Heim_Bendezu Sarmiento_Lorain

Transcription

TO BUILD THE FUTURE AND PRESERVE THE PAST.
ONCE CENTURY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
FOR CREATING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP OF AFGHANISTAN
Cultural Heritage & Development Initiatives
Rome, 25th-27th May 2016
Dr. Julio BENDEZU-SARMIENTO
Director DAFA
Catherine HEIM
Consultant for UNESCO
Dr. Thomas LORAIN
Deputy-Director DAFA
With
the support of:
GIS and ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP
UNDE THE AUTHORITY OF THE AFGHAN GOVERNMENT
Sites recorded by W. Ball in 1982
A Geographical Information
System (GIS)
is linked to a huge database
recording all the known
information for sites and
monuments of the country.
Who is it addressed to ?
To all institutions
involved in the
preservation and study
of national heritage
•
To all institutions
involved in the
development of the
country (mines, road,
railway, urban extension,
etc...)
•
CROSS-DISCIPLINARY NATURE OF A GIS
A GIS stocks, analyses, and
displays various
geographical data,
divided in different layers of
information.
A layer is a thematic plane
of GIS features,
containing geographically
and logically related data.
Overlaying involves
superimposing two or
more map layers,
in order to produce
a new map layer.
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP OF AFGHANISTAN
Main Goals for the Archaeological Map:
-
Protecting cultural heritage through a national digitized inventory providing predictive maps for
archaeological heritage;
Integrating the protection of cultural heritage in the framework of environment and urbanism
development;
Developing preventive archaeology alongside vast programs of reconstruction carried out in the
country;
In more scientific aim, studying the distribution of ancient settlements, the diachronic/synchronic
occupation or appropriation of the territory, etc., and developing study programs on various themes.
Signing of the MoU on the Archaeological Map of Afghanistan,
May 9th 2016, between France and Afghanistan
DAFA – A TRADITION OF FRENCH ARCHAEOLOGY IN AFGHANISTAN
DAFA is a French
organization, created
in 1922
More than 90 years
of experience in the
study of Afghan
archaeology and
heritage, in partnership
with its Afghan and
international
counterparts.
The history of DAFA
can be divided in
3 periods:
- Pre- World War II
- 1946-1982
- 2002-today
Only permanent foreign
archaeological mission
present in Afghanistan,
DAFA excavated
dozens of sites in the
country since 1922.
Bamiyan, Hadda,
Funduquistan, Begram,
Sukh Kotal,
Lashkari Bazar, Bust,
Ai Khanoum,
Shahr-i Zuhak,
Shahr-i Gholghola,
Shotorak, Nad-i Ali,
Tepe Maranjan,
Shahr-i Banu,
Balkh,
Kuhna Masjid, Mir
Zakah, Shortughai,…
Since its reopening in
2002, DAFA was able to
conduct or collaborate in
several archaeological
excavations
in different provinces.
They worked on numerous
sites in:
Bamiyan (Shahr-i Gholghola),
Balkh (Tepe Zargaran, Noh
Gumbad, Cheshme Shafa),
Logar (Mes Aynak),
Herat (Mussala),
Kabul (Koh-e Tut),
Wardak (Al Ghata)
ANALYTIC BASE OF AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP
ANALYTIC BASE OF AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP
CONTENTS OF AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP - Examples
Type of maps/photos
used for the survey
•
•
•
•
Aerial photos
Topographical maps
Geological maps
Survey maps
The French Embassy
solicited the help of NATO
so DAFA could have access
to declassified
geographical and satellite
data for all Afghan
territory.
It also enables DAFA to
pursue capacity building
and research missions
with Afghan geologists,
archaeologists, and other
specialists.
TYPE OF IMAGERY USED IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP
Spatial DATA storage
7,10
5,9
10
9,8
4,7
polygon
8,6
1,6
2,5
5
line
point
• VECTOR MODEL
Points, lines, polygons
6,6
5,4
2,2
4,1
5
10
• RASTER MODEL
Image files composed of
grid-cells (pixels)
TYPE OF IMAGERY USED IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP
MUNDIGAK – Kandahar Province
US CIB – 1 m
Aerial Photograph (1961)
FIL – 40 cm
BUCKEYE – 10 cm
Type of images used for
the survey
Satellite imagery:
• US CIB: 5 m ground
resolution (1991-2003)
Complete covering of
Afghanistan
• US CIB 1 m ground
resolution, as above
• FIL 40 cm ground
resolution (2004-2013)
308.488 images
Aerial imagery:
• Buckeye color 10 cm
ground resolution
(2009-2015) – now 2676
images
SITE MONITORING – Natural Threats
Many sites throughout
the country
are threatened
by various natural
occurences like
erosion, floods,
earthquakes…
15th century mosque threatened by a flood in Balkh Province
Remains of a
fortification,
in Bamiyan.
The top photo dates
from the 1970’s,
the other from 2015,
showing heavy damages
due to erosion.
SITE MONITORING – War impact on archaeological sites
Many sites in
Afghanistan have
been impacted by
decades of war
Shahr-i Gholghola, Bamiyan Province. Part of the site
(green) was excavated, but a wide area remains (red) to
be demined in order to pursue the operations.
A lot of
archaeological sites
have been used as
strategic positions
during the
successive wars on
Afghan territory,
and they require
demining operations
before starting any
excavation.
SITE MONITORING – War impact on archaeological sites
Mines are not the
only remains
of past wars,
but numerous sites
have also been
directly impacted
by the use
of weapons.
Here one of the
Minaret of Herat,
in 2014, bearing marks
of rocket impacts.
SITE MONITORING – Military impact on archaeological sites
Ancient Faizabad – Badakhshan Province
The settlecompounds
ments of military
are the cause
of many damages
on archaeological sites.
Military airport
Military base
ANCIENT CITY
Here, the site of Kuri,
probable remains of
ancient Faizabad,
featuring mud and
baked-bricks structure
covering 1.5km2,
is now occupied by a
modern military base.
SITE MONITORING – Military impact on archaeological sites
The Bala Hissar
of Kabul,
a fortification
believed to date
from the 5th AD,
is now the location
of a military camp.
SITE MONITORING – Looting impact on archaeological sites
Many sites, known or
unknown, have been
looted throughout the
country.
Ai Khanoum
The Gymnasium
The site of Ai Khanoum,
in Takhar Province,
excataved between 1961
and 1978,
has been a very
attractive target for
looters ever since.
The Palace
SITE MONITORING – Looting impact on archaeological sites
Always a tragedy,
looting is really
problematic when
it comes to archaeology,
as it
can completly ruin
the stratigraphy of a
site, thus making it very
difficult to study.
Here the looting of
an unknown site in
Balkh province is
accompanied by
destruction, as a
new road is cutting a
mound in half.
SITE MONITORING – Modern reoccupation on archaeological sites
Modern reoccupation
also heavily impacts
archaeological sites,
as people
collect earth
from ancient
mounds/constructions
to build their houses,
with mecanical shovel,
here in Balkh province.
SITE MONITORING – Modern reoccupation on archaeological sites
The site of Cheshme Shafa, in Balkh
province, was
almost destroyed
because of the
construction of a
new road.
The intervention of
archaeologists put
a halt to the
destruction of
the site.
SITE MONITORING – Urbanization
Survey of urbanization
impact on historical and
archaeological sites
LASHKARI BAZAR – Massud III Palace
Example of Lashkari Bazar
and the modern occupation
of the palace of Sultan
Masud III.
1995 – Unclassified imagery
2010 – BUCKEYE imagery
Plan of Palace
by DAFA (1948 )
2013 – BUCKEYE imagery
* In 1995, the site has the
aspect as right after the
excavation.
* In 2010, the surroundings
of the palace starts to be
urbanized.
* In 2013, the palace itself
is covered by modern
habitations.
The Afghanistan Heritage and
Extractive Industries Development Initiative
DAFA/UNESCO/World
Bank Mines Project
•
Evaluation of
6 prioritized mining
areas.
•
Implementation of
managing plans for
archaeological and
historical sites.
•
Revision of Afghan
law on protection of
Cultural Heritage.
•
Capacity building for
relevant government
employees.
Remote sensing in the
Balkh province lead to
the discovery of
hundreds new sites
Sites as recorded by W.
Ball in 1982
Sites recorded by W.
Ball with accurate
positioning through
remote sensing
New sites discovered
through remote
sensing
Hajigak Area of
Interest – Bamiyan
Province
• 4 new sites
discovered during the
satellite survey
All of the sites
inventoried before 1982
in the area have been
identified
(except a petroglyph)
Zarkashan Area of
Interest – Ghazni
Province
• 40 new sites
discovered during
the satellite survey
6 already-known sites
were also identified, and
their coordinates
accurately corrected
Zarkashan AoI –
Ghazni Province
A large majority of the
knewly-discovered sites
has been pinned down
as “mounds” and require
further field study
and analyses, but a few
sites still features
construction remains.
Veka Dur Area of
Interest – Badakhshan
Province
• 40 new sites
discovered during
These new sites have
been identified as
citadels, fortified
complexes, shrines,
stupas, and mounds.
The density of site is
mainly concentrated in
the valley.
Mes Aynak Area of
Interest – Logar
Province
• 125 new sites
discovered during
The density of sites
shows four main areas
of concentration,
mainly situated
in valleys.
Shaida Aera of
Interest – Herat
Province
• 560 new sites
discovered during
Most of these
sites have been
identified as
nomadic settlements
Balkhab Area of
Interest – Sar-i Pul
Province
• 38 new sites
discovered during the
satellite survey
One of these site has
been identified as a
“settlement of
remarkable size”,
apparently unknown.
Most of the newly
discovered sites are
situated along the Balkh
River valley.
PRIVATE SECTOR & PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE:
A COMMON CHALLENGE ?
TO BUILD THE FUTURE AND PRESERVE THE PAST.
ONCE CENTURY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
FOR CREATING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP OF AFGHANISTAN
THANKS FOR
YOUR ATENTION
Rome, 25th27th May 2016

Heim_Bendezu Sarmiento_Lorain

Transcription

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