEGINGERANDPALM PRODUCTSINCLUDINGPALMOILTONAMEAFEW4HEREARE OPPORTUNITIESTOMECHANISETHEPRODUCTIONOFTHESE ANDMORE7ITHANESTIMATEDMILLIONHECTARESOF ARABLELANDTHEOPPORTUNITIESANDPOTENTIALREWARDS INTHISSECTORAREENORMOUS %XTRACTIVEINDUSTRIESITMAYSEEMTHATTHEMINING SECTORISALREADYWELLREPRESENTEDINTERMSOFINVESTORS BUTTHEREAREINDICATIONSTHATTHEREAREMANY MOREUNTAPPEDMINERALRESOURCESBOTHPRECIOUS ANDBASEMETALSSPREADACROSSTHEWHOLECOUNTRY 44 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% . 2ECENTSURVEYSHAVEINDICATEDTHATTHEREMAYALSOBE POTENTIALLYSIGNI½CANTDEEPSEAOILRESERVES!TTHE MOMENTASWELLASEXTENSIVELARGEGEMDIAMOND DEPOSITSTHEREARESIGNI½CANTIRONOREDEPOSITSAND WELLDEVELOPEDBAUXITEANDGOLDMININGOPERATIONS %FFORTSBYTHEGOVERNMENTTOENSURETHATTHECLIMATE FORTHESEHIGHVALUEINVESTORSISFAVOURABLEARELIKELY TOGREATLYASSISTINBRINGINGMOREINVESTORSINTO THESESECTORS"EINGASIGNATORYTOTHE+IMBERLY 0ROCESSFORDIAMONDCERTI½CATIONHELPSTOENSURE THATILLICITLYMINEDDIAMONDSAREKEPTOFFTHEMARKET 4HEIRONOREDEPOSITSDISCOVEREDNEAR-AKENIIN THENORTHOFTHECOUNTRYAREBELIEVEDTOBEAMONG THELARGESTDEPOSITSEVERLOCATEDANYWHEREINTHE WORLDATAPPROXIMATELYMORETHANBILLIONTONNES +OIDUWHICHALREADYHASSOMEOFTHECOUNTRY´S MOSTSIGNI½CANTDIAMONDDEPOSITSISALSONOWAN AREAPRODUCINGLARGEAMOUNTSOFGOLD#URRENTLY MINERALSACCOUNTFORAPPROXIMATELYOF3IERRA ,EONE´SFOREIGNEXCHANGEEARNINGS )NTHEGOVERNMENTEXPECTEDEXPORTSOF MFORDIAMONDSMFORRUTILEANDMFOR BAUXITE-AJORPLAYERSINTHEMININGSECTORINCLUDE !FRICAN-INERALSWHICHBEGANOPERATIONSINIRON OREMININGINJUSTONEYEARAFTERTHEOF½CIAL ENDOF3IERRA,EONE´SCIVILWAR!LSOINVOLVEDIN MININGARE,ONDON-INING0LCAND3IERRA2UTILE 4HEGOVERNMENTCONTINUESTOENCOURAGEMORE COMPANIESTO³TAKETHEPLUNGE´ANDCOMEINTOTHE MININGSECTORASALLOFTHECOMPANIESTENDTOBE SIGNI½CANTEMPLOYERSTHEREBYBYASSISTINGTHE GOVERNMENT´SJOBCREATIONPOLICIES )NFRASTRUCTURE4HEGOVERNMENTMADECLEARITS VIEWTHATTHEREWERECERTAINSECTORSTHATWEREBEST RUNBYTHEPRIVATESECTORANDSETABOUTDIVESTING GOVERNMENTOFTHESE4HEREISANEXTENSIVE PROGRAMMEAIMEDATENCOURAGINGINVESTORSTO SUPPORTTHETRANSPORTATIONANDENERGYSECTORS)N THEGOVERNMENTLISTEDPUBLICENTERPRISES THATFELLINTOTHISCATEGORY"Y.OVEMBERTHE CONCESSIONTOMANAGETHECOUNTRY´SMAINPORTHAD BEENSIGNEDWITHA&RENCHCOMPANY"OLLORE 4HISISTHEFULLLISTOFTHEPUBLICENTERPRISES SCHEDULEDTOBEPRIVATISED 3IERRA,EONE(OUSING#ORPORATION 3IERRA,EONE0RODUCE-ARKETING"OARD -ININGAND'ENERAL3ERVICES,IMITED 3IERRA,EONE2OAD4RANSPORT#ORPORATION 3IERRA,EONE4ELECOMMUNICATIONS#OMPANY ,IMITED 3IERRA,EONE!IRPORT!UTHORITY#ONTRACT SIGNEDWITH&RENCHCOMPANY"OLLORE.OV .ATIONAL0OWER!UTHORITY 3IERRA,EONE0ORTS!UTHORITY !BOVE!N³/KADA´ MOTORCYCLETAXIRIDERWITH PASSENGERS 'UMA6ALLEY7ATER#OMPANY 3IERRA.ATIONAL3HIPPING#OMPANY,IMITED .ATIONAL)NSURANCE#OMPANY 3IERRA,EONE3TATE,OTTERY#OMPANY,IMITED 3IERRA,EONE#OMMERCIAL"ANK,IMITED .ATIONAL$EVELOPMENT"ANK,IMITED 3IERRA,EONE2OADS!UTHORITY 2OKEL#OMMERCIAL"ANK,IMITED -ARINE2ESOURCESASWITHTHECOUNTRY´STOURISM SECTORSOTOOTHEMARINEINDUSTRYHAS³BENE½TED´ FROMALACKOFCAPACITY4HISLACKOFCAPACITYHAS ENSUREDTHATTHECOUNTRY´SABUNDANT½SHSTOCKS HAVENOTBEENDEPLETED)NFACTONEOFTHEMAJOR CHALLENGESFACINGTHEAUTHORITIESISHAVINGASTRONG ENOUGHMARINEDEFENCECAPABILITYTOKEEPATBAY ILLEGAL½SHERSFROMLARGERSTRONGERNATIONSTHAT STRAYINTOTHEIRTERRITORIALWATERS7ITH½SHING EXPECTEDTOGENERATEMMSUSTAINABLE REVENUEONANANNUALBASISITISANOTHEROBVIOUS SIGNI½CANTAREARIPEFORINVESTMENT -!.5&!#452).' 4HECOUNTRYALREADYHASSOMELARGEMANUFACTURERS WHOHAVEBEENESTABLISHEDFORANUMBEROFYEARS 4HESEINCLUDE 4HE3IERRA,EONE"REWERY¯AJOINTVENTURE BETWEEN(EINEKENWHICHOWNS 'UINNESSAND0:#USSONSANDLOCAL INVESTORS)NCIDENTALLYTHE³0:´IN³0: #USSONS´STANDSFOR0ATERSON:OCHONISWHICH WASSTARTEDON"ONTHE)SLAND3IERRA,EONE INBY'EORGE0ATERSONAND'EORGE :OCHONISWHENTHEYOPENEDATRADINGPOST )NTHECOMPANYACQUIREDTHEWORLD FAMOUS#USSONS'ROUP,TD4HECOMPANY HASGONEONTOMAKEMANYOTHERACQUISITIONS SINCE ,EOCEM¯OWNEDBY(EIDELBERG #EMENTWHICHHASAGRINDINGPLANTIN &REETOWNEMPLOYINGEMPLOYEES 3IERRA"OTTLING#O¯OWNEDBYTHE%QUATORIAL #OCA#OLA"OTTLING#OMPANYPRODUCINGFOUR MILLIONCASESPERANNUM 3EABOARD7EST!FRICA¯PRODUCESOF¾OUR %STABLISHEDINWITHOWNEDBYTHE 'OVERNMENTOF3IERRA,EONE 4HE3IERRA,EONE)NVESTMENTAND%XPORT0ROMOTION !GENCY3,)%0!ISTHE½RSTPORTOFCALLFORINVESTORS WANTINGTO½NDOUTINFORMATIONABOUTINVESTINGIN 3IERRA,EONEANDCANBEFOUNDATWWWSLIEPAORG )NVESTORSAREENCOURAGEDTOENSUREALLTHEIR TRANSACTIONSAREDONETHROUGHOF½CIALCHANNELSTO AVOIDTHERISKOFBEINGSWINDLED 7ITHTHESEVASTUNTAPPEDRESOURCESAND POTENTIALYOUWONDERHOWLONGTHECOUNTRY CANCONTINUETOBEANUNDISCOVEREDINVESTMENT DESTINATION!FTERALL'EORGE3OROSMUSTKNOWA THINGORTWOABOUTINVESTING 4HECOUNTRYREALLYIS³READYANDOPEN FORBUSINESS´ 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 45 . A Fantastic Journey A Fant ast ic Journey African Minerals 0RO½LEOF&RANK4IMISCHARISMATICCHIEFOF!FRICAN -INERALSAND!FRICAN0ETROLEUM 2IGHT&RANKAMONGHIS WORKFORCEONTHE0EPELTO 4ONKOLILIRAILCONSTRUCTION ,EFT$SEISMICBOATUSEDBY !FRICAN0ETROLEUM "ELOWRIGHT&RANK RECEIVESTHE5.DESIGNATED )90%AWARDFOR³-OST 3IGNI½CANT%NVIRONMENTAL AND3USTAINABILITY!CTION 0ROGRAMME´FOR!FRICAN -INERALSTHE½RSTTIMEEVERA MININGCOMPANYHASRECEIVED THISAWARD &EWBUSINESSLEADERSHAVEALIFESTORYTOMATCH &RANK4IMISWRITES2UPERT0RIOR/F2OMANIAN DESCENTHESTARTEDHISWORKINGLIFEAGEDYEARS ASALABOURERIN7ESTERN!USTRALIAPROSPECTINGFOR GOLDANDDIAMONDS!DECADELATERHEESTABLISHED HIS½RSTMININGOPERATIONANDEVIDENCEOFHIS DETERMINATIONANDDRIVEEXPANDEDHISBUSINESSINTO AGROUPOFRICHNATURALRESOURCEASSETSWORLDWIDE ±7ORKINGFROMTHEBOTTOMUPFROMZERO²SAID&RANK 4IMISCALLINGTOMINDHISMODESTBEGINNINGSAND EARLYWORKINGYEARS±ISTHEGREATESTEXPERIENCEAS YOUSEEITALLATTHATLEVEL)T´SAREALADVANTAGEWHEN THETIMECOMESTOMAKESTRATEGICDECISIONS² /NEOFTHETOPENTREPRENEURSINTHE5+HIS ADOPTEDHOMEHISCONTINUINGINVESTMENTIN3IERRA ,EONEINTERMSOFBOTH½NANCIALINVOLVEMENTAND INFRASTRUCTUREINITIATIVESISCRUCIALINACOUNTRY UNDERGOINGINTENSECHANGEANDREDRESSINGTHE IMBALANCEAFTERAPERIODOFPOLITICALINSTABILITY #HAIRMANOF4IMIS#ORPORATIONAMULTIBILLION DOLLARHOLDINGOFCOMPANIESINTHEMININGOIL ANDGASLIFESCIENCESANDAGRICULTURALSECTORSHIS AF½NITYWITH3IERRA,EONETHELOCATIONOF!FRICAN -INERALS,IMITED4IMIS#ORPORATION´S¾AGSHIP ENTERPRISEISPIVOTALTOTHESUCCESSOFTHECOUNTRY ±"OTH!FRICAN-INERALSAND!FRICAN0ETROLEUMWANT TOSHARETHEIRRESOURCESTOCREATEABETTERWORLD IN3IERRA,EONE2EMEMBERWEAREGUESTSINTHEIR COUNTRY² !IMLISTED!FRICAN-INERALSDISCOVERYIN OF4ONKOLILIIRONOREDEPOSITLEDTOFORMAL AGREEMENTSINCLUDINGANEXCLUSIVEYEARPORT ANDRAILLEASEANDANAPPROVED-INING,ICENCEWITH THE3IERRA,EONE'OVERNMENT4HEBILLION TONNE*/2##OMPLIANTRESOURCEISTHEWORLD´S LARGESTAND!FRICAN-INERALSSHAREINTHEGLOBAL IRONORESECTORISSETTOMARKEDLYINCREASEWHEN HEMATITEIRONOREPRODUCTIONSTARTSLATERTHISYEAR TOBEFOLLOWEDBYMAGNETITEPRODUCTION 4URNINGTOTHE½ELDOFOILEXPLORATION!FRICAN 0ETROLEUM#ORPORATION,IMITEDFOUNDEDBY4IMIS #ORPORATIONINISA7EST!FRICANFOCUSEDOIL ANDGASEXPLORATIONANDDEVELOPMENTCOMPANY 46 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% WITHAMARKETCAPITALIZATIONOFAPPROXIMATELY !BILLIONCURRENTLYHOLDINGBLOCKSOFFSHORE IN4HE'AMBIA,IBERIAAND3IERRA,EONE&URTHER APPLICATIONSHAVEBEENMADETOEXPLOREAND DEVELOPBLOCKSINTHEREGION4HESEBLOCKSARE SITUATEDALONGTHESAMECOASTLINEASTHEBILLION BARRELDISCOVERIESOF!NADARKOAND4ULLOW´S*UBILEE OIL½ELDTOTHEEASTOFFTHECOASTOF'HANAAND !NADARKO´S6ENUS-ERCURYOIL½ELDTOTHEWESTOFF THECOASTOF3IERRA,EONE ±"YDEVELOPINGSUCCESSFULCOMPANIES)CAN HELPCOMMUNITIESRELEASETHEWEALTHOFTHEIRASSETS INTOTHELOCALSOCIETY)NTHECASEOF3IERRA,EONE THISISESPECIALLYIMPORTANT²SAYS&RANK4IMISWHO ISWIDELYCREDITEDWITHINTRODUCINGANETHICAL DIMENSIONTOHISENDEAVOURS7ORKINGINCOMPANY WITHGOVERNMENTAUTHORITIESHISEFFORTSTOIMPROVE INFRASTRUCTUREFUNDSCHOOLANDSCHOLARSHIP INITIATIVESHOSPITALSANDEMERGENCYMEDICALCARE ANDTODEVELOPEMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIESATLOCAL LEVELHAVEPROVEDINVALUABLETOTHECOMMUNITY #ULTURALENVIRONMENTALANDCHARITABLEPROJECTS ALSORECEIVESIGNI½CANTDONATIONSWITHPARTICULAR EMPHASISONMEDICALRESEARCHFORCHILDRENAND THESPONSORSHIPOFYOUTHFOCUSEDPROGRAMMES ±)´MPUTTINGALOTOFHEARTINTO3IERRA,EONE4HE CHILDRENAREBRIGHTANDBEAUTIFULANDTHEYDESERVE BETTER)WANTTHEMTOHAVETHESAMEOPPORTUNITIES ANDLIFESTYLEASMYOWNCHILDREN&RANKAND0ATRICIA (ELPINGINTHISWAYISAREWARDINITSELF² 4OFOCUSONWORKINPROGRESS!FRICAN-INERALS ONEOFTHELARGESTPRIVATESECTOREMPLOYERSISTHE LEADINGSPONSOROFTHE,EONE3TARSTHENATIONAL SOCCERSIDEFOOTBALLISUNRIVALLEDASTHECOUNTRY´S FAVOURITESPORTAND&RANK4IMISISTHEOF½CIAL PATRONOFTHE3TREET#HILDOF3IERRA,EONECHARITY 4HECHARITY´SAIMISTHEREDUCTIONINNUMBERSOF VULNERABLECHILDRENLIVINGONTHESTREETSOFONE OFTHEWORLD´SMOSTDISADVANTAGEDCOUNTRIES$ON "OSCOA#ATHOLICCHARITYBASEDIN&REETOWNIS ANOTHERCHARITABLEORGANIZATIONTOBENE½TFROM THEENCOURAGEMENTOF&RANK4IMISWHOFUNDED THE"ASIC-OBILABUSTRAVELLINGDAILYTOSLUMS ACROSSTHECAPITALTOCOLLECTISOLATEDCHILDRENAND BRINGTHEMDAILYTOTHECHARITY´S$ON"OSCO&AMBUL CENTREIN&REETOWN !SINGLEMINDEDCOMMITMENTTO3IERRA,EONE HASLED&RANK4IMISTODIRECTLYWITNESSTHEDEADLY EFFECTSOFMALARIAINAHIGHTRANSMISSIONAREA"Y PROVIDINGESSENTIALFUNDINGTO,ONDON0HARMA ,IMITEDAKA0ROTO0HARMAA5+MEDICALRESEARCH COMPANYANANTIMALARIALSPRAYISUNDERGOING TRIALTOHELPELIMINATEADISEASEFROMWHICHAN !FRICANCHILDDIESEVERYSECONDS±)NTHE½GHT TOREDUCETHISTERRIBLETOLL²SAIDTHELATE#ALVIN *2OSS$IRECTOROF$EVELOPMENTATTHECOMPANY ±THEDEVELOPMENTOFANEWMETHODOFTREATMENTFOR INFANTSANDCHILDRENSUFFERINGFROMCOMPLICATED MALARIAWOULDNOTHAVEBEENPOSSIBLEWITHOUT -R4IMISWHOWASPROMPTEDBYHIS½RSTHAND EXPERIENCEOFINFANTSANDCHILDRENDYINGIN3IERRA ,EONE² -ANYINSTITUTIONALSHAREHOLDERSWHOHAVE INVESTEDIN4IMIS#ORPORATIONSINCETHEIREARLIEST VENTURESADDTHEIRSUPPORTTOONGOINGCHARITABLE EFFORTSIN3IERRA,EONE %QUALLYDESERVINGOFMENTIONIS4HE4ONKOLILI 0ROJECTWHICHCURRENTLYEMPLOYSOVER PEOPLEBETWEENOPERATIONSANDCONSTRUCTION OFWHICHARELOCAL3IERRA,EONEANS!FRICAN -INERALSHOPETHATDEVELOPMENTSOF0HASE4WO AND4HREEWILLINCREASETHETOTALNUMBEROFPEOPLE INVOLVEDWITHTHEPROJECT!PROJECTVERYPROPERLY GIVENITSDUEWITHTHEPRESENTATIONINOF THEPRESTIGIOUS)90%)NTERNATIONAL9EAROF0LANET %ARTH!WARD !PRIZEACKNOWLEDGEDBYTHE5NITED.ATIONS ANDAWARDEDINRECOGNITIONOFTHECONTRIBUTION OF4IMIS#ORPORATIONTOTHESUSTAINABILITYOFTHE EARTH´SPRICELESSRESOURCES ,OOKINGTOTHEFUTURE&RANK4IMISSAIDTHAT ±HISTORICALLYINCOLONIALTIMES3IERRA,EONEWAS KNOWNASTHE³3WITZERLANDOF7EST!FRICA´ANDMY HOPEFORTHECOUNTRYISTHATSUCHADISTINCTIONWILL COMEAGAINFORALLTHEDESERVINGPEOPLEOF3IERRA ,EONE² 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 47 Chapter 6. Sierra Leone – !S3IERRA,EONEPREPARESTOCELEBRATE YEARSOFINDEPENDENCETHECOUNTRY½NDS ITSELFTHRUSTINTOAMAJORFOREIGNPOLICY CONTROVERSYTHATHASBEENBROUGHTABOUT BYTHESTANDOFFIN#OTED´)VOIREBETWEEN THECOUNTRY´STWO±PRESIDENTS²,AURENT 'BAGBOAND!LASSANE/UATTARA P RESIDENT%RNEST"AI+OROMAANDTHE PRESIDENTSOF"ENINAND#APE6ERDEHAVE BEENASKEDBYTHE%CONOMIC#OMMUNITY OF7EST!FRICAN3TATES%#/7!3TOCONVINCE 'BAGBOTHEINCUMBENTDEEMEDBYMOSTOFTHE INTERNATIONALCOMMUNITYTOHAVELOSTTHEPRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONIN.OVEMBERTOSTEPDOWNINFAVOUROF /UATTARAWIDELYBELIEVEDTOHAVEBEENTHEVICTOR 4HAT0RESIDENT+OROMAHASBEENASKEDTOTAKE PARTINTHISMISSIONISELOQUENTTESTAMENTTOTHE HIGHREGARDINWHICHITS!FRICANNEIGHBOURSANDTHE INTERNATIONALCOMMUNITYHOLD3IERRA,EONE &OREIGNPOLICYCONSTITUTESACRITICALCOMPONENT OFACOUNTRY´SCONDUCTOFPUBLICPOLICYASITRELATESTO OTHERACTORSBOTHSTATEANDNONSTATEINTHELARGER INTERNATIONALSYSTEMORTHEEXTERNALENVIRONMENT !LTOGETHERFOREIGNPOLICYISAMULTIFACETEDAND DYNAMICPROCESSTHATENTAILSCONSTANT¾OWOF 48 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% INFORMATIONABOUTTHESECURITYMILITARYPOLITICAL ECONOMICCULTURALANDINSTITUTIONALINTEGRITYOFA STATE 0RESIDENT+OROMA´SFORAYINTOTHE#OTED´LVOIRE QUAGMIRESHOULDNOTREALLYBETAXINGIFHETAKESINTO CONSIDERATIONTHEEXPERIENCESOF3IERRA,EONEIN THENOTTOODISTANTPAST!FTERALLTHESTANDOFFAND THREATENEDMILITARYINTERVENTIONIN#OTED´LVOIRE AREISSUESTHATECHO3IERRA,EONE´SSITUATIONWHERE %#/7!3DECIDEDONMILITARYINTERVENTION 4HE.IGERIANLED%#/7!3INTERVENTIONIN TOOUSTTHE!RMED&ORCES2EVOLUTIONARY#OUNCIL CREATEDALOTOFFOREIGNPOLICYPROBLEMS#HIEFAMONG THESEWASTHECIRCUMVENTIONOFANINTERNATIONALARMS EMBARGOAGAINSTTHEREGIMEOF'ENERAL3ANI!BACHA IN.IGERIATOPROVIDEWEAPONSFORTHEFORCESTHAT REMOVEDTHE!&2#4HISWASADELICATEPROBLEMFOR THENEWLYELECTED"RITISH,ABOURGOVERNMENTOF4ONY "LAIRWHICHWASESPOUSINGAN±ETHICALFOREIGNPOLICY² !FTERLESSTHANYEARINGOVERNMENT,ABOUR REALISEDTHATSAYINGONETHINGANDDOINGSOMETHING DIFFERENTWASTHENORMRATHERTHANTHEEXCEPTION INFOREIGNAFFAIRS3IERRA,EONEHADTESTED,ABOUR´S RESOLVEONTHEISSUEOFAN±ETHICALFOREIGNPOLICY² ANDITINVITEDCRITICISM"UTTHE"LAIRGOVERNMENT WEATHEREDTHESTORM . "ELOW0RESIDENT3IAKA 3TEVENSWELCOMES#UBA´S &IDEL#ASTROAT,UNGI !IRPORTONHISVISITTO3IERRA ,EONEIN /VERTHEYEARS3IERRA,EONEITSELFHASBEENIN THETHICKOFFOREIGNPOLICYCONTROVERSIESIN!FRICA THETHORNYQUESTIONOF!NGOLA´SMEMBERSHIPOFTHE THEN/RGANISATIONOF!FRICAN5NITY/!5IN BEINGACASEINPOINT!STHEPENDULUMSWUNGSLOWLY INFAVOUROFMEMBERSHIPAS!FRICANCOUNTRIES ONEBYONERECOGNISEDTHE-0,!ASTHELEGITIMATE GOVERNMENTOFTHEFORMER0ORTUGUESECOLONY3IERRA ,EONESATONTHEFENCETHEREWASSTALEMATE "RIGADIERASHEWASTHEN/LUSEGUN/BASANJO DEPUTYTO.IGERIA´SMILITARYRULER'ENERAL-URTALA -OHAMMED¾EWINTO&REETOWNTOHOLDTALKSWITH 0RESIDENT3IAKA3TEVENS!FTERTHEMEETINGITWAS ANNOUNCEDTHAT3IERRA,EONEWASNOLONGERSITTING ONTHEFENCEITHADRECOGNISEDTHE-0,!ASTHE LEGITIMATEGOVERNMENTOF!NGOLAANDTHATCOUNTRY WASADMITTEDINTOTHE/!5MEMBERSHIPFOLD !TTHETIMEITWASVIEWEDASSTRANGETHAT3IERRA ,EONEWHICHHADALWAYSBEENATTHECENTREOF THELIBERATIONSTRUGGLEATLEASTINTERMSOFPUBLIC PRONOUNCEMENTSBYTHEGOVERNMENTWOULDBE SORELUCTANTTORECOGNISETHEMOVEMENTTHATHAD SPEARHEADEDTHE½GHTAGAINST0ORTUGUESECOLONIALISM IN!NGOLA!FTERALLTHEALTERNATIVE5.)4!LEDBY *ONAS3AVIMBIWASBACKEDBYTHE3OUTH!FRICAN APARTHEIDREGIMETHATWASWREAKINGHAVOCIN NEIGHBOURINGCOUNTRIES "UT3IERRA,EONEWASNOTACOUNTRYTHATHAD EVERSHIRKEDITSRESPONSIBILITIESORFAILEDTOGIVE½LIAL SUPPORTWHENITCAMETOTHELIBERATIONOF!FRICAN COUNTRIESFROMTHE½NALVESTIGESOFCOLONIALISM ANDWHITEMINORITYRULE3CORESOF#ONGOLESE :IMBABWEANSAND3OUTH!FRICANSRECEIVEDFREE SECONDARYANDTERTIARYEDUCATIONIN3IERRA,EONE 4HECOUNTRYHADALSOBEENAHAVENFORLARGENUMBERS OF"IAFRANSESCAPINGTHEWARIN.IGERIA,IBERATION MOVEMENTLEADERSBREEZEDINANDOUTOF&REETOWN 3IERRA,EONEMADEREGULARCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHE ,IBERATION#OMMITTEEIN$ARES3ALAAM!STHETH MEMBEROFTHE5NITED.ATIONS3IERRA,EONEBACKED THEMANYRESOLUTIONSTHATCONDEMNEDAPARTHEIDAND OTHERFORMSOFDISCRIMINATIONANDNEOCOLONIALISM 4HEBASISOF3IERRA,EONE´SFOREIGNPOLICYWITH REGARDTO!FRICAHASBEENCONTINENTALINTEGRATION)T WASINTHISVEINTHAT0RESIDENTS3IAKA3TEVENS7ILLIAM 4OLBERTOF,IBERIAAND3EKOU4OUREOF'UINEACAME TOGETHERINTOCREATETHE-ANO2IVER5NIONTO FOSTERBETTERECONOMICRELATIONSAMONGTHETHREE COUNTRIESTHATSHAREDBORDERS4HEYWEREAHEADOF THEIRTIMEBECAUSETHISWASTWOYEARSBEFORE7EST !FRICANLEADERSINCLUDINGTHOSEOF3IERRA,EONE ,IBERIAAND'UINEAESTABLISHEDTHE%CONOMIC #OMMUNITY/F7EST!FRICAN3TATES%#/7!3 PRIMARILYASANECONOMICUNIONTHATWOULDEVENTUALLY LEADTOASINGLEMARKETANDCURRENCYCONVERGENCE (OWEVERTHEREWASSOMEONEWHOWASAHEADOFEVEN ALLOFTHESEVISIONARIES3IERRA,EONE´S½RST0RIME -INISTER3IR-ILTON-ARGAIWHODIEDINHAD PROPOSEDTHESETTINGUPOFAFREETRADEZONELINKING 3IERRA,EONE'UINEA,IBERIAAND4HE)VORY#OAST (OWEVERYEARSAFTERTHEFORMATIONOF %#/7!3THEHOPESLEADINGTOITSFORMATIONWERE DASHEDWHEN3IERRA,EONEBECAMETHECENTREOFA NEWDEVELOPMENTININTERNATIONALRELATIONSTHATOFA REGIONALGROUPINGINTERVENINGMILITARILYINAMEMBER STATETORESTOREORDER,IBERIAHADGONEUPIN¾AMES ATTHEENDOFWHEN#HARLES4AYLORBACKEDBY FORCESOPPOSEDTO3AMUEL$OELAUNCHEDANATTACK FROM#OTED´LVOIREAGAINSTTHE,IBERIANGOVERNMENT )NTHEMILITARYRULERSOF'HANAAND.IGERIA FEARINGITWASSAIDSIMILARATTACKSAGAINSTTHEIR REGIMESDECIDEDTOINTERVENEMILITARILY&ROMTHAT MOMENT%#/7!3´ECONOMICINTEGRATIONREMITWAS PLACEDONTHEBARKBURNERASTHEORGANISATIONBEGAN ASUSTAINEDPERIODOF½RE½GHTINGNOTONLYIN,IBERIA BUTALSOIN3IERRA,EONEAND'UINEA"ISSAU3IERRA ,EONEBECAMETHELAUNCHPADFORTHE%#/7!3 ONSLAUGHTAGAINST4AYLOR´SFORCESBYALLOWING,UNGI )NTERNATIONAL!IRPORTTOBEUSEDBYJETSCARRYINGOUT BOMBINGRAIDSIN,IBERIA 4HERESTISHISTORY4HE%#/7!3INTERVENTIONIN ,IBERIACREATEDAPRECEDENTININTERNATIONALLAWTHE !BOVE#APT6ALENTINE 3TRASSERHEADOFTHE.02# JUNTARELAXESONTHEREST DAYATTHE#OMMONWEALTH (EADSOF'OVERNMENT -EETINGIN,IMASSOL #YPRUS#OURTESY #OMMONWEALTH3ECRETARIAT 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 49 . . 2IGHT(ER-AJESTY4HE 1UEENINSPECTSTROOPSON HERVISITTO3IERRA,EONEIN "ELOW3IERRA,EONE´S SECOND0RIME-INISTER 3IR!LBERT-ARGAILEFTIS GREETEDBY"RITAIN´S0RIME -INISTER3IR(AROLD7ILSON ATTHE#OMMONWEALTH (EADS/F'OVERNMENT -EETING-ARLBOROUGH (OUSE,ONDONIN #OURTESY#OMMONWEALTH 3ECRETARIAT RIGHTOFAREGIONALGROUPINGTOINTERVENEMILITARILYIN AMEMBERSTATETORESTOREORDER#ERTAINLYTHISWASA ½RSTFOR!FRICA %#/7!3SYMBOLISESTHEINTERRELATIONSHIPBETWEEN ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTPEACEANDSECURITY4HISIS MADEEXPLICITINTHEPREAMBLEOFITSPROTOCOLRELATING TO-UTUAL!SSISTANCEIN$EFENCESIGNEDIN&REETOWN IN)TSTATES !BOVE-INISTEROF&INANCE -R#!+AMARA4AYLORAT A#OMMONWEALTH&INANCE -INISTER´SCONFERENCEIN ,ONDON#OURTESY #OMMONWEALTH3ECRETARIAT ,EFT3IR!BUBAKARR4AFAWA "ALEWA.IGERIA´S0RIME -INISTERSITSNEXTTO3IERRA ,EONE´S½RST0RIME-INISTER 3IR-ILTON-ARGAIATA #OMMONWEALTH(EADSOF 'OVERNMENTMEETINGIN ±%CONOMICPROGRESSCANNOTBEACHIEVEDUNLESSTHE NECESSARYCONDITIONSFORSECURITYAREENSUREDINALL-EMBER STATESOFTHE#OMMUNITY² 4HELINKAGEISALSOENUNCIATEDIN!RTICLEOFTHE %#/7!3REVISEDTREATYWHICHSTATESFOREXAMPLE THAT ±MEMBERSAF½RMANDDECLAREADHERENCETOTHE MAINTENANCEOFREGIONALPEACESTABILITYANDSECURITY THROUGHTHEPROMOTIONOFGOODNEIGHBOURNESSANDTHATTHE PROMOTIONOFAPEACEFULENVIRONMENTISAPREREQUISITEFOR ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT² 4HEESTABLISHMENTOF%#/-/'THEMILITARY INTERVENTIONISTFORCESANCTIONEDBY%#/7!3AND ITSINTERVENTIONIN3IERRA,EONEMUSTBESEENINTHE CONTEXTOFTHISSAMEFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLE4HE MANDATETHAT%#/7!3RECEIVEDFROMTHE5NITED .ATIONS3ECURITY#OUNCILINRESOLUTION UNDERCHAPTER6)OFTHECHARTEROFTHE5NITED 50 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% .ATIONSTOENFORCEANDMONITORIMPLEMENTATION OFTHEARMSANDOILEMBARGOAGAINSTTHEREBEL MILITARYJUNTAWASALANDMARKDECISION)TWASAN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTOFTHECAPACITYOF%#/7!3ASAN INSTRUMENTOFCON¾ICTRESOLUTIONINTHEINTERNATIONAL SYSTEM)TTURNEDOUTTOBEONEOFTHESTEPPINGSTONES TOWARDSTHEPEACEPROCESSIN3IERRA,EONE4WENTY YEARSAFTERTHEINTERVENTIONIN,IBERIA%#/7!3IS STILLGRAPPLINGWITHTHEISSUEOFMILITARYINTERVENTION AND3IERRA,EONEHASBEENCALLEDAGAINTOPLAYA CENTRALROLE7HETHER%#/7!3WILLACHIEVETHE DESIREDRESULTIN#OTED´LVOIREISANOTHERMATTER BUT3IERRA,EONEHASACTEDTRUETOFORMINMATTERS RELATINGTOITSFOREIGNPOLICYPEACEANDSTABILITYIN !FRICA 4HEFORMATIONANDEXECUTIONOF3IERRA,EONE´S FOREIGNPOLICYFROMINDEPENDENCETODATEHASBEEN ONEOFCONTINUITY4HEVARIOUSADMINISTRATIONSHAVE BROADLYPURSUEDAFOREIGNPOLICYBASEDONCORE FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLESOFPEACEFULCOEXISTENCE RESPECTFORSOVEREIGNTYANDTERRITORIALINTEGRITYNON INTERFERENCEINTHEAFFAIRSOFOTHERSTATESREGIONAL ECONOMICCOOPERATIONANDDEVELOPMENTANDSTRICT ADHERENCETOTHE#HARTERSOFTHE5NITED.ATIONS ANDTHE!FRICAN5NION"UTASWEHAVESEENEARLIER THEREHASBEENAHUGEPARADIGMSHIFTININTERNATIONAL RELATIONSSINCETHESAND3IERRA,EONEHASHADTO RE¡THINKITSOWNFOREIGNPOLICY4HEBASICPRINCIPLES STILLSTANDBUTTHESEHAVEHADTOBECONSTANTLYRE NEGOTIATEDINORDERTODEALWITHTHECOMPLEXITIESTHAT HAVEBEENTHROWNUPININTERNATIONALRELATIONSSINCE THEENDOFTHE#OLD7AR $URINGTHE#OLD7AR3IERRA,EONEWASPARTOF THE.ON!LIGNED-OVEMENTBUTTHEREWASATENDENCY TOTILTSLIGHTLYTOTHE%AST4HATWASUNDERSTANDABLE GIVENTHE!LL0EOPLE´S#ONGRESS´CLOSELINKSWITHTHE FORMER3OVIET5NIONAND#HINATWOCOUNTRIESTHAT PROVIDEDNUMEROUSSCHOLARSHIPSFOR3IERRA,EONEAN STUDENTS4HISTHOUGHDIDNOTAFFECTTHECOUNTRY´S RELATIONSWITHTHEFORMERCOLONIALPOWERTHE5+OR THE53ANDOTHER7ESTERNANDCAPITALISTCOUNTRIES 4HE!0#GOVERNMENTHADTOMAKETWOMAJOR DECISIONSINTHES½RSTITSEVEREDDIPLOMATIC RELATIONSWITH4AIWANANDRECOGNISED#HINAIN THUSPAVINGTHEWAYFOR"EIJINGTOBECOMEAMEMBER OFTHE5.ATTHEEXPENSEOF4AIWANANDTHENIN DIPLOMATICRELATIONSWITH)SRAELWERECUTINSOLIDARITY WITHTHE!RABWORLDFOLLOWINGTHE9OM+IPPUR7AR THATSAW)SRAELITROOPSOCCUPY!FRICANTERRITORYIN %GYPT"UTSOLIDARITYWITHTHE!RABWORLDDIDNOT PAYDIVIDENDSBECAUSEWHEN!RABCOUNTRIESBEGAN USINGOILASAPOLITICALWEAPONPRICESESCALATEDINTHE WORLDMARKETDISTORTINGECONOMIESINRICHANDPOOR COUNTRIESALIKE3IERRA,EONEANDOTHERCOUNTRIES AROUNDTHEWORLDARESTILLSUFFERINGFROMTHEMANNER INWHICHOILPRICESHAVEREMAINEDEXCEPTIONALLY HIGH)NALLTHISHOWEVERTHETHRUSTOF3IERRA,EONE´S FOREIGNPOLICYAGENDASHOULDBEUNDERSTOODIN THECONTEXTOFADVANCINGITSNATIONALINTERESTSAND VALUESTHROUGHBILATERALANDMULTILATERALINSTITUTIONS GUIDEDBYTHEVISIONOF±ABETTER3IERRA,EONEINA BETTER!FRICAINAJUSTANDEQUALWORLD²&ROM3IERRA ,EONE´SPERSPECTIVETHEGREATESTTHREATTOPEACE BUILDINGANDSECURITYISTHEPREVALENCEOFPOVERTY 4HESECONCERNSWEREREITERATEDINTHEPROTOCOL WHERE%#/7!3LEADERSACKNOWLEDGEIN!RTICLE THATPOVERTYALLEVIATIONANDTHEPROMOTIONOFSOCIAL DIALOGUEAREIMPORTANTFACTORSFORPEACE)TSAYS MEMBERSTATESUNDERTAKE±TOPROVIDETHEBASICHUMAN NEEDSOFTHEIRPOPULATIONS²ANDIN!RTICLETHATTHEY SHOULDUNDERTAKETO½GHTPOVERTYEFFECTIVELYINTHEIR COUNTRIESANDWITHINTHECOMMUNITYESPECIALLYBY 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 51 . CREATINGANENVIRONMENT±TOPROVIDEINVESTMENTANDTHE DEVELOPMENTOFADYNAMICANDCOMPETITIVEPRIVATESECTOR² 'IVENTHESIGNI½CANTROLE%#/7!3PLAYEDIN PEACEENFORCEMENTPEACEKEEPINGANDPEACEFUL NEGOTIATIONOFTHECON¾ICTIN3IERRA,EONEWHICH HASLEDTOCURRENTPEACEBUILDINGACTIVITIESINTHE COUNTRYITISIMPORTANTANDPROBABLYINEVITABLETHAT 3IERRA,EONEPLACESGREATERFOCUSON%#/7!3AND THEOPPORTUNITIESITPRESENTSFORREGIONALINTEGRATION ANDTHEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTOF7EST!FRICA 52 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% )TISALSOIMPERATIVETHAT3IERRA,EONEENHANCES ANDMAXIMISESITSRELATIONSWITHTHE!FRICAN5NION !5BYCREATINGMUCHSTRONGERECONOMICINTEGRATION ACROSSTHECONTINENTANDBUILDECONOMIESOFSCALE TOENABLE!FRICATOBETTERCOMPETEINTHEGLOBAL ECONOMY!FRICANECONOMIESNEEDTOBEREVITALISED TOMEETTHECHALLENGESOFTHEGLOBALECONOMY !FRICACANNOLONGERBESIMPLYANEXPORTEROFRAW MATERIALSBUTNEEDSTOPRODUCEHIGHVALUEGOODS FORITSOWNUSEANDFOREXPORT3INCEINDEPENDENCE 3IERRA,EONEHASSOUGHTTOPLAYAFULLANDACTIVEROLE INTHEINTERNATIONALCOMMUNITY3IERRA,EONE´STIES WITHTHE#OMMONWEALTHTHE5NITED.ATIONSTHE !5AND%#/7!3AREAMONGITSOLDESTMOSTDIVERSE ANDMOSTENDURING2ELATIONSWITHTHESELATTERTWO ORGANISATIONSHAVEBEENLARGELYDETERMINEDBY THREECONSIDERATIONS½RSTTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHE PROGRAMMESANDOBJECTIVESOFTHESEORGANISATIONS HAVEMETTHESPECI½COBJECTIVESANDPURPOSES OF3IERRA,EONE´SOWNFOREIGNPOLICYSECONDTHE PREVAILINGDOMESTICSITUATIONIN3IERRA,EONEGIVEN THEINHERENTASYMMETRYBETWEENTHEDOMESTIC SITUATIONANDFOREIGNPOLICYPROJECTIONAND PERFORMANCEANDTHIRDTHEPREVAILINGGLOBALPOLITICAL ENVIRONMENT$ESPITETHEOCCASIONALUPHEAVALS WITHINMULTILATERALRELATIONSTHETIESBETWEEN3IERRA ,EONEANDTHESETWOORGANISATIONSCANBESAIDTO HAVEBEENMUTUALLYBENE½CIALOVERTHELAST½VE DECADES3IERRA,EONE´SLONGTERMINTERESTSAREAND HAVEBEENBESTSERVEDBYSUSTAININGANDREINFORCING THESETIES )TISALSOIMPORTANTTHAT3IERRA,EONEENHANCES ANDLEVERAGEITSRELATIONSWITHTHE5.ANDTHE #OMMONWEALTHBY½RSTLYWHEREVERPOSSIBLEWORKING INCOLLABORATIONANDCOOPERATIONWITHOTHER COUNTRIESWILLINGTOSHAREEXPERIENCESANDSECONDLY BYSTRENGTHENINGTHECOUNTRY´SECONOMICBASETO INCREASEITSCAPACITYFORANENHANCEDSTRATEGIC RELATIONSHIPWITHKEYMULTILATERALINSTITUTIONS !SHASBEENEARLIERPOINTEDOUTTHEENDOF THE#OLD7ARPLUSGLOBALISATIONHAVECHANGED INTERNATIONALRELATIONSINEXORABLYRESULTINGIN INCREASINGCOMPLEXITYOFINTERNATIONALECONOMIC RELATIONSANDINTHEWORLDOFDIPLOMACY 4HEQUESTIONOFDE½NINGTHENEWDIPLOMACYOR POSTMODERNDIPLOMACYISONETHATMOSTCOUNTRIES OFTHEWORLDAREENGAGEDWITH!FTERYEARSASA SOVEREIGNCOUNTRY3IERRA,EONENEEDSTOREDE½NE ITSSTRATEGICNATIONALINTERESTWITHGREATERFOCUS ONECONOMICDIPLOMACY4HECENTREOFGRAVITYFOR DEMANDINTHEGLOBALECONOMYHASBEENSHIFTING FROMTHE7ESTTOTHE%ASTFORSOMETIMENOW4HAT TRENDISACCELERATINGANDWEHAVETOSHIFTTOO)N THISINCREASINGLYCOMPLEXINTERDEPENDENCEOFGLOBAL POLITICS3IERRA,EONENEEDSTOLOOKFURTHERA½ELD RESPONDTOCHANGESINECONOMICPOWERANDMUST FORGENEWANDSTRATEGICRELATIONSHIPSWITHCOUNTRIES 4OP,EFT3IERRA,EONE´S (IGH#OMMISSIONERTO THE5+-R&ITZJOHN ACCOMPANIES3IR-ILTON -ARGAITOAMEETINGAT ,ANCASTERHOUSEIN "ELOW,EFT-INISTEROF %DUCATION!HMAD7URIE SHARESACIGARANDASMILE WITH3OVIETCOSMONAUT 'ERMAN4ITOV /PPOSITE4OP3IERRA ,EONE´S!MBASSADOR TO%THIOPIA$R3HIRLEY 'BUJAMAPRESENTSHER CREDITIALSTO%MPEROR(AILE 3ELASSIE /PPOSITE"OTTOM3IR 3IAKA3TEVENSSECOND LEFTSECONDROWATA #OMMONWEALTH(EADS/F 'OVERNMENT-EETINGIN %DINBURGHIN 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 53 . LIKE"RAZIL2USSIA)NDIAAND#HINA"2)#3 )NTHISTRANSFORMEDINTERNATIONALCONTEXT3IERRA ,EONESHOULDINMULTILATERALFORUMSANDTHROUGH BILATERALNEGOTIATIONSASPIRETOAMENDTHERULES FORMULATEDINTHEPASTBYSPECI½CINTERESTGROUPS WHETHERPOLITICALORINSTITUTIONAL4HISAPPROACH DOESNOTIMPLYACONFRONTATIONALSTANCETOWARDS THEMAJORECONOMICPOWERSOFTHEWORLDORTOWARD INTERNATIONALORGANISATIONSSUCHASTHE7ORLD4RADE /RGANISATION74/THE)NTERNATIONAL-ONETARY &UND)-&ANDTHE5NITED.ATIONS)NSTEADIT IMPLIESENGAGINGTHEMWITHTHEACTIVEPARTICIPATION OFOTHERINTERESTEDNATIONSINATHOROUGHANALYSIS OFTHESYSTEMSANDTHERULESCREATEDOVERTIME 4HISAPPROACHMUSTNOTTAKETHEDIMENSIONSOFAN IDEOLOGICALSTRUGGLEBETWEENTHE.ORTHAND3OUTH BUTSHOULDBEANHONESTSEARCHFOREQUITABLESOLUTION TOTHEPROBLEMSOFTHEPRESENTGLOBALSITUATIONS4O SUMUP3IERRA,EONENEEDSTODEVELOPAPROACTIVE FOREIGNPOLICYAPPROACHWITHINITSMEANSTOACHIEVE STRATEGICOBJECTIVESWHICHBENE½TTHEPEOPLEAND THECOUNTRYINGENERALASMUCHASPOSSIBLE'IVEN THEMULTIDIMENSIONALNATUREOFFOREIGNPOLICYTHERE NEEDSTOBEGREATERRECOGNITIONOFTHEIMPORTANCE OFINCREASINGTHESTOCKOFUSEFULKNOWLEDGEIN FORMULATINGANEWSTRATEGICCONCEPTOF3IERRA,EONE´S PLACEINTHEWORLD7HATISMISSINGISATHINKTANK ORA#OUNCILOF&OREIGNRELATIONSCOMPOSEDOF AMBASSADORSANDHIGHCOMMISSIONERSPERMANENT SECRETARIESJUDGESMEMBERSOFPARLIAMENT ACADEMICSANDOTHEREMINENTPERSONSWITHRELEVANT EXPERTISEANDEXPERIENCEWHOCANDETERMINE3IERRA ,EONEOBJECTIVESCLEARLYANDDESIGNIMPLEMENTATION MEASURESWHICHARECOSTEFFECTIVEANDBENE½CIAL )NAPOSTMODEMRULESBASEDMULTILATERAL SYSTEMOFGLOBALGOVERNANCEAMORESOPHISTICATED PROACTIVEAPPROACHISANESSENTIALINGREDIENTIN 54 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% ENHANCING3IERRA,EONE´SDIPLOMATICANDECONOMIC ENGAGEMENTRECOGNISINGTHATTHISISALONGTERM PROJECTBUTTHATTHEREWARDSSHOULDBEMUTUALLY BENE½CIALANDREINFORCING 4HEONLYTHINGTHATCANBECERTAINISTHAT3IERRA ,EONEASEVERWILLPLAYITSHANDPRAGMATICALLYAND ALWAYSWITHTHEAIMOFACHIEVINGTHEMAXIMUM BENE½TFORTHECOUNTRYANDITSCITIZENS%XPERIENCE ANDHISTORYHAVESHOWNUSTHATTHISISLIKELYTOBESO !BOVE0RESIDENTIAL CANDIDATESOONTOBE 0RESIDENT%RNEST"AI +OROMARELAXESDURINGTHE ELECTIONCAMPAIGN "ELOW3IERRA,EONEAN POLICEOF½CERSONAN EXCHANGEVISITTO"URUNDI Chapter 7. A Rich Tapestry – . 2IGHT7OMENATA#REOLE WEDDINGWEARINGASHOBIIN THEFORMOFPRINTS !VARIEDANDBEAUTIFULLANDSCAPEFEATURING VERDANTHILLSANDVALLEYSSURGINGRIVERS SPECTACULARBEACHESINTIMATECOVESAND ONEOFTHEWORLD´S½NESTNATURALHARBOURS STRATEGICALLYPLACEDONTHETRADEROUTES BETWEENFOURCONTINENTS!NETHNICMELTING POTNINECENTURIESANDMOREINTHEMAKING MIGRANTSFROMTHCENTURY7EST!FRICAN EMPIRES&ULANINOMADSFROMTHE3AHEL EMANCIPATED!FRICANSFROM.ORTH!MERICA´S REVOLUTIONARYWARSREBELLING-AROONS FROMTHE#ARIBBEAN±RECAPTURED²SLAVES ENROUTETOTHE.EW7ORLD0ORTUGUESE TRADERSETHNIC,EBANESE¾EEING3YRIAN POGROMSANDOFCOURSETHEOF½CERS ADVENTURERSANDSERVANTSOFTHE"RITISH %MPIRE!LLWITHTHEIROWNRICHHERITAGEIN FOODMUSICANDDANCEDRESSANDBELIEFS A UNIQUELYSTRONGTRADITIONOFRELIGIOUS TOLERANCEANDETHNICINTERMARRIAGE !NEDUCATIONSYSTEMWITHAHERITAGE UNRIVALLEDINSUB3AHARAN!FRICALEADINGTOTHEONCE OFTUSEDSOBRIQUETTHE!THENSOF7EST!FRICA )SITANYWONDERTHATTHERESULTOFALLTHESE INGREDIENTSISAVIBRANTOPENANDBEGUILINGCULTURE THATISPERHAPSTHEBESTKEPTSECRETONTHE7EST COASTOF!FRICA!ND&REETOWNGLORIOUSLYENERGETIC BUSTLING&REETOWNNESTLINGRIBBONLIKEABOUTTHE ANKLESOFTHE±,ION-OUNTAINS²FROMWHICHTHE COUNTRYGETSITSNAMEISAFEASTFORTHESENSES&ROM ITSMARKETSTOITSMARCHINGBANDSITSBEACHESTO ITSPEAKSITSCLAPBOARDHOUSESTOITSCHURCHESAND MOSQUES&REETOWNANDITSSURROUNDINGVILLAGES COMBINEHISTORICALLEGACYWITHAMODERN!FRICANGO GETTINGMINDSET "ELOW-EMBERSOFA &REETOWN"ANDTAKEA BREATHERASTHEYAWAITTHE COMMENCEMENTOF±-ARCH 0AST² OF7EST!FRICA3IERRA,EONEALONGWITHITSSISTER !NGLOPHONECOUNTRIES'HANAAND.IGERIAHASBEEN ATTHEFOREFRONTOFTHETRANSATLANTICMUSICALFEEDBACK CYCLEINVOLVING7EST!FRICATHE!MERICASANDTHE #ARIBBEAN 4EMNE-ENDE3USUANDOTHERPEOPLEGROUPS BEGANMOVINGINTO3IERRA,EONEFROMTHETH CENTURYONWARDSBRINGINGWITHTHEMTHEMUSIC STYLESNOWDESCRIBEDIN3IERRA,EONEASTRADITIONAL ±COUNTRY²MUSICTHATISASDISTINCTFROM³CITYOR URBANMUSIC´4HETRADITIONALMUSICOF3IERRA ,EONEISHIGHLYSYNCOPATEDANDRHYTHMICANDRELIES HEAVILYONPERCUSSIONAND±CALLANDRESPONSE² SINGING#ALLANDRESPONSESINGINGHELPSFACILITATE STORYTELLINGTHROUGHMUSICANDHELPSTHECOMMUNITY REEMPHASISECOREVALUES3USUMUSICCULTUREIN PARTICULARRELIESHEAVILYONTHEDJALLEBAORGRIOTTHE TRADITIONALPRAISESINGERPOETSTORYTELLER )NTHETHCENTURY0ORTUGUESESAILORS SEARCHINGFORAROUTETOTHE%ASTANDITSSPICES INTRODUCEDTHE½RSTGUITARSTO3IERRA,EONE7ITHTHE COMMENCEMENTOFTHETRANSATLANTICSLAVETRADE7EST !FRICANSTYLESOFDRUMMINGANDMUSICMAKINGWERE TAKENTOTHE#ARIBBEANANDTHE!MERICASWHERETHEY EVOLVEDINTONEWFORMSOFMUSIC)NTHE#ARIBBEAN ONEOFTHESENEWFORMSOFMUSICWASGUMBAYOR GOOMBAYMUSIC'UMBAYORIGINALLYREFERREDTOTHE LARGEFRAMEDRUMPLAYEDBETWEENTHELEGSANDUSED INMYSTICALDANCES)NDESCENDANTSOFRUNAWAY SLAVESKNOWNASTHE-AROONSREBELLEDIN*AMAICA !BOUTOFTHEMAGREEDTOTAKETHE"RITISHUPON THEIROFFERTORELOCATETO3IERRA,EONE4HEYCAMEIN ANDINANINTERESTINGEXAMPLEOFTHE!FRICAN MUSICFEEDBACKCYCLEBROUGHT'OOMBAYMUSICWITH THEM)N3IERRA,EONE'OOMBAYQUICKLYEVOLVED INTOANEARTHYGRASSROOTSDRIVENMUSICFORMWITHA REPUTATIONFORSCANDALOUSLYRICS4HEBANDSQUICKLY BECAMEPARTOFTHEWEDDINGSANDWAKESCIRCUIT 4YPICALLYAGUMBAYBANDCONSISTSOFANENSEMBLE OFFOUROR½VEDRUMMERSA±SAW²PLAYERASERRATED METALRODUSEDTOSCRAPEACURVEDPIECEOFMETALAND ASINGER4HESESINGERSUSUALLYHADPOWERFULVOICES ANDSANGINADECLAMATORYSTYLE'OOMBAYTURNEDOUT TOBEONEOF3IERRA,EONE´SMOSTSUCCESSFULEXPORTS ASITWASCARRIEDOUTTOOTHERPARTSOF7EST!FRICA REACHINGASFARA½ELDASTHE#ONGO 3IERRA,EONEBECAMEA#ROWN#OLONYIN ANDASACONSEQUENCE&REETOWNBECAMEAMAJOR "RITISHNAVALPORTANDMILITARYBASE&ROMAROUND ONWARDS½VECOMPANIESOFTHE"RITISH7EST )NDIA2EGIMENTWERESTATIONEDIN3IERRA,EONE4HEY PLAYED%UROPEANSONGSANDHYMNSTOTHEPUBLICAND INTHELATTERPARTOFTHESFEATUREDPROMINENTLY INPUBLIC3UNDAYCONCERTS4HESEBANDSMOST NOTABLYIN¾UENCEDTHERISEOFMARCHINGBRASSBANDS ANDEARLYTHCENTURYBIGBANDMUSICIN&REETOWN !SMANYOFTHECITIZENSOFTHE"RITISH#OLONIESOF 7EST!FRICAGREWPROSPEROUSTHROUGHTRADETHERE WASASTRONGDEMANDFROMTHEWESTERNISEDELITE FORBALLROOMSTYLEDANCEMUSICESPECIALLYTHOSE PLAYEDBYLARGE±ORCHESTRAS²AND3IERRA,EONEWAS NOEXCEPTION)NTHESANDSTHISSAWTHE RISETOPROMINENCEOFGROUPSSUCHASTHE4RIUMPH /RCHESTRATHE$APA*AZZ"ANDANDTHE!FRICAN #OMEDY'ROUPOF&REETOWN4HESEPLAYEDNOTJUST WESTERNISEDMUSICBUTALSO!FRICANIN¾UENCEDGENRES "YA3IERRA,EONEAN!SADATA$AFORA(ORTON WASTHE½RST!FRICANTOGIVEAPERFORMANCEATTHE -ADISON3QUARE'ARDEN "YTHELATETHCENTURYTOEARLYTHCENTURYTHE GENRETHATULTIMATELYCAMETOBEKNOWNTHROUGHOUT 7EST!FRICAAS±HIGHLIFE²WASEMERGINGBASEDONTHE BIGBANDBRASSMUSICENJOYEDBYTHECOASTALELITES ANDGRASSROOTSFOLKMUSICSUCHAS0ALM7INEMUSIC FORTHEGENERALMASSES4HEINTERESTINGFEATUREOF THISPERIODISTHAT&REETOWNBEINGAPORTCITYAND THEFOCUSOFREPATRIATIONOFLIBERATEDSLAVESFROMALL OVER7EST!FRICAFACILITATEDAFASCINATINGMUSICAL EXCHANGEFEATURINGTHE#ARIBBEAN"LACK!MERICA AND7EST!FRICA !ROUNDTHES3IERRA,EONEAN0ALMWINE MUSICAND(IGHLIFEBEGANTOEVOLVEINDIFFERENT DIRECTIONS)NCOUNTRIESLIKE'HANAAND.IGERIA ,EFT!STILTWALKERATTHE .ATIONAL3TADIUMON *ANUARY -53)# 4HESTORYOF3IERRA,EONE´SMUSICALHERITAGEBEGINS WITHTHESTORYOFOUTSIDERS3ETTLERSSEAFARERS ANDSOLDIERSHAVEALLSTRONGLYCONTRIBUTEDTOOUR NATION´SMUSICALHERITAGE4HEKEYREASONFORTHISIS THENATION´SLOCATIONON7EST!FRICA´S'RAIN#OAST STRADDLINGBOTHTHE3AHEL7EST!FRICA´SGRASSLAND BELTANDTHETROPICALFORESTREGION4HISHAS RESULTEDINAWIDEVARIETYOFINSTRUMENTATIONAND VOCALSTYLESTHATHAVEBEENEXPORTEDTOOTHERPARTS 56 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 57 . BIGDANCEORCHESTRASFEATURINGBRASSINSTRUMENTS PLAYINGSWINGANDJAZZIN¾UENCEDMUSICCONTINUED TODOMINATE!ND3IERRA,EONETOOALSOHADWARTIME BANDSSUCHASTHE-AYFAIR*AZZ"AND-ELODY 3WINGERSAND#UBAN*AZZ(OWEVERATTHISTIME 0ALM7INEMUSICBECAMEINCREASINGLYFUSEDWITH GOOMBAY-ERINGUEAND#ALYPSOANDTHISRESULTED INANEWMUSICFORM-ARINGA!LTHOUGHHEWASTHE UNDOUBTEDTAROFTHISMUSIC%BENEZER#ALENDARDID NOTHAVETHESTAGETOHIMSELFBETWEENTHEENDOF THE3ECOND7ORLD7ARAND)NDEPENDENCEIN MANYMUSICIANSCAMETOTHEFORESOMELIKE#ALENDAR CAMEFROMA0ALM7INEMUSICBACKGROUNDANDHAD STARTEDOFFSINGINGATEVENTSLIKEWEDDINGSWAKESAND FUNERALS4HESEINCLUDEDMUSICIANSLIKE0ETERNAR ,EPETLITERALLY³0ETERISA,EOPARD´WHOPOPULARISED THESONG9AHWO-AMMY(EAVY3O&AMOUS3CRUBBS WITH±0OOR&REETOWN"OY²AND7AKING0RO½TSO CALLEDASHEMADEAGOODLIVINGFROMPERFORMINGAT WAKES/THERSWEREMUSICIANSLIKE!LI'ANDAAND 4EJAN3IEWHOHADBANDSTHATWEREHEAVILYIN¾UENCED BY#ALYPSO4HEREWASONETHINGTHATUNITEDTHESE MUSICIANSTHOUGH¯INTHERUNUPTO)NDEPENDENCE THEYALLFELTARESPONSIBILITYTOCONTRIBUTEBYHELPING TOFOSTERASTRONGSENSEOFNATIONALIDENTITYAND UNITY)NFACT!LI'ANDAWROTEACALYPSOSONG CALLED±&REEDOMFREEDOM3IERRA,EONE²AND"LIFF 2ADIE"YNERECORDED±6ICTORYFOR3IERRA,EONE )NDEPENDENCE-ERENGUE²&ROM3EGBWEMAINTHE 3OUTHERN0ROVINCEEMERGEDAPOETANDMINSTREL 3ALIA+OROMAWHOWROTEEVOCATIVESONGSABOUTHIS HOMELANDINCLUDING±&ISHINGFORMYFATHER²±9OHMIE² AND±-ENDE'ENDEI² 3IERRA,EONESTILLHADAHEALTHYMUSICINDUSTRY INTHESANDINTOTHELATESANDWASDOMINATED BYTHELIKESOF!FRO.ATIONALAND3ABANOH"Y THEENDOFTHECIVILWARHOWEVERTHECOUNTRY´SMUSIC INDUSTRYLAYDEVASTATED2ECORDINGARTISTSWEREFEW ANDFARBETWEENANDMANYOFTHEMOSTTALENTED MUSICIANSHADTOLEAVETHECOUNTRYINORDERTOCARRY ONRECORDING )NHOWEVERONEOFTHEMCAMEBACK*AMES "ANGURAPOPULARLYKNOWNAS*IMMY"ESTABLISHED 0ARADISE2ECORDSBUILTADIGITALRECORDINGSTUDIOAND SIGNEDUPBUDDINGLOCALTALENT4HEINITIATIVEAND SENSEOFMISSIONDEMONSTRATEDBYTHISONEPATRIOTIC 3IERRA,EONEANHASBEENWIDELYCREDITEDWITHSETTING THESTAGEFORTHEPHENOMENALGROWTHEXPERIENCEDIN THE3IERRA,EONEMUSICSCENEOVERTHEPAST½VEYEARS WITHARTISTSHESUPPORTEDLIKE%MMERSONAND$*3AJ COMINGTOTHEFORE 3IERRA,EONE´SMUSICINDUSTRYTODAYISVIBRANTAND HIGHLYPRODUCTIVE4HECHALLENGEFORTHEINDUSTRY ISNOWTOMAINTAINQUALITYEVENASOUTPUTINCREASES /NEGROUPSERVESASASHININGEXAMPLEONTHISFRONT 4HE2EFUGEE!LL3TARS0ERHAPS3IERRA,EONEBIGGEST MUSICALEXPORTOFTHESTCENTURYTHE2EFUGEE 58 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% . !LL3TARSCAMETOGETHERINTHECAMPSOF'UINEA¯ WHENCETHEYHAD¾EDTOESCAPETHECIVILWAR4HEY HAVEBUILTONTHESUCCESSOFTHEIRDEBUTALBUM,IVING ,IKEA2EFUGEEANDTHEAWARDWINNINGACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTARYTORELEASEASECONDCRITICALLYACCLAIMED ALBUM±2ISEAND3HINE² 4HATTHEYHAVEOVERCOMEADVERSITYTO½NALLYGET THERECOGNITIONTHEIRMUSICDESERVESISNODOUBTAN INSPIRATIONTOCOUNTLESSOTHERSDESPERATETOEMULATE THEIRSUCCESS4HOUGHEASYGOINGROOTS2EGGAEIS THEIRSIGNATURESTYLEJUSTAFEWMINUTESLISTENING TOTHEIRWORKDEMONSTRATESTHEIRCOMMITMENT TOINSTRUMENTALISMANDTHELEGACYOFTHESTREET MUSICTHAT3IERRA,EONEEXPORTEDSOSUCCESSFULLY TOOTHERPARTSOF!FRICA4HEYARETOTALLYGROUNDED INTHEINDIGENOUSINSTRUMENTSANDMUSICMOST 3IERRA,EONEANSWOULDRECOGNISE¯'UMBAYDRUMS +ONGOMAHETC)NANENVIRONMENTWHERESOMANY YOUTHSAREHOPINGTOMAKEITRICHQUICKTHEIRHARD WORKANDDISCIPLINEISTRULYANINSPIRATIONFORTHE NEXTGENERATION !BOVE/NEOFTHEMANY SCHOOLBANDSTHATTOOK PARTINAMARCHPASTAT THE.ATIONAL3TADIUMON *ANUARY "ELOW"ETHEL4EMPLE .URSERYAND0REPARATORY 3CHOOLATATHANKSGIVING MARCHPAST !FTER0AGE7ILBEFORE 3TREETCENTRAL&REETOWN IN INHERFAMILYORMOTHER´SCIRCLEFORTHEBRIDE4HE GODPARENTSAREEFFECTIVELYSPONSORSOFTHEWEDDING ANDAREEXPECTEDTOPROVIDESTRONGMORALAND ½NANCIALSUPPORTFORTHECOUPLE)NRETURNTHEY HAVETHEHONOUROFSIGNINGTHEWEDDINGREGISTERAS WITNESSES 7EDDINGSIN3IERRA,EONEAREPRACTICALLYTWOOR THREEDAYAFFAIRS4HE½RSTDAYISTHEDAYBEFORETHE WEDDINGANDISKNOWNAS±"ACHELOR´S%VE²$ESPITE THENAMEBOTHTHEBRIDEANDGROOMANDTHEIR FAMILIESCELEBRATE"ACHELOR´S%VE)FANYTHINGITISA MUCHMOREPOIGNANTEVENTFORTHEBRIDE´SFAMILYAS THEYARELOSINGTHEIR±ROSE²¯TRADITIONALLYBOTHBRIDE ANDGROOMWOULDMOVEINTOTHEHOUSEOFTHEGROOM´S PARENTSAFTERTHEWEDDING7HILSTTHEBACHELOR´SEVE ISOSTENSIBLYTOMARKTHELASTDAYOF±FREEDOM²FOR THECOUPLEITISALSOTHECULMINATIONOFTHELOGISTICAL EFFORTBOTHSETSOFFAMILIESHAVEBEENINVOLVED IN4HETWOSETSOFFAMILIESWILLGRAVITATETOWARDS BOTHMARRIAGEHOUSESTOHELPWITHLASTMINUTE PREPARATIONSOFFOODMUSICDECORATIONSANDOTHER PRACTICALITIES)FEITHERORBOTHFAMILIESCANAFFORD ITAWHOLECOWGOATORSHEEPWOULDBESLAUGHTERED INTHEMORNINGTYPICALLYBY&ULANIHERDSMEN4HE BRIDEANDGROOMTHEMSELVESARENOTALLOWEDTOSEE EACHOTHER,OUDMUSICISPLAYEDANDABEAUTIFUL SENSEOFTOGETHERNESSANDCAMARADERIEPERMEATES PROCEEDINGSASTHEEXTENDEDFAMILYPULLTOGETHER CATCHUPONEACHOTHER´SNEWSANDREINFORCETHEIR SENSEOFFAMILIALIDENTITY)NTHELATEAFTERNOONAND EVENINGA'UMBAYENSEMBLEMIGHTSTRIKEUP4HIS ISTOFORMALLYANNOUNCETOTHELOCALNEIGHBOURHOOD THAT±MARADEDEYYA²±THEREISAWEDDINGHERE² ANDTHATTHE-ARRIAGE(OUSEHASSTARTEDITS±SHOW² %VENTHOUGHITISNOTAFORMALCEREMONYALOTOFFOOD ANDDRINKISAVAILABLE4HE'UMBAYPERFORMERSARE ENCOURAGEDWITHGENEROUSTIPSINADDITIONTOTHEIR FEEANDAREPLIEDWITHFOODANDLOCAL½REWATERLIKE SASSMANANDOMOLE -!2#().'0!34 4HE-ARCH0ASTISANINTRIGUINGPARTOF3IERRA,EONE´S CULTUREWITHROOTSPROBABLYINTHE"RITISH7EST )NDIA2EGIMENTSSTATIONEDINTHECOUNTRYINTHE THCENTURY)TBRINGSTOGETHERTHREEIMPORTANT ASPECTSOF3IERRA,EONEANCULTURESCHOOLINGMUSIC ANDTHANKSGIVING-ANY3IERRA,EONEANSIDENTIFY THEMSELVES½RSTOFALLBYTHEIRNAMETHEIRSCHOOLAND THENTHEIRAGE¯SCHOOLINGISTHE±TRIBALALLEGIANCE² FOR3IERRA,EONEANSANDIN3IERRA,EONE´SCULTURAL CALENDARTHEDRYSEASON/CTOBER¯-AYISNATURALLY ±MARCHPAST²SEASONWITH&EBRUARYAND-ARCH PARTICULARLYBUSY6IRTUALLYEVERYSECONDARYSCHOOL WORTHITSMOTTONOWHASITSOWNBRASSBAND4HEALL GIRLSANDMIXEDSCHOOLSAREENERGETICLATECOMERSTO WHATWASTHEPRESERVEOFTHEHEAVYHITTINGALLBOYS´ SCHOOLS/NA3UNDAYAFTERNOONIN&EBRUARYOR-ARCH KIDSYOUNGANDALONEWOULDRUSHOUTOFTHEIRHOUSE ATTHEAPPROACHINGSOUNDOFTHEDRUMSANDTRUMPETS ANDLINETHESTREETSTO±BATOE²VOCALLYSUPPORTTHE MARCHERS4HEDRUMMERSINTURNWILLPUTONASHOW ANDSWITCHFROM%UROPEANSTYLEMARCHINGMUSICTO PLAYINGRUMBAORSOCA4HEDRUMMAJORWOULDDELIGHT ONLOOKERSBYTHROWINGHISSTAFFINTHEAIRANDCATCHING IT!LUMNIAREALSOEXPECTEDTOTURNOUTINNUMBERS ANDONEOFTHEMOSTENDEARINGSIGHTSISSEEING SEPTUAGENARIANSKEEPINGUPWITHTHEYOUNGSTERS 3ENIORPOLITICAL½GURESINCLUDING0RESIDENTSPASTAND PRESENTATTENDTHESECEREMONIES (OWEVERITSNOTJUSTSCHOOLSTHATHAVE THANKSGIVINGCEREMONIESANDMARCHES3IERRA 7%$$).'3 5NDERPINNINGTHE3IERRA,EONEANWEDDINGISTHEVERY STRONGIDEAOFSUPPORT)NOTHERCULTURESTRADITIONALLY THEFAMILYOFEITHERTHEBRIDEORGROOMWOULDBEAR MOSTOFTHECOSTSOFTHEWEDDING)N3IERRA,EONEITIS ABITDIFFERENTASTHETWOFAMILIESSEEMINGLYCOMPETE TO±SHOWTHEMSELVES²IEGIVEAGOODACCOUNTOF THEMSELVES4HISAPPROACHDATESBACKTOTHEDAYS WHENWEDDINGPARTIESWOULDBEHOSTEDSOLELYIN PRIVATEHOMESONBOTHSIDES.OWADAYSWEDDING RECEPTIONSANDPARTIESAREHOSTEDATHIREDOUTPUBLIC VENUESBUTTHECULTUREOFTHEMARADEOSELITERALLY ±MARRIAGEHOUSE²REMAINS)NORDERFORTHEFAMILY TOHAVEASUCCESSFULWEDDINGTHEWIDEREXTENDED FAMILYANDFRIENDSHAVETOBERALLIEDTOSUPPORTTHE CAUSE4HEPROSPECTIVEBRIDEANDGROOMWOULDALSO NOMINATE±GODPARENTS²4HESEWOULDBETHREEOFTHE MOSTEMINENTMENINTHEFAMILYORFATHER´SCIRCLE OFTHEGROOMANDTHREEOFTHEMOSTEMINENTWOMEN /PPOSITE2UINSOFTHE OLDCITYOF$IRIYAHTHESE LAYONEITHERSIDEOFTHE NARROWVALLEYKNOWNAS7ADI (ANIFAWHICHCONTINUES SOUTHWARDSTHROUGH2IYADH ANDBEYOND 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 59 . . 2IGHT!COLLECTIONOF3IERRA ,EONEANFACESRE¾ECTING SOMEOFTHEDIVERSITYAND BEAUTYOF3IERRA,EONEAN WOMEN "ELOW4RADITIONAL DRUMMERSATTHE-ADENGN &ESTIVALIN&REETOWNON *ANUARY ,EONEANSENJOYBEINGMEMBERSOFSOCIETIESAND EVERYONEOFTHESEWOULDOFTENHAVEANANNUAL ±4HANKSGIVINGSERVICE²THATMAYALSOFEATURE MARCHING!SYOUWILLSEELATERFUNERALSOFTENFEATURE BRASSBANDSASCITIZENSOFNOTEWOULDBESENTOFF WITHABRASSBANDLEADINGAPROCESSIONSINGING±.OW 0RAISEWEGREATANDFAMOUSMEN² &5.%2!,37!+%3 $!93!.$/.%9%!2 !S3IERRA,EONEISAMAJORITY-USLIMCOUNTRYTHE DECEASEDAREUSUALLYBURIEDWITHINHOURS4HEY WILLBEWASHEDANDOILEDTHENDRESSEDINTHEIRBEST CLOTHESREADYFORPRAYERS!FTERTHATTHEYWILLBE BURIED)N3IERRA,EONE´S7ESTERN!REAANDONITS ISLANDSHOWEVERFUNERALSARECOMMUNITYEVENTSWITH INVOLVEDANDDRAWNOUTRITUALSTOGOTHROUGH 4RADITIONALLYONEOFTHE½RSTACTIONSISFORMIRRORS TOBETURNEDTOWARDSTHEWALLORCOVEREDWITHCLOTHS ATNIGHT 2EGARDLESSOFRELIGIONORSTANDINGTHE½RSTMAJOR TASKFORTHEBEREAVEDISTOARRANGEFORTHENEWSOF THEIRLOVEDONE´SPASSINGTOBEREADOVERTHERADIO %VERYDAYAFTERTHEEVENINGNEWSASHOWCALLED ³4HE/BITUARIES´AIRSONRADIOFEATURINGTHEREADING THROUGHOFALISTOFTHERECENTLYDECEASEDINCLUDING THEIRFAMILYCLOSERELATIVESANDFAMILYFRIENDS $EPENDINGONTHETIMETHATHASELAPSEDSINCETHE EVENTFUNERALARRANGEMENTSWILLBEANNOUNCED.O DETAILOFTHEIRCAREERORACHIEVEMENTISREADOUT HOWEVER)FTHEYARE#HRISTIANTHESERVICEISUSUALLY ONTHE3UNDAYOR4HURSDAYTHAT´SCLOSESTTOAWEEK AFTERTHEDEATH)TCANNOTBEOVEREMPHASISED 62 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% HOWUNIVERSALTHERITUALOFSITTINGROUNDTHERADIO LISTENINGTOTHEOBITUARIESAREESPECIALLYINTHE DAYSWHEN3,"3RADIOWASTHEONLYBROADCAST ENTERTAINMENTAVAILABLE"YANNOUNCINGTHEFUNERAL ONNATIONALRADIOEVERYONEISGENERALLYINVITEDTO JOININTHEMOURNINGANDASCANBEEXPECTEDTHERE ARESERIALMOURNERSWHOGREATLY³ENJOY´BEINGAROUND THEBEREAVED !SWELLASTHETYPICALARRANGEMENTSTHEBEREAVED ALSOHAVETODECIDEWHETHERTOGOTHROUGHAPERIOD OFOF½CIALMOURNING)FTHEYDOTHEYWILLHAVETOPICK THEMOONINGMOURNINGCOLOURTHATISTHECOLOUROF THECLOTHESTHEYWILLWEARINPUBLICDURINGTHEPERIOD OFMOURNING4HEUSUALCOLOURSAREWHITEGREYDARK BLUEORBLACK-OURNINGPERIODSRANGEFROMDAYS ORAYEAR"EFORETHEFUNERALSERVICETHEFAMILYWILL ANNOUNCETHEIRCHOICEOFCOLOURANDCLOSEFAMILYWILL WEARTHATCOLOURFORATLEASTDAYS $2%33/&3)%22!,%/.% 'ARA 'ARAISONEOFTHESTRONGESTANDMOSTEVOCATIVE OFSHAREDSYMBOLSINADIVERSENATION%VERYONE WEARS'ARAIRRESPECTIVEOFETHNICITY'ARAITSELF ISTHE-ANDINGOWORDFORTHEINDIGODYEFOUNDIN TRADITIONAL3IERRA,EONEANCLOTHS)TISBELIEVED 'ARAWASINTRODUCEDINTO3IERRA,EONE´S.ORTHERN 0ROVINCEINTHETHCENTURYBY-ANDINGOAND3USU TRADERSPASSINGTHEIRKNOWLEDGETOTHE4EMNE¯THE LARGESTETHNICGROUPINTHE.ORTHANDENCOURAGED WOMENTAKEUPTHESKILL4HEVASTMAJORITYOF ORSO'ARAPRACTITIONERSAREWOMEN4HE4EMNETHEN SPREADTHEARTTOOTHERPARTSOF3IERRA,EONE 4HE'ARAITSELFISPRODUCEDUSINGANITERATIVE PROCESS4HELEAVESARECUTFROMTHETREEWASHED THOROUGHLYANDPOUNDED4HEYPOUNDEDLEAVESARE THENROLLEDINTOBALLSDRIEDINTHESUNANDSTORED 4HESIGHTOF'ARABALLSDRYINGINTHESUNISQUITEA COMMONSIGHTIN3IERRA,EONE 4WODYEBATHSORDRUMSARETHEN±SET²4HE POUNDEDLEAVESAREADDEDTOTHE½RSTANDVARIOUS INGREDIENTSSUCHASTHEBARKANDROOTSOFVARIOUS TREESINCLUDINGTHE-ANGOAND"ROOMSTONETREES ANDAGENEROUSAMOUNTOFCAUSTICSODAISADDEDTO THESECONDDRUM½LLEDWITHWATERANDBOILEDFORSIX HOURS4HERESULTINGBROWNISHLIQUIDISPOUREDOVER THEGARALEAVESINTOTHE½RSTDRUMANDLEFTFORTHREE DAYSUNTILTHELIQUIDTURNSINDIGOBLUE4HEPROCESS OF±RESIST²DYEINGTHEFABRICCANBEQUITECOMPLEX INVOLVINGTECHNIQUESLIKESEWINGKNOTTINGBINDING ANDAPPLYINGDIFFERENTPATTERNSUSINGSPECIALDYE -ANYTIMESTHEPROCESSSTARTSWITHHANDSEWING PATTERNSONTOTHEFABRICUSINGALARGENEEDLEAND !BOVE$ANCERSATTHE .ATIONAL3TADIUMLAUNCH THE'OLDEN*UBILEEON *ANUARY STRONGTHREADKNOWNASGARI/FCOURSECOMPLEX PATTERNSMAYTAKEDAYSTOSEWINTOPLACE3OMEOF THEPATTERNSARENAMEDEGSURUSURUWHILEOTHERS AREGENDERSPECI½C/NCETHISISCOMPLETESECTIONS OFTHECLOTHMAYBEDIPPEDINTOTHECOMBINATIONOF DYESBEFORETHEENTIREFABRICISPLACEDINTHEDYE 4HISCANBEATEDIOUSPROCESS4HEEXCESSLIQUIDIS THENSQUEEZEDOUTTHESTITCHESHOLDINGTHEPATTERNS INPLACEARECUTANDTHECLOTHRINSEDINCOLDWATER BEFOREBEINGIRONEDWITHSTARCH 7HEN'ARAWAS½RSTINTRODUCEDTO3IERRA,EONE ITWASMAINLYUSEDBYCHIEFSANDWARRIORSFORTHEIR CEREMONIALDRESSWALLHANGINGSBURIALCLOTHSAND GIFTS7ITHTHEPASSAGEOFTIMEHOWEVEREVERYONE NOWWEARS'ARAIFTHEYCANAFFORDIT)TCANBEFOUND ASDRESSESSHIRTSBEDSPREADSTABLECLOTHSANDOF½CE UNIFORMS -ASKS-ASQUERADERSAND$EVILS'ARA -ASKSSYMBOLISE3IERRA,EONE4HEYSYMBOLISETHE MYSTICISMOFITSCULTUREANDPORTRAYTHEVALUESTHAT DIVERSECOMMUNITIESHOLDDEAR4HEYFACILITATETHE EXERCISEOFCERTAINRITESBYHELPINGTHEWEARERPLAYA DUALROLESTRADDLINGASITWERETHEPHYSICALWORLDAND THEMYSTICAL /NEOFTHEINTERESTINGTHINGSABOUT3IERRA ,EONEANMASKSISTHATMANYOFTHEMOSTEXPRESSIVE ANDBEAUTIFULLYCARVEDAREFORWOMENESPECIALLY WOMENLEADERSINTHEFEMALESECRETSOCIETIES"UNDU OR3ANDEASITISKNOWNINTHE3OUTH4HEDELICATELY CARVEDFEATURESEMPHASISEHUMILITYMODESTYAND WISDOMANDALSOHELPTHEWEARERSCELEBRATETHROUGH DANCINGTHESTRUCTURESTHEYHAVEBEENINITIATEDINTO /PPOSITE2UINSOFTHE OLDCITYOF$IRIYAHTHESE LAYONEITHERSIDEOFTHE NARROWVALLEYKNOWNAS7ADI (ANIFAWHICHCONTINUES SOUTHWARDSTHROUGH2IYADH ANDBEYOND 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 63 Chapter 8. A Free Press – . 3IERRA,EONECOULDBESAIDTOBE ANATIONTHATHASALWAYSHADA FASCINATIONWITHTHEMEDIA,ONG BEFORENEWSPAPERSCAMETOTHE COUNTRYTHEGOVERNMENTPUBLICATION 4HE'AZETTEWHICHINITSTIMEWENT THROUGHSEVERALNAMECHANGES CONTAINEDNEWSOFOF½CIALGOVERNMENT BUSINESSBUTWASNEVERTHELESSVERY POPULARPARTICULARLYINTHEWESTERN AREAWHERETHEEMERGINGEDUCATED ELITEWANTEDTOBEUPTODATEWITHTHE INNERWORKINGSOFGOVERNMENT T HECOUNTRYHADANEARLYSTARTINTHIS REGARDWITHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFA PRINTINGPRESSINTHEEARLYPARTOF THETHCENTURY"YTHESJUSTAS3IERRA ,EONEWASBECOMINGTHEEDUCATIONHUBOF "RITISH7EST!FRICASOTOOWEREJOURNALISTS DRAWNTOTHECOUNTRY 4HE3IERRA,EONE#OMPANYESTABLISHED BYMERCHANTSBROUGHTTHE½RSTPRINTINGPRESS FROM%NGLANDTO3IERRA,EONEIN4HISWAS ATATIMEOFGREATCOMPETITIONAMONG%UROPE´S TRADINGANDSEAFARINGNATIONS4HIS½RSTPRESS ALONGWITHVARIOUSBUILDINGSWASDESTROYED INONEOFMANYRAIDSBYTHE&RENCH3IXYEARS LATERTHE3IERRA,EONE#OMPANYBROUGHT ANOTHERPRESSWHICHWASUSEDTOPUBLISH WHATBECAMETHE3IERRA,EONE'AZETTEAND !DVERTISER !S3IERRA,EONE´SREPUTATIONASAPLACEOF SOPHISTICATIONGREWITATTRACTEDJOURNALISTS FROMACROSS!FRICAANDTHEWORLD)NPARTICULAR THEFOUNDINGOF&REETOWNANDTHEREASONSFOR ITSEXISTENCEASTHE³0ROVINCEOF&REEDOM´ ATTRACTEDWRITERSFROMTHEWORLDWIDE !FRICAN$IASPORA3OITWASTHAT7ILLIAM $RAKEA7EST)NDIANFOUNDEDTHE.EW%RA NEWSPAPER&!"ELGRAVEWASPUBLISHING THE!FRICAN)NTERPRETERAND!DVOCATEAND #HARLES"ANNERMAN4HE3IERRA,EONE7EEKLY "ANNERMANWASA3COTTISH'HANAIANHIS FATHER3COTTISHHISMOTHER&ANTI!TTHISTIME NEWSPAPERPUBLISHERSFELTEMBOLDENEDTO BEPOLITICALLYOUTSPOKENANDCOVEREDTOPICS SUCHASRACISMCOLONIALISMANDTHERIGHTSOF 64 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% "ELOW!TYPICALLOCALRADIO STATIONSETUP THATHADHEBEENAWHITEMANTHECASEWOULD NEVERHAVECOMETOCOURT/NEOFTHEGREATEST OF3IERRA,EONEANPATRIOTS)SAAC4HEOPHILUS !KUNA7ALLACE*OHNSON)4!7ALLACE *OHNSONWHOHADSTARTEDTHE7EST!FRICAN 9OUTH,EAGUEJOINEDTHEFRAYBYSTARTING4HE !FRICAN3TANDARDINTHESAMEYEARTHE GOVERNMENTRUN$AILY-AILWASSTARTED4HE LATTERPAPERCERTAINLYOUTLASTED4HE3TANDARD THOUGHITTOOHADTOBOWOUTAROUND )THASALWAYSSURPRISEDTHOSEFROMOUTSIDE 3IERRA,EONETHATACOUNTRYWITHASUPPOSEDLY LOWLITERACYRATESHOULDHAVESOMANY NEWSPAPERS!TITSHEIGHTTHEREWEREUPTO NEWSPAPERSREGISTEREDTHROUGHOUTTHECOUNTRY 4HIS½GUREISDECEPTIVEHOWEVERASMANYHAD IRREGULARPUBLICATIONSCHEDULESANDWOULD SOMETIMESNOTBEPUBLISHEDFORWEEKS )NTHESANDSTHEPRESS CONTINUEDTOBEOUTSPOKENANDVIBRANT 4HISCONTINUEDUNTILTHEMIDTOLATES WHENJOURNALISTSSTARTEDTOFEELTHEWEIGHTOF GOVERNMENTBEARINGDOWNONTHEMWHENTHEY PROVEDTOBETOOCRITICAL&ORALONGTIMETHIS HADTHEEFFECTOFBLUNTINGTHEPENSOFALLBUT THEBRAVESTJOURNALIST0OLITICALCARTOONISTS USEDTOLAMPOONINGTHOSEINPOWERSEEMEDTO VANISHOVERNIGHT .%730!0%23 )NKEEPINGWITHTHEINFORMATIONAGEMOSTOFTHE LARGERNEWSPAPERSHAVEAN)NTERNETPRESENCE ALLOWINGTHEMTOREACHOUTTO3IERRA,EONEANS ACROSSTHEWORLD4HEREFOLLOWSALISTOFTHEREGULAR ANDNOTSOREGULARNEWSPAPERSINTHECOUNTRY !FRICAN#HAMPION !UREOL4IMES !WARENESS4IMES !WOKO #HRISTIAN-ONITOR #OCORIOKO #ONCORD4IMES 4HE$EMOCRAT %VENING3COOP 4HE%XCLUSIVE 4HE&OCUS &OR$I0EOPLE )NDEPENDENT/BSERVER +ALLONE .EW#ITIZEN 4HE.EWS .EW3TORM .EW6ISION 4HE0ATRIOTIC6ANGUARD 0EEP 4HE0OOL.EWSPAPER 4HE0OST 4HE.EW0EOPLE 3ALONE4IMES 3IERRA(ERALD 3PECTATOR 3TANDARD 3TANDARD4IMES 4HE4RUMPET 5NITY 7E9ONE /.,).%05",)#!4)/.3 !FRICANS!LTHOUGHTHEREWASAGREATAPPETITE FORTHENEWSPAPERSTHEREWASANINSUF½CIENT AUDIENCETOSUSTAINTHEMBASEDONSALESALONE !DVERTISEMENTSWERENOTCOMMONATTHE TIMEANDSOSALESWERETHELIFEBLOODOFEVERY PUBLICATION 7HEN"ANNERMAN´SBROTHER%DMUNDWAS GIVENACUSTODIALSENTENCEFOREMBEZZLING FUNDSFROMALOCALMAGISTRATEIN'HANAHE USEDTHEPAPERTODEFENDHISBROTHERARGUING !BOVE-INISTEROF )NFORMATIONAND "ROADCASTING!LPHA+ANJI $ARAMYSTANDINGTAKES THEOATHOFOF½CEAS0RIME -INISTER3IAKA3TEVENS SEATEDLISTENS 4HE#RITIQUE%CHO.EWSPAPER CRITIQUEECHOCOM &REETOWN$AILY.EWS FREETOWNDAILYNEWSCOM 4HE.EW$AILY.ATION THENEWDAILYNATIONCOM 4HE3IERRA,EONE4ELEGRAPH THESIERRALEONETELEGRAPHCOM 3IERRA5PDATE SIERRAUPDATECOLUK 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 65 . . )FYOUWALKTHESTREETSOFTHECAPITALIN YOUWOULDGETADECEPTIVEPICTUREOFTHE STATEOFNEWSPAPERSINTHECOUNTRYASYOU AREACCOSTEDBYYOUNGMENWITHWHATLOOKS LIKEORSONEWSPAPERSDRAPEDACROSSTHEIR ARMSFORSALE)TISSTILLTHECASETHATTHERE ARENEWSPAPERSWITHAF½LIATIONSTOPARTICULAR POLITICALPARTIESBUTTHEREAREMANYTHAT REMAINPOLITICALLYNEUTRAL3OOUTSPOKENHAS THEPRESSBEENATTIMESTHAT3IERRA,EONEANS AREALWAYSSURPRISEDTOSEETHECOUNTRYATTHE WRONGENDOFDATAABOUTLACKOFPRESSFREEDOM !TTIMESITISDIF½CULTTOSEEHOWMUCHFREER THEYCOULDBE Percent who said that this source is their most important for information Traditional 55% 44% 38% 66 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% p s hi de rs ad ea Le lL ca iti Po l ig io us Le Re l ity un m m Co er s er ad or hb ig Ne s/ nd ie Fr In t s th ou of -m W or d- th He al To w n Ce Cr nt ie er s rs t ne er In t on Ph er na M tio ob na ile lm na ed lT e ia 1% V t tio Na sp w Ne tic 8% 4% rin io lR ad es na "OTTOM,EFT0RIME -INISTER3IAKA 3TEVENSRIGHTONHIS RETURNFROMAFOREIGN TRIPSHAKESHANDSWITH -INISTEROF)NFORMATIONAND "ROADCASTING!LPHA+ANJI $ARAMYASDEPUTY0RIME -INISTER3)+OROMALEFT LOOKSON 11% 8% m 3,"#THEGOVERNMENTRUNNATIONALRADIO STATIONBASEDIN&REETOWNANDWHICHHAS NATIONWIDECOVERAGE #APITAL2ADIO¯PRIVATESTATIONIN &REETOWN "ELIEVER´S"ROADCASTING.ETWORK"". &-¯PRIVATESTATIONIN&REETOWN 3 KY&-¯PRIVATESTATIONIN&REETOWN 2ADIO$EMOCRACY¯PRIVATESTATIONIN &REETOWN 6OICEOFTHE(ANDICAPPEDPRIVATERUNRADIO STATIONFORDISABLEDBUTATTRACTSAUDIENCE NATIONWIDE 5.2ADIO5.RUNPRIVATESTATIONIN &REETOWN 2ADIO4OMBOPRIVATESTATIONIN &REETOWN 2ADIO#ITIZENPRIVATESTATIONIN &REETOWN 2ADIO&REETOWNPRIVATESTATIONIN &REETOWN +ISS&-PRIVATESTATIONIN"OANDTHE ½RSTOFTHEINDEPENDENTBROADCASTERS 2ADIO.EW3ONGPRIVATESTATIONIN"O %ASTERN2ADIOPRIVATESTATIONIN +ENEMA 2ADIO-ANKNEHPRIVATESTATIONIN -AKENI 2ADIO'BAPPRIVATESTATIONIN+ENEMA +OIDU2ADIO3TATIONPRIVATESTATIONIN+OIDU 2ADIO"INTUMANIPRIVATESTATIONIN +ABALA 2ADIO-ODCARPRIVATESTATIONIN -OYAMBA 2ADIO-OAPRIVATESTATIONIN+AIIAHUN 2ADIO+OLENTENPRIVATESTATIONIN +AMBIA 2ADIO"ONTICOPRIVATESTATIONIN"ONTHE 23% 19% tio 36% 26% !BOVE!SELECTIONOF MAGAZINESONSALEAT ASTREETSIDEVENDORIN &REETOWN Do 2!$)/34!4)/.3 7IREDRADIOREQUIRINGANAERIALANDAS DISTINCTFROM³WIRELESS´RADIOWASINTRODUCED INTOTHECOUNTRYINWITHTHEFOUNDING OFTHE3IERRA,EONE"ROADCASTING3ERVICE 3,"3!TITSFOUNDINGITWASTHE½RST%NGLISH LANGUAGERADIOBROADCASTERINWHATWASTHEN KNOWNAS"RITISH7EST!FRICA&ROMTHOSEEARLY TIMESRADIOCARRIEDALARGEDOSEOFFOREIGN NEWSMAKINGTHE3IERRA,EONEANLISTENING Community-Based ICTs 70% Na 2!$)/ Sierra Leone: Most Important Sources for information Sierra Leone 2008: survey of adults (15+) n=2009 !BOVEAND,EFT'RAPHS¯ MEDIAUSEIN Sierra Leone: Media Use Percent of those who said they used the following media devices/technologies in the previous month. 71% 11% Radio Newspaper 9% Television 2% Internet (Monthly) Sierra Leone 2008: survey of urban adults (15+) n=2099 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 67 . AUDIENCEONEOFTHEMOSTWELLINFORMED ANYWHERE 4HE""#7ORLD3ERVICEREMAINSPOPULAR INTHECOUNTRY&ORMANYYEARSALTHOUGH THEREWASOF½CIALLYONEBROADCASTERWITHINTHE COUNTRY3IERRA,EONEANSHADALWAYSBEENABLE TOLISTENTORADIOSTATIONSBROADCASTINGOUTOF NEIGHBOURING'UINEAAND,IBERIA 7HEREASFORMANYYEARSLISTENERSINTHE COUNTRYHADTOBECONTENTWITHLISTENING TOPROGRAMMESIN%NGLISHORTHEOCCASIONAL +RIOBROADCASTTHESCOPEWIDENEDTOTHE POINTWHEREBYTHESANDSTHEREWERE BROADCASTSINALLTHEMAJORLOCALLANGUAGES 4ODAYTHEREARERADIOSTATIONSTHAT BROADCASTEXCLUSIVELYINALMOSTALLTHEMAIN LOCALLANGUAGES 4HEMAJORITYOFSTATIONSAREINDEPENDENT ANDTHEREAREALSOMANYWITHARELIGIOUSBENT OTHERSTHATSEETHEMSELVESASLEADINGTHE ½GHTAGAINSTCORRUPTIONANDOTHERSTHATSEE THEIRREMITASPUREENTERTAINMENT4HEREIS SOMETHINGFOREVERYONE !SURVEYSHOWEDTHATOFTHE NATIONHADACCESSTOARADIOANDASTAGGERING SAIDTHEYLISTENEDONADAILYBASIS 68 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 4%,%6)3)/. 7ITHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFTELEVISIONIN ONLYTHOSEINANDAROUND&REETOWNWEREABLE TOBENE½TFROMTHESIGNAL4ELEVISIONWASRUN BYTHESTATEBROADCASTER3,"3ANDTHE46 ³FRANCHISE´WASEVENTUALLYEXTENDEDNATIONWIDE YEARSAFTERITWAS½RSTINTRODUCEDINTHE WESTERNAREA )NTHEEARLYDAYSOFTELEVISIONTHEREWAS AMIXOFLOCALANDIMPORTEDCONTENTMAINLY FROMTHE5+AND53!)TWASWITHSOME AMUSEMENTANDNOTALITTLEANNOYANCETHAT INTHELATES3IERRA,EONEANSINTHE5+ FOUNDOUTTHATHADALREADYSEENTHEENDOFTHE SERIES³4HE&UGITIVE´WEEKSBEFOREITWASSEEN IN%NGLAND )THASTOBESAIDTHATFORMANYFOREIGN SATELLITECHANNELSREMAINTHEMOSTPOPULAR FAREOFTHEIR46DIET )NDEPENDENT46CHANNELSHAVETRIEDBUT NONEHAVEMANAGEDASUSTAINEDPRESENCEASYET !BOVE2ELAXINGINA TRADITIONALHAMMOCK Chapter 9. A Beautiful Destination – . 2IGHT/NEOFTHEMANY SPECIESOFBUTTER¾YTOBE FOUNDAROUND3IERRA,EONE "ELOW"UREH"EACHONTHE &REETOWN0ENINSULAR 3IERRA,EONE!FRICA´SHIDDENGEMHAS SURPRISEDANDBEGUILEDVISITORSTRAVELLING ±OFFTHEBEATENTRACK²FORCENTURIES3INCE WELCOMINGITS½RSTACCIDENTAL%UROPEAN VISITORSTHETH#ENTURY0ORTUGUESE 3IERRA,EONEISONEOFTHOSECOUNTRIES THATSTILLCONFERSON½RSTTIMEVISITORS THEWONDERFULSENSEOFADVENTUREANDOF BEINGTHE½RSTTIME±DISCOVERER²±(OWIS ITTHATNOBODYELSEHASBEENHERE²ISTHE TYPICALRESPONSEOFTODAY´SDISCOVERERS D URINGIT´STOURISMHEYDAYINTHELATE SANDS3IERRA,EONETYPICALLY WELCOMEDABOUTVISITORSA YEARWHICHTHOUGHSMALLCOMPAREDTONUMBERS ATTRACTEDBYOTHERCOUNTRIESINTHEREGIONSUITED THENATION´SPRO½LEVERYWELL3IERRA,EONEHAS NEVERREALLYHADANAPPETITEFORMASSTOURISM PREFERRINGINSTEADDISCERNINGVISITORSWHOWANTTO VISITBECAUSEOFAGENUINEINTERESTIN3IERRA,EONE 0ERHAPSTHISEXPLAINSWHYVISITORSAREOFTENSO STRUCKBYTHEATTITUDEOFTHETYPICAL3IERRA,EONEAN TOFOREIGNERSIT´SNOTJUSTTHATTHEY´REFRIENDLY OTHERNATIONSAREFRIENDLYASWELL3IERRA,EONEANS FEELITISTHEIRRESPONSIBILITYTOSPOILFOREIGNERSAND TREATTHEMASTHEYWOULDTHEIRPERSONALGUESTS!ND ASGOODHOSTSTHEYWILLGOTHEEXTRAMILETOENSURE THATTHEIRGUESTSHAVEAGREATTIMEINTHECOUNTRY 3IERRA,EONEANSALSOHAVEAGENUINECURIOSITY ABOUTGUESTSTHATMAYNOTALWAYSBEAPPARENTIN SOCALLEDMASSTOURISMDESTINATIONS!DDTOALLTHIS THENATURALCHARMANDCHEEKYWITVISITORSAREMADE TOFEELQUICKLYATHOME )NADDITIONTOTHEVIBRANCYOFITSPEOPLEAND CULTURE3IERRA,EONE´SUNIQUESELLINGPOINTS INCLUDEITSECOLOGICALDIVERSITYANDITSHISTORICAL HERITAGESITES%VENASTHECOUNTRYEXPLOITS ITSPOTENTIALTOGREATLYINCREASEEARNINGSFROM TOURISMTHEEMPHASISISONEARNINGSRATHERTHAN VISITORNUMBERSINORDERTOBALANCETHEIMPACTOF INFRASTRUCTURALDEVELOPMENTWITHTHENECESSITYFOR PRESERVATIONANDCONSERVATION )TCANNOTBEEMPHASISEDHOWMUCH3IERRA ,EONEHASTOOFFERBEYOND&REETOWNANDITSFABLED BEACHES!FEWHOURS´JOURNEYFROM&REETOWN INLANDORALONGTHEJAGGEDCOASTYIELDSGREAT REWARDS4HEREARELUSHFORESTANDGAMERESERVES TEEMINGWITHAWIDEVARIETYOFWILDLIFEINCLUDING 70 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% HIPPOSPYGMYHIPPOSLEOPARDSCROCODILES BUFFALOELEPHANTSANDHUNDREDSOFSPECIESOF EXOTICBIRDSANDBUTTER¾IES-ANYOFTHESEARE EITHERTHREATENEDORNEARUNIQUETO3IERRA ,EONE4HESEASOFFTHECOASTAREAMONGTHEMOST UNDER½SHEDINTHEWORLDYETAREALSOHOMETO THREATENEDSPECIESOFTURTLEANDWADINGBIRDS &ORTHOSEWHOHAVENEVERASSOCIATED3IERRA,EONE WITHTROPICALISLANDSOFFITSCOASTLIEROMANTIC CASTAWAYISLANDSWITHINTRIGUINGNAMESLIKE4URTLE 0LANTAIN3HERBROAND"ANANA)SLANDHOPPINGIN 3IERRA,EONECOMBINESAQUATICSPORTSLIKEDIVING ANDSNORKELLINGWITHTHEOPPORTUNITYTODISCOVER THERICHHISTORYANDCULTURESOFTHEISLANDSAND THEIR½SHINGCOMMUNITIES3HERBRO)SLAND3IERRA ,EONE´SLARGESTISTHESPORTS½SHERMAN´SDREAMTHE TARPONANDOTHERGAME½SHTHATHAVEBEENLANDED THEREHAVEBROKENSEVERALWORLDRECORDS3IERRA ,EONE´SISLANDSARENOTJUSTINTHE!TLANTICHOWEVER MANYISLANDSARETUCKEDAWAYINTHEMIDDLEOF ITSBROADRIVERS4HESEINCLUDE4IWAI)SLANDONE OFTHEMOSTSIGNI½CANTANDECOLOGICALLYDIVERSE WILDLIFESANCTUARIESINTHEWORLDAND"UNCE)SLAND FOUGHTOVERBYMARITIMEPOWERSFORCENTURIESAND WHOSESLAVECASTLEPOIGNANTLYWASFEATUREDINTHE GENEALOGYOFMANY.ORTH!MERICANS)NLANDTHERE AREPICTURESQUEVILLAGESSHOWCASINGTRADITIONAL !FRICANCRAFTSUNIQUETO3IERRA,EONESUCHAS'ARA !BOVE0ASSENGERBOATSPULL INTO'OVERNMENT7HARF &REETOWN DYINGANDCOUNTRYCLOTHWEAVING)NTHEEAST THE"INTUMANI-OUNTAINS7EST!FRICA´SHIGHEST PROVIDESGREATHIKINGANDBREATHTAKINGVIEWS 9ETTHEJOYSOFTHE&REETOWN0ENINSULAARENOT TOBESNIFFEDAT&REETOWNISFUNKYANDVIBRANT WITHAGREATNIGHTLIFEBUSTLINGMARKETSCOLONIAL ERAARCHITECTUREANDOFCOURSEKILOMETERSOF PRISTINEPALMFRINGEDBEACHESWHICHINSTARK CONTRASTTOPACKAGEDHOLIDAYDESTINATIONSAREOFTEN ALMOSTEMPTYWITHONLYWEATHERWORN½SHERMEN ANDEXOTICBIRDSFORCOMPANY4HEVERYDE½NITIONOF THATOFTOVERUSEDTERM±UNSPOILT²3IERRA,EONEIN EVERYWAYISTHETROPICALPARADISEWITHSOMETHING FOREVERYONE "OUNDEDBYTHE2EPUBLICSOF'UINEAAND ,IBERIATOTHENORTHEASTANDSOUTHRESPECTIVELY ANDTHE!TLANTICTOTHEWESTTHE7EST!FRICAN NATIONOF3IERRA,EONEISBARELYSIXHOURS¾YING TIMEFROM,ONDONORABOUT½VEHOURSFROM0ARISOR "RUSSELS)TCOMPRISESOFPROVINCESSIMPLYNAMED .ORTHERN3OUTHERN%ASTERNANDTHE7ESTERN!REA 3IERRA,EONEHASFOURPHYSICALREGIONS4RAVELLING EASTFROMTHE!TLANTICCOASTTHECOUNTRYFEATURES ABELTOFCOASTALMANGROVESWAMPSBROKENUP BYTHEMOUNTAINOUS3IERRA,EONE0ENINSULA4HE -OUNTAINSWHICHGAVE3IERRA,EONEITSNAMEARE VOLCANICINORIGINANDRISEALMOSTSTRAIGHTOFFTHE BEACHESTHEONLYPLACEONTHEWESTCOASTOF!FRICA WEREMOUNTAINSARECLOSETOTHESEA4HECOASTAL SWAMPITSELFGIVESWAYTOAPLAINABOUT MILESWIDE&URTHEREASTTHEREISANUPLANDPLATEAU RISINGTOTHEMOUNTAINOUS%ASTWHICHISDOMINATED BYTWOMOUNTAINRANGESTHE3ULAANDTHE,OMA -OUNTAINS4HE,OMA-OUNTAINSCONTAIN7EST !FRICA´SHIGHESTPEAK-OUNT"INTIMANIALSOKNOWN AS,OMA-ANSA 4HECLIMATEISTROPICALANDHUMIDANDFEATURES TWOMAINSEASONSTHE$RYWINTERSEASONLASTSFROM .OVEMBERTILL!PRILANDTHE2AINYSUMMERSEASON FROM-AYTILL/CTOBER 4HEMAINENTRYPOINTANDGATEWAYTO3IERRA ,EONEIS,UNGI!IRPORT5SINGTHEAIRPORTCANBE QUITEACHALLENGEBUTFACILITIESHAVEIMPROVED SIGNI½CANTLYINTHEPASTDECADEANDMORE DEVELOPMENTANDACOMPREHENSIVEFACELIFTPROJECT AREEARMARKED 4HEAIRPORTISONTHENORTHSIDEOFTHE EXTREMELYWIDE2OKELESTUARYALSOKNOWNASTHE 3IERRA,EONE2IVERWHICHFORMSONEOFTHELARGEST NATURALHARBOURSINTHEWORLD4HISAVAILSDRAMATIC VIEWSOF&REETOWNANDITSMOUNTAINBACKDROPFOR INCOMINGAIRPASSENGERS'ETTINGPASSENGERSFROM THEAIRPORTTOTHEMAINLANDINREASONABLETIMEAND COMFORTHASBEENALOGISTICALANDTRANSPORTATION CHALLENGEOVERTHEYEARSINFACTTHISUSEDTOBEA WHITEKNUCKLEADVENTUREINITSOWNRIGHT4HESE DAYSTHEREAREALOTMORECHOICESINGETTINGACCROSS 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 71 . 4HEFERRYANDHELICOPTERSERVICESTO+ISSY&ERRY 4ERMINALAND!BERDEEN(ELIPORTINTHEEASTAND WESTOF&REETOWNRESPECTIVELYHAVEIMPROVEDANDIN ADDITIONTHEREARENOWWATERTAXISERVICESOFFERING VERYCOMFORTABLEHIGHSPEEDCROSSINGOFTHE ESTUARYTOTERMINALSONTHE&REETOWNBAYS 4HESEASIDESUBURBOF!BERDEENFEATURESA CONCENTRATIONOFLARGEHOTELSANDRESORTSANDIS WITHINASTONE´STHROWOF,UMLEYBEACH!SARESULT ITHASITSOWNDEDICATEDHELIPORTANDWATERTAXI TERMINAL&ORTHOSEOPTINGTOCROSSTHEESTUARYBY HELICOPTERTHEVIEWOF!BERDEENAND,UMLEY"EACH ATSUNSETWITH&REETOWNCASCADINGOVERMULTIPLE HILLSTOTHEEASTISINDEEDASIGHTFORSORETRAVELLERS´ EYESANDISAWELCOMETHATHASTOBEEXPERIENCED 4HEREISCURRENTLYAPROGRAMMEOFROAD BUILDINGANDIMPROVEMENTUNDERWAYINBOTHTHE 0ENINSULAANDTHE0ROVINCESANDMANYROADS AREINTHEPROCESSOFBEINGUPGRADEDORYETTOBE UPGRADED&ORINDEPENDENTTRAVELLERSTHEREFORE PERHAPSTHEMOST¾EXIBLEANDVERSATILEMETHOD OFTRAVELTOTHEINTERIORFROM&REETOWNREMAINS AHIREDXANDALOCALGUIDE4HEREAREREGULAR 'OVERNMENT"USSERVICESTOTHE0ROVINCESFROM . THE"US3TATIONON7ALLACE*OHNSON3TREET4OVISIT ONEOFTHEISLANDSOFFTHECOASTABOATCANBEHIRED FROMTHE!QUA3PORTS#LUBIN-URRAY4OWNJUST ACROSS#OCKLE"AYFROM!BERDEEN4HEREAREALSO SHUTTLESPEEDBOATSERVICESBETWEEN+ENT6ILLAGE ATTHESOUTHERNMOSTPOINTOFTHE0ENINSULAAND "ANANA)SLANDS 4HEPASTYEARSHAVESEENA¾URRYOF CONSTRUCTIONINTHESECTORWITHMANYNEWHOTELS ANDGUESTHOUSES4HEMAJORITYOFTHESEARELOCATED INTHE&REETOWN0ENINSULA/VERALLDEMANDFOR BEDSISSTRONGWITHHOTELSBEINGOVERSUBSCRIBED IN$ECEMBERAND!PRILANDUNDERSUBSCRIBED DURINGTHERAINYSEASONMONTHSOF*ULY!UGUSTAND 3EPTEMBER 2IGHT4HEHILLSONTHE APPROACHTO-AKENI .ORTHEN0ROVINCE /00/245.)4)%3&/2 3)%22!,%/.%4/52)3!S3IERRA,EONEREACHESITSTHANNIVERSARYTHE OPPORTUNITIESNOWEXISTFORITTOTRULYCAPTILISEON ITSCONSIDERABLETOURISMASSETS 4HEGLOBALECONOMYISUNDERGOINGAPERIODOF RECESSIONANDREALIGNMENTINCLUDINGTHETOURISM "ELOW!MANENJOYSTHE FAMOUS#HARLOTTE&ALLS NEAR&REETOWN SECTORWHEREINCREASESINFUELDUTYWILLIMPACT FAREPRICES)NSPITEOFTHISTOURISMWILLREMAINONE OFTHELARGESTSECTORSOFTHEGLOBALECONOMYAND THENUMBEROFCOUNTRIESFORWHOMREVENUEFROM TOURISMISVITALWILLINCREASE )NTHISENVIRONMENTASMALLCOMPACTCOUNTRY LIKE3IERRA,EONEWITHITSHUGEDIVERSITYINFAUNA ¾ORAVEGETATIONANDTERRAINCOMBINEDWITHA STRONGHISTORICALHERITAGEPUTSITINPRIMEPOSITION TOTAKEADVANTAGEOFSEVERALNICHESECTORSOFTHE INDUSTRY4HEMAINNICHETOURISMSECTORS3IERRA ,EONECOULDEXPLOITINCLUDE (ERITAGE2OOTS'ENEALOGICAL 'ENEALOGYISCURRENTLYOFMAJORINTERESTINMANY COUNTRIESOFTHEWORLDPARTICULARLYINTHE7EST WHICHHASSEENMAJORPOPULATIONSHIFTSOVERTHE PASTTHREEFOURCENTURIES-ANYPEOPLEFROMALL WALKSOFLIFEAREFASCINATEDWITHTHEIRANCESTRY)N .ORTH!MERICAMANY!FRICAN!MERICANSAND!FRO #ANADIANSWANTTORETRACETHEIRANCESTORS´JOURNEYS BACKTO-OTHER!FRICA3IERRA,EONEHASBEEN SHOWNTOBETHEMOSTLIKELYORIGINFORTHEANCESTORS OF!FRICAN!MERICANSANDINFACTSHOWSUPIN $.!TESTINGMOREOFTENTHANANYOTHER!FRICAN COUNTRY4HISISDUETOTHEFACTTHATRICEPLANTERS FROM3IERRA,EONEWEREMUCHINDEMANDIN3OUTH #AROLINAAND'EORGIAANDFROMTHERESPREADALL OVERTHE3OUTHERN5NITED3TATESANDBEYOND4HE 'ULLAHSAUNIQUELYHOMOGENOUSGROUPIN3OUTH #AROLINAAND'EORGIASHARESOMANYTRAITSWITH TODAY´S3IERRA,EONEANSTHATTHEN0RESIDENT-OMOH VISITEDINAFTERWHICHTHEREHAVEBEENTHREE ±HOMECOMING²TOURSBYTHE'ULLAHSTHATHAVE CAPTUREDMEDIAATTENTION (OWEVERDUETOTHERICHNESSOF3IERRA,EONE´S 72 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% NATIONALARCHIVESANDOTHERHERITAGESITES"RITISH #ARIBBEANANDOTHER%UROPEANSINTERESTEDINTHEIR NATIONS´COLONIALHISTORYWILLBEATTRACTEDTO3IERRA ,EONE&OREXAMPLEMANY#ARIBBEANSOLDIERS ESPECIALLYFROM*AMAICAAND"ARBADOSSERVEDIN THE"RITISH7EST!FRICA2EGIMENTANDMADE3IERRA ,EONETHEIRHOMEAFTERRETIRINGFROMTHE2EGIMENT &INALLYITISNOTJUSTTHE'ULLAHSANDOTHER !FRICAN!MERICANSTHATWILLBEINTERESTEDIN HOMECOMING!STRANSPORTATIONANDTHECOSTOF TRAVELTO3IERRA,EONEIMPROVES½RSTSECONDAND THIRDGENERATION3IERRA,EONEANSWILLBEINTERESTED INCOMINGBACKANDRENEWINGLINKSWITHCOUNTRY %CO4OURISM )NTERMSOFBIODIVERSITY3IERRA,EONEISSECONDTO NONE%COTOURISMANDSUSTAINABLETOURISMARENOW ½RMLYONTHE3IERRA,EONE'OVERNMENT´SAGENDA ANDTHESANCTUARIESANDWILDLIFERESERVESAT'OLA 4IWAI/UTAMBA+ILIMIAND4ECUGAMAADDVARIETY ANDINTEREST&URTHERDEVELOPMENTISPLANNEDFOR OTHERRESERVESANDNEWSITESAREBEINGCURRENTLY BEINGINVESTIGATED4HESTRATEGYDE½NITELYINVOLVES ANINCREASEINBEDSANDCONSEQUENTLYVISITOR NUMBERSBUTWITHANEMPHASISONTHERIGHTMIX OFDEVELOPMENTSOTHATFRAGILEECOSYSTEMSARENOT HARMED (IGH%ND4OURISM 4HISSPEAKSFORITSELF-ASSTOURISMDOESNOTQUITE APPEALIN3IERRA,EONEANDGIVENTHEFRAGILITYOF THEENVIRONMENTDOESNOTSCOREHIGHENOUGHON THESUSTAINABILITYTEST4HEFOCUSOFTHE-INISTRY OF4OURISMISTHEREFOREONEARNINGSRATHERTHAN NUMBERS 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 73 Salini Cost rutt ori Made in Italy – . GENERATINGEXPORTEARNINGSFOR3IERRA,EONEAND FOSTERINGREGIONALINTEGRATION 4HE-ASIAKA"O0ROJECT 4HE-ASIAKA"O0ROJECTWASFUNDEDBYTHE %UROPEAN5NIONANDTHE'OVERNMENTOF3IERRA ,EONE)TCONSISTEDINTHEREHABILITATIONOF +MOF2OADCONNECTING&REETOWNTO"OTHROUGH -ASIAKAANDWASCOMPLETEDIN-ARCH 4HE-ASIAKA¯"O(IGHWAYISA#LASS2OAD PARTOFTHE4RANS7EST!FRICAN(IGHWAYWHICH WILLLINKALL7EST!FRICAN3TATESALLOWINGFREE ANDEASYMOVEMENTOFGOODSANDPEOPLE4HIS INFRASTRUCTUREWILLBOOSTMANYACTIVITIESLOCATED ALONGTHEROADCORRIDORESPECIALLYINTHE½ELD OFAGRICULTURECARPENTRYFURNITUREMAKINGSETC OPENINGSALESANDMARKETINGOPPORTUNITIESASWELL ASFACILITATINGIMPORTSBYMAKINGITPOSSIBLETO SWIFTLYREACHTHEPORTANDTHEAIRPORT 'AP9EAR6OLUNTEER4OURISM 4HISISANINCREASINGLYPOPULARSECTOROFTHE INDUSTRY-ANYGAPYEARSTUDENTSANDFULLTIME WORKERSWANTINGTODOSOMETHINGDIFFERENTARE NOWLOOKINGTOCOMBINETRAVELWITHUSINGTHEIR SKILLSINDEVELOPMENTORECOTOURISMPROJECTS!SA DEVELOPINGNATION3IERRA,EONEHASPLENTYOFTHESE SORTSOFPROJECTSANDWOULDBENE½TIMMENSELYFROM WHATCANBEMOREACCURATELYDESCRIBEDAS³WINWIN TOURISM´ !DVENTURE!CTIVE4OURISM 4HEAPPEALOFTHISFORMOFTOURISMISTHATITCAN HAPPENDURINGTHE2AINY3EASONANDINPARTSOF THECOUNTRYTHATHAVELITTLEORNOINFRASTRUCTURE )NADDITION3IERRA,EONE´STERRAINISSUITABLEFOR TOURISMPRODUCTSDESIGNEDAROUNDMOUNTAIN BIKINGCANOEINGSCUBADIVINGMOUNTAINCLIMBING ANDSPORTS½SHING"YDESIGNINGCREATIVEPRODUCTS TOURISTSWHOWANTTO±DOSOMETHINGDIFFERENT² ORVENTUREOFFTHEBEATENPATHWILLBEMORE DELIBERATELYCATEREDFOR #ONFERENCE4OURISM 4HISWILLREQUIRESUSTAINEDINVESTMENTINIMPROVED CONFERENCINGFACILITIES'IVENTHEASSETSBOASTED BY3IERRA,EONE´STOURISMTHEREISANINCREDIBLE OPPORTUNITYFOROVERSEASINVESTORS 74 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 3USTAINABLETOURISM 4HISISNOTJUSTABOUTATTRACTINGVISITORSFROM OVERSEAS4HEKEYISTOENCOURAGETHEMILLION RESIDENT3IERRA,EONEANSTOTRAVELAROUNDAND DISCOVERMOREOFTHEIROWNCOUNTRY-ANY3IERRA ,EONEANSHAVENOTEVENHEARDOFPLACESLIKE4URTLE )SLANDSLETALONEVISITTHERE!SDOMESTICTOURISM DEVELOPSTHECOUNTRYWOULDBELESSRELIANTONTHE EBBAND¾OWSOFTHEGLOBALTOURISMECONOMY 4(%#(!,,%.'%&/24(%.%84 9%!23#/.3%26!4)/. 02%3%26!4)/.!.$3534!).!",% $%6%,/0-%.4 #ONSERVATIONGOESHANDINHANDWITHECOTOURISM AND0RESERVATIONGOESHANDINHANDWITH2OOTS TOURISM#ONSERVATIONAND0RESERVATIONARE THEREFORETWOPRIORITIESFOR3IERRA,EONESOCIETY AND'OVERNMENTTHATHAVEBEENATTRACTINGALOT OFFOCUSESPECIALLYWITHTHEREMEDIALACTIONTHAT WASNECESSARYAFTERTHEWIDESPREADDAMAGEAND DESTRUCTIONCAUSEDBYTHE#IVIL7AR #ONSERVATIONISARELATIVELYNEWCONCEPTSINCE THECOUNTRY´SPRIMARYCONSERVATIONORGANISATION THE#ONSERVATION3OCIETYOF3IERRA,EONEWAS ONLYFORMEDIN(OWEVERTHE3OCIETYWITH ITSPARTNERSANDFRIENDSHAVEDONEASUPERBJOB !BOVE4HEREPLICAOFTHE SHIP³,A!MISATD´ONITSVISIT TO3IERRA,EONEIN !BOVE"UMBUNA&ALLS (YDROELECTRIC0OWER0LANT ¯,ARGEST(YDRO$AMIN THEWORLD#OMMISSIONEDBY 0RESIDENT+OROMAON.OV TH 2IGHT-ASIAKA"O(IGHWAY 0ROJECT¯#OMMISSIONEDBY 0RESIDENT+OROMATOIMPROVE ACCESSBETWEEN&REETOWNAND THE3OUTHEASTERNPARTOF 3IERRA,EONE 4HE"UMBUNA&ALLS(YDROELECTRIC0OWER0LANT 4HE"UMBUNA&ALLS(YDROELECTRIC0OWER0LANTIS LOCATEDONTHE3ELI2IVERSOME+MNORTHEAST OFTHECAPITALCITY&REETOWN)TISTHE½RSTMAJOR HYDROPOWERDEVELOPMENTINTHECOUNTRY´SHISTORY 4HEDAMINTAKEMULTIPURPOSETUNNELSSPILLWAYS ANDPOWERHOUSEARETHEMAINPROJECTCOMPONENTS OFTHISHYDROELECTRICGENERATIONSCHEMEAT "UMBUNA&ALLSWITHA½RSTPHASEINSTALLEDCAPACITY OF-7ANDAK6TRANSMISSIONLINE+M LONGCONNECTING"UMBUNATO&REETOWN 4HANKSTOTHEDEDICATIONOF(%THE0RESIDENT THECOMPLETIONOFTHE"UMBUNA(YDROELECTRIC 0OWER0LANTIN/CTOBERWASANIMPORTANT MOMENTFOR3IERRA,EONEWHEREONLY½VEPERCENT OFTHEPOPULATIONAREONTHEGRID4HELACK OFPOWERHASINTHEPASTREPRESENTEDAMAJOR IMPEDIMENTTO3IERRA,EONE´SECONOMICGROWTH PARTICULARLYINTHEINDUSTRIALANDSERVICESECTORS 4HECOMPLETIONOFTHE½RSTPHASEOFTHEPROJECT BROUGHTARELIABLESUPPLYOFMOREAFFORDABLE POWERTO3IERRA,EONEINANENVIRONMENTALLYAND SOCIALLYSUSTAINABLEMANNERREDUCINGRELIANCE ONAMULTITUDEOFEXPENSIVEANDPOLLUTINGPRIVATE GENERATORS&UTUREHYDROPOWERGENERATIONON ALARGESCALEUNDER"UMBUNACOULDSEE ELECTRICITYSUPPLIEDTONEIGHBORINGCOUNTRIES 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 75 . INREPAIRINGMUCHOFTHEDAMAGEDONETOMANY OF3IERRA,EONE´SMOSTSENSITIVEECOSYSTEMS4HE ORGANISATIONRIGHTLYPRIORITISESWORKWITHLOCAL COMMUNITIESANDSCHOOLSTORE¡INFORCEVALUES NECESSARYFOR3IERRA,EONEANSTOBEARESPONSIBLE CUSTODIANSOFFRAGILEECOSYSTEMSOFSUCHGLOBAL SIGNI½CANCE(OWEVERTHECOSTOFCONSERVATIONHAS 76 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% TOBEDEMONSTRABLYLINKEDWITHTHEBENE½TSOFECO TOURISMTOENABLEBUYINFROMLOCALCOMMUNITIES &OREXAMPLEATREEFELLEDMAYHAVEIMMEDIATE TRANSIENTMATERIALBENE½TSINTERMSOFCHARCOAL ORCOMMERCIALLOGSBUTMAINTAININGTHEFOREST COVERATTRACTSVISITORSWITHFOREIGNCURRENCYON ANONGOINGBASISANDPRESERVESREALTREASURETHAT CANBEPASSEDONTOTHENEXTGENERATION)NSOME PARTSOF3IERRA,EONE4IWAIBEINGAGOODEXAMPLE THELOCALCOMMUNITIESTOOKTHELEADINLOBBYING 'OVERNMENTTOPROTECTTHEIRFORESTS &ORARATHERSMALLCOUNTRY3IERRA,EONEIS BLESSEDWITHRICHBIOLOGICALTREASURESANDAMIXOF DIVERSEECOSYSTEMSINCLOSEPROXIMITYTOEACHOTHER 3IERRA,EONEPRESENTSTHEDISCERNINGTRAVELLERWITH THEABILITYSHOULDTHEYWISHTOCOMBINEDIFFERENT HOLIDAYEXPERIENCESNOTNORMALLYASSOCIATEDWITH EACHOTHERINTOUNIQUELYMEMORABLETRIPS4HIS WILLMEANFOREXAMPLETHATTRIPSTOSITESASSOCIATED WITHPIRATESANDSHIPWRECKSCANBECOMBINEDWITH !FRICANCULTUREORSAFARIS !CQUIRINGTHEFUNDINGANDINVESTMENTINTHE CURRENTGLOBALECONOMICCLIMATEISACHALLENGE HOWEVERTHEASPIRATIONISFORINVESTMENTINTO SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTPROJECTSTOBECHANNELLED INNOWSOTHATWHENTHEOUTLOOKFORTHEGLOBAL TOURISMMARKETIMPROVES3IERRA,EONEWILLBEIN APRIMEPOSITIONTOFUL½LITSPOTENTIALASATOP GLOBALHOLIDAYDESTINATION !BOVE!YOUNGBOYPLAYS ONA½SHINGBOATIN+ENT 6ILLAGE ,EFT!WOMAN½SHSELLER CARRIESWARESON HERHEAD Chapter 10. Sierra Leone – 3IERRA,EONEANSANDTHEWORLDHAVELONG BECOMEUSEDTODECADESOFREADINGTHAT 3IERRA,EONEONLYCOMES½RSTATBEING LASTEGMOSTINTERNATIONALLYPUBLISHED STANDARDOFLIVINGSTATISTICS4HESECLAIM THATTHECOUNTRYISRIVENWITHCORRUPTION FROMTOPTOBOTTOMTHATCHEATINGIN SCHOOLSANDUNIVERSITIESISTHENORMOR THATTHECOUNTRY´SCIVILWARWASPROBABLY THEMOSTBRUTALONTHE!FRICANCONTINENTIN THELATTERPARTOFTHELASTCENTURY7ITHALL OFTHATITISALMOSTIMPOSSIBLETOIMAGINE THATTHEREWASTIMEINTHENOTTOODISTANT PASTWHEN3IERRA,EONELEDTHEWORLDIN SOMETHINGTHATWASGOODANDPOSITIVE I NSPITEOFALLTHECLAIMSANDTHEGROANING SHELVESFULLOFBOOKSTHATHAVEBEENWRITTEN CLAIMINGTHATWASTHEMOSTIMPORTANT YEAROFTHESAMUCHMOREVALIDCLAIMCOULDBE MADEFORBEINGAPIVOTALYEARINTHATDECADEOR EVENINTHATCENTURY &ORANYONEWHOCONSIDERSHIMORHERSELFTOBE ASERIOUSHISTORIANOFTHELASTCENTURYRANKS ASAPRETTYSPECIALYEARINPOLITICSINSPORTMUSIC ANDPOPULARCULTUREGENERALLYFOREXAMPLE7ELL)N +WAME.KRUMAHDECLARED'HANAAONEPARTY STATE2EMEMBERTHISWASTHEMANANDTHENATION TOWHICHALMOSTTHEWHOLEOF"LACK!FRICALOOKEDFOR INSPIRATIONANDGUIDANCEINTHENEWPOSTCOLONIAL WORLD(EWASTOSETAMOSTUNWELCOMEPRECEDENT THATCONTINUESTOPLAGUETHECONTINENTTOTHIS DAY)NTHATSAMEYEARTHE0ALESTINIAN,IBERATION /RGANISATION0,/WASFORMED&ORSTUDENTSOF POPULARCULTUREASIFTHEYEARWASNOTSPECIAL ENOUGHONEPARTICULARMONTHWASTOSEEEVENTS THATDE½NEDTHESAGAINSOMEWOULDSAYTHAT DE½NEDTHECENTURY )TWASONTH&EBRUARYTHAT4HE"EATLES APPEAREDON!MERICA´S%D3ULLIVANSHOWADATEAND ANAPPEARANCETHATBYCOMMONCONSENTMARKEDTHE REALBEGINNINGOFTHE³"RITISH)NVASION´OF!MERICA ANDTHEDATEONWHICH4HE"EATLESWENTFROM BEINGSTARSTOSUPERSTARS/NTHETH&EBRUARY -UHAMMAD!LITHENSTILLCALLED#ASSIUS #LAYDEFEATED3ONNY,ISTONTOCAPTURETHE7ORLD (EAVYWEIGHTCROWNFORTHE½RSTTIME)STHEREA PERSONALIVEWHOSTILLNEEDSCONVINCINGORWHOWOULD ARGUEWITHTHESIGNI½CANCEOFTHESEEPOCHDE½NING 78 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% . EVENTS!NDYETTHEREISONEANNIVERSARYFROMTHAT SAME&EBRUARYBURIEDINTHEMISTSOFTIMETHATIN THEHUMBLEOPINIONOFTHISWRITERDESERVESTOSTAND ALONGSIDETHOSEALREADYMENTIONED !LMOSTYEARSAGOANEVENTHAPPENEDTHAT SENTRIPPLESOFPLEASURETHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDOF 0HILATELYESPECIALLYFORITWASIN&EBRUARYTHAT 3IERRA,EONEISSUED4(%7/2,$´3&)234%6%2 3%,&!$(%3)6%34!-03.OTHISISNOTA³TYPO´ ANDYOUMAYREADTHATLASTSENTENCEAGAINJUSTTO MAKESURE)DELIBERATELYTYPEDTHATSENTENCEIN CAPITALLETTERSBECAUSETHEACHIEVEMENTISONEWORTH SHOUTINGABOUT )NKEEPINGWITHALLTHINGS3IERRA,EONEANTHE STAMPSWERENOTISSUEDTOMARKANYEVENTOFNATIONAL SIGNI½CANCEBUTTOCOMMEMORATESOMETHING HAPPENINGSOMEWHEREELSESPECI½CALLYTHATYEAR´S .EW9ORK7ORLD´S&AIR4HESTAMPSWEREAWORLDWIDE HITWITHSTAMPCOLLECTOR´SCLAMOURINGTOGETTHEIR HANDSONTHESEBEAUTIFULANDOHSOPRACTICALSTAMPS 3OMEBODYSOMEWHEREMUSTHAVEDECIDEDTHATSURELY LICKINGSTAMPSWASBECOMINGPASSmINTHETH CENTURY 7HERE3IERRA,EONELEDITSEEMEDTHEWORLD WOULDFOLLOWIT´SJUSTTHATNOONETHOUGHTITWOULD TAKESOLONGFORTHATTOHAPPEN 4OPUTTHEACHIEVEMENTINTOSHARPERCONTEXT !BOVE0OSTCARDANNOUNCING 3IERRA,EONE´SPLACEIN HISTORYASTHE½RSTCOUNTRY TOPRODUCESELFADHESIVE STAMPS ,EFT%ARLY3IERRA,EONEAN STAMPSWITHTHEHEADOF +ING'EORGE6) THE3IERRA,EONEANSTAMPSWEREISSUEDAFULL YEARSBEFORETHE!MERICANSMADEA½RSTATTEMPTAT DOINGTHESAME4HEISSUEBYTHE53POSTAL AUTHORITIESWASSOPLAGUEDWITHPROBLEMSAND COMPLAINTSESPECIALLYBYCOLLECTORSTHEADHESIVE USEDCAUSEDDISCOLORATIONOFTHESTAMPDESIGN THATTHEYWERESOONDISCONTINUED4HE53THEN SHIEDAWAYFROMISSUINGTHESEAGAINUNTILWHEN THEY½NALLYGOTTHEFORMULARIGHTIFONLYTHEYHAD ASKEDTHE3IERRA,EONEANS4HE"RITISHONLYBEGAN TOISSUESELFADHESIVESTAMPSINTHESSOME YEARSAFTERTHE3IERRA,EONEANEDITIONS)TSEEMS INCONCEIVABLETHATINTHEST#ENTURYANYONEWOULD STILLWANTTOLICKTHEIRSTAMPS!LLONEHADTODOWITH THESEWASPEELOFFANDSTICKONNONEOFTHATLICKING ANDSTICKINGANDYOURTONGUEHAVINGTOGETUSEDTO ANUNWELCOMETASTE )NWE3IERRA,EONEANSCOULDWALKWITH CHESTSPUFFEDOUTANDHEADSHELDHIGH7EHAD ACHIEVEDSOMETHINGONTHEWORLDSTAGETHATCOULD NEVERBETAKENAWAYFROMUS2ATHERLIKEBEING BORNITCANONLYHAPPENONCE/FCOURSETHISDID NOTHAPPENINAVACUUMATTHETIMETHECOUNTRY WASNEWLYINDEPENDENTANDFULLOFBOLDMENAND WOMENWITHBOLDIDEAS-ANYHADSTUDIEDABROAD ANDHADRETURNEDWITHVISIONSOFPUTTINGTHISSMALL BUTIMPORTANTCOUNTRYONTHEMAP4HISWASANAGE WHENCYNICISMDIDNOTRULETHELANDWHENA0H$DID NOTSTANDFOR0ULL(IM(ER$OWN4HISAFTERALLWAS THECOUNTRYTHATHADGIVEN!FRICAOTHERTHINGSTOBE PROUDOFINCLUDING4HE#-3'RAMMAR3CHOOLAND &OURAH"AY#OLLEGE)TWASTIMEBEFORECOUPD´ETATS ANDCIVILWARSNOTJUSTIN3IERRA,EONETHEYWERE RAREEVENTSACROSSTHE!FRICANCONTINENT)NSHORT ITWASTHEPERIODOFOURCOUNTRY´SANDCONTINENT´S GREATESTOPTIMISM)NTRUTHTHEWHOLEOF!FRICA CELEBRATEDWITHUSANDSUDDENLYWESCHOOLCHILDREN WEREGETTINGPENPALSFROMACROSSTHECONTINENTAND FROMACROSSTHEGLOBEEAGERTOGETTHEIRHANDSON THESEEXTRAORDINARILYHISTORICSTAMPS4HEYEARBEFORE THEINTRODUCTIONOFTHESESTAMPSHADSEENTHE GOVERNMENTLAUNCHTHECOUNTRY´STELEVISIONSERVICE 5NFORTUNATELYFOR3IERRA,EONEANSTHEREWAS ASADDERBUTEQUALLYNOTABLEEVENTTHEDEATHOF THECOUNTRY´SVISIONARY½RST0RIME-INISTER3IR -ILTON-ARGAITHEMANWHOHADSPEARHEADEDTHE MOVEMENTFORINDEPENDENCEFROMTHE"RITISH /NEREMARKABLEFACTREGARDINGTHESTAMPS ESPECIALLYINTHELIGHTOFTHERATHERLATE"RITISH CONVERSIONTOTHEIDEAOFSELFADHESIVESISTHAT THECOMPANYCOMMISSIONEDBYTHE3IERRA,EONE GOVERNMENTTODELIVERTHEDESIGNS3AMUEL*ONESAND #O,TDHAPPENEDTOBEA"RITISH#OMPANY %VENTODAYASWEAPPROACHTHATMOMENTOUS THANNIVERSARYOFTHEIRLAUNCHINGTHESESTAMPS ARESTUNNINGANDBEAUTIFULTOBEHOLD4HEDESIGNS AREASEXTRAORDINARYANDEYECATCHINGNOWASTHEY WERETHEN4HEDESIGNCOMPANYHADTAKENTHE OPPORTUNITYNOTONLYTODESIGNSELFADHESIVESTAMPS BUTHADALSOSEIZEDTHEOPPORTUNITYTOOPENUPA 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 79 . ,EFT2EVERSEOFPOSTCARD FROMTHE#%/OFTHE COMPANYRESPONSIBLEFOR PRODUCINGTHEWORLD´S½RST SELFADHESIVESTAMPSON BEHALFOFTHE'OVERNMENTOF 3IERRA,EONE & Regimanuel Gray (SL) Limited SIERRABLOCK CONCRETE PRODUCTS LTD wishes the government and the people of sierra Leone a glorious 50th Anniversary of Independence BOLDNEWCHAPTERINSTAMPDESIGN4HESEWERENOT JUSTPLAINLOOKINGSTAMPSTHATYOUDIDNOTHAVETO LICK4HEYWEREOFDIFFERENTSHAPESANDSIZESAND EMPLOYEDBOLDUSESOFCOLOURSNEVERPREVIOUSLYSEEN ONSTAMPS.OTJUSTVIVIDREDSBLUESGREENSAND YELLOWSBUTEMBOSSEDGOLDANDSILVERTOO4HERE WERESTAMPSINTHESHAPEOFAMAPOFTHECOUNTRYOF ANEAGLEWITHOUTSPREADWINGSALION´SHEADSTAMPS SHAPEDLIKEDIAMONDS7HENYOUBOUGHTYOUR½RST ONEYOUSPENTANAGEJUSTSTARINGATTHISRADICAL NEWCONCEPTINSTAMPDESIGN)TSEEMEDALMOSTA WASTETOAPPENDITTOALETTERORPOSTCARD!STHE QUALITYOFTHESTAMPSGREWSOTOOOTHERINNOVATIONS WEREADDED%VENTUALLYSOMEOFTHESTANDALONE STAMPSWEREDESIGNEDTOCARRYADVERTISEMENTSFOR LOCALBUSINESSESONTHEREVERSEOFTHEBASEFROM WHICHONEPEELEDTHESTAMPS /FCOURSETHEDROPFROMTHOSEHEADYHEIGHTSIS MIRROREDINTHEDECLINEINALMOSTEVERYSPHEREOFLIFE IN3IERRA,EONE3OMUCHSOTHATTHEEVENTSOFTHAT TIMESEEMTOHAVEHAPPENEDONANOTHERGALAXYLET ALONETHESAMECOUNTRYINANOTHERAGE)TPROBABLY DOESNOTNEEDTOBESPELLEDOUTTHATASTHERESTOF THEWORLDCATCHESUPTOWHERE3IERRA,EONEWAS NEARLYYEARSAGOTHATCOUNTRYHASGONEBACKTO LICKINGITSSTAMPS )MENTIONTHISNOTASANIMPLIEDCRITICISMOF ANYOFTHEPASTORPRESENTGOVERNMENTSALOTHAS HAPPENEDTOTHECOUNTRYINTHATTIME4HECHANGES WROUGHTBYTIMECORRUPTIONANDCIVILWARAREWELL DOCUMENTEDANDCOULDNEVERHAVEBEENFORESEENIN THOSEHALCYONDAYS 5NFORTUNATELYTHECOMPANYTHATWASSO INNOVATIVEINDESIGNINGANDPRODUCINGTHOSESTAMPS HASALSOFAREDLESSWELL!FTERBEINGINBUSINESSFOR 80 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% OVERYEARS3AMUEL*ONES#O,TDWENTINTO ADMINISTRATIONANDTHENLIQUIDATIONIN$ECEMBER JUSTMONTHSSHORTOFWHATWOULDHAVEBEEN THETHANNIVERSARYOFTHATMOMENTOUSEVENT!S WITHVISIONARIESINMANY½ELDSTHEIRIDEASWEREMET WITHOPPOSITIONESPECIALLYINTHEIROWNCOUNTRY !MAZINGLYTHESTRONGPHILATELISTLOBBYIN"RITAINAT THETIMEOPPOSEDTHEINTRODUCTIONOFSELFADHESIVE STAMPSONTHEGROUNDSTHATONCESTUCKONTHEY WOULDBEDIF½CULTTOREMOVEFORCOLLECTORS!S ONEWHOHASCOMETOREALISETHATANYTHINGTHATIS ABOUTTOBEBUILTIN"RITAINISJUSTASLIKELYTOHAVE ACOMMITTEEORASSOCIATIONOPPOSEDTOIT)WASNOT SURPRISEDTOLEARNOFTHIS4HISISACOUNTRYWHERE SEEMINGLYSOMEONEWILLPROBABLYFORMANACTION GROUPAGAINSTYOUIFYOUTRIEDTOBUILDANYTHING 7HENSCANNINGOFTHEPOSTWASINTRODUCEDITWAS ALSODECIDEDTHATTHEOPTICALBRIGHTNESSOFMANY OFTHEEARLYSELFADHESIVESWERENOTSUITEDTOTHIS TECHNOLOGY !FTER!MERICA´SFAILEDEXPERIMENTWITHSELF ADHESIVESTAMPSANDTHEIRSUCCESSFULADOPTIONIN THERESTOF%UROPEAND"RITAINHASNOWSEEN THELIGHTANDSELFADHESIVESTAMPSARETHEORDEROF THEDAY!NDAREVERYMUCHHERETOSTAY !STHETHANNIVERSARYAPPROACHESPERHAPSITS ARRIVALCANACTASASPURTOTHEWHOLECOUNTRYTONOT ONLYCELEBRATEATIMEWHENITLEDTHEWORLDBUTALSO TOACTASANINSPIRATIONTOTHEPRESENTANDFUTURE GENERATIONSTOBEDARINGANDTOINNOVATE-OSTOF ALLCELEBRATECELEBRATETHATBRIEFSTANDATOPONE POSITIVE%VEREST REALLYWASASPECIALTIMETOBEALIVEIN3IERRA ,EONEASWITHELSEWHEREINTHEWORLD Regimanuel Gray: Devoted to the development of Sierra Leone REGIMANUEL GRAY 38 Freetown Road, Wilberforce Freetown Tel: (+232 22) 236046, 235109, 076 541541 Chapter 11. Looking Ahead – 4ODAY3IERRA,EONEISACONSTITUTIONAL REPUBLICWITHADIRECTLYELECTED PRESIDENTANDMEMBERSOFPARLIAMENT ,EGISLATIVEPOWERSAREVESTEDINTHAT PARLIAMENTANDJUDICIALPOWERRESIDES WITHINTHEJUDICIARYOFWHICHTHE#HIEF *USTICEISHEAD S UPREMEEXECUTIVEAUTHORITYRESTSINTHE 0RESIDENTANDMEMBERSOFHISCABINET 4HISCONSTITUTIONALSTRUCTUREHAS PROVIDEDASTABLEBASEFROMWHICHTHECOUNTRY HASBEENABLETODEVELOPANDTOBEGINTOTAKEITS PLACEONTHEINTERNATIONALSTAGE&OREXAMPLE 3IERRA,EONEISNOWAMEMBEROFTHE%CONOMIC #OMMUNITYOF7EST!FRICAN3TATES%#/7!3 HASJOINEDTHE7ORLD4RADE/RGANISATIONAND TOGETHERWITH,IBERIAAND'UINEAFORMEDTHE -ANO2IVER5NION-253IERRA,EONEISALSO STRENGTHENINGITSHISTORICTIESWITH#YPRUS $ENMARK'REECE.ORWAY0ORTUGAL3PAINAND 3WEDENINORDERTOPROMOTETRADETOURISMAND INVESTMENT -!+).'4(%-/34/&.!452!, -).%2!,2%3/52#%3 2ICHMINERALRESOURCESMOSTNOTABLYGEM QUALITYDIAMONDSCONTINUETOSUPPORT3IERRA ,EONE´SECONOMYANDFORMTHECOUNTRY´SMAIN FOREIGNEXPORT)NDEED3IERRA,EONEREMAINS AMONGTHEWORLD´STOPDIAMONDPRODUCING NATIONS)NTHEPASTTHECOUNTRYDIDSTRUGGLE TOMAINTAINLEGITIMATEDIAMONDEXPORTSBUTIN /CTOBERA5.APPROVEDDIAMONDEXPORT CERTI½CATIONSYSTEMWASPUTINPLACEANDLED TOADRAMATICINCREASEINLEGALEXPORTSWHICH CONTINUESTOTHISDAY)NADDITIONIN THEGOVERNMENTCREATEDAMININGCOMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTFUNDWHICHNOWRETURNSAPORTION OFDIAMONDEXPORTTAXESTODIAMONDMINING COMMUNITIES"OTHTHESEINITIATIVESHAVE ENSUREDTHATREVENUESFROMDIAMONDMINING CANBEUSEDTOFUNDECONOMICGROWTHANDTHE COUNTRY´SGROWINGWELFARESTATE !SIDEFROM$IAMONDS3IERRA,EONEHAS ONEOFTHEWORLD´SLARGESTDEPOSITSOFRUTILE ALITTLEKNOWNTITANIUMORETHATISUSEDAS PAINTPIGMENTANDFORWELDINGRODCOATINGS 82 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% . !LTHOUGHRELATIVELYUNKNOWNTOMOSTOFTHE WORLDMININGOFTHISOREIN3IERRA,EONEHAS LEDTOSUBSTANTIALINVESTMENTBY%UROPEANAND !MERICANINVESTORS)NFACTTHECOUNTRY´SLARGEST MINEWASONEOFTHELARGESTNONPETROLEUM53 INVESTMENTSIN7EST!FRICA4ODAYITEXPORTSAS MUCHASTONNESPERYEAREQUIVALENTTO MILLIONINEARNINGS4HECOUNTRYALSOHAS RICHBAUXITEDEPOSITSFROMWHICHALUMINUMIS MOSTCOMMONLYEXTRACTED)NADDITION3IERRA ,EONEHASRICHGOLDRESERVESMUCHOFWHICH ARECURRENTLYACCESSIBLEINRIVERCHANNELSAND SHALLOWSTREAMS4HISRESOURCEHASYETTOBEFULLY EXPLOITEDBYTHEGOVERNMENTONACOMMERCIAL BASISBUTMANYSMALLHOLDFARMERSACROSSTHE COUNTRYARETURNINGTOADHOCGOLDPANNINGIN THESTREAMSCLOSETOTHEIR½ELDSTOGENERATEA REGULARINCOME 30/24-53)##5,452% 4HESPREADOFTHE)NTERNETINCREASEDSOCIAL MOBILITYANDIMPROVEDCOMMUNICATIONSOVERTHE LASTDECADEHAVESETINPLACEGREATERFREEDOM OFINFORMATIONANDADRIVEBYTHEYOUNGER GENERATIONTOCHALLENGEMANYTRADITIONALVALUES ANDASPECTSOFTHEIRCULTURE.EWSPAPERSAND PUBLICATIONSINGENERALACROSSTHECOUNTRYHAVE GREATERFREEDOMANDTHE'OVERNMENTISWORKING HARDTOENSURETHATTHESEFREEDOMSCONTINUE "ELOW(AULINGINTHEDAY´S CATCHON,UMLEY"EACH &REETOWN TOTHRIVE3PORTCONTINUESTOUNITETHECOUNTRY ANDOFALLTHESPORTSPLAYEDANDVIEWED FOOTBALLISTHEMOSTPOPULAR4HENATIONALTEAM KNOWNASTHE,EONE3TARSHASYETTOQUALIFY FORTHE&)&!7ORLD#UPBUTHASSUCCESSFULLY REPRESENTEDTHECOUNTRYININTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONSINCLUDINGTHE!FRICAN#UPOF .ATIONS#RICKETISTHENEXTMOSTPOPULARSPORT ACROSSTHECOUNTRYANDTHENATIONALTEAMPRIDES ITSELFONBEINGAMONGSTTHEBESTIN7EST!FRICA !SCOMMUNICATIONSCONTINUETOOPEN UPTHEYOUNGERGENERATIONHASACCESSTO SHAREDDIGITALINFORMATIONINAWAYTHATWASN´T PREVIOUSLYPOSSIBLE/NEOFTHECONSEQUENCESOF THISISTHATTHECOUNTRY´SMUSICSCENEISEVOLVING RAPIDLY2AP2EGGAE2"$ANCEHALLAND EVEN'RIMEAREIN¾UENCINGANDSOMETIMES REPLACINGTHETRADITIONAL0ALM7INEMUSIC4HIS NEWMUSICPROVIDES3IERRA,EONE´SYOUNGPEOPLE WITHAWAYTOCOMMENTONPOLITICSSOCIAL TRENDSANDASPIRATIONSFORTHEIROWNFUTURE INAWAYTHATWASN´TPOSSIBLEORPERMISSIBLE BEFORE/NEOFTHENEWESTARTISTSTOEMERGEOUT OF3IERRA,EONEISI'NI4ERALSOKNOWNAS±,J² WHOHASACHIEVEDCONSIDERABLEINTERNATIONAL UNDERGROUNDFAME4HE½LM±3WEET 3ALONE²OFFERSANINSIGHTINTOTHISWORLDOF POSTWARASPIRINGARTISTSANDA¾AVOUROFTHE COUNTRY´SDEVELOPINGURBANMUSICSCENE !BOVE!ERIALSHOTOFTHE DAY´SCATCHBEINGHAULEDIN ON,UMLEY"EACH¯AGREAT SIGHTFORTHEBEACHTOURIST )-02/6%$%$5#!4)/.(%!,4( ,IKEEVERYFORWARDTHINKINGCOUNTRYTHE OF½CIALSGOVERNING3IERRA,EONEKNOWTHAT THEKEYTOSUCCESSFULLONGTERMANDSUSTAINED ECONOMICGROWTHHASITSROOTSINAGOOD EDUCATIONFORITSCHILDRENANDSOUNDSOCIALCARE INFRASTRUCTUREFORTHEPOPULATIONASAWHOLE!LL CHILDRENARELEGALLYREQUIREDTOATTENDSCHOOL FORSIXYEARSFROMSIXYEARSOLDATPRIMARY LEVELANDTHREEYEARSBETWEENANDYEARS OLDOFSECONDARYEDUCATION4HEGOVERNMENT HASACHIEVEDGREATSUCCESSINTHISAREAWITH PRIMARYSCHOOLENROLMENTDOUBLINGBETWEEN AND 3IERRA,EONEHASTWOUNIVERSITIES&OURAH "AY#OLLEGEWHICHWASFOUNDEDINANDIS THEOLDESTUNIVERSITYIN3UB3AHARAN!FRICAAND .JALA5NIVERSITY4HELATTERWASESTABLISHEDAS THE.JALA!GRICULTURAL%XPERIMENTAL3TATIONIN 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 83 . ,EFT4YPICALSCENESONSOME OFTHEHUNDREDSOFBEAUTIFUL 3IERRA,EONEANBEACHES ANDBECAMEAUNIVERSITYIN4HEREARE ALSOANUMBEROFTEACHERTRAININGCOLLEGESAND RELIGIOUSSEMINARIESLOCATEDAROUNDTHECOUNTRY 4ODAYTHEGOVERNMENTWITHTHESUPPORT OFFOREIGNAIDPACKAGESPROVIDESHEALTHCARE SERVICESTOTHEPOPULATION)TSLATESTACHIEVEMENT DURINGTHE½RSTHALFOFWASTOINTRODUCE THE&REE(EALTH#ARE)NITIATIVEWHICHDELIVERS SERVICESFORPREGNANTANDBREASTFEEDINGWOMEN ANDCHILDRENUNDER½VEYEARSOLD4HISPOLICY HASBEENSUPPORTEDBYAIDFROMTHE5NITED +INGDOMANDISRECOGNISEDASAPROGRESSIVE MOVETHATOTHER!FRICANCOUNTRIESMAYFOLLOWIN ORDERTODECREASEDEATHDURINGCHILDBIRTHAND INFANTMORTALITYRATES 84 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 4(%$!7./&%#/4/52)33IERRA,EONEBOASTSOVERMILESOFUNSPOILED BEACHESALONGITS!TLANTICCOASTANDTHE PENINSULARSURROUNDINGTHECAPITAL&REETOWN (EADINGINLANDTHEREARELOWLYINGMANGROVE SWAMPSANDTHENAMOUNTAINOUSPLATEAUTOTHE EASTWHERE-OUNT"INTUMANIRISESTONEARLY FEET/THERDESTINATIONSOFNOTEINCLUDETHE"ANANA )SLANDSWHICHOFFERSNORKELLING½SHINGANDCANOE EXCURSIONS"UNCE)SLAND,UMLEY"EACHAND4OKEH "EACH7ITHSUCHNATURALBEAUTY3IERRA,EONE HOPESTOEMULATEITSNEARNEIGHBOUR'AMBIAIN ATTRACTINGTOURISTSANDCREATINGAGROWTHINDUSTRY !TPRESENTTHETOURISTINDUSTRYISINITSINFANCYAND ALTHOUGHITISLIKELYTOBECOMEAMORECOMMERCIAL DESTINATIONINTHEFUTURETHECOUNTRY´SSTATUSASAN UNEXPLOREDANDUNCHARTEDDESTINATIONISCERTAINTO ATTRACTECOTOURISTSBACKPACKERSANDTRAILBLAZING TRAVELLERSOVERTHENEXTFEWYEARS 4HEGOVERNMENTHASALSOCREATED3IERRA,EONE´S ½RSTCOMMUNITYCONSERVATIONPROGRAMMEON4IWAI )SLANDPRESERVINGONEOFTHELASTREMAININGTRACTS OFTHE5PPER'UINEAN#ONGOLESE2AINFOREST!S WELLASTHEPOTENTIALTOOFFERAUNIQUEECOTOURISM DESTINATIONTHEWILDLIFESANCTUARYISOFPROFOUND GLOBALECOLOGICALIMPORTANCE4HESANCTUARYIS HOMETOPRIMATESPECIESOVERDIFFERENT KINDSOFBIRDSNUMEROUSBUTTER¾YSPECIESSOME OFWHICHHAVEONLYRECENTLYBEENNAMEDAND IDENTI½EDANDAROUNDKNOWNPLANTSPECIES )NTHEPASTFEWYEARSHOTELSGUESTHOUSES ANDHOLIDAYHUTSHAVESTARTEDTOAPPEARAROUND THECOUNTRYBUTAREMAINLYCONCENTRATEDAROUND &REETOWN)NGENERALTHE³HIGHEND´LABELAPPLIED TOTHEBESTHOTELSINTHECOUNTRYISEQUIVALENTTOA THREESTARINTERNATIONALRATING$IRECT¾IGHTSFROM %UROPETAKINGAROUNDSIXHOURSARECURRENTLY AVAILABLEFROM,ONDONAND"RUSSELS$IRECT¾IGHTS ALSOLEAVEFROM'HANA,IBERIA"ANJUL$AKAR,AGOS AND-ONROVIAALLOFWHICHARRIVEAT&REETOWN )NTERNATIONAL!IRPORT4OURISTVISASCANBEOBTAINED EITHERDIRECTLYFROM4HE(IGH#OMMISSIONIN ,ONDONORTHROUGHATOURISTOPERATORINEITHER CASETHEYCANBESUPPLIEDWITHINTWOTOTHREE WORKINGDAYS !"2)'(4&5452% 3IERRA,EONEISAVIBRANTCOUNTRYWITHFRIENDLY WELCOMINGPEOPLEANDAHUGEAMOUNTOF POTENTIALTOCONTRIBUTETOTHEGLOBALCOMMUNITY INTERMSOFVALUABLEMINERALRESOURCES !BOVE,OOKINGUPATTHE TOPOF7EST!FRICA´SHIGHEST POINT-OUNT"INTUMANI . 4OP-IDDLE2IGHT&ACES OFYOUNG3IERRA,EONEANS "ELOW9OUNGCHILDRENWATCH THEWATERSAT"UMBUNA &ALLSNEARTHEHYDROELECTRIC POWERPLANT . ANEMERGINGPOPULARCULTUREECOTOURIST DESTINATIONANDENVIRONMENTALLYSIGNI½CANT SITES!STHECOUNTRYCELEBRATESTHETH ANNIVERSARYOFITSINDEPENDENCE3IERRA,EONE CANLOOKFORWARDOPTIMISTICALLYTOABRIGHTER FUTUREWITHMORESOCIALMOBILITYBETTERSOCIAL INFRASTRUCTUREANDSTEADYECONOMICGROWTH 4HEHISTORYOF3IERRA,EONESINCE INDEPENDENCEITWOULDBEFAIRTOSAYHASBEEN MIXED4HE!LL0EOPLE´S#ONGRESS!0#WAS OVERTHROWNINBYAMILITARYCOUPBUTWHEN RESTOREDTHEFOLLOWINGYEARITINSTITUTEDAONE PARTYCONSTITUTION !FURTHERMILITARYCOUPIN!PRILLED TOMOREYEARSOFCHRONICINSTABILITYINCLUDING ACIVILWARINSTIGATEDBYTHE2EVOLUTIONARY 5NITED&RONT25&!BRIEFPERIODOFCIVILIAN RULEFOLLOWEDINBEFORETHE!RMED&ORCES 2EVOLUTIONARY#OUNCIL!&2#OVERTURNEDTHE GOVERNMENTOF0RESIDENT+ABBAHIN )N$ECEMBER5.0EACEKEEPERSARRIVED IN3IERRA,EONEWHOATTEMPTEDTODISARMTHE 25&IN%ASTERN3IERRA,EONE(OWEVERITWASTHE INTERVENTIONOFANMEMBER"RITISHFORCETO SECUREPARTOF&REETOWNANDEVACUATE%UROPEANS AND"RITISHPASSPORTHOLDERSTHATPROVEDTOBE THETURNINGPOINT!"RITISHRAIDAGAINSTAGROUP OFREBELSWHOSTYLEDTHEMSELVESTHE7EST3IDE "OYSANDWHOHADTAKENSEVERAL"RITISHMILITARY HOSTAGESWASDEVASTATINGLYEFFECTIVE)TPROVED TOBETHEWATERSHEDWHICHALLOWEDTHE5. PEACEKEEPERSTOMAKEHEADWAYINDISARMINGTHE VARIOUSFACTIONSSOTHATBY*ANUARYMOST OFTHEESTIMATEDREBELSHADSURRENDERED THEIRWEAPONS %LECTIONSWEREHELDIN-AYWHEN 0RESIDENT+ABBAHWASREELECTED&URTHER ELECTIONSINWEREJUDGEDBYOF½CIAL OBSERVERSASASUCCESS 0ROGRESSSINCEHASBEENSOLID4HE PEACEPROCESSASIN.ORTHERN)RELANDMUSTBE WORKEDAT"UTTHEPEOPLEHAVETASTEDTHEGOOD TIMESANDTHEREISNOGOINGBACKNOW "RITAINCANBEPROUDTHATITCAMETO3IERRA ,EON´SAIDATITSTIMEOFNEED(AVINGINVESTED INAPEACEFUL3IERRA,EONEITISVERYMUCHIN "RITAIN´SINTERESTNOWTOENSURETHATTHEPEACE HOLDS!NDTHEREISEVERYSIGNTHATITWILL/N THEOCCASIONOFTHETH!NNIVERSARYOFITS INDEPENDENCE3IERRA,EONESTANDSATTHEDAWN OFANEWAGE/NECANONLYWISHHER'ODSPEED 86 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% !BOVE!ERIALSHOTOF MANGROVESWAMPSTYPICAL OFTHOSEFOUNDACROSSTHE COUNTRY¯AHAVENFORTHE ECOTOURISTS ,EFT-EMBERSOF3IERRA ,EONE´S!MPUTEE.ATIONAL 4EAMLINEUPBEFOREAN INTERNATIONALMATCHAT THE.ATIONAL3TADIUMIN &REETOWN ,EFT"OTTOM!DRAGON¾Y ¯ASYMBOLREPRESENTINGTHE COUNTRY´SRICHFAUNA 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 87 . London Mining London Mining Celebrating Today, Investing in Tomorrow #ELEBRATINGTODAYINVESTINGINTOMORROW ,ONDON-ININGISPROUDTOSTANDTOGETHERWITHTHE PEOPLEOFTHE2EPUBLICOF3IERRA,EONETOCELEBRATE THECOUNTRY´S'OLDEN*UBILEE¯ANDTOHELPLAYTHE FOUNDATIONSFORAPROSPEROUSSUSTAINABLEFUTURE FORUSALL 7ESTRONGLYBELIEVETHATTHEFUTUREOFOUR BUSINESSANDOFTHISDYNAMICCOUNTRYARETIGHTLY INTERTWINEDANDHAVETHEREFOREMADEASERIESOF DEEPLONGTERMCOMMITMENTSTODRIVINGECONOMIC GROWTHANDSOCIALADVANCEMENTACROSSTHE 2EPUBLIC !MININGPOWERHOUSEREBORN !PRILWILLSEETHE2EPUBLICOF3IERRA,EONE CELEBRATEYEARSOFINDEPENDENCECOINCIDING WITHTHEHISTORICREOPENINGOF,ONDON-INING´S ¾AGSHIP-ARAMPAIRONOREMINENEAR,UNSARINTHE 0ORT,OKO$ISTRICT &ORALMOSTHALFOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURY -ARAMPAWASTHECORNERSTONEOFATHRIVING NATIONALIRONOREINDUSTRYANDASYMBOLOFTHE POWERFULALLIANCEBETWEEN3IERRA,EONEANDTHE 5NITED+INGDOM .OWYEARSAFTERTHEMINE´SCLOSURE,ONDON -ININGISWORKINGCLOSELYWITHTHEGOVERNMENT ANDPEOPLEOF3IERRA,EONETODRIVETHEREBIRTH OFTHISCRUCIALASSETANDDELIVERTHE½RSTIRONORE PRODUCTIONFROMTHECOUNTRYINTHREEDECADES7E ARECEMENTINGOURCOMMITMENTBYDELIVERINGJOBS MILLIONSOFDOLLARSOFINVESTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTSTAXREVENUESANDAPLETHORAOFOTHER BENE½TS 4HE½RSTPHASEOF-ARAMPAREPRESENTSAN INITIALINVESTMENTOFMORETHANMFROM ,ONDON-ININGCREATINGAFARLARGERANDMORE EF½CIENTOPERATIONTHANEVERBEFORE)NDEEDWITH PRODUCTIONEXPECTEDTOPEAKATMILLIONTONSPER ANNUMTHEMINEWILLBEAMAJORCONTRIBUTORTO 3IERRA,EONE´SECONOMY )NTHIS'OLDEN*UBILEEYEAR-ARAMPA´SREVIVAL SENDSATIMELYANDPOWERFULMESSAGETOTHEWORLD THAT3IERRA,EONEISTRULYOPENFORBUSINESSAND READYTOSTANDASAMAJORPLAYERINWEST!FRICA´SFAST EMERGINGIRONOREINDUSTRY 88 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% !LASTINGCOMMITMENTTOTHEPEOPLE ,ONDON-ININGWILLBRINGTANGIBLEENDURING BENE½TSTOTHECOMMUNITIESINWHICHITOPERATES¯ ONBOTHALOCALANDNATIONALLEVEL 7EHAVECOMMITTEDTOINVESTINGIN3IERRA,EONE THROUGHLOCALANDNATIONALPROJECTSBRINGINGREAL EDUCATIONALHEALTHCAREANDENVIRONMENTALBENE½TS TOTHE2EPUBLICANDITSPEOPLE /URCORPORATESOCIALRESPONSIBILITYPROGRAMME ALIGNSWITHTHE.ATIONAL0LANNING#OMMITTEE´SOWN AMBITIOUSSOCIALANDENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITY STRATEGY¯MAXIMISINGTHEBENE½TSTHATOUR ACTIVITIESCANDELIVER +EYPROJECTSFORINCLUDETHEROLLOUT OFNEWLIBRARIESTOMORETHANSCHOOLSIN ,UNSARAND0ORT,OKOSPONSORINGLOCAL SCHOOLCHILDRENTHROUGHASCHOLARSHIPPROGRAMME BUILDINGAYOUTHCOMMUNITYCENTREINCLOSE COLLABORATIONWITHLOCALYOUNGPEOPLEAND PROVIDINGPUBLICAMENITIESINTHE,UNSARAND0ORT ,OKOREGION !BOVE#%/OF,ONDON -INING'RAEME(OSSIE MEETSTHEPRESIDENTOF 3IERRA,EONE%RNEST"AI +OROMA !BOVE#ONSTRUCTIONOF -ARAMPAPROCESSINGPLANT 2IGHT3TOCKPILINGOF½RST -ARAMPA/RE #REATINGJOBSATTHEHEARTOFTHECOMMUNITY ,ONDON-ININGISWORKINGHARDTOMAXIMISELOCAL EMPLOYMENTIN,UNSARAND0ORT,OKOANDPASS ONCRUCIALSKILLSTOPEOPLEINTHESECOMMUNITIES BECAUSEWERECOGNISETHATSUCHOPPORTUNITIESARE THELIFEBLOODOFANYCOMMUNITY)NDEEDPER CENTOFPEOPLEWORKINGAT-ARAMPAAREFROMTHE ,UNSARAREA7ELOOKFORWARDTOWELCOMINGMANY MORELOCALEMPLOYEESINTHEMONTHSANDYEARS AHEADASWEADDTOTHEMORETHANJOBSWEHAVE ALREADYCREATED ,OOKINGFORWARDTOABRIGHTFUTURE WILLBEAYEARTOREMEMBERFORTHEPEOPLEOF THE2EPUBLIC3IERRA,EONEANDFORALLOFUSHERE AT,ONDON-INING4OGETHERWECANENSURETHAT THENEXTHALFCENTURYINSTALLMENTINOURNATION´S HISTORYWILLBEAHAPPYHEALTHYANDPROSPEROUSONE FORUSALL 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 89 #(2/./,/'9¯,%!$504/).$%0%.$%.#% #IRCA 4 HE"AGA4EMNEAND9ALUNKAARRIVEIN3IERRA ,EONE # OASTOF3IERRA,EONESIGHTEDBY0ORTUGUESE EXPEDITIONLEDBY!LVARO&ERNANDES $INIS$IASA0ORTUGUESEPASSES#APE6ERDEAND REACHES3IERRA,EONE 0EDRO$A#INTRA3INTRAREACHES3IERRA,EONEAND MAPSTHECAPESRIVERSANDSURROUNDINGISLANDS¯ ANDNAMESTHEAREA3ERRA,YOA 0 ORTUGUESE2OYAL#HARTERESTABLISHES ADMINISTRATIONSINNEARBY#APE6ERDEAND'UINEA 0ORTUGUESEBUILDAFORTONTHE3IERRA,EONE2IVER 0 ORTUGUESEAUTHORITIESPROHIBITTRADEBETWEEN THEIRTRADERSIN#APE6ERDEAND3IERRA,EONE S 3LAVESARESHIPPEDANNUALLYTOTHE 0ORTUGUESECOLONIESFROMTHE'UINEA#OAST)NTHE SAMEPERIOD-ANEINVADERSFROMTHESOUTHMOVE NORTHWARDSDEEPERINTOTHECOUNTRY 3IR*OHN(AWKINSA"RITISHSLAVERVISITS3IERRA ,EONEPICKINGUPSLAVES¯SUPPOSEDLYTHE PRECURSOROFTHETRANS!TLANTIC3LAVE4RADE 3IR*OHN(AWKINSMAKESHISSECONDVISITTO3IERRA ,EONELANDSAT4AGRIN ,ONDON´SLEADINGREGULATEDOVERSEASMERCHANTS STARTOPERATINGIN3IERRA,EONE !ROYAL#HARTERISGIVENTO3IR2ICHARD9OUNGAND HISCOMPANIONS4HE³!DVENTURERS´TOTRADEIN 3IERRA,EONE FACTORYISBUILTON3HERBRO)SLANDBYTHE ! #OMPANYOF-ERCHANTS $UTCH!DMIRALDE2UYTERATTACKSANDDESTROYSTHE FORTAT4ASSO)SLAND(ECARVESHISNAMEONAROCK ATTHEWATER´SEDGE HE%NGLISHBUILDAFORTON"UNCE)SLANDBYTHE 4 2OYAL!FRICAN#OMPANYASTHE2OYAL!DVENTURERS NOWCALLTHEMSELVES &RENCHPIRATE*EAN(AMLINDISGUISESHISSHIIP ! ASAN%NGLISHMANOFWARANDCAPTURES%NGLISH AND$UTCHSHIPSOFFTHECOASTOF3IERRA,EONE HE2OYAL!FRICAN#OMPANYBUILDAFACTORYON9ORK 4 )SLANDOFFTHECOASTOF3IERRA,EONE 3IR*OHN(AWKINSMAKESHISTHIRDVISITTAKINGPART INABATTLEFORSUPREMACYBETWEEN-ANEKINGS (ETAKESAWAYSLAVES "AI3AMMA+INGOF.ORTH"ULLOMSIGNSATREATYTO PROVIDETIMBERANDSLAVESTOTHREE,ONDONTRADING PARTNERS 3IR&RANCIS$RAKELANDSIN3IERRA,EONEANDCARVES HISNAMEONAROCKATTHEWATER´SEDGE 4HE9ALUNKAHAVINGBEENPUSHEDOUTOF&UTA*ALON BUILDAFORTRESSTOWNAT&ALABA %DWARD&ENTONAN%NGLISHNAVIGATORSPENDS SEVERALWEEKSIN3IERRA,EONEONHISWAYTO"RAZIL (ISDESTINATIONHADBEEN#HINA)NTERESTINGLYPART OFTHEREASONHEGOTNOFURTHERWASDUETOQUARRELS ABOARDSHIPWITH7ILLIAM(AWKINSANEPHEWOF3IR *OHN(AWKINS TH-AYFREEDSLAVECOLONISTSAND %UROPEANSARRIVEFROM%NGLAND+ING4OMGRANTS THEMLANDAND'RANVILLE4OWNISESTABLISHED 0ATENTOFSPECIALLICENCEGRANTEDTO%NGLISHMEN 4HOMAS'REGORY4HOMAS0OPEANDOTHERSTOTRADE IN3IERRA,EONE #IRCA 4 HE4EMNE"ULLOMAND-ANECOMETOGETHER4HE 3USULOSE0ORT,OKOTOTHE4EMNE $ UTCH&LEMISHAND0ORTUGUESETRADERSARE RECORDEDASDOINGBUSINESSIN3IERRA,EONE ¯ #APTAIN2ICHARD+EELINGARRIVESOFFTHECOASTOF 3IERRA,EONE(ISDIARIESRECORDAHISTORIC³½RST´ ¯HISMENONBOARDSHIPOFFTHECOASTOF3IERRA ,EONEPERFORM3HAKESPEARE´S(AMLETAND2ICHARD ))FORTHELOCALCHIEFS4HE½RSTRECORDEDINSTANCE OF3HAKESPEAREBEINGPERFORMEDOUTSIDEOF %NGLAND 90 4 HE#OMPANYOF-ERCHANT!DVENTURERSOF,ONDON 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% ING.AIMBANARATI½ESTHELANDGRANTEDBY+ING + 4OM ¯ 4 HE3T'EORGE´S"AY#OMPANYLATER4HE3IERRA ,EONE#OMPANYISFORMED !RRIVALOF"LACKSFROM.OVA3COTIAAND %UROPEANSFROM%NGLANDLEADSTOTHEFOUNDINGOF &REETOWN 4HE½RST+RUMENARRIVEIN&REETOWN 4HE½RSTPRINTINGPRESSSENTBYTHE3IERRA,EONE COMPANYISSETUPIN*ULY,ATERTHATYEAR&REETOWN ISATTACKEDBYTHE&RENCH -AROONSARRIVEASDOESADETACHMENTOFTHE +ING´S2EGIMENT 4HE4EMNEAND"ULLOMATTACKTHENEWCOLONY 0UBLICATIONOFTHE½RST3IERRA,EONE'AZETTE 4HE4EMNEAND"ULLOMLAUNCHASECONDFAILED ATTACKONTHECOLONY 4HE'OVERNOR-OVESHISRESIDENCEAWAYFROMTHE WATERFRONTINLANDTO&ORT4HORNTON 3IERRA,EONE#OMPANYGRANTEDA2OYAL#HARTER 'OVERNORIN#OUNCILGIVENLEGISLATIVEPOWERS &REETOWNISDESIGNATEDACORPORATIONWITH "ANANA)SLANDSACQUIREDBY"RITAIN 4HE'AMBIAAND4HE'OLD#OAST PRESENTDAY'HANAAREMADEDEPENDENCIESOF 3IERRA,EONETOGETHERFORMING"RITISH7EST!FRICA 4HE'OVERNORFORTHETERRITORYBEINGRESIDENTIN &REETOWN 4HEWALLSANDROOFOFTHE-AROONCHURCHARE COMPLETED HE'OVERNOR3IR#HARLES-C#ARTHYISKILLED 4 INTHE!SHANTI7ARINTHE'OLD#OAST"RITAIN ACQUIRES"UNCE4ASSOAND4OMBO)SLANDS 4 HE½RST#HURCH-ISSIONARY3OCIETY#-3 MISSIONARIESARRIVE¯2EV-ELCHIOR2ENNERAND 2EV0ETER(ARTWIG !SERIESOFDEALSWITHNATIVECHIEFSALLOWS"RITAINTO ACQUIREPARTSOFTHE'ALLINAS2IVER"ACCA,OKOOR 0ORT,OKOANDTHEISLANDOF-ATACONG 4HE"RITISH0ARLIAMENTOUTLAWSSLAVERY 4HETERRITORY7ESTOF&REETOWNIS³ACQUIRED´BYTHE 3IERRA,EONE#OMPANY!LRIGHTSOFTHECOMPANY ARETRANSFERREDTOTHE"RITISH#ROWN OVERNOR4URNERSETSOUTONANEXPEDITIONTO ' 3HERBROBUTDIESIN&REETOWN EWSETTLEMENTSREOPENEDAT!LLEN4OWN#ALMONT . AND'RASS½ELD+AFFU"ULLOMISACQUIREDBY"RITAIN 4HE#HRISTIANINSTITUTIONFOUNDEDINIS REFOUNDEDAT&OURAH"AYAS&OURAH"AY#OLLEGE THEOLDESTINSUB3AHARAN!FRICA 3T'EORGE´S#ATHEDRALOPENSFORSERVICES -URRAY4OWNAND!BERDEENVILLAGESAREFOUNDED 3IERRA,EONEISMADEA"RITISH#ROWN#OLONY , EICESTERISFOUNDEDASTHE½RSTVILLAGEFOR RECAPTIVES4HE3IERRA,EONE'AZETTECHANGESITS NAMETO4HE!FRICAN(ERALD 4HE½RSTCENSUSOF&REETOWNISTAKEN4HE POPULATIONISRECORDEDAS4HE½RST#HIEF *USTICE2OBERT4HORPEAPPOINTEDIN½NALLY ARRIVES4HE½RST7ESLEYAN-ISSIONARYARRIVES¯2EV 'EORGE7ARREN4HECURRENT7ILBERFORCEVILLAGE ISFOUNDEDANDNAMED#ABENDASOMETIMES.EW #ABENDA 2EGENTVILLAGEFORMERLY(OGBROOK6ILLAGEAND +ISSY6ILLAGEAREFOUNDED IR#HARLES-C#ARTHYBECOMES,IEUTENANT 3 'OVERNOR 4HE#-3FOUNDANINSTITUTIONTOTRAINLOCAL TEACHERSANDMISSIONARIES HE4EMNETRYTORECOVER0ORT,OKOFROM3USU 4 CHIEF"RIMA+ONKURI 'LOUCESTER6ILLAGEISFOUNDED HECOLONYISSPLITINTOPARISHES,EOPOLDVILLAGEIS 4 FOUNDED)N!UGUSTANEWVERSIONOFTHE'AZETTEIS PUBLISHEDUNDERTHETITLE³4HE2OYAL'AZETTEAND 3IERRA,EONE!DVERTISER´ ¯ ! BOUTSLAVESRECAPTUREDBY"RITISHNAVAL SQUADRONSARESETFREEIN3IERRA,EONE 4HE#OMPANYOF-ERCHANTS4RADING4O!FRICASTART OPERATINGIN3IERRA,EONE 4HE!DVENTURERSBUILDAFORTA4ASSO)SLAND ¯ " APTISMANDCATECHISMMADECOMPULSORYFORALL SLAVESSHIPPEDFROMTHE'UINEACOAST ALDERMENANDAMAYOR4HE3IERRA,EONE 0ENINSULARISGRANTEDBYCHARTERTO4HE3IERRA ,EONE#OMPANY4HEREISANINSURRECTIONBYTHE .OVA3COTIANS 4HE#OURTOF-IXED#OMMISSIONISSETUPIN &REETOWNTOTRYSLAVECASES4HEARRIVALOFMEN FROM"ARBADOSISRECORDED4HEVILLAGESOF+ENT 9ORK7ELLINGTONAND(ASTINGSAREFOUNDED4HREE COMPANIESOF2OYAL!FRICAN#ORPSAREDISBANDED 7EST)NDIANTROOPSARRIVE ¯ !LONGWARBETWEENTHE4EMNEANDTHE,OKO 4HE#OBOLO7AROREXPEDITIONAGAINSTTHE!KUSAT #OBOLOONTHE2IBI2IVER 4 HE½RSTRECORDEDEXPORTOFGROUNDNUTSFROM 3IERRA,EONEISRECORDEDVALUE "AI"UREHBELIEVEDTOHAVEBEENBORNIN+ASSEHIN THISYEAR OMERECAPTIVESLEAVE3IERRA,EONETOSETTLEIN 3 !BEOKUTA.IGERIA ILLIAM&ERGUSONTHE½RST'OVERNOROF!FRICAN 7 DESCENTISMADE'OVERNOROF3IERRA,EONE)NTHE SAMEYEARTHE#-3'RAMMAR3CHOOLISFOUNDED ,OKO-ASAMAAND+AFU"ULLOMAREACQUIREDBY "RITAIN 4HE#-3OPENSTHE½RSTINSTITUTIONFOREDUCATING FEMALES 4HE'OLD#OASTGETSITSOWNLEGISLATIVEAND EXECUTIVECOUNCILSANDISNOLONGERADMINISTERED FROM3IERRA,EONE 3IERRA,EONECONSTITUTEDADIOCESEINCOMMUNION WITH4HE#HURCHOF%NGLAND4HE½RST!NGLICAN "ISHOP4HE2T2EV/%6IDALARRIVESIN&REETOWN 3T'EORGE´S0ARISH#HURCHISMADEACATHEDRAL "UXTON#HURCHISOPENED 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 91 ¯ 4HE!MERICAN5NITED"RETHRENIN#HRISTCOMETO 3IERRA,EONE 4HE!POSTOLIC6ICARIATEOF3IERRA,EONEIS ESTABLISHEDUNDER-ONSIGNORDE-ARION"RESSILAC THEFOUNDEROFTHE3OCIETYOF!FRICAN-ISSIONS )NANEXPEDITIONUPTHE'REAT3CARCIES2IVER +AMBIAISDESTROYEDBYTHE"RITISH 4HE½RST2OYALVISIT0RINCE!LFRED1UEEN6ICTORIA´S SONLANDSIN&REETOWN4HE9ONIATTACK-AGBELE ANDDESTROYTHE#-3MISSIONTHERE 4HE.ATIVE#HURCH0ASTORATEISESTABLISHED !#HARTERESTABLISHESEXECUTIVEANDLEGISLATIVE COUNCILSIN3IERRA,EONE4HE³"LACKHALL #ONSTITUTION¯NAMEDAFTERTHE'OVERNOR#7 "LACKHALL*OHN%ZZIDIOISELECTEDTHE½RST!FRICAN MEMBEROFTHE,EGISLATIVE#OUNCIL 3AMUEL!DJAYI#ROWTHERISCONSECRATED"ISHOP OFTHE7EST!FRICANCOUNTRIESUNDER"RITISH JURISDICTION&ATHER"LANCHETARRIVESTOFOUNDTHE (OLY'HOST&ATHERSMISSININ3IERRA,EONE HE&IRST)NDUSTRIAL%XHIBITIONISHELDINTHECOUNTRY 4 7EST!FRICAN3ETTLEMENTSAREREESTABLISHEDWITH THE'OVERNORIN3IERRA,EONE.UNS/&3T*OSEPH #LUNYARRIVEIN&REETOWN3T*OSEPH´S#ONVENT FOUNDED ADAM9OKOCROWNED0ARAMOUNT#HIEFOFTHE+PA -ENDES4HEBOUNDARYBETWEEN3IERRA,EONEAND ,IBERIAISDE½NED4HE9ONIATTACKTHE'OVERNMENT (OUSEAT3ONGO-ADAM9OKOCROWNEDCHIEFOF +PA-ENDES "AI"UREHRETURNSFROMEXILEIN4HE'OLD#OAST O'OVERNMENT3CHOOLISOPENED-ADAM9OKODIES " !N/RDINANCECREATESTHE#OURT-ESSENGER3ERVICE IRECTTELEGRAPHICCOMMUNICATIONSESTABLISHED $ BETWEEN&REETOWNAND,ONDON"AI"UREHCROWNED CHIEFOF+ASSEH 4HE$UKEOF#ONNAUGHTVISITS3IERRA,EONE OLLEGIATE3CHOOLFOUNDEDIN&REETOWN"ORDER # WITH,IBERIA½NALLYAGREED AILWAY7ORKERS5NIONFORMED3IERRA,EONESENDS 2 TROOPSTO#AMEROON NDOF&IRST7ORLD7ARANDANIN¾UENZAEPIDEMIC % ISREPORTEDACROSSTHECOUNTRY NTI3YRIANRIOTSBREAKOUT2AILWAYWORKERSSTRIKE ! FORTHE½RSTTIME4HE3IERRA,EONE"AR!SSOCIATION ISFORMED 4HE½RSTMOTORCARISRECORDEDIN&REETOWN 3 T%DWARD´S3ECONDARY3CHOOLOPENS4HE½RST AGRICULTURALPRODUCESHOWISHELDIN+ENEMA #ELEBRATIONSAREHELDIN&REETOWNFOR1UEEN 6ICTORIA´S'OLDEN*UBILEE4HE7ILBERFORCE -EMORIAL(ALLISOPENEDIN&REETOWN4HE"RITISH LEADANOFFENSIVEAGAINST4HE9ONI2OBARIIS CAPTUREDANDDESTROYED 'OVERNOR(ALLGOESONAMISSIONTO+RIMCOUNTRY -AJOR&ESTINGGOESONAMISSIONTOMEET!LMAMI 3AMODU+INGOFTHE3OFAS !NGLO&RENCHCONVENTIONAGREESBOUNDARIES BETWEEN3IERRA,EONEAND'UINEA 4HE3IERRA,EONE&RONTIER&ORCEISESTABLISHED! LOCALMAILSERVICEISESTABLISHED!STEAMERSERVICE TO3HERBRO)SLANDISSTARTED"RITISHJURISDICTIONIS IMPOSEDIN)MPERRICOUNTRY S ARKSTHEARRIVALOFTHE½RST3YRIANTRADERSIN 3IERRA,EONE!FRICAN-ETHODIST%PISCOPALMISSIONS OPENEDIN-ANGEAND-AGBELE 4HE$EPARTMENTOF.ATIVE!FFAIRSISESTABLISHED & REETOWN-UNICIPAL#OUNCILCREATED"RITISH IMPOSETHEIRSOVEREIGNTYON0ORT,OKO,ITTLE 3CARCIESAREACOMESUNDER"RITISHJURISDICTION )N*ANUARYANEWSSERIESOFTHE'AZETTENOWTHE 3IERRA,EONE2OYAL'AZETTEISPUBLISHED R%DWARD"LYDENLEADSADIPLOMATICMISSIONTO $ &ALABA " LYDENGOESONDIPLOMATICMISSIONTO4IMBO 'BANYATHE+PA-ENDECHIEFSENDSACONTINGENT TOHELPTHE"RITISHINTHE!SHANTI7AR ¯ # ONSTRUCTIONOFTHE3IERRA,EONE2AILWAYREACHING THE0ENDEMBUTERMINALINANDBEYONDIN 7ESLEYAN"OYS(IGH3CHOOLOPENSIN&REETOWN 'OVERNOR2OWEGOESONANEXPEDITIONTO3HERBRO HEHINTERLANDOF3IERRA,EONEISNAMEDA"RITISH 4 0ROTECTORATE & OURAH"AY#OLLEGEISAF½LIATEDTOTHE5NIVERSITYOF $URHAM UEEN6ICTORIA´S$IAMOND*UBILEEISCELEBRATED 1 WITHCOMMENCEMENTOFTHEBUILDINGOF6ICTORIA 0ARKIN&REETOWN 4 HE#-3INSTITUTIONFORFEMALESOPENEDINIS RENAMED!NNIE7ALSH-EMORIAL3CHOOL !7ESLEYANFEMALEINSTITUTIONISOPENEDIN&REETOWN ¯ 4RADEWARSRAGEINTHEHINTERLAND HE½RST$STRICT#OUNCILSAND0ROTECTORATE 4 !SSEMBLYISSETUP4HE#HIEF#OMMISSIONEROFTHE 0ROTECTORATEISAPPOINTED OVERNOR3IR(UBERT3TEVENSONPUBLISHESHIS ' CONSTITUTIONALPROPOSALS4HE½RSTRECORDEDEARTH TREMORIN3IERRA,EONEISREPORTED HE3IERRA,EONE0RODUCE-ARKETING"OARD 4 3,0-")SFORMED!$EPARTMENTOF#O /PERATIVESISFORMED .ATIONAL#OUNCILOFTHE#OLONY/F3IERRA ! ,EONE´S.##3,#OLONY2URAL!REAISFORMED 4HE#ATHOLIC6ICARIATEBECOMESTHE$IOCESEOF &REETOWNAND"OWITH!MBROSE+ELLYASTHE½RST "ISHOP ! NEWCONSTITUTIONFOR3IERRA,EONEISPROPOSED THESECOND 4 HE3IERRA,EONE0EOPLE´S0ARTY3,00ISFORMED INAMERGEROFTHE0ROTECTORATE%DUCATION0EOPLE´S 5NION0%054HE3IERRA,EONE/RGANISATION 3OCIETY3/3AND4HE0EOPLE´S0ARTY4HECOUNTRY´S NEWCONSTITUTIONTHETHIRDISINTRODUCEDAND GENERALELECTIONSAREHELDFORTHE½RSTTIME $OUBLE$ECKERBUSESMAKEANAPPEARANCEONTHE STREETSOF&REETOWN 4HE½RSTTHREEMEMBERSOFTHE,EGISLATIVE#OUNCIL TAKETHEIRSEATSALONGSIDETHEOF½CIALAND SEVENNOMINATEDUNOF½CIALMEMBERS3ECOND CONSTITUTION4HE3LATTER#ONSTITUTIONISADOPTED R-ILTON-ARGAIBECOMESLEADEROF'OVERNMENT $ "USINESS3IX3IERRA,EONEANSAREAPPOINTEDTOTHE 'OVERNMENT#HRISTTHE+ING#OLLEGE#+#OPENS IN"O UEEN%LIZABETH))1UAYISFORMALLYOPENED 1 'OVERNMENT(OUSE&ORT4HORNTONISREBUILT$R -ILTON-ARGAIBECOMES&IRST-INISTER ,ABOURDISPUTELEADSTOVIOLENCEINTHECAPITAL HE,EGISLATIVE#OUNCILISRENAMED4HE(OUSEOF 4 2EPRESENTATIVES4HEFRANCHISEISEXTENDEDAND REPRESENTATIONINCREASED4HE5NITED0ROGRESSIVE 0ARTY500ISFORMED % DWARD0RINCEOF7ALESVISITS3IERRA,EONE4HE 'OVERNMENTOPENTHE0RINCEOF7ALES3CHOOL ! GEOLOGICALSURVEYOFTHECOUNTRYISUNDERTAKEN 2AILWAYSWORKERSSTRIKEAGAIN OMESTICSLAVERYISFORMALLYABOLISHEDIN3IERRA $ ,EONE ( AIDARA+ONTOR½LITHEWARRIORCROSSESINTO3IERRA ,EONEFROM'UINEA 'ENERAL%LECTIONSTAKEPLACE4HE#ATHOLIC$IOCESE OF-AKENIISESTABLISHED S / RDINANCESINTRODUCE.ATIVE!DMINISTRATIONIN THE0ROTECTORATE $ IAMONDSAREDISCOVEREDIN3IERRA,EONE4HE (AIDARA+ONTOR½LI7ARRAGES!CENSUSISTAKENOF THECOUNTRYPOPULATION¯ & URTHERCONSTITUTIONALCHANGEUSHERSINAN!LL !FRICAN%XECUTIVE#OUNCIL4HE0EOPLE´S.ATIONAL 0ARTY0.0ISFORMED R-ILTON-ARGAIISKNIGHTED"O4OWN#OUNCILIS $ CREATED ! WIREDBROADCASTINGSERVICEISINTRODUCED (AIDARA+ONTOR½LIISKILLEDIN+AMBIA$ISTRICT 4HE!HMADIYYAMISSIONARIESOPENAMISSION HE3IERRA,EONE'OVERNMENT2AILWAYBEGINS 4 OPERATIONS4HE-USLIM3CHOOLISOPENEDIN &OULAH4OWN 4 HE½RST3IERRA,EONEAN2OMAN#ATHOLICPRIESTIS ORDAINED¯4HE2EV%*(AMELBERG!NAIRPORTIS BUILTAT(ASTINGS IR-ILTON-ARGAIISAPPOINTED0RIME-INISTERWITH 3 ANALL3IERRA,EONEANCABINET&OURAH"AY#OLLEGE BECOMESTHE5NIVERSITY#OLLEGEOF3IERRA,EONE 4HE!LL0EOPLE´S#ONGRESS!0#ISFORMED4HE #ONSTITUTIONAL#ONFERENCEON3IERRA,EONEISHELD IN,ONDON PRILTH3IERRA,EONEACHIEVESINDEPENDENCE ! ANDMEMBERSHIPOFTHE#OMMONWEALTH4HE 1UEENAND4HE$UKEOF%DINBURGHVISITTHE COUNTRY 3IR3AMUEL,EWISBECOMESTHE½RST3IERRA,EONEAN TOBEKNIGHTED (UT4AXISIMPOSEDACROSSTHECOUNTRY4HERE ! ISINSURRECTIONAGAINSTITLEDBY"AI"UREH! 7EST!FRICAN2EGIMENTISFORMEDIN3IERRA,EONE 3T'EORGE´S#ATHEDRALISDISESTABLISHEDFROMTHE #HURCHOF%NGLAND"AI"URCHCAPTUREDANDEXILED TO4HEGOLD#OAST !"OARDOF%DUCATIONISESTABLISHEDINTHECOUNTRY 4HE'ALLINASTERRITORYISACQUIREDBY"RITAIN4HERE ISAN!NGLO&RENCHCONVENTIONONANORTHERN RIVERSBOUNDARY-ATACONG)SLANDISCEDEDTOTHE &RENCH ( ARFORD'IRLS3CHOOLISOPENEDIN-OYAMBA 4HE!DMINISTRATOR&&0INKETTGOESONAN EXPEDITIONTO3HERBRO+RIMCOUNTRYISANNEXEDBY THE"RITISH N/RDINANCEISPASSEDCONSTITUTING4HE3IERRA ! ,EONE"ATTALIONOF4HE7EST!FRICA&RONTIER&ORCE ¯ 3 IERRA,EONEANSAMONG7EST!FRICANTROOPS SERVINGINTHEWARIN"URMA 4HE,EOPOLD%DUCATIONAL)NSTITUTEISOPENEDIN &REETOWN "AI"UREHCROWNED0ARAMOUNT#HIEFOF+ASSEH ! NGLO&RENCHAGREEMENTISSIGNEDONTHE BOUNDARYWITH'UINEA!LBERT!CADEMY3CHOOL FOR"OYSISOPENEDIN&REETOWNBYTHE%VANGELICAL 5NITED"RETHRENIN#HRIST 92 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 4HEPOPULAR2EV#ORNEIUS-ULCAHYDIES HE½RSTTWO!FRICANUNOF½CIALMEMBERSARE 4 APPOINTEDTOTHECOUNTRY´S%XECUTIVE#OUNCIL 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 93 3)%22!,%/.%'/6%2./2#,!2+3/.´302!9%2 /,ORD)BESEECHTHEEFAVOURABLYTOHEARTHE PRAYEROFHIMWHOWISHESTOBETHYSERVANTAND PARDONHIMFORPRESUMINGTOADDRESSTHEEFROM THISSACREDPLACE/'OD)KNOWMYOWNIN½NITY ANDUNWORTHINESSAND)KNOWTHINEABUNDANT MERCIESTOTHOSEWHOWISHTOBEGUIDEDBYTHY WILL3UPPORTME/,ORDWITHTHYHEAVENLYGRACE ANDTOENABLEMETOCONDUCTMYSELFTHROUGHTHIS EARTHLYLIFETHATMYACTIONSMAYBECONSISTENTWITH THEWORDS)HAVEUTTEREDTHISDAY4HOUKNOWEST THAT)AMNOWABOUTTODEPARTFROMTHISPLACEAND TOLEAVETHEPEOPLEWHOMITHASPLEASEDTHEETO ENTRUSTTOMYCARE'UIDETHEM/MERCIFUL'OD INTHEPATHSOFTRUTHANDLETNOTAFEWWICKEDMEN AMONGUSDRAWDOWNTHYVENGEANCEUPONTHIS #OLONY )NGRAFTINTOTHEIRHEARTSAPROPERSENSEOF DUTYANDENABLETHEMTHROUGHTHYGRACETO CONDUCTTHEMSELVESAS#HRISTIANSTHATTHEYMAY NOTCOMETOTHYHOUSEWITHOUTTHATPLEASING EMOTIONWHICHEVERYGRATEFULMANMUSTFEEL WHENPAYINGADORATIONTOTHE!UTHOROFLIFE"UT )HAVEAGREATREASONTOFEAR/,ORDTHATMANY WHOFREQUENTTHYCHURCHDONOTAPPROACHTHY PRESENCEASBECOMESTHEMANDTHATTHEYMAY PARTLYBECOMPAREDTOTHE3CRIBES0HARISEESAND HYPOCRITES0ARDON/'ODTHEIRIN½RMITIESAND ASTHOUKNOWESTTHEIRWEAKNESSFROMTHEMANNER INWHICHTHEYHAVEFORMERLYBEENTREATEDANDTHE LITTLEOPPORTUNITYTHEYHAVEHADOFKNOWINGTHY WILLANDGETTINGACQUAINTEDWITHTHEMERITSOFTHY 3ONOURSAVIOUR*ESUS#HRISTLOOKDOWNUPON THEMWITHANEYEOFMERCYANDSUFFERTHEMNOT TOINCURTHYDISPLEASUREAFTERTHEYHAVEHADAN OPPORTUNITYOFBEINGINSTRUCTEDINTHEWAYSOFTHY COMMANDMENTS "LESS/,ORDTHEINHABITANTSOFTHISVAST CONTINENTANDINCLINETHEIRHEARTSTOWARDS USTHATTHEYMAYMOREREADILYLISTENTOOUR ADVICEANDDOCTRINESANDTHATWEMAYCONDUCT OURSELVESTOWARDSTHEMASTOCONVINCETHEM OFTHEHAPPINESSWEENJOYUNDERTHYALMIGHTY PROTECTION"ANISHFROMTHIS#OLONY/,ORDALL HEATHENISHSUPERSTITIONANDLETTHEINHABITANTS KNOWTHATTHOUARTTHEONLYTRUE,ORDINWHICHWE LIVEANDMOVEANDHAVEOURBEING)FTHESEPEOPLE WHOPROTESTTHYRELIGIONWILLNOTBEASSUREDOFTHY SUPERIORPOWERCONVINCETHEM/'ODOF4HINE ANGERFORTHEIRPROFESSIONWITHOUTTHEIRPRACTICE FORTHOUKNOWEST)BROUGHTTHEMHEREINHOPES OFMAKINGTHEMANDTHEIRFAMILIESHAPPYBOTHIN THISWORLDANDTOALLETERNITY "UT)FEARTHEYMAYNOTBEGOVERNEDBY MYADVICEANDTHATTHEYTHEMSELVESANDTHEIR CHILDRENFOREVERBYTHEIRPERVERSEANDGENERAL BEHAVIOUR)ENTREATTHEENOTTOLETTHEIREVIL EXAMPLERUINTHEGREATCAUSEINWHICHWEHAVE EMBARKEDBUT)WOULDRATHERSEETHATPLACEIN ASHESANDEVERYWICKEDPERSONDESTROYEDTHAN THATTHECHANCEWEHAVENOWANOPPORTUNITYOF BRINGINGTOTHELIGHTANDKNOWLEDGEOFTHYHOLY RELIGIONSHOULDFROMTHEWICKEDNESSOFAFEW INDIVIDUALSWILLCONTINUEINTHEIRACCUSTOMED DARKNESSANDBARBARISM4HEYKNOWTHAT)HAVE UNIVERSALLYTALKEDOFTHEIRAPPARENTVIRTUETHE GOODNESSANDHAVEPRAISEDTHYNAMEFORHAVING PERMITTEDMETOBETHESERVANTEMPLOYEDIN SOGREATANDGLORIOUSACAUSE)F)HAVEBEEN DECEIVED)AMSORRYFORITANDMAYTHYWILLBE DONEBUT)IMPLORETHEETOACCEPTTHESINCERITYOF MYINTENTIONSANDMYBESTENDEAVOURSTOIMPROVE THETALENTCOMMITTEDTOMYCASE/NLYPARDONTHE INTUITYOFMYNATUREAND)WILLTRUSTTOTHYMERCY 3HOULDANYPERSONHAVEAWICKEDTHOUGHTINHIS HEARTORDOANYTHINGKNOWLEDGETODISTURBTHE PEACEANDCOMFORTOFOUR#OLONYLETHIMBE ROOTEDOUT/'ODFROMOFFTHEFACEOFTHEEARTH BUTHAVEMERCYUPONHIMHEREAFTER 7ERE)TOUTTERALLTHATMYHEARTNOW INDICATESNOTIMEWOULDBESUF½CIENTFORANY PRAISEANDTHANKSGIVINGFORALLTHEMERCIES4HOU HASVOUCHSAFEDTOSHOWMEBUTASTHOUART ACQUAINTEDWITHEVERYSECRETOFMYHEARTACCEPT MYTHOUGHTSFORTHANKS)HAVENOWORDSLEFTTO EXPRESSMYGRATITUDEANDRESIGNATIONTOTHYWILL )ENTREATTHEE/'ODIFNOTHING)CANSAYWILL CONVINCETHESEPEOPLEOFTHYPOWERANDGOODNESS MAKEUSEOFMEINANYWAYTHOUPLEASESTTOMAKE ANATONEMENTFORTHEIRGUILT4HISISANAWFULAND )FEARTOOPRESUMPTUOUSAREQUESTYETIFITSHOULD BETHYWILLTHAT)SHOULDLAYDOWNMYLIFEFORTHE CAUSE)HAVEEMBARKEDINASSISTME/,ORDWITH THYSUPPORTTHAT)MAYRESIGNITINSUCHAMANNER ASTOCONVINCETHESEUNBELIEVINGPEOPLETHATTHOU ART'ODINDEED-AYTHEHEARTOFTHIS#OLONY/ ,ORDIMBIBETHESPIRITOFMEEKNESSGENTLENESS ANDTRUTHANDMAYTHEYHENCEFORTHLIVEINUNITY ANDGODLYLOVEFOLLOWINGASFARASTHEWEAKNESS OFTHEIRMORTALNATURESWILLADMITTHATMOST EXCELLENTANDFAULTLESSPATTERNWHICHTHOUHAST GIVENUSINTHY3ONOUR3AVIOURS*ESUS#HRISTTO WHOMWITHTHEEANDTHE(OLY3PIRITBEALLHONOUR ANDGLORYNOWANDFOREVER!MEN 4HISPRAYERWASWRITTENBY3IERRA,EONE´S½RSTGOVERNOR GENERALANDISSTILLINVOKEDBY3IERRA,EONEANSTODAY 34!4)34)#3¯&!#43!.$&)'52%3 ,OCATION 7ESTERN!FRICABORDERINGTHE.ORTH!TLANTIC/CEANBETWEEN 'UINEAAND,IBERIA 3IERRA,EONE0EOPLE´S0ARTYOR3,00;6ACANT= 0EOPLE´S-OVEMENTFOR$EMOCRATIC#HANGEOR0-$#;#HARLES -ARGAI=NUMEROUSOTHERS .ATIONALITY .OUN3IERRA,EONEANS !DJECTIVE3IERRA,EONEAN #ONSTITUTION /CTOBERAMENDEDSEVERALTIMES 0OPULATION *ULYEST #OUNTRYNAME #ONVENTIONALLONGFORM2EPUBLICOF3IERRA,EONE #ONVENTIONALSHORTFORM3IERRA,EONE ,OCALLONGFORM2EPUBLICOF3IERRA,EONE ,OCALSHORTFORM3IERRA,EONE 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% #OASTLINE KM ,ANDBOUNDARIES 4OTALKM "ORDERCOUNTRIES'UINEAKM,IBERIAKM 'OVERNMENTTYPE CONSTITUTIONALDEMOCRACY !DMINISTRATIVEDIVISIONS PROVINCESANDAREA %ASTERN.ORTHERN3OUTHERN7ESTERN )NCLUDESTHECAPITAL&REETOWN #APITAL &REETOWN )NDEPENDENCE !PRILFROMTHE5+ %XECUTIVEBRANCH #HIEFOFSTATE0RESIDENT%RNEST"AI+/2/-!SINCE3EPTEMBER NOTETHEPRESIDENTISBOTHTHECHIEFOFSTATEANDHEADOF GOVERNMENT (EADOFGOVERNMENT0RESIDENT%RNEST"AI+/2/-!SINCE 3EPTEMBER CABINET-INISTERSOF3TATEAPPOINTEDBYTHEPRESIDENTWITHTHE APPROVALOFTHE(OUSEOF2EPRESENTATIVESTHECABINETISRESPONSIBLE TOTHEPRESIDENT&ORMOREINFORMATIONVISITTHE7ORLD,EADERS WEBSITE %LECTIONSPRESIDENTELECTEDBYPOPULARVOTEFORA½VEYEARTERM ELIGIBLEFORASECONDTERMELECTIONLASTHELDON!UGUST AND3EPTEMBERNEXTTOBEHELDIN %LECTIONRESULTSSECONDROUNDRESULTSPERCENTOFVOTE%RNEST"AI +/2/-!3OLOMON"%2%7! .ATIONALHOLIDAY )NDEPENDENCE$AY!PRIL 5.-EMBERSHIP 3EPTEMBER ,EGISLATIVEBRANCH 5UNICAMERAL0ARLIAMENTSEATSMEMBERSELECTEDBYPOPULAR VOTE½LLEDBYPARAMOUNTCHIEFSELECTEDINSEPARATEELECTIONS MEMBERSTOSERVE½VEYEARTERMSELECTIONSLASTHELDON!UGUST NEXTTOBEHELDIN %LECTIONRESULTSPERCENTOFVOTEBYPARTY.! 3EATSBYPARTY!0#3,000-$# *UDICIALBRANCH 3UPREME#OURT!PPEALS#OURT(IGH#OURT 0OLITICALPARTIESANDLEADERS !LL0EOPLE´S#ONGRESSOR!0#%RNEST"AI+OROMA 94 'EOGRAPHICCOORDINATES .7 .ATIONALANTHEM .AME±(IGH7E%XALT4HEE2EALMOFTHE&REE² LYRICSMUSIC#LIFFORD.ELSON&YLE*OHN*OSEPH!KAR NOTEADOPTED 3UFFRAGE YEARSOFAGEUNIVERSAL &LAGDESCRIPTION 4HREEEQUALHORIZONTALBANDSOFGREENTOPWHITEANDBLUEGREEN SYMBOLIZESAGRICULTUREMOUNTAINSANDNATURALRESOURCESWHITE REPRESENTSUNITYANDJUSTICEANDBLUETHESEAANDTHENATURAL HARBOURIN&REETOWN %THNICGROUPS 4EMNE-ENDE,IMBA+ONO+RIOLE DESCENDANTSOFFREED*AMAICANSLAVESWHOWERESETTLEDINTHE &REETOWNAREAINTHELATETHCENTURYALSOKNOWNAS+RIO -ANDINGO,OKOOTHERINCLUDESREFUGEESFROM,IBERIA´S RECENTCIVILWARANDSMALLNUMBERSOF%UROPEANS,EBANESE 0AKISTANISAND)NDIANSCENSUS 2ELIGIONS -USLIM#HRISTIANINDIGENOUSBELIEFS ,ANGUAGES %NGLISHOF½CIALREGULARUSELIMITEDTOLITERATEMINORITY-ENDE PRINCIPALVERNACULARINTHESOUTH4EMNEPRINCIPALVERNACULARIN THENORTH 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 95 34!4)34)#3¯&!#43!.$&)'52%3 +RIO%NGLISHBASED#REOLESPOKENBYTHEDESCENDANTSOF FREED*AMAICANSLAVESWHOWERESETTLEDINTHE&REETOWNAREAA LINGUAFRANCAANDA½RSTLANGUAGEFOROFTHEPOPULATIONBUT UNDERSTOODBY ,EGALSYSTEM "ASEDON%NGLISHLAWANDCUSTOMARYLAWSINDIGENOUSTOLOCAL TRIBESHASNOTACCEPTEDCOMPULSORY)#*JURISDICTION 3EXRATIO !TBIRTHMALESFEMALE 5NDERYEARSMALESFEMALE YEARSMALESFEMALE YEARSANDOVERMALESFEMALE 4OTALPOPULATIONMALESFEMALEEST )NFANTMORTALITYRATE 4OTALDEATHSLIVEBIRTHS #OUNTRYCOMPARISONTOTHEWORLD -ALEDEATHSLIVEBIRTHS &EMALEDEATHSLIVEBIRTHSEST 4OTALPOPULATION -ALE &EMALEEST 3CHOOLLIFEEXPECTANCYPRIMARYTOTERTIARYEDUCATION 4OTALYEARS -ALEYEARS &EMALEYEARS %NVIRONMENTINTERNATIONALAGREEMENTS 0ARTYTO"IODIVERSITY#LIMATE#HANGE#LIMATE#HANGE+YOTO 0ROTOCOL$ESERTI½CATION%NDANGERED3PECIES,AWOFTHE3EA -ARINE,IFE#ONSERVATION/ZONE,AYER0ROTECTION3HIP0OLLUTION 7ETLANDSSIGNEDBUTNOTRATI½ED .ATURALRESOURCES$IAMONDSTITANIUMOREBAUXITEIRONOREGOLD CHROMITE-ARINE2ESOURCES %LEVATIONEXTREMES ,OWESTPOINT!TLANTIC/CEANM (IGHESTPOINT,OMA-ANSA-T"INTIMANIM 'EOGRAPHYNOTE 2AINFALLALONGTHECOASTCANREACHCMINCHESAYEAR MAKINGITONEOFTHEWETTESTPLACESALONGCOASTALWESTERN!FRICA ,IFEEXPECTANCYATBIRTH 4OTALPOPULATIONYEARS -ALEYEARS &EMALEYEARSEST 4OTALFERTILITYRATE CHILDRENBORNWOMANEST ,ITERACY $E½NITIONAGEANDOVERCANREADANDWRITE%NGLISH-ENDE 4EMNEOR!RABIC )NTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONPARTICIPATION !#0!F$"!5#%#/7!3&!/')!%!)"2$)#!/)##T )#2-)$!)$")&!$)&#)&2#3),/)-&)-/)NTERPOL)/# )/-)05)3/CORRESPONDENT)45)45#-)'!.!-/)# /0#75.5.!-)$5.#4!$5.%3#/5.)$/5.)&), 5.-)35.-)45.74/5057#/7&457(/7)0/ 7-/74/ 3)%22!,%/.%.!4)/.!,!.4(%- (IGHWEEXALTTHEEREALMOFTHEFREE 'REATISTHELOVEWEHAVEFORTHEE &IRMLYUNITEDEVERWESTAND 3INGINGTHYPRAISE/NATIVELAND 7ERAISEUPOURHEARTSANDOURVOICESONHIGH 4HEHILLSANDTHEVALLEYSREECHOOURCRY "LESSINGANDPEACEBEEVERTHINEOWN ,ANDTHATWELOVEOUR3IERRA,EONE +NOWLEDGEANDTRUTHOURFOREFATHERSSPREAD -IGHTYTHENATIONSWHOMTHEYLED -IGHTYTHEYMADETHEESOTOOMAYWE 3HOWFORTHTHEGOODTHATISEVERINTHEE 7EPLEDGEOURDEVOTIONOURSTRENGTHANDOURMIGHT 4HYCAUSETODEFENDANDTOSTANDFORTHYRIGHT !LLTHATWEHAVEBEEVERTHINEOWN ,ANDTHATWELOVEOUR3IERRA,EONE /NEWITHAFAITHTHATWISDOMINSPIRES /NEWITHAZEALTHATNEVERTIRES %VERWESEEKTOHONOURTHYNAME /URSISTHELABOURTHINETHEFAME 7EPRAYTHATNOHARMONTHYCHILDRENMAYFALL 4HATBLESSINGANDPEACEMAYDESCENDONUSALL 3OMAYWESERVETHEEEVERALONE ,ANDTHATWELOVEOUR3IERRA,EONE 3IERRA,EONE´S.ATIONAL0LEDGE 96 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% )PLEDGEMYLOVEANDLOYALTYTOMYCOUNTRY3IERRA,EONE )VOWTOSERVEHERFAITHFULLYATALLTIMES )PROMISETODEFENDHERHONOURANDGOODNAME !LWAYSWORKFORHERUNITYPEACEFREEDOMANDPROSPERITY !NDPUTHERINTERESTABOVEALLELSE 3OHELPME'OD 3)%22!,%/.%'/6%2./2#,!2+3/.´302!9%2 /,ORD)BESEECHTHEEFAVOURABLYTOHEARTHE PRAYEROFHIMWHOWISHESTOBETHYSERVANTAND PARDONHIMFORPRESUMINGTOADDRESSTHEEFROMTHIS SACREDPLACE/'OD)KNOWMYOWNIN½NITYAND UNWORTHINESSAND)KNOWTHINEABUNDANTMERCIES TOTHOSEWHOWISHTOBEGUIDEDBYTHYWILL3UPPORT ME/,ORDWITHTHYHEAVENLYGRACEANDTOENABLE METOCONDUCTMYSELFTHROUGHTHISEARTHLYLIFETHAT MYACTIONSMAYBECONSISTENTWITHTHEWORDS)HAVE UTTEREDTHISDAY4HOUKNOWESTTHAT)AMNOWABOUT TODEPARTFROMTHISPLACEANDTOLEAVETHEPEOPLE WHOMITHASPLEASEDTHEETOENTRUSTTOMYCARE 'UIDETHEM/MERCIFUL'ODINTHEPATHSOFTRUTH ANDLETNOTAFEWWICKEDMENAMONGUSDRAWDOWN THYVENGEANCEUPONTHIS#OLONY )NGRAFTINTOTHEIRHEARTSAPROPERSENSEOFDUTY ANDENABLETHEMTHROUGHTHYGRACETOCONDUCT THEMSELVESAS#HRISTIANSTHATTHEYMAYNOTCOME TOTHYHOUSEWITHOUTTHATPLEASINGEMOTIONWHICH EVERYGRATEFULMANMUSTFEELWHENPAYINGADORATION TOTHE!UTHOROFLIFE"UT)HAVEAGREATREASONTO FEAR/,ORDTHATMANYWHOFREQUENTTHYCHURCHDO NOTAPPROACHTHYPRESENCEASBECOMESTHEMAND THATTHEYMAYPARTLYBECOMPAREDTOTHE3CRIBES 0HARISEESANDHYPOCRITES0ARDON/'ODTHEIR IN½RMITIESANDASTHOUKNOWESTTHEIRWEAKNESS FROMTHEMANNERINWHICHTHEYHAVEFORMERLYBEEN TREATEDANDTHELITTLEOPPORTUNITYTHEYHAVEHADOF KNOWINGTHYWILLANDGETTINGACQUAINTEDWITHTHE MERITSOFTHY3ONOURSAVIOUR*ESUS#HRISTLOOK DOWNUPONTHEMWITHANEYEOFMERCYANDSUFFER THEMNOTTOINCURTHYDISPLEASUREAFTERTHEYHAVE HADANOPPORTUNITYOFBEINGINSTRUCTEDINTHEWAYS OFTHYCOMMANDMENTS "LESS/,ORDTHEINHABITANTSOFTHISVAST CONTINENTANDINCLINETHEIRHEARTSTOWARDS USTHATTHEYMAYMOREREADILYLISTENTOOUR ADVICEANDDOCTRINESANDTHATWEMAYCONDUCT OURSELVESTOWARDSTHEMASTOCONVINCETHEMOFTHE HAPPINESSWEENJOYUNDERTHYALMIGHTYPROTECTION "ANISHFROMTHIS#OLONY/,ORDALLHEATHENISH SUPERSTITIONANDLETTHEINHABITANTSKNOWTHATTHOU ARTTHEONLYTRUE,ORDINWHICHWELIVEANDMOVE ANDHAVEOURBEING)FTHESEPEOPLEWHOPROTESTTHY RELIGIONWILLNOTBEASSUREDOFTHYSUPERIORPOWER CONVINCETHEM/'ODOF4HINEANGERFORTHEIR PROFESSIONWITHOUTTHEIRPRACTICEFORTHOUKNOWEST )BROUGHTTHEMHEREINHOPESOFMAKINGTHEMAND THEIRFAMILIESHAPPYBOTHINTHISWORLDANDTOALL ETERNITY "UT)FEARTHEYMAYNOTBEGOVERNEDBYMY ADVICEANDTHATTHEYTHEMSELVESANDTHEIRCHILDREN FOREVERBYTHEIRPERVERSEANDGENERALBEHAVIOUR )ENTREATTHEENOTTOLETTHEIREVILEXAMPLERUIN THEGREATCAUSEINWHICHWEHAVEEMBARKEDBUT )WOULDRATHERSEETHATPLACEINASHESANDEVERY WICKEDPERSONDESTROYEDTHANTHATTHECHANCEWE HAVENOWANOPPORTUNITYOFBRINGINGTOTHELIGHT ANDKNOWLEDGEOFTHYHOLYRELIGIONSHOULDFROM THEWICKEDNESSOFAFEWINDIVIDUALSWILLCONTINUE INTHEIRACCUSTOMEDDARKNESSANDBARBARISM 4HEYKNOWTHAT)HAVEUNIVERSALLYTALKEDOFTHEIR APPARENTVIRTUETHEGOODNESSANDHAVEPRAISEDTHY NAMEFORHAVINGPERMITTEDMETOBETHESERVANT EMPLOYEDINSOGREATANDGLORIOUSACAUSE)F)HAVE BEENDECEIVED)AMSORRYFORITANDMAYTHYWILLBE DONEBUT)IMPLORETHEETOACCEPTTHESINCERITYOF MYINTENTIONSANDMYBESTENDEAVOURSTOIMPROVE THETALENTCOMMITTEDTOMYCASE/NLYPARDONTHE INTUITYOFMYNATUREAND)WILLTRUSTTOTHYMERCY 3HOULDANYPERSONHAVEAWICKEDTHOUGHTINHIS HEARTORDOANYTHINGKNOWLEDGETODISTURBTHE PEACEANDCOMFORTOFOUR#OLONYLETHIMBEROOTED OUT/'ODFROMOFFTHEFACEOFTHEEARTHBUTHAVE MERCYUPONHIMHEREAFTER 7ERE)TOUTTERALLTHATMYHEARTNOWINDICATES NOTIMEWOULDBESUF½CIENTFORANYPRAISEAND THANKSGIVINGFORALLTHEMERCIES4HOUHAS VOUCHSAFEDTOSHOWMEBUTASTHOUARTACQUAINTED WITHEVERYSECRETOFMYHEARTACCEPTMYTHOUGHTS FORTHANKS)HAVENOWORDSLEFTTOEXPRESSMY GRATITUDEANDRESIGNATIONTOTHYWILL)ENTREATTHEE /'ODIFNOTHING)CANSAYWILLCONVINCETHESE PEOPLEOFTHYPOWERANDGOODNESSMAKEUSEOFME INANYWAYTHOUPLEASESTTOMAKEANATONEMENT FORTHEIRGUILT4HISISANAWFULAND)FEARTOO PRESUMPTUOUSAREQUESTYETIFITSHOULDBETHYWILL THAT)SHOULDLAYDOWNMYLIFEFORTHECAUSE)HAVE EMBARKEDINASSISTME/,ORDWITHTHYSUPPORT THAT)MAYRESIGNITINSUCHAMANNERASTOCONVINCE THESEUNBELIEVINGPEOPLETHATTHOUART'ODINDEED -AYTHEHEARTOFTHIS#OLONY/,ORDIMBIBETHE SPIRITOFMEEKNESSGENTLENESSANDTRUTHAND MAYTHEYHENCEFORTHLIVEINUNITYANDGODLYLOVE FOLLOWINGASFARASTHEWEAKNESSOFTHEIRMORTAL NATURESWILLADMITTHATMOSTEXCELLENTANDFAULTLESS PATTERNWHICHTHOUHASTGIVENUSINTHY3ONOUR 3AVIOURS*ESUS#HRISTTOWHOMWITHTHEEAND THE(OLY3PIRITBEALLHONOURANDGLORYNOWAND FOREVER!MEN 4HISPRAYERWASWRITTENBY3IERRA,EONE´S½RSTGOVERNOR GENERALANDISSTILLINVOKEDBY3IERRA,EONEANSTODAY 50 2%05",)#/&3)%22!,%/.% 97 The Republic of 50th Anniversary