Oral cavity evaluation and dental chart registration of coati (Nasua

Universidade de São Paulo
Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual - BDPI
Departamento de Cirurgia - FMVZ/VCI
Artigos e Materiais de Revistas Científicas - FMVZ/VCI
2008
Oral cavity evaluation and dental chart
registration of coati (Nasua nasua) in captivity
Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, Boise, v. 25, n. 2, p. 110-117, June 2008
http://producao.usp.br/handle/BDPI/1670
Downloaded from: Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual - BDPI, Universidade de São Paulo
Oral Cavity Evaluation and Dental Chart Registration of Coati
(Nasua nasua) in Captivity
Elisângela R Freitas, DVM; Sheila C. Rahal, DVM, MS, PhD; Carlos R.Teixeira, DVM, MS, PhD;
Rodrigo H.F.Teixeira, DVM; Guilherme M. Mendes, DVM; Marco A. Gioso, DVM, MS, PhD
Summary:
The aims of this study were lo develop a dental churl.
evaluate any oral cavity disease, develop gypsum models of
the dental arches, and to regi.ster the occlusions found in
coatis (Nasua nasua} in caplivin\ Fonmtlalion of the dental
chart was assisted by intraoral radiographs from the head of
an adult coati cadaver of the same .species with thefollowing
dental formula: 13/3, C I/I, P 4/3, M 2/2. Seven live coatis
of the Nasua nasua species were evaluated. Five of the seven
coatis presented with various dental abnormalities as
follows: dental plaque (71.4 %), gingivitis (71.4 %).
periodontitis (57.1 %), dental stain (42.9 %). dental
abrasion (57.1 %). dental fracture (57. / %). pulp exposure
(42.9 %), malocclusion (57.1 %) and supernumerary teeth
(14.2 %). J Vet Dent 25 (2); 110 - 117,2008
zoos is the coati from the Pn>cyonidae family, Procioninae
subfamily, Nasua genus. Nastui nasua species."" The
geographical distribution of thefree,wild coati is limited to South
and Central American forests," " Due to the limited dental reports
pertaining to coati oral anatomy and health, the aim of this study
was to develop a representative dental chart, to evaluate any oral
cavity disease, to develop gypsum models of the dental arches,
and to register the (Kclusion of coatis kept in captivity.
Materials and Methods
riic present siudy was approved hy the Ethical Committee of
the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science
(149/2006 CEEA), UNESP at Botucatu, Brazil. An adult coati
cadaver, without physical abnormalities that could influence the
results, was used to accomplish the preparation of the dental
chart. Intraoral radiographs of dental arches were made by using
intraoral dental parallel and bisecting angle techniques (Fig. I).
The radiographs were taken using a portable dental x-ray unir
with technique settings of 70 KVP, 15 map, and 0.8-second
Introduction
exposure time. The images were captured by a digital camera and
F unctions of the oral cavity and its structures include:
the dental roots were drawn using the computer sofhvare. Ihe
introduction of solid fcxxJ and fluid into the gastrointestinal tract;
final dental chart was based on the modified Triadan system.^"*
protection against external forces, such as predators and fights
between rivals and injury due to ingestion of deleterious
Seven (5 females. 2 males) coatis oï Nasua nasua species
materials; temperature regulation (cooling); sexual stimulation; living in the Quinzinho de Barros Municipal Zoo having a body
and. communication.'
weight from 4 to 6-kg were used in this study. The animals were
Oral cavity examination should be made in sequence by divided into categories according to age: young (5 to 15 - months,
evaluating the lips including skin and mucosa, halitosis, palate, n = 3), adult (24-months to 13-years, n^.'í) and old (up i3-years,
tongue andfloorof the mouth, oropharynx, tonsils, and the dental n = ! ), and numbered from I to 7. The food was made up of ihiits,
organ (tooth and periodontium) using a dental explorer and a chicken and cattle meat, commercial dog food, and water ad
periodontal probe.- All findings should be registered on a dental libitum.
chart specific to each species and include patient identification.^
After fasting for 7-hours, coatis were tranquilized with a
Charting is essential to record the presence or absence of lesions, mixture of xylazine (0.5 mg/Kg/IM) and tiletamine-zolazepam
a baseline for disease or health status, prognosis, and the results (7.0 mg/kg/IM) by dart administration. An endotracheal tube was
of treatment.-•*
placed 15-minutes following tranquilization, and general
Another important registration of oral cavity structures is the anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane and
dental gypsum model,"" When the dental model is made carefully oxygen (Fig. 2). Patient heart rate and blood pressure were
and according to the manufacturer's recommendations, it is continuously monitored by means of an electrocardiogram and a
possible to obtain a precise copy of the dentition." The dental Doppler with pressure manometer, respectively. The respiration
model allows the demonstration of the normal anatomy, the rate was visually evaluated and the body temperature monitored
characterization of several types of diseases, the establishment of and maintained by using a warm electric heating pad.
modalities of orthodontic treatment, and tooth preparation for Photographic dtxumentation of the oral cavity was perfonned
using a digital camera followed by a specific dentistry
cementation of prostheses/
examination
with the findings registered on the dental chart
Many animals kept in captivity are at risk of extinction.
prepared
previously.
Maintenance of oral health allows a better quality of life and can
influence the well-being and generdl health of the animal, as well
as its reproduction and longevity. Tliereforc, it is important to
conduct studies to provide references for oral anatomy,
physiology, and diseases of these animals."
A wild carnivore mammal found commonly in Brazilian
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J VET DENT Vol. 25 No, 2 June 2008
The oral cavity was examined by visual inspection of the
lips, soft palate, hard palate, tongue, alveolar mucosa, buecal
mucosa, and the gingiva. Bach tooth was evaluated for the
presence/absence of maloeclusion, stains, plaque and calculus,
mobility, attrition or abrasion, complicated or uncomplicated
Figure 1
Intraoral dental radiographs
used to aid in chart development for the adult coati {Nasua
nasua).
J VET DENT Vol, 25 No. 2 June 2008
111
Figure 2
Photograph of an adult coati (Nasua nasua) being
administered general anesthesia during the conduction of
this study.
crown fracture, evidence of furcation Ínvo!vement, and
periodontal poclíeting. The dental plaque was c!assified
according to an Índex described previous!y.'' T!ie presence and
degree of gingival inflammation was assessed based on a
modified gingiva! index.' Evidence of gingival recession or
hyperplasia, and t!ie presence or absence of bleeding on probing
t!ie gingiva! SU!CÜS were observed. The bleeding score index was
c!assiried from 0 to 3.'' The depth from the free gingiva! margin
to the base of the su!cus was measured in miÜimeters using a
graduated periodonta! probe. Furcation exposure and denta!
mobüity indices were done as reported previous!/'
Negative impressions of maxillary and niandibu!ar denta!
arches were obtained using irreversib!e hytlrt)co!Í()id (a!ginate) in
a denta! tray according to the manufacturer's instructions. Upon
setting, the tray was removed and gypsum (plaster) poured into
the mold. One hour !atcr, the dental model was removed from the
a!ginate. With t!ie patient sti!! under genera! anesthesia, the
endotrachcal tube was removed and a wax registration was talien
of both arcades. The mouth was c!osed enoüg!i to obtain t!ie teeth
impression on the wax. However, registration of incisor teetb was
not possible due to tbe extended !ength of the canine teeth.
Results
Figure 3
Dental chart developed for the adult coati [Nasua nasua).
DENTAL CHART
PROCYONIDS
IlBtifiutiaB:
Su:
|*N—.
MUTKS .tlH-UBMS,!,!,;
¡nntlLL UJUS3BMT
iHil Fnain M
>aUl a i i t o n :
Hit
S
HEOUPI
N
M
iUHj llMlSU IB
fesou
I in. c 1/1 ? l-t/3-l, Mill
• it-tD
iK-imugwu Ml
oclÉon*KiiRaapi
lu 111 iHl
SURGEON
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J VET DENT Vol, 25 No. 2 June 2008
The coati dental c!iart consisted of the animal identification,
type of diet, clinical examination of the head, oral cavity and
adjacent structures; denta! formu!a, and drawings of the denta!
arches and teeth (Fig. 3). The crown of the incisors showed a
simüar size and t!iey were denominated as first, second, and third
ineisors. The canine teeth were the !argest teeth of the mouth and
had a tri-faced design. Both vestibular and lingua! faces of the
mandibular canine tooth crowns had a groove extending the !ength
of the crown, which was deeper on the lingual aspect (Fig. 4).
All coatis !iad two maxiüary molar and Iwo mandibu!ar
mo!ar teeth, but the number of maxülary premo!ar teeth varied
from three (!4.3 %) to four (85.7 %) and number of mandibular
prcmo!ar teeth varied from thiree (42.9 %) to four (28.6 %). Two
coatis (28.6 %) had three premolar teeth in one mandib!e and four
in the other.
Ora! abnormaüties found in the coati of this study are usted
(Table ! ). Malocc!usion with incisor !eve! bite was present in 57.1
% of the animals. There was also a !efi mandihu!ar fourth
premolar tooth with vestibu!ar (bucca!/facial) disp!acement in
coati #7 (Fig. 5). The index of denta! p!aque was ! in coati #7 and
2 for the others (Fig. 6). Gingivitis was detected in five anima!s:
grade 1 (coati 7), grade 2 (coatis !, 2, 3), and grade 3 (coati 4).
Ca!culus scores were grade 2 or less for a!l coati except coati 4
(grade 3) (Figs. 6 and 7). B!eeding on probing of the gingival
su!cus occurred in coati #3 ajid M with an intensity of 1 and 3,
respective!/ Peritxlontal pocketing (4-mm), furcation exposure
(F3) and denta! mobility (degree 2) were observed in the same
coati (#4). Gingiva! recession, ranging from from 5 to 7-mm, was
noted especiaUy on the mesial aspect of the maxiüary canine teetb
in coatis #1, 2, 3 and 4 (Fig. 8). Coati #4 a!so had gingiva!
recession in all maxiüary premolar teeth, all !efi mandibu!ar
premo!ar teeth, and at tlie right mandibular fouitli premolar toot!i.
This coati had generaüzed severe periodonta! disease on the !eft
side of the mouth. Denta! staining was more predominant in the
Figure 4
Figure 5
Photograph of the mandibular canine teeth showing the
prominent grooves extending the length of the crown on the
buccal (black arrow) and lingual (white arrow) aspects
typically seen in the coati (Nasua nasua). Note the greater
prominence of the lingual groove.
Photograph showing buccal/faciat malocclusion of the left
mandibular fourth premolar tooth (arrow) in a young (# 7)
coati (Nasua nasua).
Figure 6
Photographs showing grade 1 dental plaque (arrows) [A]
and grade 1 gingivitis (arrow) [B] in a young (#7) coati
(Nasua nasua)-
maxillary and mandibular canine teeth (Fig. 9). Except for coati
#3, that had severe dental abrasion on all premolar, and maxillary
and mandibular molar teeth, the other eoatis had more evident
dental abrasion on incisor and canine teeth (Fig. 10). Coati #1, 2.
3. 4 had crown fractures usually involving the maxillary and/or
mandibular incisor teeth, with pulp exposure occurring in 75 %
{Fig, 10). Ciingival hyperplasia was seen on the distal area of the
right maxillary fourth premolar tooth of coati #3 (Fig. 11) and
maxillary and mandibular left molar teeth in coati #4. A
supemumemry tooth between the maxillary left second and third
premolar teeth was detected only in coati tt2 (Fig. 12). The
maxillai-y left canine tooth was absent in coati #6, while the other
canine teeth were in an eruption process (Fig. 13).
An example of the gypsum models obtained ft"om dental
iirches of the eoatis are shown in Fig. 14. Abnonnalities sueh as
gingival recession at maxillary canine teeth and incisor fractures
were easily identified on the gypsum models obtained from
dental arches of the eoatis. The registration of the occlusion in
wax was accurate except for the incisor teeth where there was
J VET DENT Vol. 25 No. 2 June 2008
113
Figure 7
Figure 8
Photograph showing grade 3 dental calculus in an adult (#4)
coati (Nasua nasua).
Photograph of the maxillary canine teeth showing 7-mm
gingival recession (arrows) in an adult (# 2) coati {Nasua
nasua).
Table 1
Oral lesions observed in seven coatis {Nasua nasua) in
captivity.
Oral alterations
Malocclusion
Coati #
2,3,4,7
% affected
57.1
Dental plaque
1,2,3,4,7
1,2,3,4,7
71.4
1,2,3,4
57,1
3,4
28.6
Gingivitis
Denial calculus
Bleeding on probing ot
71.4
Figure 9
Photograph showing dental staining of the canine teeth in an
adult (# 1} coati (Nasua nasua).
the gingival sulous
Periodontal pocketing
4
14.2
Gingival recession
Root furcation exposure
1,2,3,4
57.1
4
14.2
42.9
Abrasion
1,2,3
1,2,3,4
Dental fracture
1,2,3,4
57.1
Pulp exposure
1,3,4
42.9
Dentai mobility
4
14.2
Gingival hyperpiasia
3,4
28.6
Supernumerary teeth
2
14.2
Absence oí teeth
6
14,2
Dental stain
57.1
• Coaîi # 5,6,7 = young; # 1,2,4 = adult; # 3 = old.
little evidence of contact due to the long canine teeth.
Discussion
Since coatis are animals with a diversified diet, trituration
of the food is a very important function in the digestive system
for these animals. Therefore, the maxillary fourth premolar and
tnaxillary molar teeth present an ocelusal surface with an
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J VET DENT Vol. 25 No. 2 June 2008
anatomic surfaee favoring a grinding function. Carnivores have
sectorial teeth to tear the food, not to grind it. Therefore, the
dentition of procionides differs from domestic carnivores in
some aspects. In coatis, there are sectorial teeth that
interdigitate from the first to the third ptemolar teeth as in dogs.
However, from the fourth premolar tooth eaudally. in both the
mandible and maxilla, the teeth are bunodonts as in omnivores."
Figure 10
Figure 11
Phoîographs showing severe dental abrasion (A) of the
maxiilary molar and premolar teeth in an old {# 3) coati
(Nasua nasua). An adult (# 4} coati shows dental
abrasion of maxillary incisor teeth including a complicated crown fracture (arrow) of the left maxillary third
incisor tooth (203) [B].
Photograph showing gingival hyperplasia (arrow) associated
with the right maxillary first molar tooth (109) in an adult (# 4)
coati {Nasua nasua).
Figure 12
Photograph showing a supernumerary tooth (arrow) between
the left maxillary second (206) and third (207) premolar teeth
in an adult (# 2) coati (Nasua nasua).
Although several methods for referencing teeth have been
Litilizcd, the coati dental chart was developed based on the
iTuxlified Triadan system that is most used in the veterinary dental
nomenclature system.' The advantages of this system are to
condense information in a small space and give specific
identification of the tooth regarding location, anatomic
description, and quadrant of the mouth.'"' Also, it is possible to
study dental diseases and the effectiveness of any treatment
protocol.'
The coati dental formula determined in the present study was
made up of 3 incisor, I canine, three or four premolar and two
molar teeth, similar to the dental formula (13/3, C 1/1. P 3-4/3-4,
M 2/2 ^ 36 - 40) for coati described by other authors for Nasua
nasua species"'' confirming that a varied number of premolar
J VET DENT Vol, 25 No, 2 June 200S
115
Figure 13
Photograph showing missing dentition right (104) and left
(204) [arrow] maxillary canine teeth in a young (# 6) ooati
{Nasua nasua).
teeth is probably a natural variation. As mentioned previously,
these animals may be considered as heterodonts since the oral
examination showed that the height of the canine tooth crown was
approximately 3 times the incisor tooth crown length."
Additionally, the occlusal surface shows interdigitation from the
canine to the tliird premolar tooth and occlusion from the fourth
premolar to second molar teeth. The dentition has anelodont
characteristics because teeth have a limited period of growth and
brachyodont characteristics since radiographie examination
showed the height of the roots was greater than the height of the
crown. Also, one young coati (#6) presented with dental eruption
in group (side-by-side), a characteristic of carnivores.*'
Dental plaque and gingivitis were observed in 71.4 % of the
coatis. The index of dental plaque was I (n = I ) and 2 (n =^ 4) and
the degree of gingival inttainmation was 1 (n = 1). 2 (n = 3), or 3
(n=I).^'^ These findings suggest that coads kept in captivity are
predisposed to peritxiontal disease caused by the accumulation of
bacterial plaque." "' It is likely that firm-textured natural diet made
up of fhiits, nuts,, figs, small birds, rodents, lizards, snails, insects,
among others, cause more natural scaling of teeth and less
acciunulation of plaque.'^'^"'"
Although tlie peritidontal disease was generalized, gingival
Figure 14
Photographs of gypsum
models showing lateral (A)
and rostral (B) views ot the
dental arches in a coati
{Nasua nasua). Models
allowed documentation of
pathology including (C)
gingiva! recession at the
maxillary canine teeth
(arrows). Note the absence
of incisor tooth impression
in the wax (D)
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J VET DENT Vol. 25 No. 2 June 2008
recession was more evident at the mesia! aspect of maxiüary canine
teeth (n = 4), suggesting that gingival recession inay !3e associated
with denta! attrition due to t!ic habit of biting structures of the
captivity environment or the positioning of mandibu!ar canine teeth
that articulate with the mesia! aspect of the maxiüary canine teeth.
Two eoatis had gingival !iyperp!asia on the fourth premolar ÍUUI
maxülary and mandibular mo!ar teeth where periodonta! disease
was more severe. Gingiva! overgrowth towards the crown and
around the tootli is coinmon!y found in dogs with periodontal
disease fonning pseudopoclcets in many animals.^
Denta! calculus occurred in 57.1 % of the eoatis and most had
grade 2 severity. Denta! ca!culus is a mineralized dental p!aque,
composed primarily of carbonate calcium and ca!cium phosphate
mineral salts deposited between and within remnants of fonnerly
viab!e microoi^anisms."^ !t is !inowii that the alkaüne pH that is
found in the canine oral cavity, and presence of ca!cium salts in
sauva, stimulates mineral i zation of p!aque.' Coatis arc camivore.s,
therefore we assume that the pH of their mouth must be alkaüne,
aithoug!i no study was found to corroborate tliis assumption.- Dental
calcu!us grade 3 and more severe periodonta! disease on tlie left side
of tlie mouth was observed in coati M. T!iese findings may suggest
pain on the !eft side of the oral cavity. Tooth fracture, pulpitis or soft
tissue injury predispose c!iewing on the normal side and,
consequently, denta! ca!culus accumu!ation on the affected side.'
Dental staining (daritness) was observed especiaüy on canine
teeth (42.9*^). Simüar staining has been observed in canine,
maxillary third premo!ar. and mandibulai" mo!ar teeth of the jaguar
and piuTia kept in captivity presumed secondary to pigmented food
and dental trauma.'" A!though the eoatis consiuiicd a diet similar to
dogs, the presence of dental abrasion and fractures located on the
rostra! teeth suggested trauma as the primary factor.
Ma!occ!usion indicated by an incisor !evel bite (KcurTed in 57. !
% of the eoatis. Tliis probably induced an unequal dental abrasion
(57. ! %), pulpa! exposure (42.9%). and tooth !oss (42.9 %). due to
increased contact b>etween maxiüary and mandibular incisor teeth.''
A!so, the abnonnal denta! abrasion in wÜd animals in captivity may
be asstKiated witli environmenta! stress that stiiTiu!ates abnormal
habits, such as chewing on meta! cage bars.''-"^ On!y one
supernumerary tooth, on the left side of the mjixiüa, was detected in
only one coati. Also, dental ca!culus accuiTiu!ation was moix: intense
on tlie !eft side as compaii^d to the contm!atera! side in this animal.
The supemumerary tootli is probably a genetic error and dental
extraction is indicated if t!ie impact on the adjacent teeth causes
development of periodonta! disease.''
The gypsum models of the dental arcades and wax registration
of the occ!iLsion were made in order to obtain an anatómica!
evaluation of t!ie ora! cavity of the eoatis kept n captivity.^'"'-' in
wi!d carnivore species, it is soinetimes difficult to obtain proper
equipment to aid construetion of gypsum models from alginate
molds.-' Because of the smaü size and limitation on the vertical
dimension of the coati, t!ie veterinary tray was too !arge for the
denta! arches and Üiercfore allowed a!ginate !oss through the sides of
the tray. To so!ve t!iis problem and to avoid distortion, the gypsum
powder was poured in as soon as the alginate solidified. The
preparation of the mode! was accomplished using gypsum-stone
type 11! !3ecause of its excellent resistance and low cost.''^""
captivity may develop oral diseases that are, in many eases,
associated with the environmenta! stress of captivity and diet.
'
Prodenlal. Pro 70 - Intra Tfi, Protlental Equipamentos Odontológicos Ltda.,
Sao Paulo, Brazil
Author Information
From the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesioiogy
Schoo! ofVeterinary Medicine and Animal Science - Sao Pau!o State
University (UNESP) Botucatu, PO Box 560, Rubiào Junior s/n,
Botucatu (SP), Brazil !86I8-0(X); the Quinzinho de Barros
Municipal Zoo (Teixeira) - Teodoro Kaisel Street, Sorocabii, Brazi!
71802!; and. !3epartment of Surgery (Gioso), School ofVeterinary
Medicine and Animal Science - University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao
Pau!o (SP), Brazi! 055900-000. Emaü: [email protected]
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