EN 12195-1:2010

Transcription

EN 12195-1:2010

State of play on national safe loading & cargo securing
standards in Europe and work of the UN group of experts
on the ILO/IMO/UNECE standard
Slagelse, Denmark
Slagelse,
6-7 September 2012
Sven SökjerSökjer-Petersen
Managing Director
MariTerm AB
(c) International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2011
Cargo securing in Sweden
Agenda:
• Short presentation of MariTerm AB
• Overview of current regulations
• Scientific background to basic cargo securing parameters
• Comparison of standards and guidelines for cargo securing
• Use of Quick Lashing Guides
• Practical tests
• Vehicle body structures
MariTerm AB
MariTerm AB:
• An engineering company
• Working within the field of transport mainly, with cargo
securing for land and sea transports
• 7 employees
• Independent – privately owned
• Established in 1978
MariTerm AB
MariTerm is a Swedish company with office in Höganäs in Sweden.
MariTerm AB – Cargo securing instructions
MariTerm AB – Research projects
MariTerm AB
Overview of
Current Regulations
Current regulations
Current regulations
VDI 2700
Current regulations
Securing of wooden box weighing 10 tons
Current regulations
Securing according to North American Cargo Securement Standard
Current regulations
Securing according to European Standard 12195-1
12195 (2003)
Current regulations
IMO/ILO/UN ECE Guidelines for
Packing of Cargo Transport Units
1997 (under revision)
Model Course 3.18
2001
EU Best Practice
Guidelines on Cargo
Securing - 2006
Cargo Securing
Standard
EN 12195-1
Scientific background to
basic cargo securing
parameters
Differences in basic parameters in
IMO and CEN 2003
EN 12195-1 (2003)
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
0.5 g
1. Static friction factor at top
over lashings
0.5 S
S TF
S TF
2. Total vertical pre-tension
from top over lashing:
2 × STF
µS
0.7 µ S
3. Sideways acceleration:
0.5 g for sliding and tipping
4. Internal friction between
rows are taken into
consideration in tipping
equation
= VDI 2700 (2002)
TF
0.5 g for sliding
0.7 g for tipping
4
1. Dynamic friction factor (70%
of static friction factor) for all
types of securing
arrangement
2. Total vertical pre-tension for
top over lashings= 1.5 × STF
3. Sideways acceleration:
0.5 × g for sliding
(0.5 + 0.2) = 0.7 × g for
tipping
4. No instructions for how to
consider internal friction
between rows in tipping
equation.
Effect of the differences
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
EN 12195-1 (2003)
8 top over lashings
32 top over lashings
(One lashing / section)
(Four lashings / section)
1. Static or dynamic
friction at toptop-over lashings
Static or dynamic friction in combination
with top over lashing
Tests carried out at Holmen Paper in Norrköping 2004-08-30
2004
Accelerations observed at breaking test
14
12
10
8
6
Horiz ontal ac c .
4
V ertic al ac c .
2
0
0
5
10
15
-2
-4
T ime [ s e c . ]
20
25
Results of breaking tests
Weight of paper reel: 600 kg
Static coefficient of friction: 0.54
Try no.
Measured retardation
2
[m/s ]
Peak value
Mean value
1
2
3
4
5
6
7,3
7,7
9,3
8
8,8
8,3
6,76
6,95
6,97
6,96
7,14
7,27
Required pretension with
dynamic friction
Required pretension with
static friction
Actual
pretension
Sliding
[kg]
[kg]
[kg]
[mm]
572
608
612
610
644
668
190
215
218
217
240
257
600
600
500
400
300
250
0
0
0
0
0
45
CONCLUSION:
Sliding didn’t occurred until the sum of the pre-tension
pre
on both sides had been
reduced to 250 kg. Thus, static friction should be used in combination with top over
lashings, when dimensioning cargo securing arrangements.
2. PrePre-tension in toptop-over
lashings
Total pressure from a toptop-over lashing
Schematic arrangement for testing the
pre--tensioning ability of ratchets
pre
Pre--tension of a ratchet marked STF = 400 daN
Pre
Tests carried out in Laholm in Sweden 2004-10-16
2004
Point on the
gearwheel
5
4
3
2 1 0
Force on the
tensioning
side [daN
daN]
Force on the Relation
other side
between
[daN]
forces [%]
Total vertical
pressure [daN]
0
410
410
350
85
760
1
390
360
92
750
2
385
360
94
745
3
355
355
385
385
108
740
4
525
430
82
955
1
500
440
88
940
2
465
455
98
920
3
450
465
103
915
4
610
520
85
1130
3. Transverse acceleration
0.5, 0.6 or 0.7 g for tipping
Side acceleration 0.5 or 0.7 g for tipping
Tests carried out at Holmen Paper in Norrköping 2004-08-30
2004
Accelerations observed at turning test
T u r nin g te s t n o. 1
12
10
8
S ideway s ac c .
V ertic al ac c .
6
4
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
T i me [ s e c ]
50
60
70
80
IMO
side acceleration 0.5 g
friction between piles
130 kg
EN
side acceleration 0.7 g
tensioner on one side
1414 kg
2.27 m
2
Required prepre-tension in top over lashing
2.0 m
Results of turning tests
Turning tests with the tensioner on the high side
Try no. Pretension before
test [kg]
High side Low side
1
600
390
2
600
390
3
210
110
4
130
100
Pretension after test Peak side
acceleration
[kg]
High side Low side [m/s 2 ]
4.95
4.18
110
170
3.93
90
150
4.06
Comment
Tipping of vehicle, no tipping of reels
Turning tests with the tensioner on the low side
Try no. Pretension before
test [kg]
High side Low side
5
80
130
Pretension after test Peak side
acceleration
[kg]
High side Low side [m/s 2 ]
60
110
4.06
Comment
CONCLUSION:
A cargo securing arrangement with top-over
over lashings, designed in accordance with
IMO/ILO/UN ECE Guidelines, provide sufficient safety against tipping, whatever side the
tensioning device is applied at and even during extreme vehicle operation.
4. Internal friction between
rows
Internal friction between rows
Round turn lashings
to prevent tipping
Rubber to avoid sliding
Tipping angles for reels
Unsecured
Tests carried out at SCA in
Sundsvall 2004-08-18/19
Round turn lashed
Top over lashed
Comparison of standards
and guidelines
Cargo Securing
Guidelines and standards for cargo securing
• European Best Practice Guidelines on Cargo Securing for Road Transport
• IMO/ILO/UN ECE
Guidelines for packing of cargo transport units (CTU’s) with
IMO Model Course 3.18
• Standard EN 1219512195-1 (2003) (Superseded)
Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles – Safety –
Part 1: Calculation of lashing forces
• Revised Standard EN 1219512195-1 (2010)
Load restraining on road vehicles – Safety –
Part 1: Calculation of securing forces
Cargo securing
Cargo securing guidelines
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
EN 12195-1
12195
EN 12195-1
2001
2003
2010
Superseded by version
2010
Cargo securing
Differences in parameters in the guidelines and standards
Item
Acceleration coefficients
(road transport)
- Forward
- Sliding sideways
- Tipping sideways
+ Direct lashings
+ Frictional lashings
Safety factor in
calculations of frictional
(top over) lashings
- Forward
- Sideways and backward
* For loop lashing FT=LC/2
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
EN 12195-1:2003
EN 12195-1:2010
cx = 1.0
cy = 0.5
cx = 0.8
cy = 0.5
cx = 0.8
cy = 0.5
cy = 0.5 (FT=LC)
cy = 0.5 (FT=STF)
cy = 0.7 (FT=LC)
cy = 0.7 (FT=STF)
cy = 0.6 (FT=LC)*
cy = 0.5 (FT=STF) or
cy = 0.6 (FT=LC/2)
fs = 1.0
fs = 1.0
fs = 1.0
fs = 1.0
fs = 1.25
fs = 1.1
Cargo securing
Item
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
Friction factor established
by friction test
- Frictional lashings
Static friction µs
EN 12195-1:2003
EN 12195-1:2010
µ =µs × 0.925
- Direct lashings
Dynamic friction
µd = µs × 0.70
Dynamic friction
µd = µs × 0.70
Dynamic friction
µd = µs × 0.70
Internal friction
Included
Not included
Included
Coefficient of
transmission (k-factor)
k=2
k =1.5
k=2
µ × fµ
0.75 < fµ < 1.0
Cargo securing
Item
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
EN 12195-1:2003
EN 12195-1:2010
Some differences in table
of friction factors, e.g:
- sawn wood against fabric base
laminate/plywood
- sawn wood against steel sheet
- steel crate against fabric base
laminate/plywood
µ = 0.50 (dry)
µ = 0.50 (dry)
µ = 0.45 (dry or wet)
µ = 0.40 (dry)
µ = 0.40 (dry)
Not included
Not included
Verification of the
efficiency of securing
arrangement by
Calculations
Static inclining test
Calculations
Calculations
Static inclining test
Dynamic driving
test (road transport)
Lashing protocol
Included
Not included
Included
Cargo securing example 1
Required number of top-over
over lashings to prevent sideways sliding
Curtain sided trailer, aluminium floor
and strong headboard
Wooden boxes
H
L
Length = 13.6 m
Height = 2.55 m
Breadth = 2.48 m
B
Web lashings
LC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN
STF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN
Quantity = 8 pieces
H × B × L = 2 × 2 × 1.7 m
Weight = 3 000 kg/box
Total cargo weight: 24.0 tonnes
Friction between floor and cargo µ = µstatic = 0.4
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
EU Best Practice Guidelines Cargo Securing (p.108)
EN 12195-1:2003
12195
Equation (6)
n≥
EN 12195-1:2010
Equation (10)
(c y − c z ⋅ µ d ) m ⋅ g
k ⋅ µ d ⋅ sin α ⋅ FT
n≥
(c y − c z ⋅ µ ) m ⋅ g
2 µ ⋅ sin α ⋅ FT
where
where
m = 3 tons
m = 3 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5
cz = 1.0
(table 2)
(table 2)
(table 2)
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5
cz = 1.0
µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.28
(section 6.1)
µ = 0.4
(table B.1)
k = 1.5
(section 6.2)
α = 84.3º
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 84.3º
(table 2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
fs = 1.1
Answer
n = 0.9
⋅ fs
n = 3.9
n = 1.02
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
EN 12195-1:203
12195
EN 12195-1:2010
8 top over lashings
9 top over lashings
(with supporting beam)
Reasons for the difference:
•
•
•
•
Static friction µs = 0.4
Lashing force FT = STF
K-factor k = 2
Safety factor fs = 1.0
•
•
•
•
Dynamic friction µd = 0.7 × µs= 0.28
K-factor k = 1.5
•
•
•
•
Friction factor µ = 0.4
K-factor k = 2
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
EN 12195-1:2003
12195
EN
12195-1:2010
Rev
EN 12195-1
8 top over lashings
9 top
16
topover
overlashings
lashings
(with
beam)
(Two supporting
lashing / section).
•
•
•
•
K-factor k = 2
•
•
•
•
Dynamic friction µd = 0.7 × µs= 0.28
K-factor k = 1.5
•
•
•
•
Friction factor µ = 0.4
K-factor k = 2
over lashings to prevent sideways tipping
Curtain sided trailer with strong
headboard
Steel crates
Blocking
H
Side bottom
blocking
Length = 13.6 m
Height = 2.55 m
Breadth = 2.48 m
Web lashings
LC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN
B
Quantity = 99 pcs in 11 sections
Cargo section dimensions:
H × B × L = 2.4 × 2.4 × 1.2 m
Weight = 2 000 kg/section
H/B = (2.4/2.4) =1
Number of rows = 3
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
EN 12195-1:2003
12195
Equation (11)
nFT ≥
EN 12195-1:2010
Equation (16)
m ⋅ g (c y ⋅ h − cz ⋅ w)
1
2 (k −1)w ⋅ sinα − (2 − k )h ⋅ cosα
n ≥ fs
m ⋅ g (c y ⋅ d − c z ⋅ b )
w ⋅ FT ⋅ (sin α + 0 .25 ( N − 1))
where
where
m = 2 tons/section
m = 2 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7
cz = 1.0
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 or 0.6
cz = 1.0
(table 2)
(table 2)
(table 2)
(table 2)
d = 1.2
b = 0.4
h = 2.4
w = 2.4
k = 1.5
(section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kn
α = 90º
w = 0.8
FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8kN
N =3
fs = 1.1
α = 90º
Answer
n = 0.9/section
n = 5.4/section
n = 0.9/section
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
EN 12195-1:2003
12195
EN 12195-1:2010
(Six lashings / section)
•
•
•
•
•
Acceleration factor cy = 0.5
K-factor k = 2
Internal friction considered
•
•
•
•
•
K-factor k = 1.5
No instructions for internal friction
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or
cy = 0.6
• Lashing force FT = STF or
FT = 0.5 × LC
• K-factor k = 2
• Safety factor fs = 1.1
• Internal friction considered
over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping
Curtain sided trailer with strong
headboard
Paper reels
H2
H1
B1
One layer
Length = 13.6 m
Height = 2.55 m
Breadth = 2.48 m
Web lashings
LC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
B2
Two layers
Quantity = 36 reels in 12 sections
H × B = 1.3 × 1.1 m / reel
Weight = 650 kg / reel
H1/B1= (1.3/2.2) ≈ 0.6
H2/B2= (2.6/2.2) ≈ 1.2
Number of rows = 2
Static friction between floor and
reel and between reels, µstatic = 0.5
• Friction factor = 0.46 (0.5 × 0.925)
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
EN 12195-1:2003
12195
Equation (6)
n≥
(c y − c z ⋅ µ d ) m ⋅ g
where
EN 12195-1:2010
Equation (10)
n≥
where
(c y − c z ⋅ µ ) m ⋅ g
⋅ fs
m1 = 1.3 tons
(one layer)
m1 = 1.3 tons
(one layer)
m2 = 2.6 tons
(two layers)
m 2 = 2.6 tons
(two layers)
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g
cz = 1.0 g
(table 2)
(table 2)
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g
cz = 1.0 g
(table 2)
(table 2)
µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.35
(section 6.1)
µ = 0.46
(Annex B)
k = 1.5
(section 6.2)
α1 = 85.6º
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α1 = 85.6º
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α2 = 87.8º
fs = 1.1
α2 = 87.8º
Answer
No sliding
n1 = 0.91/section
n2 = 1.82/section
n1 = 0.16/section
n2 = 0.31/section
over lashings to prevent sideways tipping – one layer
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
EN 12195-1:2010
EN 12195-1:2003
12195
Equation (11)
Equation (16)
m ⋅ g (c y ⋅ h − cz ⋅ w)
1
nFT ≥
2 (k − 1)w ⋅ sin α − (2 − k )h ⋅ cosα
n≥
m ⋅ g (c y ⋅ d − c z ⋅ b )
w ⋅ FT ⋅ (sin α + 0 . 25 ( N − 1))
where
where
m = 1.3 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 g
cz = 1.0 g
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g
cy = 1.0 g
(table 2)
(table 2)
(table 2)
(table 2)
d = 0.65
b = 0.55
h = 1.3
w = 1.1
(section 6.2)
k = 1.5
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 85.6º
w = 1.1
FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8 kN
N=2
fs = 1.1
α = 85.6º
Answer
No tipping
No tipping
No tipping
⋅ fs
over lashings to prevent sideways tipping – two layers
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
EN 12195-1:2010
EN 12195-1:2003
12195
Equation (11)
Equation (16)
m ⋅ g (c y ⋅ h − cz ⋅ w)
1
nFT ≥
2 (k −1)w ⋅ sinα − (2 − k )h ⋅ cosα
n≥
m ⋅ g (c y ⋅ d − c z ⋅ b )
w ⋅ FT ⋅ (sin α + 0 .25 ( N − 1))
where
where
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 g
cz = 1.0 g
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g
cz = 1.0 g
(table 2)
(table 2)
(table 2)
(table 2)
d = 1.3
b = 0.55
h = 2.6
w = 1.1
k = 1.5
(section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 87.8º
w = 1.1
FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8 kN
N=2
fs = 1.1
α = 87.8º
Answer
n2 = 0.5/section
n2 = 4.6/section
n2 = 0.7/section
⋅ fs
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
9 top over lashings
(One lashing / 4 tonnes of cargo to
prevent tipping and wandering)
EN 12195-1:2003
12195
EN 12195-1:2010
(five lashings/section when loaded in
two layers to prevent sliding and
tipping, and one lashing/section when
loaded in one layer to prevent sliding)
(five lashings / six sections loaded in
two layers to prevent tipping, and one
lashing / 1-2 sections of cargo loaded
in one layer to prevent sliding)
• Static friction µs = 0.5
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5
• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 2
• Dynamic friction µd = 0.7×µs= 0.35
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 (sliding)
and cy = 0.7 (tipping)
• K-factor k = 1.5
• No instructions for internal friction
• Friction factor µ = 0.46
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or cy = 0.6
FT = 0.5 × LC
• K-factor k = 2
• Safety factor fs= 1.1
Truck with plyfa floor
Heat exchanger with steel feet
H
h
l
b
L
B
Length = 8. m
Height = 2.55 m
Breadth = 2.48 m
Breadth between lashing points = 2.36 m
Web lashings
LC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN
• The heat exchanger is blocked in
forward direction.
• H × B × L = 2.0 × 0.9 × 2.1 m
• Centre of gravity: h × b × l =
1.35 × 0.45 × 1.05 m
• Weight = 2000 kg = 2 tonnes
• h/b= (1.35/0.45) = 3.0
• Number of rows = 1
• Static friction µstatic = 0.4 and friction
factor µ = 0.45
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
EN 12195-1:2003
12195
Equation (10)
Equation (6)
n≥
EN 12195-1:2010
(c y − c z ⋅ µ d ) m ⋅ g
n≥
(c y − c z ⋅ µ ) m ⋅ g
where
where
m = 2 tons
m = 2 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g
cz = 1.0 g
(table 2)
(table 2)
(table 2)
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g
cz = 1.0 g
µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.28
(section 6.1)
µ = 0.45
(Annex B)
k = 1.5
(section 6.2)
α = 70º
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 70º
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
fs = 1.1
Answer
n = 0.6
⋅ fs
n = 2.7
n = 0.3
(table 2)
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
EN 12195-1:2010
EN 12195-1:2003
12195
Equation (11) modified for centre of
gravity off centre
nFT ≥
where
m⋅ g(cy ⋅ d −cz ⋅b)
(k −1)w⋅sinα −(2− k)h⋅ cosα
Equation (16)
n≥
m ⋅ g (c y ⋅ d − c z ⋅ b )
w ⋅ FT ⋅ (sin α + 0 . 25 ( N − 1))
where
m = 2 tons/section
m = 2 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 g
cz = 1.0 g
(table 2)
(table 2)
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
d = 1.35
d = 1.35
b = 0.45
b = 0.45
w = 0.9
h = 2.0
FT = STF or LC/2 = 4 kN or 6.5kN
w = 0.9
N=2
k = 1.5
(section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton = 4 kN
fs = 1.1
α = 70º
α = 70º
Answer
n = 1.25
(table 2)
n = 30.0
n = 1.9
⋅ fs
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
2 top over lashings
EN 12195-1:2003
12195
EN 12195-1:2010
2 top over lashings
•
•
•
•
•
K-factor k = 2
• Dynamic friction µd = 0.7 × µs= 0.28
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 (sliding)
and cy = 0.7 (tipping)
• K-factor 1.5
• Friction factor µ = 0.45
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or cy = 0.6
FT = 0.5 × LC
• K-factor k = 2
Cargo securing according to IMO
Weight of box
2 ton
Cargo securing according to EN 2003
Weight of box
2 ton
Weight of box
2 ton
www.tis-gdv.de
Photo of the month
for January 2009
Weight of beams 24 ton
Cargo securing level
SAFE
RATIONAL
RATIONAL!
SAFEAND
IS ENOUGH!
ENOUGH
EN 1219512195-1
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
2003
EN 1219512195-1
2010
Cargo securing
Comparison between the different guidelines for road transport
Number of Top-Over lashings to prevent sliding
Sideways
IMO/ILO/ 12195-1
µ
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,65
0,70
0,75
Forward
12195-1 IMO/ILO/ 12195-1
Backwards
12195-1 IMO/ILO/ 12195-1
12195-1
UN ECE
2003
2010
UN ECE
2003
2010
UN ECE
2003
2010
100%
204%
110%
100%
200%
99%
100%
204%
110%
100%
212%
110%
100%
204%
97%
100%
212%
110%
100%
223%
110%
100%
208%
96%
100%
223%
110%
100%
237%
110%
100%
212%
94%
100%
237%
110%
100%
256%
110%
100%
217%
92%
100%
256%
110%
100%
286%
110%
100%
223%
89%
100%
286%
110%
100%
335%
110%
100%
229%
87%
100%
335%
110%
100%
434%
110%
100%
237%
83%
100%
434%
110%
100%
730%
110%
100%
246%
80%
100%
730%
110%
100%
256%
75%
100%
270%
69%
100%
286%
63%
100%
307%
54%
100%
335%
42%
100%
375%
25%
No sliding
No sliding
Level of cargo securing
Applicable for top-over
top
lashings
EN 1219512195-1 (2003)
VDI 2700 part 2 – German national standard
EN 1219512195-1 (2010)
IMO Model Course 3.18 – Swedish rules
No cargo securing
Level of cargo securing
Applicable for top-over
top
lashings
EN 1219512195-1 (2003)
VDI 2700 part 2:2002 – German national standard
EN 1219512195-1 (2010)
IMO Model Course 3.18 – Swedish rules
No cargo securing
Quick Lashing Guides
MariTerm AB – in House Training
Volvo CE in Arvika
MariTerm AB – Cargo securing training
Cargo securing training in Pusan for IMO (International Maritime Organisation)
Cargo securing – Quick Lashing Guides
Cargo securing inspections in Sweden
Cargo securing is inspected against the Quick Lashing Guide
Cargo securing – Quick Lashing Guides
Practical tests
Practical tests
Dynamic driving tests carried out by DEKRA
Practical inclination tests
Theory behind the tests
Basic design requirement:
S = m (ah - µ × av )
Practical inclination test:
S = m (sin α - µ × cos α)
The support S shall be equal in basic design and test and thus:
m (ah - µ × av ) = m (sin α - µ × cos α)
Practical tests
Practical tests can be worked out for determining the coefficient of friction for
different types of combined materials, in purpose of controlling the function of
the lashing arrangement.
Sideways
Functionality of lashing arrangement
70
60
7
6
3
α
Inclination α [°]
50
5
2
40
4
1
Road, the Baltic Sea
2
The North Sea
3
Unrestricted area
Forwards and backwards
4
The Baltic Sea
20
5
The North Sea
10
6
Unrestricted area
0
7
Forwards road transport
8
Backwards road transport
30
1+8
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
aktuell
friktionskoefficient,
Current
coefficient
of friction,µµ
0,8
0,9
1
Practical tests in longitudinal and
transverse direction with a truck
crane loaded onto a container flat
rack for road and sea transport
Practical tests with chemicals in bags
Practical tests lengthways and sideways with a
Volvo XC 90
Vehicle body
structures
Cargo Transport Units
Different types of vehicle body structures
Open type
Box type
Cover stake type
Curtainsider
Box type with
side doors
Curtainsiders
Cargo shifting in curtainsiders
Curtainsiders
Marking according to EN 12642
Curtainsiders
Curtainsiders
Curtainsiders
Thanks for your attention!
www.mariterm.se

EN 12195-1:2010

Transcription

Similar documents

RoCK WP1 I3_CEM Hasselt inv 3

Helen Arabanos TT Club

Cargomax™ Casters Brochure

FEATURES COMPARISON - Roll-N-Lock

Managing Emerging Markets

Austria Update - ABC Air and Sea Cargo Distribution

rubiconhaulers.com 102" Wide Body Toy Haulers

Alea jacta est

gmc yukon

ADU RipStop product sheet

general cargo securing guidelines for pulp and paper products