docGood Morning Entomology 301! Welcome to Lecture #2
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Good Morning Entomology 301! Welcome to Lecture #2
Good Morning Entomology 301! Welcome to Lecture #2 - 2015 Collembola Apterygota: Primitively wingless Hexapoda Protura Diplura Microcoryphia Thysanura Ephemeroptera Odonata Orthoptera Phasmatodea Grylloblattodea Mantophasmatodea Dermaptera Plecoptera Embiidina Zoraptera Isoptera Pterygota: The winged insects Mantodea Blattodea Hemiptera Thysanoptera Pscoptera Phthriptera Coleoptera Neuroptera Hymenoptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera Siphonaptera Mecoptera Strepsiptera Diptera Phylogeny of Hexapoda (text figure 6-1) Who are the Hexapoda? • Member of Phylum Arthropoda – Huge group of animals, even without the insects! • In our text, Arthropoda is divided into four Subphyla: – Trilobites (extinct) – Chelicerata (arachnids and horseshoe crabs, primarily) – Crustaceans – Atelocerata (millipedes, centipedes and hexapods) Classification of the Arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Class Trilobita (extinct!) Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum Crustacea Subphylum Atelocerata Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Subphylum Chelicerata Class Merostomata Class Arachnida Class Pycnogonida Subphylum Crustacea Subphylum Atelocerata Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum Crustacea (containing 10 Classes!) Subphylum Atelocerata Classification of the Arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum Crustacea Subphylum Atelocerata Class Diplopoda Class Chilopoda Class Symphyla Class Pauropoda Class Hexapoda Classification of the Arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum Crustacea Subphylum Atelocerata Class Diplopoda Class Chilopoda Class Symphyla Class Pauropoda Class Hexapoda Classification of the Arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum Crustacea Subphylum Atelocerata Class Diplopoda Class Chilopoda Class Symphyla Class Pauropoda Class Hexapoda Classification of the Arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum Crustacea Subphylum Atelocerata Class Diplopoda Class Chilopoda Class Symphyla Class Pauropoda Class Hexapoda Finally, the Hexapoda! Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum Crustacea Subphylum Atelocerata Class Diplopoda Class Chilopoda Class Symphyla Class Pauropoda Class Hexapoda Class Hexapoda • 3 body regions (tagmata) • One pair of antennae (sometimes absent, but never two pairs as in crustaceans) • 3 pairs of thoracic legs, and usually with no locomotory appendages on the abdomen • Many with 1 or 2 pairs of wings • 1 pair of mandibles, 1 pair of maxillae, a hypopharanx and a labium • Gonopore at or near end of the abdomen Classification of Hexapoda The Apterygota Collembola Protura Diplura Apterygota Microcoryphia Thysanura Pterygota (winged insects) Apterygota • Five Orders: Collembola + Protura + Diplura + Microcoryphia + Thysanura • Wingless (derived from wingless ancestors) • Different thoracic structure from other insects – No pleural sulcus – No division of thorax into scutum and scutellum • Many have pregenital abdominal appendages (styli and vesicles) • Ametabolous • Indirect Sperm Transfer Development (egg to adult) • Ametabolous = without any sort of metamorphosis – Five primitively wingless orders (Apterygota, or Entognatha plus apterygote insects) • Paurometabolous = simple metamorphosis – Larvae and adults in same habitat – Adults winged – Exopterygota • Hemimetabolous = simple metamorphosis – Larvae (nymphs) are aquatic, adults are terrestrial – Exopterygota • Holometabolous = complete metamorphosis – Pupal stage – Endopterygota Ametabolous development (an example, Thysanura) Paurometabolous development (example, Hemiptera) Hemimetabolous Development (example, Odonata) Holometabolous Development (example, Hymenoptera) Phylogeny of Hexapoda – The Entognatha Collembola Protura The Entognatha Diplura Microcoryphia Thysanura Pterygota (winged insects) Phylogeny of Hexapoda – The Insecta Collembola Protura The Entognatha Diplura Microcoryphia Thysanura Pterygota (winged insects) Insecta Classification of Hexapoda Entognatha vs. Insecta Collembola Protura Entognatha Diplura Microcoryphia Thysanura Insecta Pterygota (winged insects) Entognathous Mouthparts Entognatha (Protura + Collembola + Diplura) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. entognathous mouthparts wingless ametabolous (without metamorphosis) antennal segments with muscles (if antennae present) tentorium reduced or absent tarsi 1-segmented indirect sperm transfer no ovipositor compound eyes absent or nearly so Entognatha (Protura + Collembola + Diplura) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. entognathous mouthparts wingless ametabolous (without metamorphosis) antennal segments with muscles (if antennae present) tentorium reduced or absent tarsi 1-segmented indirect sperm transfer no ovipositor compound eyes absent or nearly so (these features in all Apterygota) Indirect sperm transfer Order Protura Order Protura 1. no compound eyes 2. no antennae 3. prognathous (mouthparts directed forward) 4. pseudoculi on head - probably remnants of antennae thought to be humidity receptors 5. anamorphosis (abdominal segments added with each molt) 6. no cerci 7. styli present on abdominal segments I, II, and III 8. adult abdomen with 12 segments pseudoculus Protura styli Protura Protura Order Collembola - Springtails • • • • • rudimentary eyes or ocelli often present, antennae present often hypognathous epimorphosis (abdominal segments not added at molts) 4) legs with 4 segments – coxa, trochanter, femur, tibio-tarsus • 5) abdomen 6-segmented and without cerci • 6) Specialized abdominal appendages: – collophore or ventral tube on segment 1 – retinaculum on segment 3: a hook that holds the furcula – furcula on segment 4: acts as a spring Collembola abdominal appendages collophore retinaculum furcula Collembola postantennal organ (separate structure from the eye) Collembola - Hypogastruridae Collembola Isotomidae Collembola - Sminthuridae Collembola Collembola Collembola The “snow flea” Can occur in vast numbers Some found in water Can occur on leaf surfaces Sminthuridae courtship behavior