ikuwa3 - Nautical Archaeology Society

Transcription

IKUWA3:
BEYOND BOUNDARIES
The 3rd International Congress on Underwater Archaeology
University College London
7th-14th July 2008
FINAL PROGRAMME
www.ikuwa3.com
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
IKUWA3 Project Partners and Steering Committee………………………………………………. 5
IKUWA3 Sponsors…………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Timetable
Wednesday 9th July………………………………………………………………………… 9
Thursday 10th July…………………………………………………………………………. 9
Friday 11th July……………………………………………………………………………… 14
Saturday 12th July………………………………………………………………………….. 21
Sunday 13th July……………………………………………………………………………. 26
General information
Sponsored delegates………………………………………………………………………. 28
Social events………………………………………………………………………………..
28
Excursions…………………………………………………………………………………… 29
Displays and poster presentations………………………………………………………..
29
IKUWA3 A-Z information…………………………………………...................................
30
Abstracts
Maritime cultural heritage………………………………………………………………….. 34
Exploration and discovery…………………………………………………………………
38
Managing underwater heritage……………………………………………………………
40
Fresh water archaeology…………………………………………………………………..
43
Survey technologies………………………………………………………………………..
46
Ports, harbours, dockyards………………………………………………………………..
49
Submerged prehistoric landscapes………………………………………………………
52
Excavation and recording…………………………………………………………………
58
Education, training and competence…………………………………………………….
60
Ethno-archaeology…………………………………………………………………………
64
Conservation of ships……………………………………………………………………..
67
Ethics and professional responsibility……………………………………………………
70
Nautical social history and archaeology…………………………………………………
73
Experimental archaeology………………………………………………………………..
76
Managing public access………………………………………………………………….
79
Innovation in outreach…………………………………………………………………….
82
Research frameworks and future………………………………………………………..
86
Blue water research……………………………………………………………………….
88
Engaging the public………………………………………………………………………..
90
New approaches to wreck management………………………………………………..
93
2
INTRODUCTION
Dear Delegate,
On behalf of the IKUWA3 Steering Committee, I would like to welcome you to the Congress, to
London, and to University College. The Project Partners, Steering Committee and I are
extremely pleased that you have chosen to come and contribute to an exciting and diverse
array of events at IKUWA 3, the largest ever such meeting of underwater archaeologists in
Europe.
IKUWA3 has been over three years in the planning by an international Steering Committee
who have striven to live up to the congress theme of going ‘beyond boundaries’. The papers
presented at the sessions on Thursday, Friday and Saturday were carefully selected by the
Committee and the session chairs to represent the cutting edge of underwater and maritime
archaeology, work that in many cases has never been formally presented before. Thanks to
the exceptional levels of interest in IKUWA3, we only had space for some 40% of the papers
originally submitted, and the Committee had to make some extremely difficult decisions as
regards which papers to accept. The result, I am sure you will agree, is an exceptional
snapshot of the diversity, ingenuity and originality that characterises underwater and maritime
archaeology around the world in the early 21st century. IKUWA3 is not just the three days of
papers; we have also run a professional development field school prior to the main congress,
with participants from nearly a dozen different nations. During the course of the congress we
are also hosting several connected meetings, and above all providing opportunities for
socialising, information exchange, discussion and debate.
The general organisation of the Congress has been undertaken by the Project Partners, the
Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) and the Institute of Field Archaeologists (IFA). The NAS
is a non-governmental, charitable organisation formed to further interest in our underwater
cultural heritage. It is dedicated to advancing education in nautical archaeology at all levels, to
improving techniques in excavating, conservation and reporting, and to encouraging the
participation of all members of the public. The NAS aims to preserve our archaeological
heritage in the maritime environment, through research, by acting as a focus group for interest
in the historic environment, and by publishing our findings. Through these means the NAS
aims to reveal our underwater heritage, allowing everyone to benefit from this unique and
fascinating resource.
IFA is the professional body for archaeologists. It promotes best practice in archaeology and
has c 2600 members across the UK and abroad. Archaeologists who are members of the IFA
work in all branches of the discipline: heritage management, excavation, finds and
environmental study, buildings recording, underwater and aerial archaeology, museums,
conservation, survey, research and development, teaching, and liaison with the community,
industry and the commercial and financial sectors.
University College London has a long and distinguished history of involvement in maritime
archaeology, through the work of the pioneering Joan du Plat Taylor, the Institute of
Archaeology’s librarian during the 1960s and 1970s. Under du Plat Taylor’s inspiration a
generation of young researchers was encouraged to enter and advance the newly emerging
discipline of maritime archaeology, and the Institute became known as the ‘Pharos of
Bloomsbury’, a beacon of good practice named after the neighbourhood of London where the
Institute is based. Stepping forward thirty years, we are now lucky to have such beacons of
research spread across the globe, where new generations of maritime archaeologists have
joined established researchers in their endeavours. Together, we advance the science and art
of maritime and underwater archaeology, now and long into the future.
UCL, the NAS and IFA all have an exhibition at the Congress in the Cloisters, so please take
the opportunity to come and introduce yourselves and find out more about what we do.
In closing, I would particularly like to acknowledge the role of our primary sponsors the British
Academy and UNESCO. Thanks to their generosity, together with that of a host of other
sponsors too numerous to list here, IKUWA 3 has been able to support the attendance of a
large number of international delegates, pushing debate on underwater archaeology ‘beyond
boundaries’ on a global scale.
Again, welcome. I very much hope you enjoy the congress, and I look forward to meeting you
during the course of the events.
Yours sincerely,
Joe Flatman
Chair, IKUWA 3 Steering Committee
On behalf of the IKUWA 3 Project Partners and Steering Committee
IFA
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IKUWA3 Project Partners and Steering Committee
Project Partners
Joe Flatman
Institute of Archaeology, University College London
Alex Llewellyn
Institute of Field Archaeologists
Sarah Ward
Nautical Archaeology Society
Steering Committee
David Blackman
Mark Dunkley
English Heritage
Joe Flatman
Institute of Archaeology, University College London
Albert Hafner
Archäologischer Dienst des Kantons Bern
Jon Henderson
University of Nottingham
George Lambrick
Friedrich Lüeth
Deutsche Archäologische Institut (DAI)
Martin Mainberger
Kommission
Unterwasserarchäologie
Landesarchäologen
Ian Oxley
English Heritage
Philip Robertson
Historic Scotland
Julie Satchell
Hants and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology / Institute of
Field Archaeologists Maritime Affairs Group
Timm Weski
Kommission für Unterwaserarchäologe
Daniel Zwick
Deutsche Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Unterwasserarchäogie
im
Verband
der
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Sponsors
UNESCO: http://unesco.org
UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, is an
intergovernmental organization with 193 Member States and 6 Associate Members. It is a
specialized agency of the United Nations and the only one of its agencies with the protection
of culture in its mandate.
UNESCO functions as laboratory of ideas and standard-setter to forge universal agreements
on emerging ethical issues. It also serves as a clearinghouse for the dissemination and
sharing of information and knowledge, while helping its Member States to build their human
and institutional capacities in diverse fields.
UNESCO promotes international cooperation in the fields of education, science, culture and
communication. Its General Conference has adopted 7 international Conventions on the
protection of the cultural heritage, among which the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the
Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.
British Academy: http://www.britac.ac.uk/
The British Academy, established by Royal Charter in 1902, is the national academy for the
humanities and the social sciences. It is an independent, self-governing fellowship of more
than 800 scholars, elected for distinction and achievement in one or more branches of the
academic disciplines that make up the humanities and social sciences.
Historic Scotland: http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/
Historic Scotland (HS) is an Executive Agency of the Scottish Executive. HS carries out the
responsibilities of Scottish Ministers for the historic environment, including out to the limit of
Scotland's territorial seas (12 nautical miles). HS has a role in designation of the most
important marine historic assets, advising Scottish Ministers on policy matters, strategic
liaison, environmental assessment, and in provision of support for the historic environment by
grants and advice.
English Heritage http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/
English Heritage protects and promotes all aspects of England's finite and non-renewable
historic environment and ensures that its past is researched and understood. English Heritage
is the Government's statutory advisor on all historic environment assets. English Heritage is an
Executive Non-departmental Public Body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and
Sport (DCMS).
Deutsche Archäologische Institut (DAI) http://www.dainst.org/
Das Deutsche Archäologische Institut (DAI) ist eine wissenschaftliche Einrichtung, die als
Bundesanstalt zum Geschäftsbereich des Auswärtigen Amts gehört. Das Institut mit Zentrale
in Berlin und mehreren Kommissionen und Abteilungen im In- und Ausland führt
archäologische Ausgrabungen und Forschungen durch und pflegt Kontakte zur internationalen
Wissenschaft.
Das Institut veranstaltet wissenschaftliche Kongresse, Kolloquien und Führungen und
informiert die Öffentlichkeit über seine Arbeit.
The German Archaeological Institute (DAI) is a scientific body under the German Federal
Foreign Office. The institute has its headquarters in Berlin, some branches and separate
Commissions within and outside of Germany. It undertakes archaeological investigations in
Germany and throughout the world and keeps contact to the international science. The
institute does conferences, colloquia and informs the public at large.
University College London: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/
UCL's main campus is located in the Bloomsbury area of central London, just to the north of
the British Museum and conveniently close to the British Library. The University is one of the
largest and most prestigious academic institutions in the UK, with a community of 27,000 staff
and students engaged in productive partnerships around the world. More than 4,000 academic
and research staff in 72 departments are dedicated to research and teaching of the highest
standards, and students from more than 140 countries outside the UK study at UCL, making
up almost a third of the student body.
UCL is consistently ranked in the top 25 universities worldwide, and in the top three multifaculty universities in the UK. The UCL Institute of Archaeology is one of the largest
archaeological departments in the world, with an unrivalled range of specialist staff (all based
in one building) who between them cover an immense variety of topics, time periods and
geographical regions around the world. The Institute of Archaeology recently came second in
The Guardian league table of UK Archaeology Departments (Guardian 01/05/07).
Verband der Landesarchäologen: http://www.landesarchaeologen.de/
The Verband der Landesarchäologen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, which was created
in 1949, is the association of members of the sixteen archaeological state heritage services in
Germany. Within this organization there are various working committees. One, the
Kommission für Unterwasserarchäologie, is dealing with problems concerning underwater
archaeology. This committee was formed in 1994. One of its aims concerns the coordination of
the work of the various archaeological diving groups. For this education schemes on different
levels have been developed and an informal platform, the so called Arbeitskreis
Unterwasserarchäologie, has been formed. The last one includes also archaeologists from
Switzerland and Austria. The papers of the annual conference together other reports are
published in the periodical Nachrichtenblatt Arbeitskreis Unterwasserarchäologie (NAU). The
KUWA was one of the active partners organizing the first IKUWA in 1999.
Gesellschaft für Schweizer Unterwasser-Archäologie (GSU): http://www.gsu.ch/
Department of the Environment Northern Ireland: http://www.doeni.gov.uk/
Department of the Environment Northern Ireland aims to protect, conserve and enhance the
natural environment and built heritage. Environment and Heritage Service (EHS), the largest
Agency within the Department takes the lead in advising on, and in implementing, the
Government's environmental policy and strategy in Northern Ireland. It plays a very active role
in recording and protecting the Maritime Heritage of the region.
Council for British Archaeology: http://www.britarch.ac.uk/
The CBA is an educational charity working throughout the UK to involve people in archaeology
and to promote the appreciation and care of the historic environment for the benefit of present
and future generations.
Wessex Archaeology: http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/
Wessex Archaeology’s Coastal and Marine section was established in 2002, but we have
been carrying out projects in inland waters, at the coast and at sea since the mid-1990s. WA
C&M carries out a diverse range of work – diving (we are a recognised commercial diving
contractor), geophysical survey (we have comprehensive facilities for processing and
interpreting marine geophysical data, using innovative techniques and applications),
environmental assessment, geoarchaeological investigations, excavation, coastal walkover
surveys, consultancy, and so on.
Mary Rose Trust: http://www.maryrose.org/
The Mary Rose is the only 16th century warship on display anywhere in the world. Built
between 1509 and 1511, she was one of the first ships able to fire a broadside, and was a firm
favourite of King Henry VIII.
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After a long and successful career, she sank accidentally during an engagement with the
French fleet in 1545. Her rediscovery and raising were seminal events in the history of nautical
archaeology. The vessel is now in the care of the Mary Rose Trust, and is on display in the
Historic Dockyard, Portsmouth.
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TIMETABLE
WEDNESDAY 9 JULY
Registration will take place from 17.00 – 19.00 in the Cloisters. The opening drinks will start at
19.00 in the South Cloisters.
19.00
Wine reception at the Cloisters, University College London
19.30
Welcome by Professor Stephen Shennan, Director of the Institute of
Archaeology, University College London
19.35
Official Congress opening by Mr Christian Manhart, UNESCO Culture
19.50
Keynote address by Mr Robert Yorke, Chairman, Joint Nautical Archaeology
Policy Committee
THURSDAY 10 JULY
Registration will be open from 08.00 in the Cloisters. Tea, coffee and lunch will also be held in
the Cloisters area.
Maritime cultural heritage
09.00 – 12.30, Cruciform building, LT1
Session chair:
Christer Westerdahl
09.00 – 09.05
Introduction
09.05 – 09.25
The location of the coastal cairns in the area of Hustadvika, western
Norway
Madli Hjermann, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
09.25 – 09.45
Burial cairns as sea-marks – a GIS approach
Kristian Løseth, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
09.45 – 10.05
Hustadvika - a maritime cultural landscape in conflict
David Tuddenham, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
10.05 – 10.25
A constructed maritime landscape: the carved setting at the Myrina Kastro
(Island of Lemnos, Greece)
Christina Marangou
10.25 – 10.30
Discussion
10.30 – 11.00
Tea and coffee break
11.00 – 11.20
Tracing waterline - critical thoughts on the study of coastal sites
Kristin Ilves, University College, Södertörn
11.20 – 11.40
Maritime landscapes: a multi-disciplinary approach
Colin Martin, University of St Andrews and Paula Martin, Morvern
Maritime Centre
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11.40 – 12.00
Killing boats: towards a contextualised understanding of late prehistoric
maritime activity in the North Sea basin
Robert Van de Noort, University of Exeter
12.00 – 12.30
Discussion
Exploration and discovery
09.00 – 12.30, Anatomy building, J Z Young lecture theatre
Session chair:
John Broadwater
09.00 – 09.05
Introduction
09.05 – 09.25
The use of acoustic tracking techniques and geophysical data in the
recording and management of wreck sites
Steve Webster, Wessex Archaeology
09.25 – 09.45
The Renaissance shipwrecks of the Saint-Florent bay (Mortella II and III):
two sites of a high archaeological potential in Corsica (France)
Arnaud Cazenave De La Roche, Société d'Etude en Archéologie
Subaquatique
09.45 – 10.05
Designing seismic reconnaissance surveys for underwater archaeology
Cyril Dworsky, Universität Wien and Neil Jones
10.05 – 10.30
Discussion
10.30 – 11.00
11.00 – 11.20
Development of a digital data management system for maritime
archaeology
Peter Holt, 3H Consulting Ltd
11.20 – 11.40
Expertise de deux epaves du xviè siecle dans le Golfe de St Florent
(Corse)
Hélène Bernard, Eric Rieth, H G Martin and K Storch, French Ministry
of Culture
11.40 – 12.30
Discussion
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Managing underwater heritage
09.00 – 12.30, Medical Sciences building, A V Hill lecture theatre
Session chair:
Ian Oxley and Sarah Dromgoole
09.00 – 09.05
Introduction
09.05 – 09.25
The UNESCO 2001 Convention on the protection of the underwater
cultural heritage – a treaty intended to save
Ulrike Koschtial, UNESCO Section for Museums and Cultural Objects
09.25 – 09.45
On the conditions and governance of maritime heritages in China
Qu Jinliang, Ocean University of China
09.45 – 10.05
Underwater cultural heritage in Malaysia: challenges and prospects
Mahmud Zuhdi Mohd Nor, National University of Malaysia
10.05 – 10.30
Discussion
10.30 – 11.00
11.00 – 11.20
Second World War wrecks in Polish waters - current problems of legal
protection
Wojciech Kowalski, University of Silesia Katowice
11.20 – 11.40
New approaches and challenges of the Ukrainian underwater
archaeological heritage
Yana Morozova, Centre for Underwater Archaeology, Kiev National Taras
Shevchenko University
11.40 – 12.00
Beyond national legislation: using European regulation to manage the
UK’s UCH
Jason Lowther, University of Plymouth and Michael Williams, University
of Wolverhampton
12.00 – 12.30
Discussion
Fresh water archaeology
13.30 – 17.00, Cruciform building, LT 1
Session chair:
Jon Henderson
13.30 – 13.40
Introduction
13.40 – 14.00
Re-emerged maps: investigating the topography of the Bronze Age piledwellings of the Pacengo area (Lake Garda, Northern Italy)
Luigi Fozzati, Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Veneto NAUSICAA, Nicoletta Martinelli, Dendrodata s.a.s and Erio Valzolgher,
Ricerche
Archeologiche
s.n.c./Gesellschaft
für
Archäologische
Untersuchungen O.H.G, Bressanone/Brixen
14.00 – 14.20
The first lake-dwellings in Lithuanian territory in transition from Bronze age
to Early Iron age
Elena Pranckenaite, Klaipeda University
11
14.20 – 14.40
Twenty years of rescue excavations and in situ conservation in SutzLattrigen/Lake Bienne /Switerland
Albert Hafner, Archaeological Service of the Canton of Berne
14.40 – 15.00
Discussion
15.00 – 15.30
15.30 – 15.50
The pile-dwellings in the Ljubljansko barje, Slovenia: an innovative and
accommodating research design
Anton Veluscek, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of
Sciences and Arts
15.50 – 16.10
Options for the protection of underwater cultural heritage in Lake
Constance (Germany) and Lake Zuerich (Switzerland). An upcoming
project within the framework of the Inter-reg IV programme ‘AlpenrheinBodensee-Hochrhein’
Helmut Schlichtherle, Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart
16.10 – 16.30
Fresh water archaeology in Poland
Andrzej Pydyn, Nicolaus Copernicus University
16.30 – 16.50
The ‘Pile Dwelling Sites List for UNESCO’ project
Francesco Tiboni, Central Office for Underwater Archaeology, Italian
Ministry of Culture
16.50 – 17.00
Discussion
Survey technologies
Session chair:
Brendan Foley
13.30 – 13.35
Introduction
13.35 – 13.55
An archaeological assessment of the wreck of a nuclear submarine at a
depth of 250m in Arctic waters
Martin Dean, Mark Lawrence and Chris Rowland, ADUS
13.55 – 14.15
New methods of rapid field survey of submerged archaeological sites.
Mark W. Holley, Northwestern Michigan College and the Grand Traverse
Bay Underwater Preserve
14.15 – 14.35
England’s historic seascapes mapping the character of the marine historic
environment.
Bryn Tapper, Cornwall Historic Environment Service and Dave Hooley,
English Heritage
14.35 – 15.00
Discussion
15.00 – 15.30
12
15.30 – 15.50
Mapping scuba diving and identifying vulnerable and monuments under
water using GIS – a pilot project in the archipelago of Stockholm
Nina Eklöf Åkerblom, Swedish Maritime Museums
15.50 – 16.10
An atlas of the Maritime Cultural Heritage on the French Western coast An inventory of the French underwater cultural sites
Denis Dégez, Association pour le Développement de la Recherche en
Archéologie Maritime (ADRAMAR)
16.10 – 16.30
A record of England’s underwater past that’s fit for the future
Martin Newman, English Heritage
16.30 – 17.00
Discussion
Ports, harbours, dockyards
Session chair:
David Blackman
13.30 – 13.35
Introduction
13.35 – 13.55
Coastal and harbour archaeology in the Aegean Sea
Kalliopi Baika, University of Peloponnese
13.55 – 14.15
Further investigation of an ancient Greek dockyard in Sicily
David Blackman, Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents, University
of Oxford and Maria Costanza Lentini, Archaeological Museum, Naxos
14.15 – 14.35
A new Hellenistic naval base in Western Turkey? Recent discoveries at
Elaia, Pergamon´s main harbour
Felix Pirson, DAI Istanbul Branch
14.35 – 14.55
A geo-archaeological research about the Roman Harbours of Narbonne:
earth and underwater survey and GIS
Marie-Pierre Jézégou, Département des Recherches Archéologiques
Subaquatiques et Sous- Marines
14.55 – 15.00
Discussion
15.00 – 15.30
15.30 – 15.50
Ancient port in Zaton near Zadar (Croatia)
Smiljan Gluscevic, Archaeological Museum Zadar
15.50 – 16.10
Marble wrecks of antiquity on French coasts
Hélène Bernard, French Ministry of Culture
16.10 – 16.30
The Early Mediaeval castle rampart at Groß Thun (Town of Stade)
Andreas Schäfer, Stadt Stade
16.30 – 17.00
Discussion
13
FRIDAY 11 JULY
the Cloisters area.
Submerged prehistoric landscapes
Session chair:
Nic Flemming
09.00 – 09.05
Introduction
09.05 – 09.25
The application of dendrochronology to the study of submerged
landscapes: past and prospect
Nigel Nayling, University of Wales Lampeter
09.25 – 09.45
Mapping Doggerland: the palaeolandscapes of the southern North sea
Vincent Gaffney, University of Birmingham
09.45 – 10.05
Investigations on submerged Stone Age settlements off the Baltic coast of
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Preliminary results of the
archaeological fieldwork 2002-2008 of the SINCOS research unit in
Wismar Bay and the coastal waters of Rügen Island
Harald Lübke, Roman-Germanic Commission of the German
Archaeological Institute
10.05 – 10.25
Submerged Neolithic villages on the Carmel Coast, desertion by sea level
changes or natural disasters
Ehud Galili, Israel Antiquities Authority
10.25 – 10.30
Discussion
10.30 – 11.00
11.00 – 11.20
Submerged landscapes: Stratigraphic formation and excavation
Jonathan Cole, Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology
11.20 – 11.40
Unravelling the potential of submerged landscapes
Garry Momber, Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology
11.40 – 12.00
Wooden tools and log boat remains from the Final Mesolithic at the southwestern Baltic coast
Speaker to be confirmed, Römisch-Germanische Kommission
12.00 – 12.20
Degersee: holocene sediment sequences and submerged prehistoric
villages at the outskirts of South German pile-dwelling culture
Martin Mainberger, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, im RP Stuttgart,
Feuchtboden- und Unterwasserarchäologie and J. Merkt, Herbertingen
12.20 – 12.30
Discussion
12.30 – 13.30
Lunch
14
13.30 – 13.35
Introduction
13.35 – 13.55
A research and management framework for submerges prehistoric
landscapes in the North Sea basin
Hanb Peeters, Cultural Landscape and Built Heritage, Netherlands, Nic
Flemming, Jan Glimmerveen, Dick Mol, Natural History Museum,
Rotterdam, Peter Murphy, English Heritage, Andrea Otte-Klomp,
Cultural Landscape and Built Heritage, Netherlands, Wil Roebroeks,
Leiden University
13.55 – 14.15
Towards mapping the post-glacial chronology and archaeological potential
of the southern North Sea
Ingrid Ward, English Heritage and Piers Larcombe, Centre for
Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science
14.15 – 14.35
Submerged prehistoric archaeology in the US: the view from across the
pond
Michael Faught, Panamerican Consultants Inc
14.35 – 14.55
Reconstructing changing sea and river levels in the Thames Estuary
region: some recent work
Damian Goodburn, Museum of London
14.55 – 15.00
Discussion
15.00 – 15.30
15.30 – 17.00
Discussion of European Framework 7 proposal
Excavation and recording
Session chair:
Alok Tripathi
09.00 – 09.05
Introduction
09.05 – 09.25
Combining data: a preliminary report on the analysis of the hull of the
Gresham Wreck
Jens Auer Forskningsassistent, Institut for Historie, Kultur og
Samfundsbeskrivelse
09.25 – 09.45
The recording of big three-dimensional ship-structures in the Baltic Sea –
experiences from the Dalarö wreck project
Niklas Eriksson, Swedish Maritime Museums
09.45 – 10.05
The Arade 1 shipwreck (Algarve/Portugal) excavation and recording
Vanessa Loureiro, Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico
e Arqueológico
10.05 – 10.30
Discussion
10.30 – 11.00
15
11.00 – 11.20
The excavation and recording of ropes, rigging and cordage on
submerged sites
Damien Sanders, Association pour le Développement de la Recherche
en Archéologie Maritime (ADRAMAR)
11.20 – 11.40
New underwater investigations in the site of Belvedere di Peschiera (Lake
Garda – Italy): GIS technology as helping tool for spatial analysis and
building reconstruction in lake-dwellings
M. Capulli, Andreia Studio Associato, L Fozzati, Soprintendenza per i
Beni Archeologici del Veneto – NAUSICAA, N Martinelli, Dendrodata
s.a.s, Verona, and A Pellegrini, Andreia Studio Associato
Bevaix-Sud, a late Bronze Age village on Lake Neuchâtel (Switzerland):
the first results
Béat Arnold, Archéologue cantonal
11.40 – 12.00
12.00 – 12.30
Discussion
Education, training and competence
Session chair:
Jonathan Adams and Sarah Ward
09.00 – 09.05
Introduction
09.05 – 09.25
European Scientific Diving Committee - promoting professionalism in
research diving
Kalle Virtanen, Finnish Maritime Archaeological Society
09.25 – 09.45
The role of METU Subaqua Society Wreck Research Group in underwater
archaeological surveys in Cilicia, Turkey: a basic model of education,
public awareness and involvement
Çiğdem Toskay, Middle East Technical University Subaqua Society
Wreck Research Group, Ankara and Österreichisches Institut für
Klassische Archäologie, Universität Wien, and, Mert Ayaroğlu, Volkan
Ertürk, Korhan Özkan, Middle East Technical University Subaqua Society
Wreck Research Group, Ankara
09.45 – 10.05
Protecting and preserving the maritime heritage of Northern Cyprus
Matthew Harpster, Eastern Mediterranean University
10.05 – 10.30
Discussion
10.30 – 11.00
11.00 – 11.20
The problem of organization of education in the field of underwater
archaeology
Julia A. Pronina, The Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of
Sciences
11.20 – 11.40
Education in underwater archaeology: an Egyptian case study
Emad Khalil Centre for Maritime Archaeology University of Alexandria
16
11.40 – 12.00
Integrating teaching and research in maritime archaeology: a partnership
approach
Mark Staniforth, Maritime Archaeology Program, Flinders University
12.00 – 12.30
Discussion
Ethno-archaeology
Session chair:
Lucy Blue
09.00 – 09.05
Introduction
09.05 – 09.25
Traditional Indian boat carpentry – the ethnological evidence
Lotika Varadarajan
09.25 – 09.45
The boats of Munrothuruthu: identity, landscape and producing the social
world
Jesse Ransley, University of Southampton
09.45 – 10.05
The diversity of traditional boats
Colin Palmer, University of Southampton
10.05 – 10.25
Is maritime ethnography a useful approach for interpreting maritime
societies in the archaeological record?
Annalisa C Christie, The University of York
10.25 – 10.30
Discussion
10.30 – 11.00
11.00 – 11.20
Ethnographic studies – an underestimated branch of ship archaeology?
Timm Weski, Kommission für Unterwasserarchäologie (KUWA)
11.20 – 11.40
Ethnographic approach to the study of traditional boats
Darina Tulley, Saor Ollscoil Nah Éireann
11.40 – 12.00
The stone fish weirs (aech) of Yap
Bill Jeffery, James Cook University
12.00 – 12.30
Discussion
17
Conservation of ships
13.30 – 17.00, Anatomy Building, J Z Young lecture theatre
Session chair:
Per Hoffman
13.30 – 13.35
Introduction
13.35 – 13.55
Environmental scoping study for in situ preservation of underwater
archaeological sites: the case of the Swash Channel Wreck
Paola Palma, Bournemouth University
13.55 – 14.15
In situ conservation on the wreck of Kronprins Gustav Adolf (1788)
Rami Kokko, National Board of Antiquities, Finland
14.15 – 14.35
Reburial: a method for preserving collections of marine archaeological
artefacts? The Marstrand project
Elizabeth E. Peacock, Gothenburg University, Thomas Bergstrand,
Bohus County Museum, Sweden, Inger Nyström Godfrey, Studio
Västsvensk Konservering (SVK), Charlotte Gjelstrup Björdal, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, Carola Bohm, National Heritage
Board, Stockholm, Eva Christensson, National Heritage Board, Sweden
David Gregory, National Museum of Denmark, Ian MacLeod, Western
Australia Maritime Museum, Thomas Nilsson, Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences, Vicki Richards, Western Australia Maritime
Museum, Gordon Turner-Walker, National Yunlin University of Science
and Technology, Taiwan
14.35 – 15.00
Discussion
15.00 – 15.30
15.30 – 15.50
The conservation of a chine strake of a double hulled dugout: using PEG
treatment method for the first time in a large scale in Sri Lanka
Anusha Kasthuriarachchilage, Department of Archeology, Sir Marcus
Fernando Mawatha
15.50 – 16.10
The Leather Lantern of the Darss Cog – The conservation and
presentation of a waterlogged composite object
Angela Karsten, English Heritage
16.10 – 16.30
Comparative study of stabilisation methods for large waterlogged
archaeological objects: PEG, sucrose, lactitol, and Kauramin
Per Hoffmann, Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum
16.30 – 17.00
Discussion
18
Ethics and professional responsibility
13.30 – 17.00, Medical Sciences, A V Hill lecture theatre
Session chair:
Della Scott-Ireton
13.30 – 13.35
Introduction
13.35 – 13.55
If Portugal could do it without selling treasures or dreams, why not other
countries?
Vanessa Loureiro, Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico
e Arqueológico
13.55 – 14.15
‘In situ’ preservation’: ethics or economics?
Alex Hildred, Mary Rose Trust
14.15 – 14.35
The protection of underwater cultural heritage and investors’ rights: conflict
or coherence? A case study
Valentina Sara Vadi, European University
14.35 -14.55
Law, ethics, and deep water archaeology: the wreck of Cesnola's Napried
Elizabeth S. Greene, Brock University and Justin Leidwanger,
University of Pennsylvania
14.55 – 15.00
Discussion
15.00 – 15.30
15.30 – 15.50
Maritime archaeological archives: examining our professional
responsibility
Julie Satchell, Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology and
15.50 – 16.10
Getting in the way of ships: a Manx perspective on underwater heritage
Allison Fox, Manx National Heritage
16.10 – 16.30
All aboard the failboat: Florida’s trouble with treasure
Della Scott-Ireton, Florida Public Archaeology Network
16.30 – 17.00
Discussion
Workshop – Data management in maritime archaeology using Site Recorder 4
13.30 – 17.00, Anatomy Building, Gavin de Beer lecture theatre
Organised by Peter Holt, 3H Consulting Ltd
Site Recorder 4 is a versatile and fully integrated Information Management System (IMS)
designed primarily for use in maritime, intertidal and freshwater archaeology.
Unlike many commercially available GIS and database programs, Site Recorder is an
integrated data management system designed for collecting and processing site
geographically referenced data - not simply displaying it. Specifically intended to replace the
multitude of separate surveying, drawing, finds handing and reporting programs usually found
on site with one single program, its strength lies in the ability to integrate and manage large
data sets of widely differing types. Items (objects) can be linked together allowing quick and
19
easy retrieval for analysis and interpretation. Data can be geo-referenced and time-stamped
allowing for a true 4-dimensional analyses.
Beginning with a demonstration of 2- and 3D survey processing, this Workshop will brief
participants on the manipulation of spatially aware 3D spatial data whilst providing an insight
into the application of a computer program to the survey, recording, analysis, interpretation
and publication of archaeological sites. The workshop is aimed at volunteers, divers, and
individuals undertaking the NAS training programme, as well as students, and professional
and avocational archaeologists wanting to develop their archaeological computing skills. The
workshop is intended to give participants a solid understanding of the scope and capabilities of
Site Recorder 4.
Arbeitskreis Unterwasserarchäologie meeting
17.00 – 18.00, Anatomy Building, Gavin de Beer LT
20
SATURDAY 12 JULY
the Cloisters area.
Nautical social history and archaeology
09.00 – 12.30, Cruciform Building, LT1
Session chair:
Paula Martin and Virginia Dellino-Musgrave
09.00 – 09.05
Introduction
09.05 – 09.25
Small ships and tall ships- archaeological evidence for social changes
during the high and late medieval period in the southern Baltic?
Mike Belasus, Archaeologischen Instituts Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum
Bremerhaven
09.25 – 09.45
The wooden world dissected: recreating the operational and social
dynamics of a small 17th century warship
Colin Martin, University of St Andrews
09.45 – 10.05
Social history through archaeology
Jessica Berry, Flinders University
10.05 – 10.30
Discussion
10.30 – 11.00
11.00 – 11.20
The ss Mendi, the Foreign Labour Corps and the trans-national
significance of shipwrecks
John Gribble, Wessex Archaeology
11.20 – 11.40
Model boats in the context of maritime history and archaeology
Alistair Roach, Freelance Researcher
11.40 – 12.00
The HMS Wager research project: an integrative approach to culture
contact studies in XVIIIth- Century Western Patagonia, Southern Chile
Diego Carabias, A. ARKA Consultants
12.00 – 12.30
Discussion
Experimental archaeology
09.00 – 12.30, Anatomy Building, J Z Young lecture theatre
Session chair:
Björn Varenius
09.00 – 09.05
Introduction
09.05 – 09.25
Ancient warships – new developments
Alec Tilley
09.25 – 09.45
‘Klucz Niedamir’ – from modell tests to the rebuilding process.
Sebastian Schreyer and Maik-Jens Springmann, University Rostock
and University Greifswald
21
09.45 – 10.05
Reconstructing ancient shipsheds
Boris Rankov, Royal Holloway, University of London and David
Blackman, Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents, University of
Oxford
10.05 – 10.30
Discussion
10.30 – 11.00
11.00 – 11.20
Experimental archaeology: kaş underwater arkeopark project
Güzden Varinlioğlu, Başkent Universitesi
11.20 – 11.40
Aspects on experimental archaeology
Björn Varenius, Swedish Maritime Museums
11.40 – 12.30
Discussion
Managing public access
09.00 – 12.30, Medical Sciences building, AV Hill lecture theatre
Session chair:
Anthony Firth
09.00 – 09.05
Introduction
09.05 – 09.25
Underwater heritage management: challenges and opportunities at the
southern tip of Africa … and beyond?
Jonathan Sharfman, South African Heritage Resources Agency and
09.25 – 09.45
Underwater archaeology in Greece: protection and management
Katerina Della Porta, Director of Antiquities Ministry of Culture
09.45 – 10.05
A fight for the blue – maritime archaeology in a developing nation
P. Rasika Muthucumarana, Maritime Archaeology Unit, Sri Lanka
10.05 – 10.30
Discussion
10.30 – 11.00
11.00 – 11.20
Safeguarding Scotland’s marine historic environment and promoting its
understanding and enjoyment.
Philip Robertson, Historic Scotland
11.20 – 11.40
Experience in current management of underwater cultural heritage in
Croatia
Irena Radic, Rossi Croatian Conservation Institute
11.40 – 12.00
Underwater cultural heritage in the United States: protection, research,
and management by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA)
John D. Broadwater, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA)
12.00 – 12.30
Discussion
Sponsored by:
22
Innovation in outreach
09.00 – 12.30, Cruciform Building, LT2
Session chair:
Julie Satchell
09.00 – 09.05
Introduction
09.05 – 09.25
Engaging the young with maritime archaeology through education
Alison Hamer, Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology
09.25 – 09.45
Personal heritage and the Mary Rose: engaging public interest
Christopher Dobbs, Mary Rose Trust
09.45 – 10.05
Managing public access for the Newport Medieval Ship Project - the
challenges and rewards
Neil Stevenson, Newport Medieval Ship
10.05 – 10.30
Discussion
10.30 – 11.00
11.00 – 11.20
Quarnstone production and maritime transport from Hyllestad, Western
Norway: a fairy tale of cultural heritage management in rural Norway
Arild Marøy Hansen, Bergen Maritime Museum, Norway
11.20 – 11.40
Virtual Scylla: interactive 3D and artificial life for marine virtual heritage
Robert Stone, Robert Guest and David White Human Interface
Technologies Team School of Engineering University of Birmingham
11.40 – 12.00
Virtual underwater exploration of Pianosa Island: a VENUS case study
F Alcala, F Gauch, G Pachoud, and E Seguin, Compagnie Maritime
d'Expertise (COMEX) France, A Alcocer, A Pascoal, and L Sebastiao,
Institute for Systems and Robotics, Lisbon, F Alves and V Loureiro,
CNANS Portuguese Institute of Archaeology, K Bale and P Chapman,
Simulation and Visualization Research Group (SIMVIS), University of Hull,
J Bateman, S Jeffrey and J Richards, Archaeology Data Service (ADS),
University of York, A Caiti, G Conte, L Gambella, D Scaradozzi and
S Zanoli,
Interuniversity Ctr. Integrated Systems for the Marine
Environment (ISME), Genova, M Casenove, J C Chambelland, O Curé,
P Drap, A Durand, J Hue, O Papini, J Seinturier, M Serayet and E
Wurbel,
Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Information et des Systèmes
(LSIS), P Gambogi, Soprintendanza per i Beni Archeologici della Toscana
(SBAT), Italy, K Hanke, LFUI Institut fuer Grundlagen der
Bauingenieurwissenschaften, University of Innsbruck, Austria, M Haydar
and D Roussel, Université d'Evry, Laboratoire Informatique (UEVE),
Biologie Intégrative et Systèmes Complexes, France, L Long,
Département des Recherches Archéologiques Subaquatiques et Sousmarines (DRASSM), France
12.00 – 12.30
Discussion
23
Research frameworks and future
Session chair:
Joe Flatman and Mark Staniforth
13.30 – 13.35
Introduction
13.35 – 13.55
Archaeozoology of marine faunas as maritime archaeology? A Sydney
case study
Sarah Colley, University of Sydney
13.55 – 14.15
The archaeology of Matota: the missing dimension
G A Darshani Samathilaka, Department of Archaeology Sri Lanka.
14.15 – 14.35
The logboat site at Drávatamási and some questions of River Archaeology
Attila Toth Kulturális Örökségvédelmi Hivatalnak
14.35 – 14.55
By adopting the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) in-situ preservation is our marine heritage being
destroyed?
Bob Peacock
14.55 – 15.00
Discussion
15.00 – 15.20
15.20 – 15.40
An evaluation of the risks to coastal archaeological monuments on the
coastline of Ireland
Jason Bolton, Bolton Consultancy
15.40 – 16.00
Violent seascapes: naval battle sites as cultural landscapes
John D. Broadwater, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA)
Blue water research
Session chair:
Brendan Foley
13.30 – 13.35
Introduction
13.35 – 13.55
Baltic maritime archaeology: new sites, new methods and new questions
Johan Rönnby, University College, Södertörn, Jonathan Adams, Centre
for Maritime Archaeology, University of Southampton
13.55 – 14.15
The contribution of marine geological-geophysical methodology and
techniques to the discovery of ancient shipwrecks in the Aegean Sea
Dimitris Sakellariou, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Greece,
Dimitris Kourkoumelis, Paraskevi Micha, Theotokis Theodoulou,
Dionisis Evagelistis, and Katerina Dellaporta, Greek Ministry of Culture
24
14.15 – 14.35
14.35 – 15.00
Future developments in acoustic positioning systems for use in
archaeology underwater
Peter Holt, Sonardyne International
Discussion
15.00 – 15.20
15.20 – 15.40
Managing Victoria’s deepwater shipwrecks: moving with technology
Cassandra Philippou, Heritage Victoria
15.40 – 16.00
New technology, new possibilities: ancient DNA identification, autonomous
underwater vehicles, in situ chemical mapping
Brendan Foley, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Engaging the public
13.30 – 16.00, Medical science building, AV Hill lecture theatre
Session chair:
Christopher Dobbs
13.30 – 13.35
Introduction
13.35 – 13.55
Direct Public involvement in archaeology underwater
Dave Parham, Bournemouth University and Mike Williams, University of
Wolverhampton / South West Maritime Archaeological Group
13.55 – 14.15
Marine wreck tourism
Iwona Pomian Polish Maritime Museum
14.15 – 14.35
A strategy for cultural tourism and protection of the underwater cultural
heritage – introducing a ‘Swedish’ dive park concept
Andreas Olsson, Swedish Maritime Museums
14.35 – 14.55
Hands-on in the field: public engagement through involvement
Julie Satchell Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology
14.55 – 15.00
Discussion
15.00 – 15.20
15.20 – 15.40
The shipwrecks of la Natière : a French leading excavation site
Michel L'Hour Département des Recherches Archéologiques
Subaquatiques et Sous-Marines
15.40 – 16.00
Discussion
25
New approaches to Wreck Management
Session chair:
Martijn Manders
13.30 – 13.35
Introduction
13.35 – 13.55
Managing cultural heritage underwater
Martijn Manders, RACM
13.55 – 14.15
Civilising the Rude Sea: assessing risk to protected historic wreck sites
Mark Dunkley, English Heritage
14.15 – 14.35
Deepwater preservation and management of archaeological remains.
Presentation of the DePMAR Project
Fredrik Skoglund, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
(NTNU) and Elizabeth E Peacock, Göteborg University
14.35 – 15.00
Discussion
15.00 – 15.20
15.20 – 15.40
Aircraft crash sites at sea
Euan McNeill and Graham Scott, Wessex Archaeology
15.40 – 16.00
The forgotten fleet – protecting 20th century shipwrecks
Mark Beattie-Edwards, Nautical Archaeology Society
Final Plenary Session
16.00 – 17.00, Cruciform building LT1
17.00 Main Congress closes (closing drinks)
SUNDAY 13 JULY
Excursions
Please see page 25 for further information on the excursions taking place.
26
INSTITUTE OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGISTS
The Institute of Field Archaeologists (IFA) advances the practice of
archaeology and allied disciplines by promoting professional standards
and ethics for conserving, managing, understanding and promoting
enjoyment of heritage.
It is the professional organization for all archaeologists and others involved in
protecting and understanding the historic environment. The IFA gives you
recognition as a competent archaeologist, and the opportunity to help shape your
profession.
Practical benefits include
• a topical quarterly magazine The Archaeologist
• annual Yearbook and directory, an incomparable reference book and contact
list of archaeologists
• standards and guidance leaflets and papers on specialist professional topics
• reduced rates at the Annual Conference
• free membership to our Area and Special Interest Groups – including our
very active Maritime Affairs Group
• free Jobs Information Service
Membership is increasingly used by employers in recruitment and grading of staff
and in determining rates of pay
If you are interested in finding out more about the IFA and its
activities please come as visit our exhibition stand in the Cloisters.
Copies of our publications and details about our Area and Special
Interest Groups will be available.
[email protected]
www.archaeologists.net
27
GENERAL INFORMATION
SPONSORED DELEGATES
The Congress was pleased to be able to offer support to a number of speakers and delegates
to enable them to attend IKUWA3. These include
Speakers
Diego Carabias
Sarah Colley
Brendan Foley
Smiljan Gluscevic (supported by the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut)
Qu Jinliang
Anusha Kasthuriarachchilage
Rasika Muthcumarana
Cassandra Philippou
Elena Pranckenaite
Andrzej Pydyn
Irena Raddic Rossi
Jesse Ransley
Darshani Samanthilaka
Damien Sanders
Delegates
Pamela Faylona
Charlotte Pham
Alexandre Poudret-Barré
SOCIAL EVENTS
Wednesday 9 July
There will be an opening drinks reception which will take place in the South Cloisters and roof
garden from 19.00 onwards. This will include a welcome by Director UCL, Professor Stephen
Shennan, the official Congress opening by Mr Christian Manhart, UNESCO Culture and a
Keynote address. All delegates are welcome.
Thursday 10 July
The conference dinner will be held from 19.00 in the Wilkins JBR room (next to the South
Cloisters). If you have booked for the dinner a ticket will be provided when you register.
Unfortunately, if you have not booked in advance it is not possible to book on the day.
Information about local pubs and restaurants can be found in the A-Z information.
Saturday 12 July
The conference closing drinks will take place from 17.00 in the South Cloisters. All delegates
are welcome.
28
EXCURSIONS
Sunday 13 July
A number of excursions will be taking place on Sunday morning. If you have booked to attend
any of these a ticket will be provided when you register. Unfortunately, if you have not booked
in advance it is not possible to book on the day.
Mary Rose – a coach will collect delegates from outside the Main Quadrangle on Gower Street
at 08.30 and will take delegates to Portsmouth. Coaches will return to UCL at approximately
17.30 (subject to traffic)
Historic Greenwich – the tour is being organised by the London Walks company. Delegates
should meet at 10.45am from Tower Hill Tube (east bound circle line train from Euston
Square) – please allow around 20-25 minutes travel time from Euston Square.
We begin with an overture: the best boat ride in London. The Tower, Tower Bridge,
Docklands, and then, three miles downstream, the Thames bursts into one of the sublime
sights of English architecture: ‘the most stately procession of buildings in England.’ Moments
later, another frisson: the mast and spars, the web of rigging of the Cutty Sark, the hauntingly
beautiful old tea clipper. As the poet said, ‘they mark our passage as a race of men; earth will
not see such ships again.’ Welcome to Greenwich! Maritime Greenwich. Royal Greenwich.
Greenwich the home of time and centre of space. The Greenwich of crooked lanes, bric-a-brac
shops, and bustling antique and flea markets. Greenwich the ‘green village.’ Greenwich of the
Queen's House, Old Royal Observatory, Royal Naval College, the world's largest nautical
museum, the Millennium Dome, and the Cutty Sark itself! Richard or Chris will turn the pages
of its history for you.
Please note, this tour will finish at Greenwich so you will need to make you way back to
central London from here.
The London Walk – Westminster and the West End – the tour is being organised by the
London Walks company.
Delegate should meet Tom or Helena at 10.45am
from Westminster Tube, exit 4 (south bound Piccadilly line from Russell Square changing at
Green Park, then south bound Jubilee line, or west bound circle line train from Euston Square)
– please allow 20–25 minutes travel time from Russell Square or Euston Square.
The tour will see all the classic sights in Westminster and the West End: the Houses of
Parliament, Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace, St. James' Palace, the quintessential
Royal Park, classy St. James's, Piccadilly Circus, Leicester Square, Trafalgar Square, Covent
Garden, you name it. They're all here - all the London pearls. And here's the clincher - Helena
and Tom have strung them together with quaint little back streets and passageways that give
you the real essence of London.
DISPLAYS AND POSTER PRESENTATIONS
There are a wide range of exhibits and poster presentations at the Congress. These will be
displayed in the Cloisters where tea and coffee will be served. Please take the opportunity to
have a look around the exhibits.
29
IKUWA3 A-Z INFORMATION
ACCOMODATION
A small number of delegates are staying in Ramsay Hall, Maple Street, W1. This is just to the west
of Tottenham Court Road. The majority of delegates are staying in/around Bloomsbury and Euston
in various hotels and hostels.
The nearest tubes to Ramsay Hall and to many of the hotels in the Tottenham Court Road area are
Goodge Street (Northern Line), Warren Street (Victoria and Northern Lines), and Euston Square
(Metropolitan, Circle, Hammersmith and City Lines). For those staying on or near the Euston Road
around Euston and Kings Cross, the nearest tubes are Euston Square (Metropolitan, Circle,
Hammersmith and City Lines), Euston Station (Northern and Victoria Lines), and Kings Cross – St
Pancras (Northern, Victoria, Piccadilly, Metropolitan, Circle, Hammersmith and City Lines).
Maps for the tube, surrounding area and London are available at the registration desk.
BANKING
see cash
BOOKS
The campus bookstore Waterstones is located on the corner of Gower Street and Torrington Place.
It has a very wide selection of new and second hand books, also a café and stationery store.
CASH
There is an HSBC cash machine located in the entrance to the UCL Union on Gordon Street. Other
cash machines are located along Tottenham Court Road, where you will also find branches of all
the major British banks, and in Euston Station.
Banks open c. 10am – 4pm, Monday to Friday. Very few banks in Britain open at the weekend.
Please do NOT carry large amounts of cash around with you! It makes you a target for theft!
CATERING
Tea, coffee and lunch will be available daily in the Cloisters for delegates.
The lower refectory will also be open, and there are cafés in the Bloomsbury Theatre and the
Students Union. The UCL shops (one underneath the Bloomsbury Theatre, the other in the
basement of the South Cloister) also sell a variety of snacks and drinks, also cigarettes and
postage stamps.
DIRECTIONS
see transport
EMERGENCIES
When on campus, call 222 from any UCL landline.
Off campus, the phone number for police, fire or ambulance is 999. Such a call costs nothing and
can be made from any phone.
EQUIPMENT (AV or IT)
Please call the AV Centre on extension 46677 for immediate action on any problems with A/V
equipment. The office is open from 9am to 5pm Monday to Friday.
FIRE
If you discover a fire on campus, call 222 from any UCL landline.
Off campus, the phone number for the fire service is 999. Such a call costs nothing and can be
made from any phone.
30
FIRST AID
Dedicated, trained first aid staff will be attending IKUWA3 – including the chairperson, Joe Flatman
(tel. 077 4861 8805), partner Sarah Ward (tel. 079 69 027 939), and field school co-ordinator, Mark
Beattie-Edwards (tel. 07969 028 678). If you require first aid, then please ask one of the IKUWA3
staff for assistance.
In the event of a major medical emergency, the local emergency hospital is on campus, University
College London Hospital, accessed from Euston Road between Warren Street and Euston Square
tube stops.
Off campus, the phone number for the emergency ambulance service is 999. Such a call costs
nothing and can be made from any phone.
For minor medical needs like headaches, indigestion, etc., the ‘Boots’ chain of pharmacies usually
have pharmacists on site who can advise. The nearest Boots stores are located on the north end of
Tottenham Court Road near Warren Street Station, and in Euston, St Pancras and Kings Cross
Stations.
HELP
If you require any help with anything, please ask a member of the IKUWA3 team – at the
registration desk.
LUNCH
Lunch will be provided for all IKUWA3 delegates as part of the registration fee.
place from 12.30 – 13.30 in the Cloisters.
Lunch will take
If you would prefer to find alternatives, the lower refectory will be open on Thursday and Friday,
and there are also cafés in the Bloomsbury Theatre and the Students Union. The UCL shops (one
underneath the Bloomsbury Theatre, the other in the basement of the South Cloister) also sell a
variety of snacks and drinks.
You may prefer to have you lunch off-campus. There are a wide variety of lunch options in the
immediate area of the campus, particularly along the section of Tottenham Court Road nearest to
the campus, which has many pubs, cafes and restaurants. You should expect to pay between £4-6
for a sandwich type lunch.
MAIL
The nearest post offices to UCL are located on the Euston Road opposite Kings Cross Station and
on the corner of Russell Square and Woburn Place, near Russell Square tube. Stamps can also be
purchased from the UCL shops on campus (one underneath the Bloomsbury Theatre, the other in
the basement of the South Cloister). There are numerous post boxes in the area – they are easily
identified as they are bright red! Collections are usually made twice daily at c. 11am and 5pm
MAPS
Maps will be available at the IKUWA3 registration desk
MEDICAL
see first aid
POLICE
When on campus, call 222 from any UCL landline.
Off campus, the phone number for police is 999. Such a call costs nothing and can be made from
any phone.
31
PRICES
London is unfortunately now very expensive. Typical prices are c. £3-4 for a pint of beer or glass of
wine in a pub, £1 for a 500ml bottle of water in a shop, £3 for a sandwich and £2 for a coffee in a
café, and £8-12 for a main course in a restaurant. Including wine and service, even the cheapest
restaurants will cost overall c. £20 per person.
PUBS AND RESTURANTS
There are a wide variety of pubs, bars and restaurants close to the congress venue and
accommodation.
The closest pubs to campus are the Jeremy Bentham (University Street, behind the Cruciform
Building), the Bree Louise (Euston Street, just opposite Euston Station on the north side of Euston
Road), the Doric Arch (in Euston Station itself), the Marlborough Arms (on Torrington Place, near
the campus bookstore Waterstones), and the Lord John Russell and Marquis of Cornwall (on
Marchmont Street, towards St Pancras). All of these pubs also offer a variety of food – the best for
food are the Jeremy Bentham, Bree Louise and Marquis of Cornwall.
The closest restaurants to campus are Pizza Paradiso (on Store Street, down Gower Street
towards Tottenham Court Road), Pizza Express (on Euston Road, opposite St Pancras Station,
ands also on Coptic Street by the British Museum), and Wagamama (on Streatham Street, by the
British Museum).
Slightly further away, there are a wide variety of pubs and restaurants all along Charlotte Street,
one block west of Tottenham Court Road (close to Goodge Street Station). There are also many
restaurants in and around Soho and Chinatown, lively neighbourhoods approximately 20 minutes
walk south of the campus. Approximately 10 minutes to the east of campus there is a facility called
the ‘Brunswick Centre’, which has a wide variety of restaurants as well as a cinema, pharmacy and
supermarket.
You are reminded that all pubs, bars and restaurants are now completely no-smoking inside.
If you would like directions to any of these locations, please do ask a member of the IKUWA3 staff.
SECURITY
London is generally a very safe city. However, like most large city campuses, UCL and the area
around it do suffer from the minor theft of bags, phones, pick-pocketing, etc. Please do not leave
personal possessions unattended at any time, not even for one second. Please also be aware of
your surroundings – for instance, in restaurants or bars keep your bags close to you by your feet –
don’t hook bags over chairs with your back to them, etc. You should keep your handbag close to
you at all times and/or not walk around with your wallet in your back pocket.
When on campus, call 222 from any UCL landline in any emergency – security, fire or other. All
UCL staff/students are required to carry ID with them at all times and to show such ID if
challenged.
SMOKING
UCL is entirely non-smoking in all of its buildings and also in many of its public open places.
In general, you now cannot smoke anywhere inside or adjacent to a building in the UK – including
pubs and restaurants, tube and rail stations. Many buildings also ban smoking in and around their
entrances. If caught smoking in these places you are liable for an on-the-spot fine.
If in doubt, if you can see other people smoking it is probably allowed – if you don’t, it probably
isn’t!
STAFF
If you require any help with anything, please ask a member of the IKUWA3 team. They will be
around at all events and someone will always be on duty at the congress reception in the Cloisters.
32
TELEPHONES
There are pay phones located around the campus. For internal phone calls only, within UCL, you
can also use the handsets located at various points. If in an emergency you need to make an
international phone-call, please ask one of the IKUWA staff for assistance.
TRANSPORT
The nearest tubes (underground stations) to UCL are Goodge Street (Northern Line), Warren
Street (Victoria and Northern Lines) and Euston Square (Metropolitan, Circle, Hammersmith and
City Lines).
Busses which run close to UCL include routes 10, 18, 30, 73 and 91 along Euston Road, 10, 14,
24, 29, 73, 134 and 390 along Tottenham Court Road (northbound) or Gower Street (southbound).
The most efficient way to pay for public transport is to purchase a bright blue ‘oystercard’ at an
underground station that can be topped up with money as required in advance of any journey, or
else charged with a daily or weekly travelcard. Oystercards are available for purchase from any
underground station for a refundable-deposit of £3. Without an oystercard you will pay at least 50%
more per journey!
To enter/exit underground stations, touch the card (which can be left in the supplied plastic wallet)
lightly on the yellow reader by the gate and pass swiftly through – the gates close quickly so don’t
delay! Once on the underground, it is polite to stand on the right when using escalators, keeping
the left side free for commuters in a hurry! Please also let passengers off tubes first before trying to
board the train. To travel on busses, touch the pass on the same type of yellow reader by the doors
to the bus. You do not have to touch out when exiting a bus.
Please note that the area around Bloomsbury has extremely limited metered parking. Visitors are
strongly advised not to travel to UCL by car.
If you require a taxi, the easiest thing to do is to hail a black cab on the street. Taxis with an orange
light lit up on the front are available for hire. The minimum fare is £2.50, and this rises rapidly on a
distance basis – be warned, this is a very expensive form of travel in London – for example, a cab
from the venue to Trafalgar Square would be c. £8-10, from the venue to Victoria Station c. £20-25.
Taxis only take cash.
Please DO NOT use local minicab services, which are usually unlicensed and often unsafe.
VENUE
IKUWA3 is being held on the main Bloomsbury campus of UCL in central London. The Cloisters
are being used for events, and also the following lecture theatres: Cruciform theatres 1 and 2, AV
Hill in Medical Sciences, and Gavin de Beer and JZ Young in Anatomy. All of these sites are
situated on the northern end of Gower Street.
WEATHER
London has a notoriously unpredictable climate that changes daily, sometimes hourly. It may be
warm and sunny and then suddenly become cold and wet. During the congress the weather is
likely to be fairly warm, with daytime temperatures of c. 20-25 C (68-77 F), and night-time
temperatures of c. 5-10 C (40-50 F). It is possible, however, that it will get much warmer –
temperatures could rise into the mid-30s C (90-100 F).
You should bring at least a lightweight raincoat and/or umbrella, and a lightweight warm top like a
pullover or fleece. Layers are the key to coping with London’s weather. You should also bring at
least one pair of solid waterproof shoes.
WHO’S WHO
Joe Flatman, UCL (Chairperson) Tel +44 (0)77 4861 8805, email [email protected]
Alex Llewellyn, IFA (Partner), email [email protected]
Sarah Ward, NAS (Partner) Tel + 44 (0)79 69027939 email [email protected]
33
ABSTRACTS
Views and opinions expressed do not necessarily represent the views of the Project Partners,
Steering Committee and their represented organisations.
MARITIME CULTURAL LANDSCAPES
The location of the coastal cairns in the area of
Hustadvika, western Norway
Madli
Hjermann,
Norges
TekniskNaturvitenskapelige Universitet
Hustadvika on the western coast of Norway is
famous for its dangerous stretches of open sea.
By this coastline we find a relatively high density of
cairns, a cultural monument which is usual all
along the coastline of western Norway. The cairns’
placement close to the shoreline stand in a clear
distinction to the burial mounds and cairns further
in. Both because of the placement and the
orientation, it is obvious that the reason for the
location of the coastal cairns is related to the
nearby sea. But what was the background for this
relation? Many thoughts have been proposed
earlier; with the thoughts of the cairns as a part of
a navigation system and the thought that the
location reflects the need for the deceased to have
a view over the sea (for several reasons) being the
most common opinions. I have approached the
theme by studying the exact location of the coastal
cairns along Hustadvika as well as the changes in
the landscape during the last 3000 years. The
results of this investigation will be presented in this
speech. The investigation of the location of the
coastal cairns has given me reason to allege that
not all the cairns are related to the sea for the
same reason. To my surprise it even seemed like
some cairns are oriented towards the inland area
despite their placement close to the shoreline.
Burial cairns as sea-marks – a GIS approach
Kristian
Løseth,
Norges
Large parts of the Norwegian coastline are dotted
with prehistoric burial cairns (bronze age/iron age)
– especially along important routes of
transportation. In Scandinavian archaeology the
claim has often been made that these cairns
functioned as sea-marks in prehistoric times. My
analysis tests this claim against prehistoric burial
sites on the island of Hitra, the largest island in
central Norway. The main tool used for this
analysis is Geographic Information System (GIS).
Based on a digital terrain model of Hitra I
calculated viewsheds with the burial sites as
vantage points. A viewshed is a model for
outwards visibility, but it also gives us a clue about
potential inwards visibility. This gave an idea of
how the burial sites related to the sea routes used
by the prehistoric mariners. In addition to this I
tried to reconstruct a plausible landscape of
transportation for the period based on the maritime
cultural landscape.
The dispersal of burial sites in the landscape
shows that cairns are more likely to relate to the
prehistoric landscape of transportation than the
other kinds of burial sites on Hitra. Furthermore, a
quantitative analysis of the viewsheds indicates
that the burial cairns were placed with a deliberate
direction of visibility.
The conclusion of this analysis is that the burial
cairns probably had an original function as seamarks. This is based on the fact that the largest
burial cairns are found at places in the landscape
where the prehistoric mariners would have needed
guidance. Also the relationship between foul
waters and concentration of burial cairns hint at a
primary function as seamarks. Unfortunately the
analysis does not illuminate how these sea-marks
were used. Also the lack of datable burial sites
limits the possibility to relate the results of this
analysis to changes in seafaring during the large
span of time. More detailed research is definitely
needed to further elucidate the relationship
between burial sites and seafaring.
Hustadvika - a maritime cultural landscape in
conflict
David
Tuddenham,
Norges
Hustadvika is an exposed coastal region situated
between the urban centres of Molde and
Kristiansund, and is commonly known as a
graveyard for shipping. To avoid this dangerous
part of the northwest coast of Norway, it was
common up until the late 19th century to make use
of portages in the fjords. However, waterborne
traffic has always been significant at Hustadvika,
from the Mesolithic until the present. Ship traffic
increased markedly in the late 16th century, as a
result of extensive timber export from the region,
with England and the Netherlands as the major
countries involved and controlling the trade in to
the 18th century.
Based
on
archival
records
at
NTNU
Vitenskapsmuseet, the seaboard of Hustadvika
has the highest number of shipwrecks in the
region. Only a small number of the wrecks have
been located by divers and even fewer
investigated by archaeologist. Most of the
identified sites are from the 17th century or later.
34
Recently, parts of Hustadvika have been proposed
for offshore wind farm development. The Ministry
of the Environment has expressed a desire for an
increase in environmentally friendly power
production (St.Meld.nr.34), which emphasizes
offshore wind farms. Based on the high frequency
of wrecking in the area, there is a potential conflict
with archaeological underwater resources. NTNU
Vitenskapsmuseet
has
therefore
provided
feedback to the concession authorities indicating
that further investigation is needed in advance of
development.
Generally, there is a need for a closer investigation
of the maritime cultural landscape represented at
Hustadvika. Previous investigations of this coastal
area have mainly been conducted by local
historians, and as for the archaeology most of the
effort has been directed toward individual sites.
To achieve a better understanding of the
landscape, its transportation zones and culture
history, a more accurate and holistic study of the
region is desirable.
A constructed maritime landscape: the carved
setting at the Myrina Kastro (Island of Lemnos,
Greece)
Christina Marangou
This paper presents a tentative approach of an
archaeological site on an island peninsula, where
mutual influence between man and volcanic rocks
resulted into a complex scenery, reconstructed in
the rock more than once, at least since the end of
prehistory and during antiquity.
In fact, rocks available in the environment,
outcrops and boulders, as well as the ground
relief, have been utilized diachronically, making
use of their natural features, such as altitude,
height, location or shape. Rocks may indeed have
been significant as natural forms on certain
locations. Such forms were perceived, chosen,
exploited and enhanced, with man-made work
added. While imposing limits due to their physical
characteristics, rock elements were integrated into
artificial structures. They have, at the same time,
apparently influenced and occasionally even
directed human operations.
Particular uses may have been ascribed to
components in maritime and inland zones of the
Kastro. Utilitarian structures may be identified in
several cases, while restriction of access to and
invisibility of a number of features may suggest
that sometimes symbolic functions were (also)
sought after. Besides, the ensembles are intercommunicating, the coast is connected to the hill
flanks. Carved itineraries divided sectors or
crossed them, sometimes in transit at various
levels, providing access or approach to particular
areas. The scheme shows planning out of directed
movement, focusing of attention on particular
features, screening of others. This constrained
movement and induced behaviour in space may
point to complicated patterns, besides simple
routine, while the observer’s view of the
surroundings is obviously modified. More
importantly, man’s relationship to landscape
changes, becoming ‘dominant’ or ‘controlling’ in
some cases, ‘dominated’ or ‘respectful’ in others.
At the same time a natural and a constructed
place, the carved Kastro site with its setting entails
an overall pattern of ‘megalithic’ formations closely
and unavoidably connected to the sea and the
Myrina harbour. In spite of inherent to such
material dating difficulties, when taking into
account the island’s particularities and its history,
including literary as well as archaeological
evidence, in particular from the site itself, these
connections appear all the more significant. It is to
be hoped that progress of research will help verify
the hypotheses resulting from the proposed
approach and eventually contribute to the
interpretation of this intricate rock-cut layout and
the comprehension of its functions.
Tracing waterline - critical thoughts on the
study of coastal sites
Kristin Ilves, University College, Södertörn
Not every coastal community living immediately by
the water always ‘put water to use’. This choice is
done deliberately, not caused by the absence of
knowledge or technology. Thus, the frequent
association between the geographical location of a
coastal site and maritime exploitation, which is
very widespread in archaeology, ought to be
looked
upon
with
necessary
criticism.
Unfortunately, the methodology for studying the
relationship between the archaeological location
and the contemporary waterline has severe
shortcomings. In the Baltic Sea area the
connection between the archaeological monument
and the contemporary waterline has been mostly
determined on the basis of shore displacement
calculations. This geological method is extensively
used from the beginning of the 20th century and is
in archaeology, with some critical observations,
adapted for the prehistoric as well as historic
times. But the method of shore displacement
calculations is constructed to measure long time
periods and do not give accurate information about
the coastline at a certain point of time – all the
stated values on that basis are extremely
approximate. This has led to the shunning or
arbitrary and enormously generalising discussions
on the archaeological locations relation to the
contemplated water zone.
However, to avoid the total dependence upon the
elevation outlined on the topographical maps in
the discussions of the known locations’ spatial
relationship to the contemporary waterline, two
models based on phosphate analysis have been
35
suggested. A model of sharply delineated
phosphate values by the former water level and a
model of increased phosphate values on different
levels inside the archaeological localities. Both
these methods of analysis in archaeology have
been presented and used in Fennoscandia, mainly
within Stone Age archaeology. Theoretically, if
reliable, either one of these methods could be
useful wherever human presence has resulted in
the deposition of organic waste by the regressing
shoreline, regardless of the time period under
study. In my presentation the results of testing
these theories are introduced.
An additional purpose for my presentation is to
suggest that coastal sites situated on dry land
should be discussed in the framework of
underwater archaeology. To my mind, in order for
underwater archaeology to be/become more than
just a method of archaeology, the physical
boundary of the water surface should be
challenged, if not totally abolished. Submerged
landing/harbour sites as well as landing sites in
areas of shore displacement (as well as for
example shipwrecks lying under water and the
ones on dry land, etc), should, irrespective of their
physical situation and because of the obvious
maritime character of the category, be of interest
for underwater archaeology. Otherwise we heavily
limit our possibility to study and thereby
understand mankind and his history – the main
goal of archaeology and underwater archaeology
alike.
Maritime landscapes: a multi-disciplinary
approach
Colin Martin, University of St Andrews and Paula
Martin, Morvern Maritime Centre
Since the remote past the sea and its margins
have been central components of human history,
yet current research into earlier landscapes has
tended to relegate them to a peripheral or
specialised role, only tenuously connected to the
terrestrial world. There is therefore much to be
gained by looking at historic landscapes from
maritime as well as from land-based perspectives indeed the two should normally be regarded as
parts of an interconnected whole.
This approach has been adopted in the study of a
landscape in the west of Scotland, a region
dominated by mountains, deeply indented sea
lochs, and islands. The aim has been to combine a
physical survey of the inter-tidal and coastal zone
with the underwater investigation of relevant
shipwrecks, together with a broad-ranging
research programme into the wider dynamics of
the region through the analysis of written sources,
field study, and aerial photography.
The investigation has identified Mesolithic hunting
and fishing sites which could only have been
reached by sea, and shown that many fortified
structures of the later prehistoric and early historic
periods were chosen because of their proximity to
natural harbours. The proclivity of early Christian
missionaries towards maritime locations is also
demonstrated. A strong Norse influence is evident
in the evolution of the West Highland galley in the
later Middle Ages, and its symbiotic role with
networks of coastal castles in the often anarchic
power-politics of the region is noted. In the 16th
and 17th centuries central authorities applied
force-projection by means of cannon-armed sailing
ships to pacify the area, and the wrecks of two
vessels involved in this process have been
investigated.
These activities were combined with a systematic
policy of weakening the indigenous maritime
culture, culminating in the destruction of boats and
timber resources following the 1745 rebellion.
During the 18th and 19th centuries several
industries which relied on their proximity to water
transport were developed. These included iron
smelting by blast-furnace, lead mining, quarrying,
and lime manufacture. All ultimately failed.
Extensive relics of these enterprises survive, often
in extraordinary condition because of their
remoteness, and many examples have been
surveyed.
At a more vernacular level, evidence has been
recorded of kelp manufacture and cattle droving,
which involved either the sea’s resources or
transport across it. Two traditional boatbuilding
sites have been identified. Many stone-built fishtraps have been surveyed, and while some may
be of medieval or possibly earlier date others are
much more recent, and perhaps relate to
subsistence activities at the time of the Highland
Clearances.
The large sporting estates which emerged during
the 19th century had a strong maritime
component, most readily evident today in the
boathouses provided for the small vessels which
were the main means of transport within the region
before the development of roads and ferries.
Killing boats: towards a contextualised
understanding of late prehistoric maritime
activity in the North Sea basin
Robert Van de Noort, University of Exeter
Maritime archaeologists’ focus on the technical
aspects of prehistoric craft, notably their exact
shape, function and seaworthiness, has had the
inevitable consequence that relative little attention
has been paid to the archaeological contexts of
such vessels, or to the boats that we know from
fragmentary remains. Indeed, McGrail (2001, 191)
has quite rightly warned against the uncritical
identification of small plank fragments with
elements such as cleats and sewing-holes as
36
parts of sewn-plank boats. However, this bias in
favour of vessels that have survived to greater
extends as a basis for developing nautical
inquiries means that current debates in social
‘terrestrial’ archaeology remain far removed from
the debates in maritime archaeology.
This paper will explore the significance of maritime
activity in later prehistory through a fuller
engagement of these land-based debates through
the contextualisation of prehistoric boats. In
respect to the boat fragments, the discussion on
fragmentation (Chapman 2000; Chapman and
Gaydarska 2007) in particular offers innovative
ways in understanding why boats were deposited
in such a way that we know many of these only as
fragments (e.g. Caldicot, Goldcliff in the Severn
estuary; the cleat from the Testwood Lakes site in
Hampshire). By extending the understanding of
the social significance of boat fragments to other
boats which were ‘killed’ (e.g. the Hjortspring boat
from Als, the Fiskerton logboat from Lincolnshire),
it is possible to start to gain an understanding of
late prehistoric maritime activity in the North Sea
basin.
References: Chapman, J. 2000. Fragmentation in
Archaeology. London: Routledge Chapman, J. and
Gaydarska, B. 2007. Parts and Wholes:
Fragmentation in Prehistoric
Context. Oxford: Oxbow Books McGrail. S. 2001.
Boats of the World. Oxford: Oxford University
Press
37
EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY
The use of acoustic tracking techniques and
geophysical data in the recording and
management of wreck sites
Steve Webster, Wessex Archaeology
Since 2002 Wessex Archaeology has been
developing the use of acoustic tracking technology
and marine geophysical data for the recording and
management of wreck sites. Techniques have
been developed to enable both fast initial
recording and more detailed surveys in a range of
visibility and on a range of different wreck types.
The ALSF funded research project, Wrecks on the
Seabed, provided the baseline research into these
techniques, which were then honed during over 70
site assessments undertaken as part of the
Contract for Archaeological Services in Relation to
the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973.
The acoustic tracking, which forms the core of the
basis for most procedures, means that data
supplied to the supervisor by surface supplied
divers can be assessed against existing data and
recorded in real time. Off the shelf systems,
available to the archaeological budget, are
capable of providing accuracies of better than +/0.25m, but even at a more normal accuracy of +/1m these systems still enable initial site surveys to
be produced faster, and with better accuracy than
those produced by non-tracked divers.
The amalgamation of tracking technology with
geophysical data (sidescan or multibeam) means
that extremely large metal wrecks can now be
subject to formal archaeological recording. In the
same way, where the geophysical image is able to
provide accurate positional data, very accurate site
plans can be produced for wooden wrecks by
means of diver ground-truthing.
This paper will present a range of approaches,
each illustrated by case studies of wreck that have
been investigated by Wessex Archaeology.
The Renaissance shipwrecks of the SaintFlorent bay (Mortella II and III): two sites of a
high archaeological potential in Corsica
(France)
Arnaud Cazenave De La Roche, Société d'Etude
en Archéologie Subaquatique
Two archaeological sites revealing the presence of
big shipwrecks dated of the XVteen-XVIteen
centuries were discovered these last three years in
the waters of Corsica, in the Saint-Florent bay
(North Corsica). The first one, called Mortella II
was located in Octuber 2005, by 47 meters depth ;
the second – Mortella III – by 37 meters. These
sites are characterized by the presence of three
tumulus, three big anchors of more than 4,5
meters each, wrought iron ordnances, canons
balls, ballast, as well as many highly concentrated
objects spread out all over the bottom. A link
between these two sites seems probable
regarding the similarity of there material and there
proximity (less than 700 meters).
The Mortella shipwrecks were discovered during a
Side Scan SONAR survey in the frame of a
research program organized and led by a French
organization, the Société d’Etudes en Archéologie
Subaquatique – SEAS. If the researches led by
the SEAS in the French, Spanish and Italian
archives didn’t allow yet to reveal the identity of
the shipwrecks, they nevertheless drove to emit
several hypothesises on there origin which will
have to be stated by there excavation.
The purpose of this lecture is to initiate a
description of the Mortella sites as they have been
discovered, to do a preliminary balance of there
organisation and give an overview of the
archaeological material visible on the bottom
before there excavation which will be organized
from 2009. We will draw up a first panorama of the
dynamic of these sites and highlight the important
potential they offer to the maritime archaeology of
the Renaissance period.
Designing seismic reconnaissance surveys for
underwater archaeology
Cyril Dworsky, Universität Wien and Neil Jones
High resolution acoustic prospecting methods are
being considered for a number of freshwater testsites in Austria. The images from the acoustic
profiling will be calibrated with drilled cores and the
results of other geophysical prospecting methods.
The main goal is to develop a non-destructive
technique for both archaeological prospecting and
for assessing the degree of degradation (as a
function of time) at key underwater sites.
Reconnaissance surveying by means of 2D
acoustic reflection profiles can provide good
starting models for more detailed subsequent
investigations. Further, if the soundings that make
up these profiles are adequately sampled, they
may allow archaeological ‘anomalies’ to be
delineated. A priori knowledge of the waterbottom and sub-water-bottom from coring and
dating, together with historical information
regarding human activity in the area, can help in
the design of an appropriate survey geometry.
Typically a grid composed of orthogonal profiles
should be oriented along (and perpendicular to)
the local water-bottom fabric. A sufficiently dense
number of soundings per meter needs to be
recorded in order to allow small-scale geometrical
perturbations in the reflection wavefield caused by
geology to be differentiated from those caused by
38
archaeological anomalies. Temporal sampling and
recording duration also needs to be appropriately
determined both for this and also for ensuring
good vertical resolution in the sub-bottom image.
Expertise de deux epaves du xviè siecle dans
le Golfe de St Florent (Corse)
Hélène Bernard, Eric Rieth, H G Martin and K
Storch, French Ministry of Culture
The first test site is the old steamboat harbour of
Vienna, built in the early 1800’s. Situated in what
is now known as the ‘Old Danube’, the complex
was eventually decommissioned in 1875 as a
result of a river diversion that turned this branch of
the river into a body of standing water. We expect
to find a diversity of remains in the test area
varying from landing-stages to boat-mills. The
second test site is a Neolithic lake dwelling within
the Keutschacher See - Carinthia (ca. 4000 BP). A
Lors de l’expertise par 38 et 48 m de fond de deux
épaves d’époque moderne dans le golfe de St
Florent (Haute Corse) le Département des
Recherches Archéologiques Subaquatiques et
Sous Marines a souhaité bénéficier de l’apport
d’une opération avec pénétrateur à sédiments
avant l’intervention avec plongeurs. Suite aux
opérations réalisées sur l’épave de Santa Manza
(Corse du Sud) par la DEGUWA et à Narbonne
(Programme Collectif de Recherche sur Le
Système Portuaire Narbonnais entre Méditerranée
et Atlantique dans l’antiquité) par le DRASSM et le
CNRS, la technologie développée par les sociétés
SOSO/ABATANOS a été choisie. Les données de
cette opération sont mises en perspective du
contexte de l’archéologie navale actuelle.
2
significant proportion of the 2000m site seems to
be in remarkably good condition with both intact
stratigraphy and ‘in situ’, submerged wooden
timbers (related to ancient constructions).
Using the data acquired over these two test sites,
we intend to initiate and develop a methodology
that allows us to both prospect and monitor
submerged cultural heritage in a non-destructive
manner. Differentiating between man-made
structures and sub-surface geology requires an
integrated, cross-disciplinary approach. It requires
the creation of an accurate 3D sub-surface image
together with appropriate archaeological models
that must explain the interplay of human culture,
geological setting and time-variant changes in
environmental conditions.
Development of a digital data management
system for maritime archaeology
Peter Holt, 3H Consulting
The use of computer systems in maritime
archaeology for the collection, management and
dissemination of primary data has to date been
largely limited to the use of custom databases and
site specific solutions. This paper describes the
development of a generic, integrated digital data
management system designed for use on any
underwater or intertidal archaeology project. The
paper describes the processes involved in
formulating the requirements for such a system,
the development of interim solutions, the results of
the experimental field trials and the successful
production of the completed system. Development
to date has concentrated on real-time spatial and
temporal data collection, decision support,
dissemination and archiving. This paper identifies
some of the benefits of applying an integrated
digital data management system to maritime
archaeological projects and identifies areas for
further research.
Keywords: Maritime, data management, GIS,
database, excavation, recording, publication,
archiving
39
MANAGING UNDERWATER HERITAGE
The UNESCO 2001 Convention on the
Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
– a treaty intended to save
Ulrike Koschtial, UNESCO Section for Museums
and Cultural Objects
The first truly international effort towards a
comprehensive legal protection of underwater
cultural heritage is the elaboration and adoption of
the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the
Underwater Cultural Heritage by the UNESCO
General Conference in 2001. This important legal
instrument shall here be explained more closely.
The utility and the reasons behind the Convention
shall be illustrated and it shall be shown that there
is an urgent need for its widespread ratification.
On the conditions and governance of maritime
Heritages in China
Qu Jinliang, Ocean University of China
As a great maritime country with a long maritime
history in the world, China possesses various
maritime heritages including underwater cultural
heritages, coastal cultural heritages, historical
living regions of maritime communities, historical
fishing or shipping sea regions, and historical
maritime activities and folklore. Since the 80’s of
20th century, the maritime heritages in China have
been quickly endangered and destroyed along the
coast and water regions. The task in face is to
manage a governance way to prevent the maritime
heritages from being destroyed by illegal activities
in the modern development. China has established
a series of related laws and regulations in recent
decades, and also signed almost all the particular
and related agreements, conventions and treaties
of the UNESCO, nevertheless the problem in the
presence is to set up the further comprehensive
concept and specialized laws and regulations on
protection of maritime heritages proper, both
nationally and internationally, and further more, to
set up a series of national policies including strictly
punishment to the illegal activities, so that to really
realize the protection of maritime heritages both in
concept and in action, by both national actions and
regional and international co-operations.
Key words: China; maritime heritage; protection;
national policy
Underwater Cultural Heritage in Malaysia:
Challenges and Prospects
Mahmud Zuhdi Mohd Nor, National University of
Malaysia
The National Heritage Act 2005, which came into
force on 30 March 2006, is a major milestone in
the good governance of the cultural heritage
protection in Malaysia, particularly so in the case
of the underwater cultural heritage. The new law
came into being more than 20 years since the first
major discovery of the heritage received attention
from the enforcement agency and the public. With
doubts surrounding the government stand on the
2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of
the Underwater Cultural Heritage, the new law was
nevertheless drafted mindful of the former.
However, certain major principles underpinning the
2001 UNESCO Convention are missing from the
legislative measures provided under the National
Heritage Act. At the backdrop of these issues, this
paper looks at the some of the major underwater
cultural heritage projects carried out by the
relevant government agency and how are they
translated into educating the public on heritage
awareness. The paper also examines the critical
challenges faced by the government in managing
the underwater cultural heritage through the
implementation of the new law and the prospects
for success.
Second World War wrecks in Polish waters current problems of legal protection
Wojciech Kowalski, University of Silesia Katowice
There is probably more than dozen of German
wrecks from Second World War located on the
seabed within the Polish territorial waters and
economic zone. Respective ships were sunk
mainly in 1945 while evacuating refugees from
East Prussia, ahead of the advancing Red Army.
The largest and best-known among them are the
Wilhelm Gustloff which went down with 7 thousand
people on board, the General von Staubens sunk
with her 3,5 thousand passengers, and the Goya
which went down with another some thousand
refugees.
Those wrecks are objects of interest amid amateur
divers from different countries especially from
Poland and Germany. They are trying to find and
collect various properties connected with wrecks
and sell them on the market. Those are basically
small pieces of wrecks and remains from refugee’s
luggage.
This activity will be increased in the future due to a
growing interest in the subject, inevitably leading
to future demolition of wrecks in question. The
problem is even more serious and complicated
because they are not just simple wrecks, but also
underwater cemeteries. Human remains buried
there deserve our respect.
From the legal point of view it must be underlined
that diving and penetration of those wrecks is
prohibited without permission. At the same time
we must however remember that any control and
preventive measure that can be undertaken to
stop such activity when illegal is normally not very
effective.
40
Nowadays even making use of very sophisticated
equipment rarely can restrain divers and treasure
hunters from doing their job.
This presentation will discuss current legal aspects
of the protection of Second World War wrecks,
particularly in the light of Polish national law as
well as UNESCO UCH Convention (although
Poland is still not yet a party to this Convention).
New projects and proposals in the field will be
examined.
New approaches and challenges of the
Ukrainian underwater archaeological heritage
Yana
Morozova,
Centre
for
Underwater
Archaeology, Kiev National Taras Shevchenko
University
In the region of the modern state of Ukraine,
underwater archaeology began a century ago.
During the initial period - from the beginning till the
sixties of the 20th century - the main activities of
the underwater archaeology were focused mostly
on surveys of submerged parts of the coastal cities
- ancient Greek colonies. Moreover during the
Soviet period the priority was given to the
terrestrial archaeology.
From the sixties resulting from developments in
SCUBA, many sport diving groups and societies
were organized. Their major interests laid in
surveying coastal waters and searching any
submerged sites or objects. Since the Soviet
Archaeology didn’t pay any attention to the control
over
their
activities
no
governmental
advancements had been done toward the
education and awareness of these groups.
The era of the independence of modern Ukraine
has been characterized by the development of an
independent underwater archaeology as a field in
its own right and not simply as an extension of
terrestrial excavations. New technologies and
inventions making easer the access to the
underwater resources has raised awareness of the
potential and importance of the Ukrainian cultural
heritage laying under water.
Four modern projects of the Ukrainian underwater
archaeology which face the modern challenges will
be presented at the IKUWA 3 Congress. Their
educational, public and governmental, scientific
and technological approaches will be illustrated.
1. The excavations, conservation and exhibit of
the
medieval
Ukrainian
kozak
boat
‘Zaporozska Chayka’. The big kozak boat was
found and salvaged from the bottom of
Dnieper River. The excavations were
conducted by the ‘Expedition of Underwater
Archaeological Works’. After all needful
conservation treats the boat was installed in
the open air museum in Zaporozhye. This
project was fully sponsored and promoted by
members of the local authorities as well as by
the members of Ukrainian Parliament. This
example shows interlinks between State
interests in advocating and promoting the
Ukrainian history and cultural heritage and
scientific interests
2. The excavations of the medieval Italian wreck
site (in the Bay of Sudak, Crimea) by the
Centre for Underwater Archaeology (CUA) of
the Kiev National Taras Shevchenko
University. This project became a ground for
the international educational programme
‘Black Sea Shipwreck Research Project’ Along
with the site research the CUA has launched
an underwater field school where students and
divers are given lectures and training. The
project witnesses an expansion of educational
and research activities in the marine waters in
Ukraine
3. The Deep Sea exploration of the Ukrainian
part of the Black Sea by the international and
multidisciplinary team led by Robert Ballard. In
2006 in partnership with the Institute of
Archaeology in Ukraine, they located
numerous shipwrecks in the Black Sea,
including a vessel from the Byzantine by
means of the hi-tech equipment (ROV, AUV,
etc) at a depth below 100 m. The aims and
methods of using such equipment for the deep
sea exploration in the Black Sea have been
seriously discussed by scientists from the
countries of the Black Sea Basin.
Nevertheless this project revealed the
perspectives for deep water archaeology and
potential for the Ukrainian underwater cultural
heritage in the Black Sea
4. In 2003 the barque ‘Agnes Blaikie’ (1855) was
discovered by the techno-diving groups
‘Fregat’ and ‘Aquamarine’ from Sebastopol.
The vessel was found at a depth of 84 meters.
It was almost intact, about 65% of her hull
together with remains of military cargoes and
equipment were preserved. This wreck was
discovered by means of trimix and a side scan
sonar. The divers who found this wreck
immediately informed the Institute of
Archaeology about their discovery. Afterwards
the
professional
tech-divers
helped
archaeologists to conduct an initial survey and
evaluation of the shipwreck. This example
shows the positive changes in the attitude of
Ukrainian sport divers towards the national
underwater cultural heritage
In addition to the practical ways of realization of
new approaches to the UACH studies and
management there has also been a realization of
the legislative platform for the UACH protection.
From 1995 Ukrainian Parliament passed a number
41
of acts on the management and protection of the
national cultural and archaeological heritage. On
the top of this process was the ratification of the
UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the
Underwater Cultural Heritage in 2006. In the
second part of the presentation will be briefly
discussed some problems and methods of
realization of Ukrainian legislation in the UACH
field.
1
Introduced by an individual Member of Parliament, not the
government, albeit it enjoyed government support, without
2
The European
which it would not have been enacted.
Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage
(Revised) ETS No. 143 made under the aegis of the Council of
Europe.
Beyond national legislation: using European
regulation to manage the UK’s UCH
Jason Lowther, University of Plymouth and
Michael Williams, University of Wolverhampton
In 1973, with the introduction of the Protection of
Wrecks Act, the UK could claim that, while it may
not have been the pioneer of legislation protecting
the Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH), it was at
least in the forefront of such legislative innovation.
The 1973 Act was a private member’s Bill1 and as
such seen as a purely temporary measure, soon to
be replaced by more comprehensive legislation.
Some 35 years later this temporary and
acknowledged inadequate legislation is still the
principal mechanism whereby the UK rich but
increasingly threatened UCH is protected. While
some minor legislative reforms have been
introduced, principally relating to the administrative
and resourcing of UCH management, the 1973
Act is still the principal component of the UK’s
legislative framework.
Under these circumstances the archaeological
community has increasingly turned to legislative
provisions from the Council of Europe and the
European Union (EU) to provide legal mechanisms
whereby UCH can be inserted into development
control policy frameworks and can be protected in
individual cases. The accession of the UK to the
Valetta Convention2 in 2001 marked the high point
of this process, with the adoption of duties to
ensure the inclusion effective measures to
consider archaeology within the environmental
impact assessment paradigm. This is problematic
in an offshore setting, as the requirements to
undertake
environmental
assessment
are
confusing and differ according to the matter at
hand. A broad interpretation of EIA is understood
in terrestrial terms and is applied by planners in
accordance with the wide definition of the
concepts set forth by the European Court of
Justice, but is lacking in the offshore context,
particularly in relation to the protection of UCH.
This paper will set out the principal provisions
within the Valetta Convention and EU
environmental regulations that are relevant to the
protection and management of the UK’s UCH and
will examine the extent to which both have been
implemented in terms of policy frameworks for
development control and in individual cases.
42
FRESH WATER ARCHAEOLOGY
Re-emerged
maps:
investigating
the
topography of the Bronze Age pile-dwellings of
the Pacengo area (Lake Garda, Northern Italy)
Luigi Fozzati, Soprintendenza per i Beni
Archeologici del Veneto - NAUSICAA, Nicoletta
Martinelli, Dendrodata s.a.s and Erio Valzolgher,
Ricerche Archeologiche s.n.c./Gesellschaft für
Archäologische
Untersuchungen
O.H.G,
Bressanone/Brixen
The history of the research into the pile-dwelling
settlements of the Lake Garda area (Northern
Italy) has been characterized both by periods of
intense activity (the first discoveries in the second
half of 19th century, the researches conducted
between the 1940s and 1960s, the underwater
surveys and investigations of the last two decades
of the 20th century) and periods of almost
complete stalemate. This lack of continuity has
sometimes led to a loss of data, making it quite
difficult to determine the exact location of the piledwelling sites recognized in the past, location that
is essential for the reconstruction of the
submerged landscapes of the lake basin, given the
strong tourist activities along the shores of Lake
Garda over the course of the 20th century. An
example of the difficulty embedded in this research
has been already presented by the authors at the
2nd International Congress on Underwater
Archaeology (i.e. the case study of the
Gasparina/Ronchi di Castelnuovo del Garda piledwelling). A more complex case study is now
presented concerning the exact topographic
position of some of the most important Bronze Age
pile-dwelling sites, namely those located in the
area of Pacengo, on the south-eastern shore of
Lake Garda (Lazise, Verona). Diving surveys
carried out here in 2002-2003 have allowed the
recognition of different groups of posts, which we
can now correlate to the various 'pile-dwellings'
found in this area from 1864 onwards. This
correlation is made possible, in particular, by the
comparison between the maps obtained from the
recent surveys and the pioneering maps produced
in 1876 by a special committee of the Accademia
di Agricoltura Arti e Commercio di Verona.
The first lake- dwellings in Lithuanian territory
in transition from Bronze Age to Early Iron Age
Elena Pranckenaite, Klaipeda University
Luokesas Lake is found in a region of eastern part
of Lithuania (Molėtai district), which is well known
for its plentiful number of lakes all formed after the
Last Glacial Maximum. The two lake- dwellings
discovered on Lake Luokesas and they are
located opposite each other .
The discovery of the Luokesas lacustrine
settlements in eastern Lithuania has the potential
to shed important light on the persistence of
wetland occupation into the Iron Age.
The two sites on Lake Luokesas are clearly
different in construction and function.
Living by (or on) the water is a new way of living in
Late Bronze age and Early Iron age in Lithuania.
In this period the presence of the Brushed Pottery
culture in East Lithuania and West Baltic Barrow
culture in the western part of the country. The
Brushed Pottery culture is known mainly from
investigations of the so-called hillforts settlements situated on hills.
The transition from Late Bronze Age to Iron Age
(7th-6th century BC) is a critical period for wetland
settlements in various parts of Europe.
New settlements are potential to solve
environmental as well as cultural issues
concerning patterns of human occupation of
prehistoric wetland areas in northern and central
Europe.
Twenty years of rescue excavations and in situ
conservation in Sutz-Lattrigen/Lake Bienne
/Switerland
Albert Hafner, Archaeological Service of the
Canton of Berne
Because of the excellent preservation conditions
for organic material the remains of Neolithic and
Bronze Age settlements found in lakes, bogs and
rivers are particularly interesting archaeological
sources. The Archaeological Service of Canton
Berne is implementing a double strategy regarding
its heritage protection measures: sites where
significant erosion has already begun to take its
toll are being recorded and documented
extensively before they disappear for ever, while
settlement sections that are still in a good state of
preservation are being actively protected. In the
last 20 years the diving team of the Archaeological
Service of the Canton of Bern was working
constantly on the south banks of Lake Bienne in
the community of Sutz-Lattrigen. Intensive work
was done to excavate endangered sites and to
protect intact ones. The excavations give insight
into sequences of more than 30 villages, defence
works and special buildings dating between 3860
and 1640 BC. More than 35.000 sqm. of
excavated area make the Sutz-Lattrigen
excavation one of the biggest research projects
ever done in interior lakes. More than 30.000
wooden pile samples makes an excellent basis for
precise dating with dendrochronology. The lecture
will give an overview from first results, actual work
of research and will also give a critical point of
view on large projects.
43
The pile-dwellings in the Ljubljansko barje,
Slovenia: an innovative and accommodating
research design
Anton Veluscek, Scientific Research Centre of the
Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
The Ljubljansko barje (the Ljubljana moor) area in
Slovenia is best known for its pile dwellings which
were discovered in 1875. Until recently the area
was a focus of huge archaeological interest
expressed
through
numerous
excavations,
detailed artefact studies, important exhibitions,
scientific articles and monographs etc. The area
became a key symbol of Slovenian prehistoric
archaeology. However for a number of reasons
this long tradition ceased around 20 years ago.
Under such conditions the next phase of
archaeological research had to start from scratch.
In a context of minimal funding and low interest it
was necessary to develop an innovative and
accommodating research design to continue with a
new era of investigations in this very important
archaeological zone which provides excellent
conditions for multidisciplinary researches and
environmental archaeology.
Options for the protection of underwater
cultural heritage in Lake Constance (Germany)
and Lake Zuerich (Switzerland). An upcoming
project within the framework of the Inter-reg IV
programme ‘Alpenrhein-Bodensee-Hochrhein’
Helmut
Schlichtherle,
Regierungspräsidium
Stuttgart
Many important underwater monuments in the
shallow water zone of perialpine lakes, mainly
prehistoric dwellings but also historic ships,
harbours and fisheries structures, suffer from
water level shifts induced by the climate change,
bank erosion and mooring and scouring by boat’s
propellers. An interdisciplinary research group
consisting of archaeologists from the heritage
management organs of the State of BadenWürttemberg (Germany), the Cantons Thurgau
and Zuerich (Switzerland) and sedimentologists
and physical limnologists from the State Institute of
Lake Research Langenargen, the Limnological
Institute of the University of Konstanz, and the
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and
Technology Zuerich will document the present
state of damage in a selected number of
archaeological
sites
and
investigate
the
mechanisms of wave action, sediment suspension
and bed-load transport at these sites. Full scale
experiments are planned with various types of
geotextiles and sediment cover to control the
erosion. The effect of the protection structures will
be investigated in terms of wave parameters, currents, sediment suspension and movement, and
impacts on the biota. Another important goal is the
design of long term monitoring to control the
condition of the underwater cultural heritage in the
shallow water zone with standardised methods.
Public relations and a touring exhibition, organised
by the Vorarlberger Landesmuseum (Austria) is
intended to increase public awareness of the
cultural heritage under water and the need for
preservation of archaeological monuments in
perialpine lakes.
Fresh water archaeology in Poland
Andrzej Pydyn, Nicolaus Copernicus University
The paper will present results of research and
surveys conducted in fresh water in Poland.
Lakes, bogs and swamps are relatively common
features of the Polish landscape. The past
communities have intensively used this landscape.
Fresh water archaeological projects covered
prehistoric,
medieval
and
post-medieval
archaeological sites.
The so-called lake dwellings and lake-side
settlements are the oldest examples the
prehistoric underwater sites known from Poland.
Some of them can be dated to the Neolithic time,
however these types of settlements were the most
popular in the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron
Age. The tradition of the lake dwellings has
continued in the Early and Late Middle Ages.
A different type of underwater sites, characteristic
for the Early Medieval archaeology, is represented
by remains of wooden bridges. These bridges
appeared frequently in relation to large fortified
strongholds that were characteristic in the period
of intensive development of the early Polish state.
These type of sites are known from the areas of
northern and central Poland.
The other type of underwater sites is represented
by hoards that were deposited in lakes, bogs and
rivers. These hoards have different chronology,
nonetheless majority of them can be associated
with the Late Bronze Age or with the Early
Medieval period. During these periods past
communities used intensively inland waters for
practical and symbolic purposes.
Finally the paper will discuss new projects in
Polish fresh water archaeology that are focused on
the heritage protection. Social, economic and
technological changes that took place in Poland in
the last 20 years put a new additional pressure on
number fresh water sites in Poland.
The ‘Pile Dwelling Sites List for UNESCO’
project
Francesco Tiboni, Central Office for Underwater
Archaeology, Italian Ministry of Culture
The ‘Pile Dwelling Sites List for UNESCO’ project,
involving all the countries around the alpine region,
is for Italy a great opportunity for an evaluation of
the present situation for all the submerged
prehistoric sites of the country. For the first time in
44
Italy, in fact, we are now creating a complete
database of the pile dwelling sites dated from
Neolithic up to the iron age, considering even
those sites that are now completely destroyed. As
we have already done during the first part of the
Archeomar project, in which we created a
complete archaeological map of the sites
submerged along southern Italy coasts, in this
case the db creation will be used to plan and
manage protection and utilization projects in which
we hope all the local and national institutions could
take part. Together with this UNESCO database
we are now creating a similar database including
all the prehistoric pile dwelling sites of Italy, even
those of the Apennines’ lakes or southern Italy.
From a technical point of view we have many
professional people now involved in this project, as
archaeologist,
underwater
archaeologist,
UNESCO focal points, dendro-chronologists,
directed by the central office for Underwater
Archaeology of the Ministry of Culture. In this
paper I will present the actual (of June) Italian
situation and will present two example of pile
dwelling sites in which we have different
conservation and management problem. I will also
present the situation of ‘risk degree’ for the Italian
submerged or intertidal sites, trying to point out the
difference between those risks linked to natural
situation and those linked to human activities and
to present an Italian way to face these problems.
45
SURVEY TECHNOLOGIES
An archaeological assessment of the wreck of
a nuclear submarine at a depth of 250m in
Arctic waters
Martin Dean, Mark Lawrence and Chris Rowland
ADUS
The Arctic Military Environmental Cooperation
(AMEC) programme, funded by G8, is attempting
to clean the Arctic of hazardous material left by
military activity. As part of the UK's Ministry of
Defence (MoD) roll in AMEC, a survey and
assessment of the wreck of a Russian nuclear
submarine at a depth of 250m (800') in the Barents
Sea was undertaken as the first step in its
recovery. The November Class submarine B-159
sank in 2003 while under tow to a shipyard where
it was to have its two nuclear reactors removed.
Unfortunately nine of the ten sailors from the
Russian Northern Fleet who were on board during
the tow died when the submarine sank.
The Salvage and Marine Integrated Projects team
of the MoD had previously recognised the
advantages of using an archaeological approach
when using multibeam sonar for surveys of
environmentally hazardous wrecks in shallow
water. They were involved with the ADUS survey
of munitions wreck SS Richard Montgomery in the
Thames Estuary, and later commissioned ADUS
to survey the war grave HMS Royal Oak in Scapa
flow, which is leaking oil. MoD were keen to
extend this multibeam survey capability into
deeper water which resulted in joint research with
ADUS into collecting high resolution data from
multibeam sonar systems mounted on an ROV.
This raised numerous technical difficulties,
particularly in positioning an ROV accurately
enough for high-resolution data, and in
transmitting all the survey and motion reference
data to the surface. In collaboration with
equipment manufacturers, the technical problems
were eventually overcome and a methodology
devised for the investigation of the B-159. The
multibeam sonar system, together with an
extensive range of radiological monitoring
equipment, was mounted on the intervention ROV
of NATO's Submarine Rescue Service for the
survey in June and July 2007. Despite the almost
inevitable additional technical difficulties which
accompany such a complex arrangement, the
survey of the wreck and surrounding seabed was
successfully completed. It proved possible to
collect data of sufficient resolution and quality to
undertake a detailed archaeological analysis of the
hull so that damage received on the surface, and
that which occurred on impact with the seabed,
could be identified. Features revealed on the
seabed included some natural, some caused by
the impact of the submarine, and some indicating
intensive fishing activity that probably took place
before the area was restricted by the military in the
middle of the last century. The high resolution
sonar survey techniques and methodologies which
have been developed by archaeologists in
conjunction with the MoD clearly demonstrate that
they are applicable to the survey and investigation
of any wreck exposed on the seabed - regardless
of age and regardless of the depth of water.
New methods of rapid field survey of
submerged archaeological sites.
Mark W. Holley, Northwestern Michigan College
and the Grand Traverse Bay Underwater Preserve
Underwater archaeologists and divers from the
Grand Traverse Bay Underwater Preserve Council
(Michigan, USA) began the baseline survey of
submerged cultural resources in 2007 by utilizing
new sector scanning equipment developed by
Kongsberg-Mesotech (Vancouver, Canada). The
results of this preliminary survey and equipment
field test have been stunning. This paper will
explore the catalogue of cultural sites surveyed,
methodology of deployment and how this new
equipment can contribute to the development of
rapid underwater archaeological survey.
This project has taken an interdisciplinary
approach from its outset. Corporations, acoustic
technicians, underwater archaeologists, geologists
and cultural resource managers have worked
together to produce a detailed survey of 10
submerged, previously undocumented, cultural
sites within a single, 4 month, field season. The
sites range in type from a potentially 10,000 year
old petroglyph and associated submerged shore
line, various turn of the century wooden
shipwrecks, and large deposits of cultural debris
from the 1930’s and 1950’s. Applying the acoustic
technology to this wide range of site type has
demonstrated both its flexibility and cost
effectiveness. The limitations of this survey
technology will be explored as well as the type of
conditions necessary to successfully deploy the
equipment in the field. Post processing and data
management will also be examined as well some
of the new directions that this tool can take future
research. A strong argument will be made that this
technology should be employed at the start of any
underwater archaeological project and may be
useful to a wide range of scientists in related fields
of underwater research and exploration.
England’s historic seascapes mapping the
character of the marine historic environment
Bryn Tapper, Cornwall Historic Environment
Service and Dave Hooley, English Heritage
Area-based approaches have long contextualised
site-specific work on the marine historic
environment, as on land. The feasibility now of
applying such approaches at a landscape scale
46
reflects our ability to collect, manipulate and
present complex spatial data more effectively
using Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Accompanying these increased capabilities come
a range of strong motivations for generating areabased databases. Notable among these is the
need to inform the Govt’s proposed system of
marine spatial planning with our present
understanding of the historic cultural processes
that have taken place in, and shaped, our overall
marine environment. That information is essential
for the proposed spatial planning system to
achieve its aims of sustainable management and
development of our seas, and for the historic
dimension of our marine environment to play its
full role to those ends. As DH will note in a brief
introduction to this paper, this has been one of the
key drivers in the current development of English
Heritage’s
England’s
Historic
Seascapes
Programme, which seeks to extend to the coastal
and marine historic environment the principles of
Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) that
have already found expression across much of
England’s land area.
In the main body of this paper, BT will review the
Programme’s consolidation of a national
methodology
for
Historic
Seascape
Characterisation (HSC) from the experience of five
previous pilot projects and guided by the principles
of HLC. HSC maps historic character and sea-use
within a GIS database. Using historic charts, maps
and associated documentary sources alongside
modern marine data, HSC defines areas that
share similar and repeating historic character, that
is ‘types’ of historic seascapes, charting the
processes that have produced the seascapes we
have today. A ‘tiered’ GIS spatial data model
reflects the multi-dimensional or multi-layered
nature of the marine environment (the sea surface,
the water column, the sea-floor and the sub seafloor), along with those areas of the inter-tidal zone
and adjacent coastal landscapes shown to have
direct maritime associations. Brief explanatory
texts describe and document the HSC ‘Types’ and
are intended to inform and frame the broader
sustainable management of change through
marine planning, research and outreach projects.
The historic seascape is a contested place. This
extends beyond the proposed integration of
competing interests in a marine spatial planning
system: communities and interests at all levels,
from particular localities and with distinctive
perspectives, also have concerns in ongoing
developments or activities that are potentially or
actually damaging, diluting, distorting or destroying
important or well-regarded features or character.
HSC helps place such positions and challenges in
broader context, allowing debate about the present
and future to be more properly grounded in an
understanding of the past. It is a product and a
process expressly designed and intended to
facilitate discussion and dialogue about the
sustainable management of the marine historic
environment as a whole.
Mapping scuba diving and identifying
vulnerable and monuments under water using
GIS – a pilot project in the archipelago of
Stockholm
Nina Eklöf Åkerblom, Swedish Maritime Museums
The Swedish Maritime Museums has knowledge
about 500 Shipwrecks and other monuments in
the Stockholm archipelago. Furthermore, there are
at least 300 reports of wrecked ships from the 18th
- and 19th centuries. The absence of wood eating
organisms, strong currents, tide and sand banks
results in very good preservations conditions. As a
result many wooden shipwrecks have remained
more or less intact.
Since scuba diving became more common in the
1960:ies, the Stockholm archipelago has been
highly appreciated among wreck divers, mostly
from the Stockholm area. The majority of the
wrecks are possible to experience with
conventional scuba diving equipment, but the
number of advanced divers, reaching depths down
to 100 meters, is increasing. As technical
equipment such as side scan sonars and echo
sounders becomes more accessible, the discovery
of new wrecks has increased. The number of
divers experiencing the under water cultural
heritage in the Baltic Sea is greater today than
ever.
Despite the good preservation conditions, the
wooden shipwrecks of the Baltic Sea are fragile.
As diving increases more damages appear on the
wrecks. Most of the damages are unintentional
caused by the wear and tear from too many divers.
Some damages are caused by intentional looting.
A project has been formed to map the frequency of
diving and its affects on the underwater cultural
heritage. This is done by using GIS as a method to
identify vulnerable underwater monuments and
sites with scuba diving used as the main indicator.
The purpose of the project is to increase the
knowledge about the under water cultural heritage
and the occurrence of potentially threats and
indications of accelerated destruction.
The project is a part of the EU-project MACHU
(Managing Underwater Cultural Heritage) where
the idea is to make information about our common
underwater cultural heritage accessible for
academic purposes, policy makers and for the
general public.
47
An atlas of the maritime cultural heritage on
the French Western coast - an inventory of the
French underwater cultural sites
Denis Dégez, Association pour le Développement
de la Recherche en Archéologie Maritime
(ADRAMAR)
There are ten to fifteen thousand potential
archaeological sites on the French Atlantic coast.
Since today, about one thousand of them are
identified and precisely localized and only twenty
have been investigated by archaeologists.
Consequently, there is a great need for a global
inventory of the French maritime heritage in order
to make proper archaeological assessments and
cultural management.
Through its Atlas Project, Adramar undertakes a
systematic inventory of the archaeological sites
underwater along French Western coasts in
collaboration with the National underwater
archaeology service, Drassm. In doing so,
scientific and contextual data are gathered from
each site and integrated into a Geographical
Information System (GIS). The Atlas GIS –
Database is designed as a tool for cultural
assessment, to produce maritime and coastal
archaeology guidance, and to take forward the
physical management of France designated wreck
sites. One of the primary goals of this project is to
make information about the underwater cultural
heritage accessible for academic researchers,
policy makers and for the general public. This
project will soon cross French border for a closer
collaboration between the Drassm, Adramar and
English Heritage.
landscapes. In total the maritime component of the
NMR now totals over 44,000 records. This is the
result of an innovative use of primary and
secondary sources, combining desk based
research with the results of fieldwork, data import
and regular information flows from partners such
as the Receiver of Wrecks. It is essential that a
unique and important dataset such as this
continues to provide the information required by a
diverse user base (such as researchers,
consultants, maritime archaeologists, seabed
developers, the aggregates industry and the
general public) in an evolving sector In England
the historic environment is currently facing new
challenges and potential new opportunities, for
example:
•
•
•
•
•
•
new spatial technology and the use of Sea
Zone Hydrospatial data
relations with other data holders such as the
UK Hydro graphic Office (UKHO)
new sources of data such as those from the
Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF)
projects
integration with the NMR’s terrestrial record
new ways of accessing and disseminating
digital data, such as the Heritage Gateway
changes to legislation
Rather than dwell on past achievements in setting
up the NMR’s maritime, record this paper will look
to the future. It will present a case study of how the
NMR is adapting to and addressing the challenges
listed above, taking advantage of opportunities
and developing a record that remains fit for
purpose well into the future.
The author will focus specifically on the need for
exchange of data at the service of multiple
activities related to the French maritime
environment: navigation, fishing industry, customs,
tourism, hydrograph, industrial activities such as
aggregate
extraction,
scientific
research,
archaeology, etc. Data exchange will be facilitated
by the European INSPIRE directive, but there is
still much resistance in many organizations to
share their data. For an effective management of
the underwater cultural heritage involving different
organisations, archaeologists need to be part of
the round tables, especially for environmental
impact studies and for spatial planning.
A record of England’s underwater past that’s
fit for the future
Martin Newman, English Heritage
The maritime component of the English Heritage
National Monuments Record (NMR) has been
complied since 1989 and represents a unique
resource utilised by a wide variety of users. It
comprises records of wrecks and casualties
(losses without identified seabed remains) as well
(and to a lesser extent) submerged sites and
48
PORTS, HARBOURS, DOCKYARDS
Coastal and harbour archaeology in
Aegean Sea
Kalliopi Baika, University of Peloponnese
the
Harbours and coastal settlements were conceived
and constructed in the frontier where the maritime
and terrestrial world confront and interact. This
world in transition between land and underwater
environment is a complex field of scientific
investigation. Little effort has been invested in
focusing on human interaction along the coastline,
a maritime landscape that must be visualized and
studied as an entity, belonging to a single social,
political and economic structure.
Implanted
in
a
constantly
transforming
environment, the study of coastal settlements and
harbour installations is an amphibious one, relying
significantly on multi-disciplinary collaborations
that combine archaeological research (terrestrial
and underwater) and geological resources. Due to
the evolution of the environmental sciences and
the introduction of revolutionary technologies the
progress in the recent years is significant. Indeed,
interdisciplinary research in harbour sites in the
Aegean Sea and around the Mediterranean
demonstrates strong potential for the future.
Cross-referenced data have contributed in
reconstructing ancient coastlines and maritime
landscapes and comprehending the complex
geological histories of ancient harbours. As a case
study, the 2006 underwater and marine
geomorphological research in Cape Sounion in
Attica has contributed to the study of the
palaeotopography of the ancient city and naval
base, today partly submerged under the sanctuary
of Poseidon. The results offered valuable elements
for the study of the maritime façade of the
metropolis of Athens. Yet they have raised
important methodological research questions on
the application of different scientific techniques.
Moreover, specialised harbour installations have
been considered as archaeological indicators for
putting environmental changes within historical
context. Today the benefits and limitations of such
collaborations should be mutually explored and
reconsidered, when more that ever the fields of
maritime archaeology, marine geography, physical
oceanography, environmental science, historical
geography, environmental history and many more
are
intercrossing.
Finally,
interdisciplinary
approaches provide a better understanding of our
marine and coastal environment today and help
inform current and developing environmental
policy and cultural management decisions.
Further investigation of an ancient Greek
dockyard in Sicily
David Blackman, Centre for the Study of Ancient
Documents, University of Oxford and Maria
Costanza Lentini, Archaeological Museum, Naxos
At IKUWA2 in 2004 we reported on the results so
far of our excavation of the ancient Greek
dockyard at Naxos in Sicily (The New View, 1937). We have now completed the excavation of the
surviving remains, and wish to present our
preliminary conclusions on the final results, which
give us an unusually clear picture of one of the
smaller dockyards of antiquity. It has features that
are strikingly different from some of the larger
dockyards; we also have some remarkable new
evidence for operations within the shipsheds, and
for the vexed question of the type of roofing. The
main phase dates from fifth century BC, 461/0,
and ended with the city’s destruction in 403 BC.
The site was reused for burial in the fourth century
BC. The building respects the orthogonal city plan
and lies alongside the probable area of the agora,
close to one of the main east-west streets (platea
C) as it approaches the port on the bay of Cape
Schisò. Indications have now appeared of an
earlier structure on the southern part of the site,
bearing on its roof remarkable Silenus and Gorgon
antefixes of the 490s. These and other terracotta
remains add greatly to our knowledge of
architectural revetments from Naxos and they are
tentatively related to an early phase of the
dockyard. A striking feature of the slipways is the
presence of ramps of sand, not found elsewhere
(the nearest parallels are ramp of earth); and the
finds of red and blue pigment provide evidence of
work on the ships when housed in the neoria.
Analysis of the sequence of ramps and enclosing
(retaining) walls suggests a sequence of at least
two phases.
A new Hellenistic naval base in Western
Turkey?
Recent
discoveries
at
Elaia,
Pergamon´s main harbour
Felix Pirson, DAI Istanbul Branch
Since 2006, the German Archaeological Institute
(DAI) is conducting an archaeological survey at
Elaia, the harbour city of the Hellenistic metropolis
and residence Pergamon (Western Turkey).
Literary sources attest the importance of Elaia as
maritime satellite of Pergamon particularly in the
2nd century BC, fulfilling various military, economic
and communicative functions for the capital. By
describing the usage of the harbour not only for
the Pergamenian, but also for the Rhodian and the
Roman fleet, the sources provide first glances of
its possible size. To date, however, only a rather
small inner harbour is visible, which might go back
to pre-hellenistic times. Last year’s geophysical
prospections and research in the shallow water
49
brought to light several hitherto unknown harbourstructures covering an area of approximately 1 x 2
km. If they belong to an Hellenistic naval base, the
discovery would change our image of Pergamon
as an important maritime power. The paper will
present the site in its actual state and give a brief
summary of the historical records regarding the
harbour. New discoveries concerning the city’s
layout and its settlement history will be combined
with its function as harbour modelled according to
the needs of a newly founded Hellenistic kingdom.
The focus will be on the recently discovered
harbour structures and the discussion of their
possible functions. In this context, our
methodology combining archaeological survey,
geophysics, geodesy, air-photogrammetry and
shallow-water-research will also be presented.
A geo-archaeological research about the
Roman harbours of Narbonne: earth and
underwater survey and GIS
Marie-Pierre
Jézégou,
Département
des
Sous- Marines
Depuis 2005, un projet collectif de recherche tente
de retrouver la topographie portuaire de Narbonne
antique. Existait-il un port maritime urbain que les
navires de haute mer pouvaient atteindre par un
chenal comme le pensent certains auteurs ? A
contrario, le port urbain était il approvisionné par
des avant-ports d’où les marchandises étaient
transbordées et acheminées par des allèges vers
la ville ? Les seules vestiges attribuables à des
infrastructures portuaires ont été repérés à Port la
Nautique mais ce site n’a fonctionné que durant un
siècle avant d’être abandonné autour de 70 de
notre ère. Cet avant-port a-t-il alors été déplacé
vers un autre secteur de la lagune où la
sédimentation due aux apports de l’Aude était
moins importante ou en façade maritime, à
Gruissan par exemple, où une dizaine d’épaves
ont été découvertes.
Les recherches entreprises depuis le XIX e siècle
démontrent l’extrême complexité du sujet et la
nécessité d’appréhender, dans leur globalité, les
modifications naturelles et anthropiques du plan
d’eau narbonnais. Pour ce faire, il a été décidé de
compiler l’ensemble des données archéologiques
et paléoenvironnementales dans un S.I.G. En
effet, la contribution de l’analyse spatiale à la
restitution des paysages fluvio-lagunaires en
relation avec la migration des lignes de rivage, la
sédimentation de l’Aude, la déviation de son cours
et le colmatage de la lagune antique, est
déterminante.
En parallèle, des prospections subaquatiques au
moyen d’un sondeur de sédiment ont été
entreprises dans les étangs de Bagès-Sigean et
des prospections terrestres ont été réalisées à
l’emplacement présumé d’un ancien delta de
l’Aude. Les prospections subaquatiques ont révélé
la présence d’un paléo-chenal de l’Aude ayant
contribué au colmatage de l’étang ainsi que
l’existence d’importants vestiges profondément
enfouis à Gruissan. Les prospections terrestres
ont confirmé l’existence d’un bras de l’Aude bordé
de constructions non datées et non identifiées à ce
stade de l’étude.
Enfin le géo-réferencement des cartes anciennes
a débouché sur une étude géo-archéologique qui
montre les transformations de l’étang entre la fin
du XVIII e siècle et le début du XXI e siècle et
révèle l’existence de voies de communication
possibles entre la lagune et le centre urbain.
Ancient port in Zaton near Zadar (Croatia)
Smiljan Gluscevic, Archaeological Museum Zadar
The hydro archaeological excavations of the
Roman harbour at Zaton near Nin (ancient
municipium Enona) very close to Zadar (ancient
colonia Jader) were carried out in several
campaigns at the end of the 1970s and beginning
of the 1980s. Along with an abundance of bone,
metal, glass, and particularly pottery artefacts, the
remains were found of two wooden sea-going
vessels that were attributed to the shipbuilding
skills of the Liburnians. Ancient historians named
that vessels serilia.
After fifteen year long interruption excavation
started again in 2002 and continued up to 2007,
necessitated by the discovery of a third Liburnian
vessel. In the sense of construction, it differs and
is a bit differently organized from the first two
found. The surrounding strata were full of pottery
remains and other material that in part ended up in
the sea because of damage that had occurred
during numerous harbour operations. However,
most of the vessels had belonged to the crews of
ships or the cargo that had arrived in this harbour
from all over the Mediterranean during a full three
centuries.
There is a lot of rough, usable dish, especially
those of Egyptian type, whilst the least pottery
from Italian workshops. The exception is thin
walled pottery. We found the dish from small
Asian workshops, very often the eastern B pottery
as well as the one from African workshops.
Cyprian, Pontic and Alexandrian shapes had not
been found in a significant number.
A few objects belonging to the pack of boat were
also found, but quite a few pieces of wood of an
unknown purpose. A whole plain basket and a joint
of herb fibres are also interesting.
Along with other material, the strata of the harbour
also contained the remains of shellfish, snail
shells, whole or fragmented bones of animals,
birds, and fish, and particular attention was paid to
50
the plant remains. Precise procedures and
documentation were utilized for the latter, and
hence it is possible to reconstruct relatively well
the chronological context in which the seeds and
other parts of individual plants had reached the
sea. Interesting is the find of radishes now the
earliest material proof for the cultivation of
radishes in Europe.
Marble wrecks of antiquity on French coasts
Hélène Bernard, French Ministry of Culture
Marble is an uncommon cargo in the body of the
French wrecks of antiquity. The St Tropez wreck
(Var) discovered in the fifties and the wreck of
Porto Nuovo (Corsica) excavated in the nineties,
were considered as linked to an imperial sanctuary
project. Coming from Carrara, their cargoes are off
medium tonnage. In the last years, marble wrecks
were declared on Languedoc and Camarguo
coasts. The wreckage on a sandy coast lead a bad
conservation for the associated material but a
datation in the second half of the first century AD
can be proposed for the Marseilhan wreck. An
erma on Plage de Sète 2 is a rare associated
sculpture object with a marble blocks cargo. On
the other way, the notae lapicidinarum are well
conserved and a monogram is a link between the
both wrecks. We shall consider the specificity and
representativity of these wrecks in the context of
maritime roman trade.
The early Mediaeval castle rampart at Groß
Thun (Town of Stade)
Andreas Schäfer, Stadt Stade
Situated about three kilometres to the Southwest
of the town of Stade (Lower Saxony), on the small
river Schwinge, there is an early mediaeval
earthen
rampart
fortification
known
as
‘Schwedenschanze’ (‘Swedish Entrenchment’).
This structure, oval in shape, measures
approximately 170 metres by 100 metres, and the
impressive rampart is in parts still preserved at a
height of up to 5.5 metres today. Excavations
carried out between 2005 and 2007 by the town
archaeology department of Stade in co-operation
with Hamburg University have shown that the
fortification was in use from the 7th to the 9th
centuries AD. Prior to the actual excavation work,
a large portion of the area inside the ramparts has
been screened with the help of geophysical
methods, and the excavation trenches were laid
out according to the results of these screenings.
The area enclosed within the ramparts showed
traces of dense settlement. Settlement pits,
hearths/ furnaces and post holes were found.
From this inner area, large quantities of early
mediaeval pottery were salvaged. Some of the
shards were die-ornamented. Apart from the
pottery, some special finds were also made, such
as a silver denarius of the Roman Emperor
Severus Alexander (minted at Trier – Augusta
Treverorum – in 229 AD) and a bronze ring. One
of the pits contained an earthen crucible which
may indicate that non-ferrous and precious metals
were actually processed on site. The crucible, as
well as finds of slag and furnaces, supports the
assumption that there was some kind of industrial
area within the ramparts. The wood preservation
at this site is exceptionally good. Within the
rampart structure there were several layers of
grass turfs and much decayed, unstructured
wooden remains. Underneath these layers,
approximately 1.80 metres below the rampart’s
crown as it stands today, there were densely
packed layers of wooden beams and boards. In
the middle of the rampart, these were laid at right
angles, but at the bottom they followed the
rampart’s outline to serve as foundation. At the
very core of the rampart there was a considerable
number of boards with drill holes in them.
Surprisingly, however, none of the boards had
been drilled right through. Many of the boards also
show signs of sawing in regular intervals. The
external edge of the original earth-wood-rampart
was constructed as a palisade made up of
massive rectangular pieces of oak, approximately
0.7 by 0.4 metres in cross-section. They were
slightly slanted and hollowed out. Diagonally
across these boards, a lining of bog iron slates
very irregular in shape had been laid. A wooden
waterfront at the river’s edge is of particular
interest. It consists of wooden poles, between 1.5
metres and 1.7 metres long, sharpened at the
lower end and vertically driven into the ground.
Immediately behind this reinforcement of the river
bank which is thought to have served as a jetty, a
level construction adjoins. This section is between
2.2 metres and 2.5 metres wide. It is constructed
from different layers of wood and connects the
river Schwinge to the rampart. Wooden parts of
ships have been re-used as building material for
this construction. Among these, there are ship’s
ribs worked with saws, as well as a knee timber.
The wood has not simply been laid down on the
surface, but has rather been founded on deeply
grounded oak planks. Furthermore, a wellpreserved ship’s rudder has been salvaged from
the alluvial sands of the Schwinge here. The
dendrochronological dates obtained from the rich
wooden material range from 673 AD as the
earliest to about 809 AD as the latest. These dates
establish the site as the oldest known fortification
in Northwest Germany, and the castle rampart of
Groß Thun thus is the oldest mediaeval castle
known so far between Rhine and Elbe.
51
SUBMERGED PREHISTORIC LANDSCAPES
The application of dendrochronology to the
study of submerged landscapes: past and
prospect
Nigel Nayling, University of Wales Lampeter
This
paper
will
briefly
consider
how
dendrochronology has been applied to later
prehistoric submerged landscapes in Britain during
the later half of the twentieth century before
reviewing more recent research on both intertidal
and submarine sites. In the Severn Estuary, as
part of a multi-disciplinary study of later Mesolithic
coastal
change
and
human-environment
interactions, hundreds of oak trees located over
some seven kilometres of the Gwent Levels
foreshore have been recorded and sampled. A
resultant ring-width chronology, nearly 500 years
in length, predates absolutely dated oak
chronologies which in Britain and Ireland extend
back to approximately 5200 BC. Radiocarbon
‘wiggle-match’ dating has indicated a date range
for this chronology of c.6200-5750 BC. This
chronology has failed to cross-match against
continental oak chronologies but does match
against a sequence constructed from oaks at the
submerged landscape of Bouldnor Cliff (Isle of
Wight). This latter sequence has again been dated
by radiocarbon. Beyond the extension and
geographical expansion of prehistoric dendrochronologies, what can this sort of research tell us
about prehistoric landscapes and the human
communities which passed through/occupied
them? Reflecting on progress over the last
decade, what role might dendrochronology play in
future attempts to investigate submerged
landscapes? Dating precision, as seen in the
application
of
dendrochonology
to
‘lake
settlements’ and other prehistoric archaeologies
will form part of the answer but other possibilities
exist including improved resolution of landscape
(woodscape?) reconstruction and assessment of
the dynamic processes of coastal, hydrological
and climatic change.
Mapping Doggerland: the palaeolandscapes of
the southern North sea
Vincent Gaffney, University of Birmingham
Twelve thousand years ago the area that now
forms the southern North Sea was dry land: a vast
plain populated by Late Palaeolithic peoples and
then by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. By 5,500 BC
the entire area had disappeared beneath the sea
as a consequence of post-glacial rising sea levels.
Until now, this unique landscape remained hidden
from view and almost entirely inaccessible to
archaeologists. The North Sea Palaeloandscapes
Project, funded by the Aggregates Levy
Sustainability Fund, has mapped more than
23,000km2 of this landscape using seismic data
collected for mineral exploitation. The results of
this work demonstrate that the North Sea covers
one of the largest and best preserved prehistoric
landscapes in Europe. Mapping this exceptional
landscape has begun to provide an insight into the
historic impact of the last great phase of global
warming experienced by man and allows us to
assess the significance of the massive loss of
European land that occurred as a consequence of
global change.
Investigations on submerged Stone Age
settlements
off
the
Baltic
coast
of
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,
Germany:
Preliminary results of the archaeological
fieldwork 2002-2008 of the SINCOS research
unit in Wismar Bay and the coastal waters of
Rügen Island
Harald Lübke, Roman-Germanic Commission of
the German Archaeological Institute
Abstract Submerged prehistoric sites in the southwestern Baltic with well preserved organic finds
contain a great potential for cultural and archaeo/palaeoenvironmental studies to reconstruct
archaeological settlement history and for marine
geological research concerning the Litorina
transgression in the Baltic basin. In MecklenburgVorpommern a systematic research, excavation
and management of submarine Stone Age sites of
the former State Authority for Archaeological
Heritage started in 1998 in a close cooperation
with marine geologists of the Baltic Sea Research
Institute Warnemünde. The investigations were
mainly supported by the German Research
Council (DFG) as one part of the interdisciplinary
DFG Research Unit ‘Sincos’ (www.sincos.org),
which founded in 2002. Since 2007 the
archaeological investigations of SINCOS were
continued under the leadership of the RomanGermanic
Commission
of
the
German
Archaeological Institute in cooperation with the
State Authority and the Baltic Sea Research
Institute. The two main areas of investigation were
the Wismar Bay west and the coastal waters of
Rügen Island east of the Darss sill structure, which
played a central role during the beginning of the
Litorina transgression in the Baltic basin. In
Wismar Bay it was possible to reconstruct in the
first 3-years-phase of the SINCOS-project the
cultural development from the beginning of the late
Mesolithic around 6500 cal BC until the end of the
terminal Mesolithic before the late hunter-fishergatherer societies were superseded by the early
Neolithic Funnelbeaker Culture around 4100-4000
cal BC. The excavated sites were found between
11 m and 3m water depth depending on their age
and the rapid sea level transgression in this
region. In the last years the main focus in Wismar
Bay was the investigation of early Neolithic sites to
receive more information about the economic
changes in this transition period. In the coastal
52
waters of Rügen Island in the first three years an
intensive underwater archaeological survey
programme enabled the discovery of several new
late and terminal Mesolithic sites especially in the
Bodden waters of northern Rügen Island. It is
remarkable that in opposite to the situation in
Wismar Bay theses sites were found not deeper
than in 2m water depth. Two sites with well
preserved organic remains were selected for
further excavations in the second phase of the
research project. According the preliminary
radiocarbon dates they are belonging to an early
phase of the Ertebølle culture which was not
proven in the region up to now. In connection with
the well known sites of the late Ertebølle culture,
which were still situated on today’s land, the
investigation of the submerged sites will allow a
reconstruction of the cultural development of the
terminal Mesolithic und early Neolithic in a similar
way as in Wismar Bay. In a second step the
reconstruction of the socio-economic cultural
development in both areas will enable comparative
analyses of the cause and effect relation between
driving forces (climatic and geological processes)
and the response of the natural and social
environment in the coastal areas on the German
Baltic coast during the Litorina transgression.
Submerged Neolithic villages on the Carmel
Coast, desertion by sea level changes or
natural disasters
Ehud Galili, Israel Antiquities Authority
Environmental changes, such as global sea level
rise, catastrophic tsunamies and coastal erosion in
the 21 century have a crucial economic and social
implication. It is important to understand better
these environmental phenomena. Underwater
archaeological finds can be used to identify and
study coastal environmental changes and natural
disasters. To avoid misinterpretations, such data
should be analyzed with caution. Studies of some
proposed ‘disasters’ indicates that the data from
the sites can be also interpreted in terms of
gradual changes and non- catastrophic events.
The submerged Neolithic sites off the Carmel
coast, dated to the final Pre-Pottery Neolithic C
(PPNC) and the Pottery Neolithic (PN) provide
unique information on sea level changes,
environmental processes, human economy and
site desertion events in the East Mediterranean.
The PPNC site of Atlit- Yam, dated to 9100-8000
yr. BP (calibrated), contains foundations of
rectangular structures, installations, storage areas,
92 human burials, fresh water wells, ritual
megalithic-like
installations,
animal
bones,
botanical materials and tools made of stone, flint,
wood, and bone. The archaeological findings
facilitate a characterization of the subsistence
system, including land and sea environmental
resources. The five PN sites situated closer to the
present beach and dated to 7900 – 6800 BP. They
contain installations for the extraction of olive oil,
storage silos, water-wells lined with stones and
tree branches and tools made of stone, wood,
bone, flint and pottery. At the site of Neve-Yam, a
cemetery including stonewalled graves was
discovered. The subsistence system of the PN
coastal cultures was based mainly on agriculture,
raising domestic animals and plants and
exploitation of marine resources. It was suggested
(Pareschi et al 2007) that a tsunami generated by
the collapse of Mount Etna some 8,300 BP,
destroyed the submerged PNNC village of AtlitYam. However the supposed tsunami deposits
from the site antedate the tsunami event and the
site was occupied ca 300 years after the proposed
tsunami. The human remains recovered from
prepared graves manifest pathologies which are
mainly associated with infectious diseases and
chronic health problems. None of the human or
animal bones show traumatic injuries. In
catastrophic assemblages animal bones are
usually found in anatomical articulation, while at
Atlit-Yam the animals were consumed and the
bones bear cut marks, attesting that the animals
were eaten. Thus the destruction of the village by
a tsunami, finds no support in the archaeological,
anthropological, faunal, and geological records.
Instead, the data indicate that Atlt –Yam site was
abandoned around 8,000 yr B.P. due to the
deterioration in living conditions resulting from
gradual post-glacial sea level rise. All subsequent
PN settlements were built further inland.
Submerged
landscapes:
stratigraphic
formation and excavation
Jonathan Cole, Oxford Centre for Maritime
Archaeology
This paper presents findings from excavations of
the submerged landscape of Aboukir Bay (Egypt)
which includes two submerged settlements with a
chronology spanning 1500 years. The size of the
2
archaeological survey area (110 km ) along with
distinct geographical and geological features has
required a unique approach which has thrown up
useful observations for those involved in
submerged landscape excavation. Studies of
submerged landscapes are increasing and they
certainly form one the challenges facing maritime
archaeology. The shift from localised shipwreck
excavation with limited stratification to extensive
submerged landscapes with complex cultural and
geological stratification, requires a distinct and
often localised approach.
These excavations in Egypt have found that when
existing land stratigraphies are submerged into the
dynamic coastal environment, the easily reducible
sand classifications are variably washed away
resulting in a combined level containing the
material culture from multiple chronologies. This
reconstituted
and
sometimes
complex
stratigraphy, made up largely of geological and
marine levels, is more dynamic than its terrestrial
53
counterpart (eolian deflated environments) and
can only be effectively understood by a
multidisciplinary approach. Without geological and
paleobiological studies working in concert with
archaeological survey and excavation, the
widespread stratigraphic anomalies and essential
interpretive clues invisible to the excavator would
have limited our understanding of the sites. Too
often in excavations of submerged landscapes, an
absence of oceanographic or biological data can
leave the archaeologist unsure about the site
formation processes.
Although this paper defines a stratigraphic
characterisation and practical excavation approach
based on sites located off the north-western coast
of Egypt, it hopes to begin outlining broader
principles
for
characterising
submerged
stratigraphy.
Unravelling the potential of submerged
landscapes
Garry Momber, Hampshire and Wight Trust for
Maritime Archaeology
Prehistoric archaeology has, until relatively
recently, been largely ignored when considering
the submerged cultural heritage. Human evolution
is intrinsically linked to climate change and
associated sea level fluctuations. Average sea
levels over the last 700,000 years have been 5060m lower than today providing opportunities for
dispersal and challenging and early humans to
adapt. This paper will look at the potential of
submerged prehistoric sites to enhance our
understanding of the past by presenting case
studies including the Solent and Gibraltar where
current research in underway. Geomorphological
indicators will be examined and the techniques
used to recover the data will be described. The
results of these investigations will be aired to look
at the wider potential for similar sites and the
questions for management it raises. Some sites
may be under threat from natural erosion due to
hydrodynamic adjustments associated with human
or climatic changes, while prehistoric landscapes
may be impacted directly by development.
Research questions have to be tackled that will
help inform mitigation strategies if such sites are or
could be under threat. To answer these questions,
diver intervention to sample, evaluate and
excavate will invariably be necessary.
coastal settlements of the Ertebølle-Culture
between 5500 and 4100 BC and the transition to
Early Neolithic. At these excavations shore
sediments were dug out, where extraordinary
preservation conditions for organic materials, for
instance wooden artefacts, prevail. Life at coastal
settlements was closely connected to the sea (see
the lecture by Harald Lübke). In consequence of
the importance of fishing and hunting most
commonly tools for these activities were found.
Burnt waste wood and shattered remains of fishing
fences are concentrated within the find layer.
Sometimes the location of the fence can be
reconstructed because some posts have been left
in place vertically. The fishing fences were made
of wicker-work from hazel roots and were used to
guide the fish to an enclosure, for example a fish
trap basket. Remains of these fish trap baskets
were indeed found. They were made from red dog
wood (Cornus sanguinea) branches which were
split lengthwise and woven with alder roots. The
entrance of the trap was held open by a branch
bent to form a ring. Another fishing technique,
especially used for catching eels, was spear
fishing with a special tool, the so called eel
catcher. The eel catcher of the Ertebølle Culture
was composed of two wooden leister prongs and a
bone point in the centre, that were fastened to a
long straight handle. A lot of wooden leister prongs
of eel catchers were found on each site. On some
of them even binding remains of blast fibres were
conserved. Quite a few fragments of dug-out
canoes, thin board-like pieces, were discovered.
Because of that we assume that the eel catching
was carried out from boats. The Stone Age log
boats of the Ertebølle Culture were made of big
lime trunks and were carved into very thin walled
vessels. Being so thin they decay very rapidly after
use. During their use life the log boats were light
weight and roomy; they could be up to 12m long.
They were moved with short bladed paddles of
ash wood. Short oval blades were found as well as
heart shaped paddles. Hunting equipment also
includes simple ash wood spears and bows made
of elm wood with a carved grip and flat broad
arms. Examination of wooden artefacts show, that
people know very well what kind of wood to use for
a specific purpose. Especially hazel and other
open forest species were preferentially selected
and used intensively. Moreover trees of deciduous
forest, pine tree locations and different kinds of
bushes were identified.
Wooden tools and log boat remains from the
Final Mesolithic at the south-western Baltic
coast
Speaker to be confirmed, Römisch-Germanische
Kommission
In the last 12 years several excavations were
conducted in northern Germany in wetlands and
under water at the south-western Baltic coast. This
research deals with traces from Final Mesolithic
54
Degersee: holocene sediment sequences and
submerged prehistoric villages at the outskirts
of South German pile-dwelling culture
Martin Mainberger, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege,
im
RP
Stuttgart,
Feuchtbodenund
Unterwasserarchäologie
and
J
Merkt,
Herbertingen
archaeological and palaeoenvironmental. It will
furthermore discuss chances for future research.
By interconnecting archaeological on-site data and
paleoenvironmental off-site-data we hope to gain
new information on cultural, palaeoeconomic and
palaeoclimatic processes and their interrelations in
a hitherto archaeologically unknown area.
The Degersee is a small lake some kilometres
north of Lake Constance, Southern Germany.
Palynological,
sedimentological
and
palaeolimnological studies, carried out in annually
laminated sediments of the lake and some
adjacent water bodies since the late 1960s, have
yielded a wealth of palaeonenvironmental data.
These investigations have also shown that the
vicinity of the lake was used agriculturally over
long periods of prehistoric times. The impact of
man started in Neolithic times and continued in
Bronze Age until today. The environmental
processes were characterized by periodical,
abrupt changes in the sediment. The repeated
decline of the beech-dominated deciduous forest
and its recovery within 150 to 300 years reflects
secondary forest cycles. The cyclic falls of the
forest are paralleled by charcoal peaks.
Contemporaneous changes of precipitation and
dissolution of carbonate as well as preservation of
lamination and its disappearing fit perfectly into
these secular cycles. The algal diversity, most
conspicuously of diatoms, follows simultaneously
the same cyclic pattern. The cyclic development
embracing vegetational and physical, terrestrial
and lacustrine parameters, is also visible in other
lakes of neighbouring areas and suggests an
external forcing that affected regionally nature and
man.
A research and management framework for
submerges prehistoric landscapes in the North
Sea basin
Hanb Peeters, Cultural Landscape and Built
Heritage, Netherlands, Nic Flemming, Jan
Glimmerveen, Dick Mol, Natural History Museum,
Rotterdam, Peter Murphy, English Heritage,
Andrea Otte-Klomp, Cultural Landscape and Built
Heritage, Netherlands, Wil Roebroeks, Leiden
University
The prehistoric sites in the Degersee were
unknown until 2002, when a bather found remains
of Neolithic lake shore settlements in the shallow
water zone of the lake. First archaeological diving
surveys showed that piles, culture layers and
objects, which were situated at 1,5 – 3,5m depth,
can be dated to several periods of time between
3900 BC and 3100 BC. A logboat found not far
from the Neolithic pile field, dates in the turn of the
3rd to the 2nd Millennium BC.
The lake is located at the edge to the hill country
of western Allgäu, at some distance outside the
hitherto known distribution area of the Neolithic
and Bronze Age lake dwellings and in a landscape
dominated by drumlins, lakes, reeds and bogs. At
first glance such a place appears to be not suited
for farming. It is, on the other hand, situated
between the alpine passes and the Upper Danube
and therefore on an important communication axis
that was used from the beginning of the 4th
millennium on. Some of the objects hitherto found
underline this prominent position.
Our paper will present both lines of research,
In 2006 delegates of English Heritage and the
National Service for Archaeology, Cultural
Landscape and Built Heritage in the Netherlands
took the initiative for the development of a
research and management framework for the
submerged
prehistoric
archaeology
and
landscapes of the southern North Sea. The
research and management issue was not new in
itself. In the Netherlands the research has been
embedded in cooperation among amateurs and
professional working in the field of palaeontology
and archaeology. An international workshop held
in London in 2003 centred on some major
management problems related to this important
heritage in the area.
Despite the valuable
contributions both the workshop and the
subsequent publication (Flemming 2004), it
appeared difficult to bring this a step further in a
more structural way in terms of setting the agenda
and international cooperation.
However,
progressive offshore developments urged for
further steps. In order to push things beyond
individual-bound and ad hoc initiatives, it was felt
on both the English and Dutch side of the North
Sea that a common framework could play an
important role in structuring and steering a
research and management agenda.
In 2007 this initiative is taken a step further
through a workshop which brings together a
number of North Sea specialists from the UK and
the Netherlands.
At this occasion, several
research and management issues will be
addressed in order to assess the potential threats
and research/management priorities.
The
outcome serves as input for the ‘North Sea
Prehistory
Research
and
Management
Framework’ (NPRMF).
Significantly, this
framework will be designed in such a fashion that
research into prehistoric landscapes (this includes
issues of human landscape use in the broadest
sense as well as palaeolandscape evolution) and
heritage management issues can be connected in
a consistent and useful way. Thus it can provide
55
an internationally supported basis which will be
helpful in acquiring funding for broader scientific
research programme or small-scale (targeted)
fieldwork.
At the same time, it provides a
framework for the development of a more
structural and proactive management agenda.
Therefore, the NSPRMF will not only focus at
researchers and management officers, but also
wants to address (potential) stakeholder (eg
industry, government) and particularly the public.
For these groups it will be necessary to develop an
easily accessible version and communication
strategy.
This paper, we hope to present the NSPRMF in its
final version.
Towards mapping the post-glacial chronology
and archaeological potential of the southern
North Sea
Ingrid Ward, English Heritage and Piers
Larcombe, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and
Aquaculture Science
During most of the last glaciation, the southern
North Sea floor was exposed and accessible to
humans before subsequently being drowned in the
period
12
6
ky
BP.
Provisional
palaeoenvironmental reconstructions of this
drowned landscape are based on limited published
sea-level index points and limited detailed physical
and chronological surveys.
Similarly the
Palaeolithic
and
Mesolithic
archaeological
potential is unknown but artefacts and fossils have
been found around Brown Bank, Dogger Bank and
the Norfolk Banks.
Recent finds elsewhere
include a mammoth tusk dredged 100 kilometres
east of the River Humber and dated to around
44,000 years old and a stone axes reported to be
over 100,000 years old found off the coast of East
Anglia.
A review of the post-glacial geochronology for the
southern North Sea, reveals 54 radiocarbon ages
derived from peat, 17 from molluscs and 1 known
dated artefact. The lack of detailed contextual
information for many dated samples means that
there remains uncertainty in some elevation data,
and thus in the resulting interpreted sea level. The
archaeological artefacts are mostly derived
deposits and thus are of limited use in
palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Overall, the
data are consistent with current models of relative
sea-level change back to about 10 ky BP (~ 45 m
depth) but beyond this, there is very little published
data. Whilst models of relative sea-level change
exist for the area, these are constrained almost
exclusively at the coast, contributing to uncertainty
on the likely post-glacial geomorphological
evolution of the southern North Sea.
The post-glacial deposits and post-glacial
reworking of older deposits may contain significant
archaeological material, and however constrained,
there is no existing framework for translating
knowledge
on
palaeoenvironment
and
geomorphological evolution into an indication of
archaeological potential.
We introduce a
geomorphological approach to assessing the
preservation potential of primary and secondary
archaeological material around Brown Bank,
Dogger Bank and the Norfolk Banks: a) in the
context of the post-glacial evolution of the
southern North Sea and; b) regarding natural and
anthropogenic processes. In general, low-energy
deposits associated with former intertidal,
floodplain or lacustrine environments are likely to
preserve
primary
archaeological
material,
including organic remains, whilst (high-energy)
riverine environments are more likely to preserve
inorganic secondary archaeological material. The
main possible anthropogenic impacts on
submerged archaeology result from beam trawling
and aggregate dredging but both these factors are
increasingly contributing to knowledge of the
southern North Sea landscape.
Integration of geological, sediment dynamic and
archaeological disciplines provides the best means
towards more reliable palaeoenvironmental and
archaeological reconstructions of the history of the
southern North Sea and development of predictive
maps of archaeological potential and risk, which
can serve the needs of managers of the marine
archaeological heritage. It is hoped the first-order
approach presented here helps stimulate such
development.
Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology in the US:
the view from across the Pond
Michael Faught, Panamerican Consultants Inc
Submerged prehistoric archaeology is alive in the
US, but still needing to be nurtured.
This
presentation will review some history of
submerged prehistoric archaeology in the US and
Canada, describe findings from sustained
research in northwestern Florida, and review
attempts at monitoring dredging operations for
cultural resource management projects.
Reconstructing changing sea and river levels
in the Thames Estuary region: some recent
work
Damian Goodburn, Museum of London
Perhaps the boundary that has had the most effect
on human behaviours since the Palaeolithic has
been sea, lake and river levels. These fluctuating
boundaries ‘frame’ the limits of zones of
underwater archaeological work for all periods.
Archaeological work in this boundary zone has
shown that in many regions of the world sea, river
and lake levels have fluctuated widely in the past.
Current issues of global warming and
commensurate sea-level change should focus
56
attention on efforts to reconstruct past trends in
sea, river and lake levels in archaeological work.
Fluctuating relative water levels have massive
effects on past populations affecting many areas
such as zones of habitation, subsistence, travel,
migration, navigation, trade and industry.
Systematic archaeological work assisted by
accurate dating methods (such as tree-ring dating)
and tempered by practical knowledge of foreshore
structures and watercraft can provide hard data on
changing sea, river and lake levels. Unfortunately
this area is not always explicitly listed as a key aim
in many relevant projects on both sides of the
land/water boundary (eg not listed a key subject
for papers for IJNA). However since the early
1970’s this subject has been a key focus of
archaeological work in the international port of
London and the wider Thames estuary. The work
can form a case study in the value of this line of
enquiry. The initial work for the historic period was
lead by G Milne followed by T Brigham, both then
of the Museum of London, who analysed the
results of waterfront archaeology projects in the
London region, mainly at the fluctuating head of
the tidal estuary. Work on prehistoric river and
estuary levels has also been carried out such as
that of J Sidell of English Heritage.
Archaeological work over the last 10 years from
the outer Thames Estuary to the non tidal reaches
of the river and its tributaries has further refined
our understanding of often dramatic changes in
relative water levels in the region. The systematic
recording, analysis and tree-ring dating (mainly by
I Tyers) of timber foreshore structures has been
central to this study. Many gaps in data have
been filled and the wider applicability of datable
trends demonstrated on site from the outer
estuary, close to the junction of the S North Sea
and Channel. This paper attempts to provide an
up to date summary of current information on this
subject for the region concentrating on the last
2,000 years but also previewing some new data
for the later prehistoric period. It would also
attempt to address the often confusing terminology
previously used in this field and suggest a focus
on practical reference levels of most use to land
and underwater archaeology alike.
57
EXCAVATION AND RECORDING
Combining data: a preliminary report on the
analysis of the hull of the Gresham Wreck
Jens Auer Forskningsassistent, Institut for Historie,
Kultur og Samfundsbeskrivelse
(Portimão/Algarve) in september 1970, the Arade
1 shipwreck was vanished after its partial
destruction to be re-discovered only during the
summer of 2001.
The so called Gresham wreck, the remains of a
small 16th century merchant vessel, was
discovered during maintenance dredging of a
channel in the Thames Estuary. In 2004, the wreck
was excavated and recovered in several sections.
Due to time constraints and the costs that would
have been associated with the complete
disassembly of the well preserved hull sections,
the wreck was recorded with a total station. As the
three-dimensional total station recording did not
provide sufficient detail on individual timbers, it
was supplemented with digital photographs,
sketches and drawings. After the recording, the
hull sections were deposited in Horsea Lake in
Portsmouth, where they are accessible for further
work. In 2007 the University of Southern Denmark
started an in-depth study of the hull remains as
part of a five year post-excavation programme
which is co-ordinated by the University College of
London. This paper will report on the progress
made to date, but also outline some of the
difficulties associated with three-dimensional total
station recording and the combination of different
data sets in post-processing.
Preserved from the sternpost until the aft
extremity, this vessel is one of the most important
shipwrecks ever discovered in Portugal and its
excavation and recording became one of the
priorities of the Nautical and Underwater
Archaeology Division (IGESPAR – Institute for
Building
and
Archaeological
Heritage
Management). Until now, the Arade 1 shipwreck
has been the aim of five archaeological
interventions (on a total of 245 days of field work,
counting for 1237 dives and 1700 diving hours)
The recording of big three-dimensional Shipstructures in the Baltic Sea – experiences from
the Dalarö wreck project
Niklas Eriksson, Swedish Maritime Museums
In Sweden there is an ongoing discussion among
museum institutions regarding both the long term
preservation of raised ship timbers and the
problems related to growing collections in general.
This, of course have effects on underwater
archaeological surveys and provide a demand for
a surveying technique that does not include raising
neither artefacts nor timbers.
The conditions for undamaging surveys are
generous in the Baltic Sea as the environment for
preservation of organic material is remarkably
good. For hundreds of year hulls of shipwrecks
can remain virtually intact, rising several meters
above the Sea bed. This means that the source
material, in a large extent, is lying open and
accessible without the need of excavation.
The Arade 1 shipwreck (Algarve/Portugal)
excavation and recording
Vanessa Loureiro, Instituto de Gestão do
Património Arquitectónico
e Arqueológico
Originally found during the dredging of the main
channel and the rotation basin of the Arade river
The upper portion of the hull, which rested at the
bottom of the river Arade over an 7 m long area,
was fully observed and recorded during the first
two field seasons (2001 and 2002) and
dismantled, piece by piece, in a third phase
(2003). The 2004 and 2005 seasons aimed at the
excavation, full recording and dismantling of lower
hull, briefly observed at the end of the 2002
survey.
An extremely well preserved and joined nucleus,
corresponding to the amidship region and to part
of the aft extremity, was found deeply buried in the
silt. Having about 4 m long and 3,80 m length, this
structural set laid between -6 m and -12 m depth
on the slope formed by the dredges in the 70s
(with an inclination of about 40º). On the area
surrounding the second architectural nucleus,
were also spread wooden pieces displaced from
their original context, but in excellent condition.
Diverse planks, stringers, floor timbers, wood
partitions and first futtocks could be found. This
region of the archaeological site was summarily
registered in 2005, but not excavated, with the
conclusion of the work being estimated for the
summer 2008. The excavation and recording of
Arade 1 shipwreck suffered from several
constraints due to its positioning, depth variation
and localization in a port area where diving
activities are not allowed. In reality, this project
reflects the important challenges that the
Portuguese underwater archaeology is facing
nowadays. On one hand, local authorities (port
and administrative authorities) were engaged in
this project, and Arade 1 shipwreck excavation
was transformed in a ‘public interest’ mission.
Field works were carefully followed by the local
population and local media which contributed to
the raise of river Arade boundaries’ issue. In each
of the river rives an important Algarve town is
located, Portimão and Lagoa: administratively,
how underwater archaeological finds should be
«divided» among these towns? On the other hand,
innovative registering and excavation techniques
58
were used in order to guarantee the accuracy of
archaeological data, figuring an adaptation of the
traditional techniques to the 21st century
resources.
The excavation and recording of ropes, rigging
and cordage on submerged sites
Damien
Sanders,
Association
pour
le
Développement de la Recherche en Archéologie
Maritime (ADRAMAR)
Woven and twisted materials - textiles, rope,
basketry and withy work have often been poorly
recorded by archaeologists. There are a number of
reasons for this. These items are usually fragile,
tangled, and difficult to excavate and record. The
structure of woven and twisted materials is often
unintelligible to non specialists, but instinctively
self evident to those who are familiar with the
techniques involved; few of whom are divers.
These items are also difficult and expensive to
recover and conserve, with results which are
seldom of sufficient quality for a museum display.
Underwater, these items survive in much better
condition and in greater quantity than on land,
rope in particular on shipwrecks, but the problems
cited above still hold true, with the added
complication of being submerged. The tendency
has been to write off all but the best preserved and
substantial elements which are uncovered, and
sometimes not even to record that they were there
at all.
In the same way that ship structure, toolmarks and
environmental evidence were ignored in the
1960’s, the technology which provided the motive
power for the now assiduously studied hull
structures, - the sails, masting and rigging, are
today still largely ignored. Having decided that the
excavation of cordage is impractical, the
associated justification is often that we have more
complete evidence from models, pictures and
written works; - an argument long since
abandoned with regard to hull structure.
Using examples from recently excavated French
wrecks, I will outline what fragments of rigging on
wrecks are potentially able to tell us of the
evolution of rigging technology and the industry
underpinning it, traditions of seamanship, and the
processes of wrecking, salvage and site formation.
Techniques and forms for excavating, recording
and analysing the cordage and rigging elements
found will also be discussed, in a bid to begin to
provide the tools with which to correct what I see
as a significant failing of many underwater
excavations.
New underwater investigations in the site of
Belvedere di Peschiera (Lake Garda – Italy):
GIS technology as helping tool for spatial
analysis and building reconstruction in lakedwellings
M Capulli, Andreia Studio Associato, L Fozzati,
Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Veneto
– NAUSICAA, N Martinelli, Dendrodata s.a.s,
Verona, and A Pellegrini,
Andreia Studio
Associato
‘Peschiera-Belvedere’ (Verona) is a submerged
lake-dwelling located on the southern shore of
Lake Garda. It has been the site of a centre for
underwater archaeology since 1994; some
preliminary results from the dendrochronological
analysis led to the recognition of at least two main
settlement phases, spanning from the 21st to the
17th century BC. New underwater investigation in
2005 were concentrated on two unexplored areas
of the village, each of 25 square metres, where
more than 500 posts were recorded, planned and
sampled for dendrochronological analysis. As GIS
was applied for data management, a new method
for spatial analysis of piles location on the basis of
dendrochronological results was developed. By
incorporating a new ‘wooden element recording
sheet’ -including botanical, morphological and
dendrochronological data- GIS can perform
complex analysis both on spatial and chronological
data. The new GIS-based method is easy to use
and can help in elaborating spatial building
reconstruction in lake-dwelling based on
identification of wooden elements with the same
felling dates, but also in the case of re-used or
stored timbers. The authors present the way the
method works together with some preliminary
results from a first group of wooden samples
analyzed.
Bevaix-Sud, a Late Bronze Age village on Lake
Neuchâtel ( Switzerland): The first results
Béat Arnold, Archéologue cantonal
An exhaustive underwater excavation was
conducted as from 2004 on a Late Bronze Age
village founded around 1010 BC. Located in the
bay of Bevaix, it bears similarities, in structure and
time, with the Cortaillod-Est village excavated from
1981 to 1984 (5 monographs were published in
the series ‘Archéologie neuchâteloise’). Due to
intense underwater erosion on the village site, a
rescue intervention was undertaken. Prior to that,
a structural analysis was made based on excellent
air photographs taken in 1982 which revealed the
existence of 7 parallel rows of houses surrounded
by a 70m diameter palisade. The main objectives
of the excavation were to establish distribution
plans of the artefacts, a technological analysis of
the posts, a complete dendrochronological
sequence, and further, to study the structural
organisation of the village as well as its integration
in the surrounding territory.
59
EDUCATION, TRAINING AND COMPETENCE
European scientific diving committee promoting professionalism in research diving
Kalle Virtanen, Finnish Maritime Archaeological
Society
European
Scientific
Diving
Committee’s
foundations were laid in the European workshop
where several European countries took part during
the nineteen nineties. As an outcome of the
workshop the attending countries agreed upon
European standards for scientific diving in the year
2000 in Banuyls sur mer in France. These
standards for professional scientific diving are the
ESD – European Scientific Diver standard and the
AESD- Advanced European Scientific Diver
standard. In year 2000 also a preliminary
‘European Scientific Advisory Board – ESDAB’
was formed. A request of acceptance of this board
at the European Science Foundation (ESF) was
made after the final meeting of the workshop in
Banylus sur Mer in October 2000. The
implementation of a ‘European Scientific Diving
Advisory Board – ESDAB’ at the European
Science Foundation (ESF) failed and the last
message to Jean Pierre Ferral – chairman of the
Banyuls sur mer meeting came in the year 2004.
The process of implementing the ESD and AESD
standards on a European level halted there. Some
countries did however adapt to the new standards
and are using them (mainly AESD), but there is no
common recognition of any standards in scientific
diving in all of the European countries. To get a
correction to this situation and to move forwards in
implementing the ESD and AESD standards the
process to form the ESDC was started again in
June 2007 by the activity of the German
Commission for Research Diving (Kommission
Forschungstauchen Deutschland). Two meetings
were held first in Berlin 26 June 2007 where an
interim ESDC was founded and then a second
meeting in Bremerhaven 15 October 2007, where
the ESDC was founded.
The objectives of the ESDC are:
1.
To encourage international mobility in the
European scientific diving community
through the implementation of a practical
support framework by:
•
•
promoting the widespread recognition of
the existing ESD and AESD as the
minimum standards for scientific diving
by assuring their acceptance as the
primary qualifications for scientific diving
in Europe;
becoming established as the recognised
European body with responsibility to
provide advice and guidance on the
acceptance of existing standards within
national and international legislative
•
processes;
facilitating, promoting and maintaining
communication with and between
present
national
scientific
diving
organisations and the National Scientific
Diving Committees
2.
To promote safety in scientific diving across
Europe through
• facilitating a pan-European framework
that exists to promote industry best
practice in scientific diving;
• promotion
and
support
for
the
establishment of national scientific
diving committees where they don’t
exist;
• the development and maintenance of a
European database of scientific diving
activities
3.
To advance underwater scientific excellence
in Europe through
•
the
facilitation
of
conferences,
workshops, courses and publications
where scientific diving is promoted as a
research tool;
• encouragement
and
support
for
European funded research networks
that employ scientific diving
The European Scientific Diving Committee has
also opened internet pages at the following
address: www.scientific-diving.eu
The role of METU subaqua society wreck
research group in underwater archaeological
surveys in Cilicia, Turkey: a basic model of
education, public awareness and involvement
Çiğdem Toskay, Middle East Technical University
Subaqua Society Wreck Research Group, Ankara
and Österreichisches Institut für Klassische
Archäologie, Universität Wien, and, Mert Ayaroğlu,
Volkan Ertürk, Korhan Özkan, Middle East
Technical University Subaqua Society Wreck
Research Group, Ankara
Middle East Technical University Subaqua Society
(METU-SAT) was established in 1985 by amateur
students and young academics to grow into a
professional group that works on various subjects
of which safeguarding marine life, sea-cleansing
projects, archaeological wreck research and
underwater photography contests (SAGAY) are
only a few to mention. The Wreck Research Group
(BAG) was established as a sub-group of METUSAT in 1987 and is doing underwater
archaeological
surveys
since
20
years,
contributing to the underwater heritage by
discovering various wreck sites at the coasts of
Turkey. Since 1992, BAG has focused its research
primarily on the eastern Mediterranean coasts of
60
Turkey, known as Cilicia in antiquity. The purpose
of these surveys is to explore underwater
archaeological
sites
and
artefacts
and
documentation through drawings, photography
and video recordings. These surveys in Cilicia add
considerable
knowledge
regarding
eastern
Mediterranean maritime trade routes. METU-SAT
BAG follows a certain methodology: collecting
information, discovery trips, education briefings,
underwater surveys, publication and exhibition of
results. This paper’s aim is to present METU-SAT
BAG, discuss its research methodology and
sustainable organization scheme with respect to
its effect on university students and the locals in
the research area in creating a basic model of
education, public awareness and involvement, as
well as the way it supports academic and
professional projects in exploring and managing
the underwater cultural heritage of Turkey, thus
how this society is creating a public service. In this
way, METU-SAT BAG underwater archaeology
projects are a way of linking across boundaries
and facing challenges on many different levels.
They help bridging the understanding of the
maritime past with that of modern society
encouraging dialogue, teamwork and sharing of
the accumulated knowledge with the locals, local
media and countrywide news organisations,
followers of international and local symposia and
workshops. On an institutional basis, the group
interacts and works in collaboration with
government agencies, the navy, various
universities and local museums. Sponsorships are
also found among private business companies
and/or societies resulting in creation of further
awareness on underwater archaeology. METUSAT BAG is also open to all university students or
any interested volunteers outside Middle East
Technical University regardless of background,
direction of studies or professional life. Fulfilling
standard requirements to become a society
member opens a vast area of research, education
and application possibilities to the interested and
volunteering parties through a combination of upto-date know how on underwater archaeology and
diving, calling in help from both archaeological
and/or technical university and/or private
professionals in a multidisciplinary atmosphere
created. Especially based on voluntary work, it
provides a uniquely dynamic model of education to
its members that unite and train them for the
accomplishment of a specific mission. METU
Subaqua Society Wreck Research Group’s motto
is ‘take it serious and have fun!’
Keywords: METU-SAT, Middle East Technical
University Subaqua Society, Wreck Research
Group, BAG, Underwater Archaeological Surveys,
Shipwreck, Cilicia, Education, Public Awareness
Protecting and preserving
heritage of Northern Cyprus
Matthew
Harpster,
Eastern
University
the
maritime
Mediterranean
Since the arrival of Turkish military forces in 1974,
archaeological activity in the northern 38 percent
of Cyprus has been almost nonexistent. This lack
of activity is due predominantly to the regulations
in the UNESCO Hague Convention of 1954 and
the Second Protocol of 1999. As a result of this
absence, and of associated international
embargoes that curtailed growth and tourism for
approximately three decades, little local expertise
or infrastructure has emerged to protect maritime
cultural heritage along the coastline of this
disputed region.
Additionally, following the
opening of the contested border to EU citizens in
2003, this lack of protection is now developing into
a true crisis. Growing tourism and real estate
development
is
threatening
coastal
and
underwater archaeological material representing
millennia of activity, but the Turkish-Cypriot
Department of Antiquities lacks the resources and
expertise needed to protect these sites. Only one
Antiquities official is a certified diver, for example,
and no inventory of underwater sites exists.
As part of a two-phase plan to begin protecting
and monitoring maritime heritage sites along the
northern Cypriot coastline, this author worked with
the Nautical Archaeology Society to develop a
custom training course specifically for the unique
political situation on Cyprus. This course, called
the NAS Maritime Heritage Awareness Certificate,
focuses on teaching dive businesses the skills
they need to protect and preserve maritime
heritage material they encounter underwater, and
emphasizes the value of protecting this resource
over both the short and long tem. This paper will
present the details of this unique training program,
and discuss its results and impact since its
implementation in 2007.
The problem of organization of education in
the field of underwater archaeology
Julia A Pronina, The Institute of Oriental Studies,
Russian Academy of Sciences
The objective facts of history of development of
underwater archeology suggests
that until
recently the vast majority of underwaterarchaeological sites was opened not during
systematic
underwater-archaeological
investigations, but casually by people, whose
sphere of professional activities or hobby
connected with descents under water. With the
invention of an aqualung and development of
diving divers became ‘pioneers’ of underwaterarchaeological sites. Their number is growing
every year. However it has caused occurrence of
some important problems.
61
Widely known that a lot of monuments of
underwater archeology were lost and destroyed
but not for the reason of the natural phenomena or
time. It occurs from the action of people - the
amateur divers visiting underwater-archaeological
sites and, in the literal sense, taking them away.
The solution of this problem is the creation of
interaction of the research organizations and the
organizations of divers in the field of research and
preserve of underwater-archaeological sites.
Protection and preservation of underwaterarchaeological sites from amateurs of diving and
the organization of more large-scale underwaterarchaeological investigation directly depends on
cooperation between professionals and amateurs.
Lately in this area significant progress has been
reached. The archeologists working closely to
amateurs highly appreciate the results of such
cooperation, but it should be more widespread.
First enthusiasts of diving interested in archeology
should be given the opportunity to acquire the
basic skills and knowledge of underwater
archaeological research.
To this end now some special schools, courses,
scientific centers at institutions, museums and
other scientific organizations are created.
The courses training basic principles of
underwater-archaeological works of amateur
divers contributed to the fact that people began to
realize a historical value of monuments resting on
the bottom. For some amateur divers the
underwater archeology becomes calling. After
special training amateur divers are also involved in
underwater-archeological investigations. Involving
them to participate in expeditions, organizations
promote a culture increase in the relation to the
monuments of underwater archeology. Successful
development of underwater archeology and
number of quantity of detected sites, the received
richest historical and archaeological material
attracted to participate in the underwaterarchaeological
research,
studying
and
preservation of monuments at the bottom of the
seas
and
oceans
various
international
organizations.
Wide, diverse activities in this area of UNESCO is
especially allocated, from the promotion of
underwater archeology, publishing (books and
magazines covering the activities of underwater
archeology) to specific measures on protection
and studying of the historical and cultural
underwater archaeological heritage.
Historical landmark of the solution of the problem
of preservation of underwater archaeological
heritage was the adoption of the Convention on
the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.
However for realizing of the regulations of the
adopted Convention it should create some special
groups of archaeologists working constantly for
coordinating the joint efforts in this direction, for
working out some new methods of underwater
archaeological researches, some legislative
documents (lows) and administrative decrees.
Besides, it’s very important the active participation
of the governmental structures in the realization of
the regulations of the adopted Convention but not
the unsubstantiated ratification of the Convention
by the States-participants without taking any
concrete practical measures. In this connection the
efficient distribution of the functions for
preservation, study and exploitation of the
underwater archaeological monuments among the
governmental structures such as the Ministry of
Culture, the Academy of Sciences, the
hydrographic service, aquatic policy, frontier
troops, custom service is very actual for the
countries of the former Soviet Union which have
the outlet to the Black Sea. Also it’s necessary to
approve some lows in a national level regulating
visiting of the underwater archaeological objects
by the divers-amateurs.
Underwater archaeology supplemented in many
respects our knowledge about the past;
underwater archaeological sites are the unique
sources in historical researching. Its study helps to
understand way of live and thinking of the
civilizations created them. Today the underwater
archaeological sites need our preservation and
what we will leave for the future generation
depends on effectiveness and timeliness of the
taken measures.
Education in underwater archaeology: an
Egyptian case study
Emad Khalil Centre for Maritime Archaeology
University of Alexandria
The year 1994 witnessed the first underwater
archaeological projects to be conducted in Egypt
in an organised scientific method; namely the
French excavation of the Pharos site in Alexandria
and the INA shipwreck survey, and subsequently
excavation, in the Red Sea. Since then, Egypt's
underwater cultural heritage has drawn increasing
local and international attention and it became
evident that Egypt has unique potentials for
maritime
and
underwater
archaeological
exploration and research. However, education and
training in aspects of maritime archaeology and
underwater cultural heritage are not offered, at any
level, in any academic institution, neither in Egypt
nor in any other Arab country. As a result, the Arab
World relies, almost entirely, for the study of its
rich underwater cultural heritage on limited work
carried out by few foreign missions. Moreover, in
Egypt, the lack of education in aspects of
underwater cultural heritage has contributed to the
aggravation of a number of problems, including a
general misconception between the concept of
salvage, treasure hunting and the practice of
archaeology underwater. The ramifications of such
62
a misconception included the absence of a
Maritime Museum in Egypt until now, despite the
local and international emphases on its cultural
and economic significance. Accordingly, it became
evident that there is a pressing need for providing
education and training, at different levels, in
aspects of underwater cultural heritage. Therefore,
this paper will look at the development of
underwater archaeology as a scientific practice in
Egypt during the past decade and hence the
consequences of the lack of specialised and public
education
in
maritime
and
underwater
archaeology. It will also discuss the project of
creating a specialised centre at the Alexandria
University to provide education and training in
aspects maritime archaeology and underwater
cultural heritage, and the role played by the
European Commission in the implementation of
such a project.
Integrating teaching and research in maritime
archaeology: a partnership approach
Mark Staniforth, Maritime Archaeology Program,
Flinders University
Since it was started in 2002 the Maritime
Archaeology Program at Flinders University has
developed an integrated approach to teaching and
research in maritime archaeology. This approach
recognises that there is never enough funding
available for research and that many governments,
including the Australian government, are pushing
universities to engage with their ‘industry’ in order
to achieve research outcomes. In Australia the
maritime archaeology ‘industry’ primarily consists
of government agencies and museums involved in
underwater cultural heritage management and, to
a lesser extent, in maritime archaeology. The
model used for integrating teaching and research
involves a combination of taught topic, field school,
practicum, internship, dissertation and publication.
This paper will demonstrate the use of this model
in association with two major research projects:
the long-term AWSANZ (Archaeology of Whaling
in Australia and New Zealand) project and the
more recent Australian Ship building Project
(ASP).
63
ETHNO-ARCHAEOLOGY
Traditional Indian boat
Ethnological Evidence
Lotika Varadarajan
carpentry
–
the
Written records have been put to selective used
in traditional pre-Islamic India. Societal norms
have been essentially transmitted through nonverbal means while both intra as well as inter
community relations have also been determined
in a similar manner. Special mechanisms have
been put in place to avoid misinterpretation and
corruption in course of transmission. At the same
time the caste system has ensured that the
inherent
knowledge
embedded
in
the
performance of specific functions should remain
respected within the domain of the section
concerned. Ethnological evidence is thus of
particular importance for the reconstruction of
cultural and archaeological evidence on the subcontinent.
Although artisanal fishery is under considerable
threat resulting from the impact of globalization indepth mapping of traditional knowledge systems
is still possible and viable. This presentation will
concentrate on three areas where the carpentry
of traditional vessels has been studied: the west
coast, the eastern littoral inclusive of West Bengal
and the island clusters of Lakshadweep and the
Andamans.
There is considerable variation in the choice of
carpentry solutions but typology has centred on
categories such as planked and sewn, planked
and nailed and the single outrigger. Users have
comprised settled communities as well as
foragers.
While the details of particular carpentry
procedures remain region specific the intellectual
parameters determining processes of choice are
found to be remarkably uniform. Coherence in
proportion and experiential insights gained
through sensory perception determine the
particularities of shell construction and shaping of
the log in an island environment. The evidence
thus offered could provide valuable evidence for a
wider understanding of ancient ship finds.
The boats of Munrothuruthu: identity,
landscape and producing the social world.
This paper presents an ethnoarchaeological study
of the boats of Munrothuruthu, a boat-building
village in the backwaters of the Ashtamudi
Estuary, Kerala (on the south-western coast of
India). At heart, ethnoarchaeology explores the
relationship between material culture and social
action and meanings. Thus, close study of two
specific boats from two distinct contexts within
Munrothuruthu, and crucially, of the people
immediately connected to those boats, is used to
explore their social context and to examine the
role the boats play in producing the social world.
By focusing on specific, fine-grained research
questions, the social narratives of the boats are
revealed
and
their
cultural
biographies
constructed. It is therefore possible to move from
questions concerning:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
the construction methods, social relationships
and processes involved in building boats in
Munrothuruthu,
the physical ‘life-cycles’ of the boats,
the daily physical and social journeys of the
boats, and
the interactions between the boats, the water,
and various individuals
within the immediate social group; to more
conceptual ideas, such as the part the boats
have in:
the creation/negotiation of landscape,
the production and maintenance of social
identities,
perceptions of environment and locality, and
the permeability of the categories of land and
water in daily life.
Formulated in response to critiques of the
dominant, field practice and epistemologies of
traditional boat studies (often referred to as
‘maritime ethnography’ or ‘boat ethnography’),
and the reductionist tendencies of conventional
ethnoarchaeology, this work addresses boats as
the lens to illuminate the web of social meanings,
interactions and negotiated relationships that
enmeshes them. Thus it re-conceives traditional
boat studies – and maritime ethnoarchaeology –
as an exploration of the entangled relations
between people and their watery world, and the
role of boats in that ‘human ecology’.
The diversity of traditional boats
Colin Palmer, Southampton University
A striking feature of the boats used by traditional
'folk' societies is their diversity, a diversity that
has a long history. Functional or ‘survival of the
fittest’ style evolutionary arguments that
presuppose processes of adaptation to the
operating environment are frequently invoked to
account for this diversity, although the
mechanisms whereby this adaptation occurs are
seldom discussed or tested. On close inspection
such explanations seldom prove to be robust. At
best they are generalised and ambiguous,
sometimes they are ‘just so’ stories that cannot
be verified, other times they are demonstrably
64
incorrect. But if function and ‘optimal
environmental adaptation’ cannot fully explain the
diversity, what can?
Boats are often amongst the most complex and
highly prized elements of the material culture of
the people who build and use them. As such, they
are embedded in the people’s culture, so one
approach to their interpretation is through cultural
evolutionary theories that seek to understand the
social transmission of information and behaviour.
Using examples drawn from recent extensive
fieldwork in Cambodia and Vietnam, coupled with
historical studies, this paper will apply these
models to investigate the extent to which cultural
and social influences might have generated and
sustained the diversity of the boats of this region.
Proposals will be made for possible models of
diversity and by analogy the paper will provide
insights into the interpretation of ancient water
transport.
Is maritime ethnography a useful approach for
interpreting maritime societies in the
archaeological record?
Annalisa C Christie, The University of York
This paper will critically evaluate the use of
maritime ethnography as a tool for making more
socio-cultural
interpretations
of
maritime
archaeology, looking at some of the potential
benefits of this approach and highlighting some of
the challenges that need to be overcome if it is to
be successfully applied. Finally, it outlines some
considerations for utilising ethnographic and
ethno-historical data as a tool for interpreting the
past.
Over recent years, it has become apparent that if
maritime
archaeology
is
to
progress,
archaeologists
need
to
move
beyond
technological or functionalist approaches to
examining maritime societies (Cooney 2003;
323). We need to develop and apply new
methodologies to examine the social aspects of
these societies, acknowledging that the sea
played (and in many cases still plays) an
important role in constructing identities.
Furthermore, the sea actively influences social
organisation, cosmology and religions. One such
approach, which has been applied in the past,
albeit primarily as a means to examine
subsistence economies and resource exploitation,
is maritime ethnography. This approach should
be broadened to include an examination of social
issues such as the relationships societies have
with the sea, and as a method to evaluate the
influence of the sea on both social organisation
(for example gender divisions and differential
control of maritime resources) and on ideology.
To ensure the successful application of maritime
ethnography, archaeologists need to be explicit
about, and challenge, their own assumptions
concerning maritime societies, and acknowledge
the potential biases in collecting ethnographic
data. Additionally, we have to be aware that these
ethnographies are based on the experiences of
modern populations and thus we need to be
careful that we do not simply superimpose this
data onto the archaeological record – societies
are dynamic, and whilst there may be parallels
between the archaeological and ethnographic
data, there will be changes.
If maritime
ethnography is to be considered a useful
approach, it needs to be utilised in conjunction
with a variety of sources.
This paper will argue that despite these problems,
conducting maritime ethnography provides
archaeologists with a framework for questioning
the archaeological record in different ways,
providing the potential for elucidating alternative
interpretations of the past. Finally, it will highlight
that there is still considerable scope to develop
new methodological and theoretical paradigms to
conduct ethno-archaeology of maritime societies,
illustrating this with some examples.
Ethnographic studies – an underestimated
branch of ship archaeology?
Timm
Weski,
Kommission
für
Unterwasserarchäologie (KUWA)
Unlike experimental archaeology, the results of
ethnographic studies about boats and ships are
rarely presented at academic meetings or are
mentioned in publications. This fact is surprising,
considering the wealth of information that can be
gained from looking at recent water crafts. This
concerns not only to the way how vessels are
built or handled, but also to their use as means of
trade, fishing, transport etc. Other topics are
social structures on board or the role of boats and
ships within society. Of course the results of such
studies can not directly be compared with
archaeological finds, but they can give important
hints how archaeological remains could be
explained. Nowadays field studies in ethnography
are restricted to local boats usually in
underdeveloped countries, because larger
traditional vessels are no longer in use. But there
are extensive collections of older studies which
have hardly been recognised by ship
archaeologists. This applies not only to former
ethnographic studies, but includes autobiographic
evidence, descriptions of older travels or even
early yachting cruises. Therefore no strict border
between ethnographic and historic research can
be drawn. In the paper four case studies will be
presented. Traditional shell building techniques in
Sulawesi, Indonesia, as an example of field
survey, traditional boats on the Steinhuder Meer
in Northern Germany as an example of older,
unsystematic
research,
a
(unpublished)
65
questionnaire about local boats in Germany from
1900, as an example of systematic research and
travel reports, as a source for seamanship,
navigation without instruments and passage
times.
Ethnographic approach to the study
traditional boats
Darina Tulley, Saor Ollscoil Nah Éireann
of
The ethnographic approach to the study of the
current use of traditional boats, and the
communities that use them, can further our
understanding of the use of such boats in the
past. Ethnography gives us written descriptions of
customs, beliefs and behaviour of particular
cultures, from data and information collected
through fieldwork, while ethno-archaeology uses
data collected from living groups of people as a
basis for understanding the peoples of the past.
The author has spent nearly two decades in the
field researching traditional boats and boating
communities. The methods used are largely
borrowed from folklorists and ethnologists, with a
strong emphasis on participant-observation. The
methodology of this approach, using examples
from researching traditional boats in Ireland, will
be discussed here.
sustaining a balance between the needs of Yap’s
people and its natural resources.
The aims of the survey project were not only to
record the sites and associated practices for site
preservation and in understanding past
communities and their cultural practices, but to
work with, and inform contemporary communities
on these important sites, and possibly to enhance
the fishing practice. This presentation will provide
details on some of the outcomes of the 2008
survey project.
The stone fish weirs (aech) of Yap
Bill Jeffery, James Cook University
Yap is a small island in the western Pacific, lying
between Guam and Palau that has some unique
heritage sites and enduring cultural practices.
Famous for its stone money trade with Palau and
its stone money banks which are currently being
assessed for world heritage listing, Yap should
also be famous for its fish weirs (aech). There are
considered to be about 700 stone fish weirs lying
across the breadth of its reef flats. Although it is
unknown when the fish weirs were built, none
were built within living memory but many have
received regular maintenance against the impacts
of typhoons, earthquakes and people to retain the
material aspects of this fishing practice.
During the early part of 2008, a fish weir site and
ethnographic survey project was conducted of the
whole island. The surveys documented a number
of traditional legends and customs, construction
techniques and uses (in addition to fishing), some
of which were not generally known. Through the
use of GPS/GIS technology, accurate site plans
were documented that revealed designs and
construction techniques were used to suit the
local environment. The ethnographies also
highlighted the need for the weirs to exist in
harmony with the local environment and to make
the fish ‘feel at home’, not simply to trap them. In
association with a social structure that regulated,
amongst other things who could eat what type of
fish, the fish weir practice was an integral part of
66
CONSERVATION OF SHIPS
Environmental scoping study for in situ
preservation of underwater archaeological
sites: the case of the Swash Channel wreck
Paola Palma, Bournemouth University
the site stability and scientifically experiment the
best stabilization method aimed to achieve in situ
preservation of the Protected Wreck Site of the
Swash Channel Wreck, Poole, Dorset.
In recent years the marine environment has
become
more
dynamic
and
is
facing
unprecedented challenges and pressures from the
development sector with proposals for wind farms,
gas and oil pipelines, and updated harbour
infrastructures – and frenetic dredging activity
conducive to seabed exploitation – all potentially
impacting and exposing previously buried remains.
This coupled with the changes in the environment,
global warming, as well as recorded changes in
water temperature; salinity and pH for instance,
are determining factors for the preservation of the
archaeological finds.
The Swash Channel Wreck lies in approximately
7m of water on a flat sand and shingle seabed
immediately adjacent to the eastern edge of the
dredged section of the Swash Channel in the
approaches to Poole Harbour in Dorset. The site
was discovered as a side-scan sonar anomaly as
a result of a geophysical survey. During 2006 work
undertaken by Bournemouth University and Poole
Harbour Commissioners demonstrated that the
articulated ship structure on the site potentially
extends for as long as 40m in a SW-NE axis and
in area up to 14m in SE-NW axis, much of this
completed unrecorded. In some areas, as yet unquantified, the site may contain buried stratigraphy
up to 2.5m deep. Environmental monitoring
undertaken by Bournemouth University since
2005, produced results which indicated that the
site is at threat from both physical and biological
degradation that is causing loss of archaeological
material and subsequently information in a very
short period of time (Palma and Parham 2006).
The site is exposed to relatively extreme water
movements as a combination of natural tidal and
wind generated currents and vessel movements,
with serious environmental influence to the
physical state of the hull structures resulting in
mechanical damage and superficial erosion.
The influence of physical, chemical and biological
indicators on the submerged heritage constitutes
the major cause for threatening not only the state
of preservation but the survival as well, and
therefore the accessibility on behalf of
professionals and ultimately the general public.
The degradation processes are very often
underestimated or unclear to archaeologists as
they belong to the environmental sciences field.
On the other hand, scientists may have a relatively
unilateral
approach
to
the
submerged
archaeological heritage.
These aspects are affecting the preservation and
conservation of the underwater archaeology
remains and pose unprecedented challenges from
the management, political, institutional and
financial point of view.
For these reasons, and on these basis this project
was conceived to better understand the
environmental threats acting on the in situ
preservation of our UCH – how feasible,
scientifically, politically and financially, viable is the
UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the
Underwater Cultural Heritage, Annex Rule 1 (2nd
November 2001) which states that ‘The protection
of underwater cultural heritage through in situ
preservation shall be considered as the first
option’?
The experience of the first scientific pilot study
project, co-funded by Bournemouth University and
English Heritage, is here presented. The project
deploys a novel and innovative approach whereby
the scientific trials are deployed underwater and
analyses are taken in a comparative structure,
between sacrificial samples and hull samples. This
involves undertaking a fourteen month period
environmental scoping study to provide data useful
to assess the natural and cultural factors affecting
This in situ protection and stabilization project is
developed in two parts: Part 1 for the identification
and assessment of cultural, environmental and
natural factors affecting the stability of the Swash
Channel Wreck site; Part 2 aimed at the
deployment of scientific preservation methods to
evaluate the most effective and the most
financially viable. In the specific, the project set a
trial of different strategies for in situ stabilisation,
applied at the same time in different locations of
the study area of the wreck and deployed for a
twelve month period to establish the efficacy
versus financial viability of each method, deployed
for the medium/long term protection of the site.
This project fits in the rationale of the IKUWA
Conference Theme C: Managing the Underwater
Cultural Heritage for the Public, ‘Managing sites:
in-situ preservation’, being specifically based on
the in situ protection and stabilisation theme,
utilising the Swash Channel Wreck as case study.
The methodology is extremely innovative
compared to the traditional methods: in fact this
has been designed on the experience of several
international projects, with the added aspect of
scientifically studying the original hull timber decay
and degradation and efficacy of different protective
67
methods, rather then being focus only on sacrificial
samples which could offer localised and limited
results. This approach has not been deployed nor
published anywhere else before.
In situ conservation on the wreck of Kronprins
Gustav Adolf (1788)
Rami Kokko, National Board of Antiquities, Finland
The Baltic Sea is known for its overwhelmingly
well preserved marine archaeological resource,
comprising of hundreds of ancient shipwrecks and
other man-made constructions, which, in many
cases, show surprisingly minimal signs of
deterioration despite of several hundreds of years
of submersion in the sea. The excellent
preservative qualities of the brackish water of the
Baltic, however, cannot overcome the threat of
sudden destruction or accelerated deterioration
caused by modern day dive-tourism leading to
increased ‘wear and tear’ on many of these unique
sites.
Since the summer of 2000, the protected wreck
site of the late 18th century Swedish ship-of-theline, Kronprins Gustav Adolf, has been open to
sport divers to freely explore the remains of this
massive 70-gun warship on ‘look-but-don’t-touch’
basis. The site has become very popular among
divers ever since, but the positive increase in the
awareness of the underwater cultural heritage
within the sport diving community has not been
redeemed toll-free: many artefacts, especially the
numerous concreted cast iron cannons on the
wreck site, show signs of unnatural deterioration
caused by both unintentional and intentional
interventions by the visitors.
In order to solve the problem of accelerated
corrosion of the partially damaged cannons,
electrochemical
Ecorr
and
surface
pH
measurements were taken from a sample group of
cannons so as to scientifically determine their
current corrosion status, and, to find out whether
the more damaged cannons were actually
corroding more actively than the better preserved
ones with regards to the completeness of the iron
concretion. Based on the results of the preliminary
in situ measurements the most damaged cannon
was subjected to a three-year test in which a
sacrificial zinc anode was attached to the
corroding cannon to initiate cathodic protection of
the iron artefact in situ.
Reburial: a method for preserving collections
of marine archaeological artefacts? The
Marstrand project
Elizabeth E. Peacock, Gothenburg University,
Thomas Bergstrand, Bohus County Museum,
Sweden, Inger Nyström Godfrey, Studio
Västsvensk
Konservering
(SVK),
Charlotte
Gjelstrup
Björdal,
Swedish
University
of
Agricultural Sciences, Carola Bohm, National
Heritage Board, Stockholm, Eva Christensson,
National Heritage Board, Sweden David Gregory,
National Museum of Denmark, Ian MacLeod,
Western Australia Maritime Museum, Thomas
Nilsson, Swedish University of Agricultural
Sciences, Vicki Richards, Western Australia
Maritime
Museum,
Gordon
Turner-Walker,
National Yunlin University of Science and
Technology, Taiwan
Extensive marine archaeological excavations
carried out in Marstrand Harbour on the coast of
Western Sweden in the late 1990s precipitated the
need for alternative strategies for the preservation
and storage of large numbers of recovered
artefacts. The methodical reburial at a depth of 50
cm in the harbour sediment of approximately 85%
of the finds was the catalyst for of the long-term
international research project Reburial and
Analyses of Archaeological Remains (RAAR) at
the Marstrand reburial site to evaluate reburial as
a method for preserving wet archaeological
materials. The main aim of RAAR is to investigate
if, how and when reburial can be used in
underwater heritage management. The project’s
six subprojects address the most common
materials found in the archaeological record (e.g.,
wood, hard and soft animal products, fibres,
silicates and metals), materials used for packaging
and identification, and monitoring environmental
parameters of the burial site. The subprojects are
coordinated by eight institutions scattered across
five countries.
RAAR was launched in 2002 with a project period
of 50 years divided into three phases. Phase I,
which was completed in 2005, consisted of
depositing sample materials in two trenches in
Marstrand Harbour, retrieving sample sets
following burial for one, two and three years,
characterisation of the burial sediment, and site
environmental monitoring and assessment. The
completion of the first phase provided the
opportunity not only to evaluate the results and the
project as a whole but also to pause and reflect
upon the direction of the project and the possible
need for changes in its continued execution.
Phase II consists of retrieval of the six-year
samples in 2008 and will be completed in 2009.
Preliminary results from Phase I indicated that the
experimental design and general methodologies
developed by the six subprojects are sound. In
view of preliminary analytical results, reburial
68
cannot be recommended for any type of glass or
fibre-based material. It is still too early to make any
definitive statements regarding the long-term
stability of the other artefactual and packaging
materials. In this respect it is imperative that the
project secure additional funding to support
subsequent recoveries.
The conservation of a chine strake of a double
hulled dugout: using PEG treatment method
for the first time in a large scale in Sri Lanka
Anusha Kasthuri, Department of Archeology, Sir
Marcus Fernando Mawatha
A 59.11 feet long section of an ancient Paruwa
(double hulled dugout) was discovered from the
Labudola Ela (stream) in the village of Lathpadura
in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. It was
carved out of a tree trunk presumed to be of a
local tropical hardwood.
The object was recovered from its original location
without the knowledge of the Department of
Archeology. When the Department became
involved, the surface was extremely cracked and
shrunken, a clear indication that the outer part of
the object had already dried out in the time
between its recovery and Department involvement
in its conservation.
In Sri Lanka, there are limited financial resources
and experience in treating such huge waterlogged
wooden objects, and this part of a hull has offered
considerable challenges to the conservators.
Conservation objectives of this project were (1) to
stabilize and rescue the inner core of the wood (2)
to document and photographically record the first
discovered chine strake of a double hulled dugout
(3) to gain experience in working on a large
waterlogged archaeological wooden object (4) to
use the experience gained from this project to
develop a conservation plan for the treatment of a
Atthanagalla
chine
strake
which
awaits
conservation in the Colombo National Museum in
Sri Lanka.
The leather lantern of the Darss Cog – the
conservation
and
presentation
of
a
waterlogged composite object
Angela Karsten, English Heritage
This contribution deals with the conservation of a
leather lantern found in a ship wreck off the
peninsula of Darss in 2001. The lantern belongs to
the collection of the Archaeological State Musuem
Schwerin, Germany. The lantern was found in a
good state of preservation and is nearly complete.
The use of varied and unusual materials and the
lack of conservation literature posed a challenge.
The treatment concentrated on the reshaping of
the leather, which was conserved using
polyethylene glycol (PEG), and the drying and
shaping of waterlogged horn. In order to answer
questions regarding the construction and function
of the lantern, documentation and analysis played
an important role. A note on the re-assemblage
and presentation of the lantern concludes this
paper.
Comparative study of stabilisation methods for
large waterlogged archaeological objects:
PEG, sucrose, lactitol, and Kauramin
Per Hoffmann, Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum
The currently most popular stabilisation methods
for large waterlogged wooden objects such as
ships, boats, and timber structures are compared
with regard to their stabilisation efficiency, the
appearance of the treated wood, the technical and
financial requirements of the process, the
necessary attendance and skill of the personnel.
Treatments with PEG in one-and two-step
applications, with sucrose, a sugar alcohol
(lactitol), and an amino resin (Kauramin), followed
by normal air drying were performed on three
waterlogged woods – heavily degraded beech and
pine, and oak in two qualities. Medium size
samples in ten parallels were cut in identical sets
so as to enable some degree of statistical
evaluation of the results, and a direct comparison
of the performance of the methods investigated.
Our conservation laboratory had no previous
experience in treating such an object with
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG).
This research paper outlines the treatment which
was devised with PEG 400 and 4000 applied in
two steps, lasting ten months, and the
simplification of the process of constructing a large
tank.
69
EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY
If Portugal could do it without selling treasures
or dreams, why not other countries?
Vanessa Loureiro, Instituto de Gestão do
Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico
With less than 89 000 km2, Portugal benefit from a
845km long seashore and from 500 years of
maritime history. In 1997, the National Centre for
Nautical and Underwater Archaeology 1 was
founded and legislation concerning underwater
cultural heritage was promulgated. If Portugal
could do it without selling treasures or dreams,
why not other countries? was the slogan used
back then to create national and international
awareness concerning important underwater
archaeological projects, such as the excavation of
the 17th century nau Nossa Senhora dos Mártires
or the 15th century shipwreck Aveiro A.
Nevertheless, in 1997, in practice, there was yet
no such notion as underwater cultural heritage. A
common belief was that on seabed, just garbage
or treasures could be found; sometimes, both! The
main questions were exactly how to defeat a long
tradition of sea salvage and secure the future of
the underwater cultural resources.
In the last 10 years, several initiatives were put in
place in order to make public aware of the
sensibility and uniqueness of cultural underwater
heritage. Knowledge enhancement soon was
understood not to be enough: people need to feel
that they are responsible for a finite resource but
also that they can contribute towards its
valorisation.
Underwater archaeology challenges passes now
through the association of divers and public in
general to site discoveries and excavations.
Several sites (e.g. Ocèan, Faro A, Thermopylae)
are also being preserved in situ and underwater
itineraries conceived in order to transform these
shipwrecks in truly underwater museums.
However, if sea and environmental boundaries are
being broken, there are still places where diving is
not allowed or sea conditions are not ideal.
Through protocols with local authorities, some
underwater archaeological sites are also being
reconstructed in museums. Nevertheless, people’s
mentality remains a threat to underwater cultural
heritage. Only the realization of training and
education sessions and the intensification of
research will (in the long-term) allow surpassing
this challenge.
1
In 2007, the Portuguese Institute of Archaeology and the
National Centre for Nautical and Underwater Archaeology were
extinguished and replaced, respectively, by the Institute for
Building and Archaeological Heritage Management (IGESPAR)
and by the Nautical and Underwater Archaeology Division
‘In situ’ preservation’: ethics or economics?
Alex Hildred, Mary Rose Trust
It is without doubt that the current protocol as
regards the management of archaeological sites is
preservation in situ. This paper will explore just
what is meant by the term ‘in situ’, and how, or
even whether, the term can (or should) be applied
to shipwreck sites which have relatively recently
been exposed either naturally or through human
intervention.
This paper will look at how ‘in situ preservation’ is
being implemented with respect to the sites
designated under the 1973 Protection of Wrecks
Act within UK waters and will address key factors
such as responsibility, duty of care, on-going
stewardship and best practice. It will examine both
the motives and methods employed and question
whether we are meeting the ethical requirements
implicit in the term ‘in situ’ preservation, or whether
our actions are driven more by economics than
ethics.
The protection of underwater cultural heritage
and investors’ rights: conflict or coherence? A
case study
Valentina Sara Vadi, European University
Having profound significance for human dignity,
cultural rights do not only include cultural
freedoms, but also the preservation of cultural
heritage. This paper investigates the relationship
between international investment law and the
protection of underwater cultural heritage. Are
investment agreements compatible with states’
obligations to protect cultural heritage?
At the substantive level, investment agreements
provide an extensive protection to investor’s rights
in order to encourage foreign direct investment.
Thus, a potential tension exists when a State
adopts regulation interfering with foreign
investments.
At the procedural level, investment agreements
offer investors direct access to an international
arbitral tribunal. Thus, foreign investors can
directly challenge national measures aimed at
protecting
cultural
heritage
and
seek
compensation for the impact on their business of
such regulation.
This paper will explore the conflict areas between
investment treaty provisions and cultural rights
through an empirical analysis of the recent arbitral
jurisprudence, focusing on underwater cultural
heritage. This survey shows that the regime
established according to investment treaties does
not strike an appropriate balance between the
different interests concerned and that international
70
law has not yet developed any machinery for the
protection of cultural heritage through investment
dispute settlement.
This contribution argues that investment law is part
of international law, and thus it has to be
consistent with its norms. At the procedural level,
more openness would make investor state
arbitration compatible with cultural heritage
protection.
Also, this paper holds that jurisprudential
balancing- being an ex post approach- may not
provide an adequate protection to cultural
heritage; thus it calls for introducing cultural
exceptions in investment agreements as a
preferable policy option.
Law, ethics, and deep water archaeology: the
wreck of Cesnola's Napried
Elizabeth S. Greene, Brock University and Justin
Leidwanger, University of Pennsylvania
Soldier, diplomat, and antiquarian, Luigi Palma di
Cesnola is credited with assembling perhaps the
most comprehensive collection of early Cypriot
artifacts to date. The unprovenienced nature of the
finds causes no little frustration in scholarly circles
today. But the impact of the Cesnola assemblage
on the debate over archaeological ethics extends
beyond the Cypriot collections of museums around
the world.
In 1872, the Napried, one of the ships Cesnola
used to export his treasures, sank somewhere
between Cyprus and Beirut; its location is currently
unknown. Although the collection was exported
within the legal framework of what was then an
Ottoman province, its current location in deep
territorial,
Exclusive
Economic
Zone,
or
international waters raises a tangled web of issues
relating to the ownership of cultural heritage and
the means of its recovery. The 2001 UNESCO
Draft Convention on the Protection of the
Underwater Cultural Heritage stipulates that
consenting member states should preserve and
protect material from shipwreck sites and prohibit
commercial exploitation. How, then, does a
modern (albeit more than 100 years in age) wreck
like the Napried fit within these guidelines? Upon
whom should ownership of the Cesnola
assemblage fall, and to what extent should these
rights hinge on the particular location of the
wreck? Is the recovery of these unprovenienced
artefacts even justified from an archaeological
perspective or in light of UNESCO’s preference for
in situ preservation? And if so, how can concerns
over the proper management of a 19th century
wreck site be reconciled with what might otherwise
be deemed a simple salvage project? What
sources of funding (or private interests in the
wreck) might be compatible with the goals of
cultural heritage management?
As archaeologists and salvage companies seek
new forms of technology that may lead to the
discovery of the Napried and other deep water
wrecks, ancient and modern, it is our hope to
initiate a dialogue about how academics and
others can serve as stewards of underwater
culture, even in advance of the 2001 UNESCO
convention’s ratification by those countries whose
maritime heritage forms the core of ancient
Mediterranean archaeology.
Maritime archaeological archives: examining
our professional responsibility
Julie Satchell, Hampshire and Wight Trust for
Maritime Archaeology and Jesse Ransley,
University of Southampton
While there is widespread recognition that
maritime archaeological material should be treated
as its terrestrial counterpart, in practice this is not
being achieved. Despite maritime archives being a
nationally, and often internationally, important
resource, especially for maritime nations whose
history is so closely bound to the sea, these
archives are still being dispersed, are
deteriorating, remain un-interpreted and uncoated,
are sold or sometimes abandoned. The net result
is that often unique elements of our cultural
heritage are placed out of reach of researchers,
educators and the public as a whole.
In recent years progress has been made in
highlighting
the
diversity
of
maritime
archaeological archives from the UK. It’s not just
shipwrecks. The underwater cultural heritage
includes submerged prehistoric landscapes and
occupation evidence, a wide range of maritime
infrastructure sites and crashed aircraft, to name
but a few.
During the past thirty years issues surrounding
maritime archives have surfaced, usually in
conjunction with an unexpected ship discovery that
has been dealt with on a ‘make do’ basis.
However, with increasing development in the intertidal and marine zone and potential changes to the
UK marine designation system these issues have
been forced to the top of the agenda as our
maritime heritage has no route to long term,
curation, display and ultimately security.
At the heart of this situation lie fundamental
questions over resources, remit and regulation.
This has affected maritime archives at all stages of
their production and handling – creation,
preparation, transfer and curation.
This paper will examine work being undertaken
within the UK to address this situation. It will
include awareness raising and advocacy initiatives
such as the publication of ‘Slipping Through the
Net: Maritime Archaeological Archives in Policy
and Practice’
71
(http://www.archaeologists.net/modules/icontent/in
Pages/docs/groups/IFAMAGSlippi
ngThroughNetFINALAug07.pdf) and will present
the latest results of a project to map marine
collection areas, examine maritime archaeological
archives and public assess to them and access
present and future archive demand.
Getting in the way of ships:
perspective on underwater heritage
Allison Fox, Manx National Heritage
a
Manx
The Isle of Man, situated in the centre of the
British Isles, is an internally self-governing
dependent territory of the British Crown. The law
relating to the underwater environment, including
archaeology, is separate from that in operation in
UK waters - Manx territorial waters extend to 12
miles offshore or the median line. Manx waters
have over 1000 recorded shipwrecks beneath their
waves and as the national heritage agency for the
Island, Manx National Heritage (MNH) advises the
Island’s own Receiver of Wreck on maritime
issues.
examine the legal vs. ethical issues surrounding
this controversial industry. Further, ways in which
Florida archaeologists, and especially the
Underwater Archaeology Program of the Florida
Bureau of Archaeological Research, respond to
inaccurate media glitz and treasure hunter
propaganda will be discussed.
Management
strategies range from strict supervision of salvage
contracts
to
numerous
public
education
endeavours. State of Florida archaeologists have
developed a range of programs, products, and
partnerships that illustrate the importance of
shipwrecks as cultural heritage sites worthy of
conservation rather than consumption. These
strategies will be presented as effective counters
to the fallacy of shipwrecks packed to the gunnels
with Spanish gold and pirate booty awaiting the
first lucky finder.
To enable this, MNH works across legislative
boundaries, as the heritage Acts on the Island
extend only to the mean high water mark; across
professional boundaries, as much survey and
research work is conducted by divers and
researchers as well as MNH staff, and beyond
Manx territorial boundaries, working with our
neighbours who share the Irish Sea.
This paper will explore why and how the Isle of
Man seeks to ensure the preservation of the
maritime heritage it is the custodian for.
All aboard the Failboat: Florida’s trouble with
treasure
Della Scott-Ireton, Florida Public Archaeology
Network
The State of Florida is in the unenviable position of
legally allowing the commercial salvage of some of
its historic shipwrecks. Although charged under
Federal law with managing shipwrecks in its
waters for the public good, Florida has a long and
perhaps sordid history of piracy (historic and
modern) that makes the successful management
of submerged cultural resources a challenging
task. In addition, Florida is a natural ship-trap and
is the site of several Spanish fleet disasters that
resulted in the deposition of precious metals in
state waters. As a result, the Sunshine State has
become a magnet for those who dream of getting
rich quick by discovering lost ships filled with
Spanish doubloons. Even if treasure cannot be
found on the bottom of the sea, it can always be
found in the pockets of unwary investors.
This paper will describe the development of
commercial shipwreck salvage in Florida and will
72
NAUTICAL SOCIAL HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
Small ships and tall ships: archaeological
evidence for social changes during the high
and late medieval period in the southern
Baltic?
Mike
Belasus,
Archaeologischen
Instituts
Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum Bremerhaven
The southern Baltic links the western and eastern
parts of northern Europe. During the medieval
period developments in this region played an
important role in the formation process of the
Continent. A backbone of these developments was
the water borne transport. Many historical events
in this region, like the process of urbanisation, the
rise of the towns of the Hanseatic League or the
establishment of the power of the German Order
were only possible with the help of ships. Even the
plague pandemic would not have reached the
Baltic without the ship. Until the political change in
1989 shipwrecks were almost inaccessible to
archaeologists in the former German Democratic
Republic. Since the early 1990’s this situation has
changed and the removal of the ‘iron curtain’
opened new possibilities for ship archaeology
beyond the former boundaries. Against this
background the Roman-Germanic Commission of
the German Archaeological Institute together with
the German National Maritime Museum in
Bremerhaven and the State Agency for the
Preservation
of
Monuments
MecklenburgVorpommern recently started a Project entitled
‘Shipbuilding and shipping during the high and late
Middle Ages – evaluation of the archaeological
sources of the southwestern Baltic’ The project is
supported
by
the
Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft and aims at the analysis
and integration of the medieval shipwrecks and
related archaeological material from the coast of
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern/Germany
into
the
history of shipping and shipbuilding of northern
central Europe. The material from MecklenburgVorpommern includes a number of very different
and in some cases very unique ship finds from the
12th to the 15th century. The vessels are from very
different sizes, building traditions and origins. In
some extraordinary large vessels technical
features of different building traditions are
combined. The in-depth analysis of the material
under the consideration of the scientific analysis of
the ships timbers and other material from the
wrecks will offer the opportunity to answer in
particular the question of ‘To what extend was high
and late medieval shipbuilding influenced by social
changes in the society caused for example
through urbanisation, migration, the progressive
commercialisation of the society, economic
changes and the plaque pandemic of the 14th
century?’.
The Wooden World dissected: recreating the
operational and social dynamics of a small
17th century warship
Colin Martin, University of St Andrews
The partial excavation of a small Cromwellian
warship lost off the west coast of Scotland in 1653
was completed in 2003, and the results are now
being prepared for publication. Although the work
was conducted in response to environmental
threats to the site it has been possible to graft a
research agenda onto the rescue imperative, and
ten intensive seasons of fieldwork have been
completed, complemented by a programme of
archival and comparative research. Through a
detailed understanding of environmental inputs,
wreck formation processes, and the spatial and
stratigraphic archaeology of the site it has been
possible to construct a full picture of the ship as an
integrated system of state-projected violence,
sustained by a complex internal social order.
Aspects which will be presented in the paper
include:
• The structure, dimensions, and internal layout
of the ship
• Ship decoration as an expression of status
and authority
• The captain’s cabin: comfort vs. fighting
efficiency
• Executive duties on board: navigation and
ration issue
• The work of the crew: heaving, steering,
pumping, and fighting
• Seaman Swan - the forensic anthropology of a
topman
• Provisioning and cooking
• The business of ballast
Social history through archaeology
Jessica Berry, Flinders University
A vessel lying abandoned on the mudflats of
Hindmarsh Island in South Australia lived for over
60 years after 1890. In that time it passed through
the hands of at least 10 different owners and
operators. Its working life is set against a backdrop
of tumultuous political, social and environmental
events that served not only to unhinge and uproot
people and families, but also entire institutions and
the youth of a nation, viz. the closing years of the
Industrial Revolution; two world wars; two
international economic depressions; and in the
face of threats real and imagined, the associated
social and political change. Finally abandoned,
Ada and Clara a schooner, and later showboat,
became inextricably linked to the lake on which it
sailed, to the people associated with it and its
economic context. Subject of a thesis in maritime
archaeology it employs a neo-Marxist paradigm as
an interpretative tool, that allows a glimpse into the
mindsets of its owners and operators. This study
73
shows that even the mundane can disguise within
its archaeological record, the fabric and context
that gives an insight of much broader economic,
political and social import.
The ss Mendi, the Foreign Labour Corps and
the trans-national significance of shipwrecks
On the morning of 21 February 1917, the British
steamship Mendi sank after a collision, about 11
nautical miles south-west of the Isle of Wight. At
the time of the accident the Mendi was on UK
Government service as a troopship, carrying 823
black enlisted men and white officers of the 5th
Battalion, South African Native Labour Corps from
Cape Town to France. 649 of those aboard died
as a result of the sinking.
Despite this huge loss of life the story of the Mendi
is virtually unknown in the UK and the wreck is
simply one of the many World War 1 shipping
casualties in the English Channel. By contrast, in
South Africa the Mendi was a rallying point for
black nationalism under the apartheid regime and
since the first democratic elections in 1994 has
become a national symbol of courage and of the
triumph of the spirit of ordinary South Africans over
adversity and injustice.
To coincide with the 90th anniversary of the
sinking in 2007 Wessex Archaeology undertook an
appraisal of the Mendi, its story and its place in the
wider social history of World War 1. The results
demonstrated that as the last veterans of the war
pass away and World War 1 slips from memory
and into history, thus severing the direct personal
link the world had with that terrible conflict, this
single wreck can act as a physical focus for a wide
variety of histories – in particular the largely
forgotten or ignored story of the Foreign Labour
Corps – and that it has a significance and meaning
that transcends UK national boundaries or
interests.
The Mendi is illustrative of the potential
significance that wrecks – be it an individual site or
a class of wrecks – can have to countries beyond
the coastal state in whose waters they are found.
The UNESCO Convention on the Protection of
Underwater Cultural Heritage presents the legal
argument for this international or multinational
nature of shipwrecks. This paper will explore the
social perspectives of the transnational nature of
shipwrecks using the wreck of the Mendi as an
example. It will aim to highlight the potential that a
single wreck or group of wrecks can have to
generate and present a more social and inclusive
archaeology which can engage different
populations, groups and minorities, many of whom
would otherwise perhaps not have an interest or
involvement in maritime archaeology, both within
and across national boundaries.
Model boats in the context of maritime history
and archaeology
Alistair Roach, Freelance Researcher
Although static funereal, votive and ship builders’
model boats have been quite well documented in
the past there appears to have been little study
undertaken of models that could have been
actually floated or sailed and the reasons why they
were made.
If one focuses attention on just the physical
structure of a boat, or model, it means one is
looking at those craft just as objects, without taking
into account that a human being or population,
representing a particular cultural pattern, lies
behind the construction of that particular vessel.
In archaeological terms it may be that a more
complex approach should be taken, viewing these
‘objects’ as part of broader settlement patterns.
Their individuality may be of less importance than
their relationship with other objects and sites, or
the use with which they are associated. Boats and
boat-models, because of their mobile nature, may
well be built in one place and used in another by
different people using different techniques and
materials.
Concentrating on just those models that have
been
discovered
during
archaeological
excavations in north-west Europe, there have
been at least 165 found that date from the ninth to
the nineteenth centuries – which are obviously
only a fraction of the total made. The details of
these finds tend to be relegated to a minor section
of some excavation report with little analytical
rigour made regarding their possible importance.
Although the context of these finds is not always
known it appears that the majority were part of the
inhabitants’ past activity in historic waterfront
towns such as Poole, Dublin, Hedeby, Bergen and
Gdansk.
Examples of these models will be
illustrated and discussed as will other unique finds
– such as the remains of a 1/3 scale model of a
frigate, used for naumachia in the 1800s, that is
still underwater in a Nottinghamshire lake.
A study of these ‘toys’ is not just a study of objects
among the minor arts but it reflects a far more
important aspect i.e. a source for interpreting the
remains of full size vessels, the hypothetical
reconstruction of hull forms and exploration of new
ways of defining unknown vessel types. They
provide information which is lacking in 2dimensional representations of watercraft, such as
pictures or stained glass and in low-relief
depictions such as coins, town seals, or carvings.
It also puts them into a more easily understood
social and historical perspective and may help to
dispel an often held view that past finds,
particularly those relating to small models
74
associated with wetland or bog locations, are
always ‘votive offerings’ as opposed to something
that may have been built and sailed for pure
enjoyment or research purposes.
The HMS Wager research project: an
integrative approach to culture contact studies
in XVIIIth century Western Patagonia, Southern
Chile
Diego Carabias, A. ARKA Consultants
HMS Wager was a British man-of-war which sank
off the coast of Western Patagonia, Southern
Chile, in 1741. As part of Lord Anson’s ill fated
expedition to the South Seas, the Wager’s wreck
made possible important interaction between
XVIIIth-century European mariners and local
maritime adapted indigenous groups in the
geographically isolated context of the patagonian
archipelago territory. Although short-termed, these
intercultural encounters had relevant historical
consequences
and
provided
valuable
ethnographic material.
Since 2006, an archaeological research has been
conducted to survey the archaeological remains
located both on land and underwater. This paper
provides an overview of current research and
explores
the
potential
of
integrative
multidisciplinary
approaches
in
maritime
archaeology with particular emphasis on the study
of culture contact, cultural landscape and cultural
site formation processes.
Key words: maritime archaeology, material culture,
European – indigenous interaction, Patagonia,
18th century
75
EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY
Ancient warships – new developments
Alec Tilley
The orthodox doctrine concerning ancient
Mediterranean warships with names ending ‘-eres’
is that the number in the name referred to the
number of files on either side. For some years I
have argues that the number referred to the total
number of files, and in particular that triremes
originally had three files of oarsmen, not the six
files found in the Olympias. This paper considers
some new developments in the controversy.
A recent article in The New Scientist (10 Feb
2007) acknowledges that even the most practiced
crew in the Olympias ‘came nowhere close’ to
matching the performance of Athenian triremes.
That is a remarkable change of view, since it had
previously been asserted that ‘Olympian comes
close to the ancient examples in performance’
(Greek and Roman Oared Warships p267). The
new suggestion is that the discrepancy might be
attributed to Athenian triremes having been rowed
by supermen. The explanation raises the question
of whether other Athenians were also supermen,
eg Athenian hoplites, and whether other triremes,
eg those of Sparta, had equally superhuman
crews.
But in this paper an alternative explanation will be
suggested – that the Olympias is nothing like an
ancient trireme. The many ways in which she
differs from the evidence on ancient triremes – her
weight, height, internal empty space and rowing
geometry, all make her very much slower.
The British Museum now displays a ‘decode’ of the
Siren Vase, showing three files of oarsmen, The
vase was made in or near Athens at the time
Athens was acquiring triremes. The BM’s was the
first public acknowledgement of the ancient threefile rowing. The ‘decode’ published over thirty-five
years ago, has been ignored by almost all other
accepted authorities. Perhaps the most striking
omission will be in the forthcoming English version
of the German encyclopaedia Der Neu Pauly.
Another new development is the publication (IJNA
33.1 of Apr 2004) of a clay model, apparently
representing a small fighting ship with two
oarsmen on each bench amidships and only one
per bench towards the ends. The word hemiolia
(one-and-a-half) fits well into my nomenclature, but
there is no record of an ancient ‘three-quarter-er’
to describe the arrangement using orthodox
doctrine. That should also draw attention to the
similar lack of an ancient ‘half-er’ to describe a
single-banked boat using the orthodox doctrine,
negative evidence that has always been ignored
by advocates of six-file triremes.
There have been some recently-published
opinions that suggest a swing against orthodoxy.
For instance, Morrison’s explanation for the lack of
three-level representatives of ships during the
trireme era, ‘…the ship had become so
complicated a subject to depict… that artists in
general had been avoiding tasts’ (Greek Oared
Ships p169) has been robustly criticised: ‘…artistic
incapacity should have been rejected as nonsense
at the outset. One wonders how educated men,
familiar
with
the
ancients’
unsurpassed
understanding of the much more complicated
human and animal anatomies, could claim they
were incompetent at draw ships’ (MM 92.2 of May
2006 pp233-4)
‘Klucz Niedamir’ – from modell tests to the
rebuilding process
Sebastian Schreyer and Maik-Jens Springmann,
University Rostock and University Greifswald
Early medieval seafaring and shipbuilding
processes provide reasons for a new thesis. The
‘Klucz Niedamir Project’ is embedded into this
perspective (www.lagomar.de). As the rebuilding
of a vessel which is based on relicts from the
remains of the ship Kamien Pomorski (with thanks
to Prof Filipowiak for his fruitful co-operation) it
reflects seafaring and shipping traditions in the
Szczecin Lagoon where Slavic ethnicity interacted
strongly with other cultures via international trading
centres such as Wolin and Usedom. The relevant
wreck is now under conservation in the National
Museum Szczecin (with thanks for kindly cooperation). It seems that the connections with our
two other LAGOMAR lagoons are obvious,
particular parallels exist with Truso on the Vistula
Lagoon and Kaup Wiskiauten on the Curonian
Lagoon – two of the important sea trading centres
at the time when the Kamien Pomorski ship was
sailing. The remains of the ships reflect this
situation which is characterized by stimulation and
exchange of technologies in these trading centres,
mainly due to the fact that they were located close
to Wolin-Jomsburg-Vineta. Thus, we are able to
verify the mix of the special Nordic boatbuilding
tradition, which is exemplified by the iron rivets,
and the southern erogologic feature, with the same
wooden nails found in vessels in all the three
lagoons, just like on the Kamien Pomorski wreck.
In the past, even maritime archaeologist focussed
on the ethnic determinations of technology to
describe the sense of history within an
evolutionary process - ethnospecifica are difficult
to evaluate. LAGOMAR prolonged - apart from
ethnocultural determination - maritime cultural
landscape symptoms as initials also for
technological developments. The Project ‘Klucz
Niedamir’ intends to exemplify this approach on a
scientific project which should be:
76
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a symbol of the interaction in trading centres of
the respective lagoons and historical sailing
routes (Niedam.
a display of the regional maritime cultural
landscape determinations in seafaring and
shipbuilding
an historical key which opens doors of
nowadays regional tourism concepts ir was the
owner of some ships which he provided for
chartering to Otto von Bamberg during his
mission in the Szczecin Lagoon 1120)
a connection between historical science
(Historical Institute of EMAG) as a
representative of cultural studies and Institutes
of Shipbuilding of UR and their innovative
methods. As examplified by the Project
‘Uecker-Randow-Kogge’ it including the
following examinations: a) laser-scan of the
wreck: (evaluated at the moment), b) stability
and curves: Prof Bronsat, Dipl eng Gernot
Knieling c) wind-canal/model test: Prof
Paschen, Dipl eng Sebastian Schreier d)
material and stability test: Prof Schlottmann
a provision of a good example of bilateral cooperation between Poland and Germany
through an international shipping consortium –
like Niedamir in historical times – which will
integrate this ship as an inter-cultural event
into Lagoon's events
it is museum by itself: showing history within
the context of sailing as an dynamic process –
one aim of LAGOMAR strategies
it interconnects lagomar villages and towns in
a transnational way
The contribution will be showing the main results
of the model tests and the holistic usage of the
replica.
Reconstructing ancient shipsheds
Boris Rankov, Royal Holloway, University of
London and David Blackman, Centre for the Study
of Ancient Documents, University of Oxford
By the early 5th century, the constant struggle for
naval superiority in the Aegean had led to the
refinement of the most famous warship of
antiquity, the Greek trireme (trieres), a main
contributing factor to the Greek victory at Salamis
in 480 BC.
The successful employment of warships depended
on having them regularly dried out, and they were
usually not taken out to sea after the end of the
sailing season. While they were in the water they
were subject to attack by shipworm (teredo
navalis), and their extreme qualities made their
light wooden construction vulnerable to the
deteriorating forces of sun and rain. The large
investment inherent in the ships thus made it
necessary for them to be kept out of the water and
carefully protected when not in use.
For this reason permanent and purpose-built naval
installations were constructed, neosoikoi – usually
translated as ‘shipsheds’. A single shipshed is
basically a long and narrow roofed hall just large
enough to house a ship. It is open towards the sea
and has a sloping floor which acts as a slipway.
The ship was moved into position outside the
shipshed and then hauled up stern-first, until it was
completely out of the water and under the roof.
There it was braced and fastened, and kept in
store until it was launched the next time.
Where a large number of ships were to be housed,
several shipsheds were built next to each other in
continuous rows, presenting a common front
towards the sea; indeed such complexes at
Syracuse, the Piraeus, Carthage and elsewhere
represent some of the largest and most expensive
public
building
projects
of
the
ancient
Mediterranean world. Supporting elements that
carried the roof also constituted dividing elements,
separating the buildings into individual bays. Good
ventilation was necessary for the drying out and
preservation of the ships, and this prompted the
use of columns, pillars or posts, rather than
continuous walls.
The recent study and reconstruction of ancient
shipsheds has advanced various areas of
fundamental research, including that on the
warships themselves. The remains of shipsheds
are today the only concrete archaeological
evidence that we possess for assessing the
dimensions of ancient warships. The shipsheds’
dry length, clear width and height (where known)
offer us the approximate measurements of the
vessels that they once accommodated. Moreover,
as
shipsheds
were
utilitarian
structures
interconnected with the ships, the computer
modelling of reconstructed warships based on
shed dimensions has in turn facilitated the study of
the naval architectural aspects of hauling and
launching operations and the understanding of the
functional elements of the shipsheds’ architecture.
A research project funded by the Leverhulme Trust
and based in Royal Holloway, University of
London, has since 2003 been undertaking the
study of 'Shipsheds of the Ancient Mediterranean.’
This paper presents some of the results of the
project
concerned
with
the
functioning,
development, architecture and geographical
distribution of these buildings which were the key
element of military harbourworks in classical
antiquity.
77
Experimental archaeology: kaş underwater
arkeopark project
Güzden Varinlioğlu, Başkent Universitesi
This paper is concerned with the underwater
ARKEOPARK at Kas in southern Turkey, which
was established in 2006 as part of a series of
experimental projects involving underwater
archaeology. At its current state, ARKEOPARK
consists of two main elements: an interpretive
recreation of the Uluburun wreck site with its cargo
as it was initially discovered in 1982 and a sunken
ship, Uluburun III, also an interpretive
reconstruction of the original Uluburun ship. In
addition to creating a simulation of an ancient
wreck, the aims of this project include providing a
training site in underwater archaeological field
methods, the opportunity of observing the ship’s
ongoing process of decay, and the ability in some
way
to
share
archaeologically
restricted
experiences with recreational divers.
Aspects on experimental archaeology
Björn Varenius, Swedish Maritime Museums
Experimental archaeology is a strong branch of
maritime archaeology, probably more dominant
than in mainstream archaeology. This may be
especially true for ship archaeology. For more than
a century, copies of ancient ships have been built
and tested, and building processes reconstructed.
In 1893, a Viking ship replica crossed the Atlantic,
a pioneering endeavour in full-scale experimental
archaeology. Since then, hundreds of ships of all
types and sizes have been built in search for
knowledge and experience. Also more PR-related
motives have sometimes underpinned replica
projects. From a scientific point of view,
experimental archaeology is a method. It aims at
solving certain problems by the reconstruction of
ancient objects, constructions, techniques and
processes under controlled circumstances. In this
way, experimental archaeology is a valuable
source for a better knowledge to ancient
technology. However, interpretations of the past
should also include an analysis of the society in
which the maritime technology once operated.
There were culturally defined frameworks for
technology and its use. If included, such aspects
may improve the research design and
consequently, the explanatory potential of an
experiment.
78
MANAGING PUBLIC ACCESS
Underwater heritage management: challenges
and opportunities at the southern tip of Africa
… and beyond?
Jonathan Sharfman, South African Heritage
Resources Agency and John Gribble, Wessex
Archaeology
South Africa’s geographical position at roughly the
halfway point between Europe and the East has
left it with a rich and diverse underwater cultural
heritage of almost 3000 shipwrecks. A record of
human exploitation of marine resources since
c.100,000 years BP during the Middle Stone Age
(Middle Palaeolithic) has also bequeathed South
Africa with an as yet unquantified but vast heritage
of marine-related pre-colonial sites and a host of
living heritage resources.
The importance of this maritime heritage was first
recognised in protection given to pre-colonial sites
by the Bushman Relics Protection Act of 1911 and
then in 1979 to shipwrecks with an amendment to
South Africa’s heritage legislation which gave
them initially limited protection. These protections
have since been expanded and improved,
particularly with regard to shipwrecks as heritage
managers have grappled with the challenges of
salvage and treasure hunting and embraced
international advances in maritime archaeology.
As a result, South Africa has been at the forefront
of
underwater
heritage
protection
and
management in sub-Saharan Africa for the past
decade. Yet while good theoretical legislation may
have been developed and enacted, its
implementation has been, and will continue to be
ineffective without some sort of re-evaluation of
and intervention in the current management
system.
which may be appropriate for other developing
nations and will propose a way forward for the
development of maritime archaeology in subSaharan Africa.
Underwater archaeology in Greece: protection
and management
Katerina Della Porta, Director of Antiquities
Ministry of Culture
Discoveries of ancient shipwrecks and works of art
from the Greek seas lead us to wonder whether
the search for more antiquities should not turn
from land to the sea. The synergy of archaeology
and modern technology leads to new research
methodologies in underwater archaeology in great
depths, where important wrecks survive,
inaccessible by conventional diving techniques.
Underwater archaeological sites in Greece consist
of either shipwrecks or of submerged settlement
remains, while every underwater archaeological
site constitutes a single unique instance, with its
own individual problems of protection from a
variety of threats, natural or induced by human
activities. The physical environment of this branch
of archaeology differentiates it with respect to:
material of the research; in situ underwater work
procedures related to the application of new
technologies in deepwater archaeology; and
specific issues relating to management and
protection. This paper attempts an interdisciplinary
approach to this sui generis archaeological
heritage; is it really protected?
South Africa’s heritage legislation is currently
under review and this offers underwater heritage
managers and maritime archaeologists an
exceptional opportunity to suggest more effective
approaches
to
managing
the
resource.
Furthermore, the South African Government,
through its Department of Arts and Culture, has
stated its intention to ratify the UNESCO
Convention on the Protection of Underwater
Cultural Heritage and must develop strategies to
fulfil the obligations inherent in such ratification.
This paper will examine current trends, challenges
and views on the management of underwater
cultural heritage in South Africa. It will look at the
development of international partnerships for the
development of maritime archaeology in South
Africa and consider ways in which underwater
cultural heritage can be made relevant across
South Africa’s many cultures. It will suggest a
holistic, intergovernmental approach to the
management of underwater heritage resources
79
A fight for the blue – maritime archaeology in a
developing nation
P. Rasika Muthucumarana, Maritime Archaeology
Unit, Sri Lanka
After many years of struggle, we managed to
establish a small unit in Sri Lanka to protect our
underwater cultural heritage. It was not an easy
task building up infrastructure for a new field under
the governmental structure in a developing country
(in a country like Sri Lanka). We still have a lot to
do. On the one hand we have to be equipped with
more statuary powers, funds and new technology.
We also need to enhance our own capacities.
Over the last fifteen years the department of
archaeology and the Central Cultural Fund took
the initiative to direct archaeology graduates from
the relevant institutes and the universities towards
maritime archaeology and conservation. We still
need to develop our academic potential, obtain
post-graduate training and in other ways develop
the human resources of underwater archaeology
in Sri Lanka.
On the other hand we have to act fast to protect
the underwater cultural heritage, which is at risk.
Apart from the treasure hunters and the looters we
face a huge threat from iron collectors. Breaking
and exploding steel shipwrecks to take out the iron
has of late become a very profitable business in
Sri Lanka. At the moment we are trying to stop this
by using the law pertaining to land archaeology.
We are also trying to ratify the new UNESCO 2001
convention. At the same time we are documenting
the wrecks in danger with the help of the local
diving community.
This article deals with the current developments in
the field of maritime archaeological in our country
and discusses the attempts being made to protect
the underwater cultural heritage with the help of
the public. It also deals with the UNESCO Asiapacific regional field school for maritime
archaeology, which is going to be launched in Sri
Lanka in 2008.
Safeguarding Scotland’s marine historic
environment and promoting its understanding
and enjoyment
Philip Robertson, Historic Scotland
Throughout history, Scotland’s coasts and seas
have provided a source of food and energy, a
means of defence from invasion, and a
springboard for trade and communication between
neighbouring communities and across oceans.
Whether by direct enjoyment of the remaining
wrecks of the German High Seas Fleet, scuttled in
Scapa Flow in 1919, or simply by understanding
that remains dating the earliest recorded human
occupation of Scotland 10,000 years ago may be
found at the coast edge or further offshore, it is
clear that Scotland’s marine historic environment
has a positive contribution to make to the
economic, social and cultural fabric of today’s
Scotland.
Through a series of illustrated case-studies, the
paper will examine:
•
•
Historic Scotland’s work as an executive
agency of Scottish Government which
performs the responsibilities of Scottish
Ministers for the historic environment,
including out to the 12 nautical mile limit of
Scotland’s territorial seas;
lessons learned from some of the key
developments in heritage management
policy and practice where Historic Scotland
has played an important role
It will conclude by outlining what are the principal
issues that face Scotland’s marine historic
environment today, and by identifying how Historic
Scotland hopes to play its part in addressing these
challenges into the future.
Experience in current management of
underwater cultural heritage in Croatia
Irena Radic, Rossi Croatian Conservation Institute
The idea of in situ preservation and presentation of
underwater cultural heritage in Croatia dates back
to about 20 years ago i.e. to the discovery of some
well preserved Roman shipwrecks near the island
of Lastovo. The protective nets, applied initially,
were soon replaced by stronger and more efficient
iron cages. The 2001 UNESCO Convention on the
Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
encouraged the in situ protection of well preserved
sites but despite a well structured management
system less has been done on planning for future
work.
Croatian underwater cultural heritage that could be
used in terms of sustainable development can be
divided into six large groups:
1
2
3
4
5
6
intact Roman shipwrecks:
shallow water remnants of submerged ports,
agricultural production, commercial and leisure
complexes, mainly from the Roman period;
merchantmen shipwrecks from 16th to 18th
century;
modern wrecks, submarines and aircrafts;
exceptional and rare finds;
sites and finds from inland waters
Each group presents a separate problem to be
treated at many different administrative and
practical levels. From the archaeological point of
view all the sites require well planned and
systematic survey, with the aim of maintaining
their original aspect and improving methods and
techniques for their presentation.
80
Although there are many positive aspects of
managing the underwater cultural heritage in
terms of presenting it to a wide public, there are
still many unsolved questions that limit the ability
of experts to develop and apply the most suitable
models. This paper will examine each of these
groups in view of current management practices
and identify which key issues are yet to be
resolved.
Underwater cultural heritage in the United
States: protection, research, and management
by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA)
John D Broadwater, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
With the designation in 1975 of the sunken
ironclad warship USS Monitor (1862) as the first
National Marine Sanctuary in the United States,
the
National
Oceanic
and
Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) became one of the first
U.S. governmental agencies to actively protect
and manage a submerged cultural resource.
Designation of the Monitor National Marine
Sanctuary occurred not long after enactment of the
National Marine Sanctuary Act, at a time when
NOAA’s new Marine Sanctuary Division had just
began developing a long-term program for the
protection and management of submerged natural
and cultural resources of special significance, and
based on the definitions contained in the
Sanctuary Act. NOAA’s National Marine Sanctuary
Program now consists of thirteen sanctuaries and
a Marine National Monument in Hawai`i. Although
only two sanctuaries have designated specifically
to focus on underwater cultural heritage, most
have developed management plans that include
shipwrecks and other submerged archaeological
sites. In 2002 the Sanctuary Program launched
the Maritime Heritage Program as a means for
more effectively addressing the wide range of
cultural and archaeological issues and resources
that fall within the mandates and goals of the
National Marine Sanctuary Program.
The
Maritime Heritage Program has grown rapidly and
has formed partnerships with federal, state and
private organizations in order to fulfil its goals of
survey and inventory, research, education,
outreach, technical assistance, and protection.
The Maritime Heritage Program includes living
cultures in its strategic goals, promoting and
protecting the Native American and Polynesian
81
INNOVATION IN OUTREACH
Engaging the young with maritime archaeology
through education
Alison Hamer, Hampshire and Wight Trust for
The Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime
Archaeology have been involved in maritime
archaeology education for the last sixteen years.
We provide high quality educational experiences
from Primary School right through into Higher
Education and Adult Learning.
The HWTMA has become a leader in UK maritime
archaeology education with a number of highly
successful initiatives designed to engage and
enthuse the public with the past and innovative
schemes for adults such as the award winning
Alum Bay Dive Trail. HWTMA have developed
many educational materials, organised maritime
themed events, run workshops for other education
professionals wishing to use maritime archaeology
as an educational tool and along the way inspired
many children and adults.
Feedback from the HWTMA education programme
has been extremely positive from all angles; both
from teachers and the students themselves. Over
9000 copies of our education packs have been
requested and we exhibit at the Education Show
where we reach over 16,000 teachers. The
established programme demonstrates tangible
results which are enthusing and inspiring the
maritime archaeologists of tomorrow.
Children are the maritime archaeologists, sports
divers and policy makes of the future and this
paper will explore the development of the HWTMA
education programme and show how maritime
archaeology can be used to make a real difference
to public understanding and appreciation of marine
cultural heritage.
Personal heritage and the Mary
engaging public interest
Christopher Dobbs, Mary Rose Trust
perhaps it is these stories that we have revealed
through the process of maritime archaeology that
can engage public interest.
This presentation will outline the latest work on
how we will continue to engage public interest at
the Mary Rose in the future. How should we
interpret the Underwater Cultural Heritage? How
should we bring it to life? How can we convey' A
Spirit of Place'? The presentation will also reveal
the plans that have been developed for a new
museum for the Mary Rose with personal heritage
and personal stories as a central theme of the
vision.
Managing public access for the Newport
Medieval Ship project - the challenges and
rewards
Neil Stevenson, Newport Medieval Ship
Since it's discovery six years ago the Newport
Medieval Ship has inspired many thousands of
people. Appointed in June 2006, the Learning and
Access Officer has been responsible for
developing an inclusive programme of access.
This paper will discuss this work in detail and will
look at the many success stories and also the
challenges faced in managing public access.
Specific focus will be given to engaging hard to
reach audiences including young people living in
care and sheltered accommodation, and those
with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties.
The paper will show how maritime heritage can be
used to inspire a hugely diverse audience and how
in turn this can enhance your working
environment.
Quarnstone production and maritime transport
from Hyllestad, Western Norway: a fairy tale of
cultural heritage management in rural Norway
Arild Marøy Hansen, Bergen Maritime Museum,
Norway
Rose:
To many people, the Mary Rose is epitomised by
their memories of watching the hull being raised,
on live television 25 years ago or of seeing the hull
through the mists of spray regime in the vast
laboratory that is the Mary Rose 'Ship Hall. Yet
perhaps the real value of the project comes from
how it has raised public awareness in the
underwater cultural heritage and how much we
can learn, not just from the hull but from the
19,000 objects that were excavated from within.
Many of these objects are intensely personal.
They give us insights into the life and work of the
people on board at the time the ship sank. The
personal objects found on board the Mary Rose
can tell individual stories from the Tudor age and
The title has a double meaning. A traditional
Norwegian fairy tale explains why the ocean is
salt: There is a quarn grinding at the bottom of the
sea, keeping up the salt contents. The title of an
article: ‘Kverna som maler på havets bunn’ (the
quarn that grinds at the bottom of the ocean, a
quarnstone find at Alverstraumen, Lindås in
Hordaland) using the title of the fairy tale,
documents the find, the raising and origin of a
cargo of 505 quarnstones, more than 13 tons, in
1991 – 92.
In 1990, when Bergen Maritime Museum received
the message of a find of quarnstones at the
bottom, there was no knowledge of origin, amount,
tradition or transportation of this durable cargo.
In 1990, when Bergen Maritime Museum received
82
the message of a find of quarnstones at the
bottom, there was no knowledge of origin, amount,
tradition or transportation of this durable cargo.
For the first time, our museum asked geologists to
examine the minerals of the quarnstones. During
speeches at various divers´ conferences in
Norway, we asked for information of similar finds.
This resulted in information about three more finds
of quarnstones. These came from the
management areas of both the National Maritime
Museum in Oslo, the Stavanger Maritime Museum
and our own museum area, as well as from
abroad. Parts of quarnstones were detected in
museums and during land excavations in eastern
Denmark, western Sweden, and as far away as
the Faroes. Samples from all underwater finds
were collected and analysed, all by the same
Norwegian geologist. The samples from the town
of Lund, Sweden, were analysed by a local
geologist. However, all pointed at an origin in
Hyllestad, in the county of Sogn og Fjordane in
Norway. The Swedish finds were from the 900s,
the middle of our Viking Age.
A fairy tale can also describe the management, the
inspiration and the activities and consequences
the quarnstone find has brought.
The local
community of Hyllestad soon became interested in
what was a part of their own local history and
identity. The community must have been one of
the most important production sites for a lot of
stone products in the middle ages: quarnstones,
stone crosses and also flagstones. The quarries
from where the stones were cut, were largely
forgotten. However, an initial project led to a
rediscovery of many of these sites in the area.
This has led to a gradual rise in interest.
Further research was conducted in the form of a
MA degree in Nordic Archaeology, by a student
from the University of Bergen with corresponding
land excavations and datings. The field work was
supported economically by the Hyllestad
community. The research revealed activity and
export connected to stone products, as far back as
700 A.C., i.e. before our Viking Age. The last
quarnstones were delivered about 1900.
The local interest resulted in the erection of
housing, and the forming of a Quarnstone Guild, a
loose organization of volunteers, taking part in the
teaching of the various local traditions connected
to the quarnstone production An annual seminar,
‘Hyllestadseminaret’, open to the public (see
‘Hyllestadseminaret
1998’
etc
on
www.kvernstein.no/hyllestadseminaret.htm)
and
supported by local firms and the community of
Hyllestad, was also formed. The seminar has been
attended by people from research institutions and
interested people from the county of Sogn and
Fjordane, as well as invited guest from abroad.
Each year, the seminar has dealt with different
themes related to stone products and
corresponding activities. An old, local tradition and
cultural resource seems to have been revived,
leading to even more buildings and new contents
and activities. Schoolchildren have now been
engaged as guides to the different skills in the
quarnstone quarries. Likewise in the related
professions like blacksmiths and other related
information like recipes for flour products and the
practical skills of cooking.
The seminar has also been a door-opener for the
Hyllestad-quarries in a broader context. The
Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) has also
started a program related to the utility species of
rock in the area. This will lead to a more thorough
investigation of the quarry areas. Norwegian
Crafts Development (NHU) has started a
documentation project of the craft and techniques
used in the process of shaping quarnstones.
Together with other factors, the first underwater
finds have led to a large number of activities in
Hyllestad, and what started as a distant find with
an unknown history, still has a lot of potential for
future research in the field. The last development
includes further field work, both of land- and
maritime archaeology. The first MA-student has
now, under a program by the University of Bergen,
been awarded a Phd scholarship, and two more
MA-students are working with studies of different
aspects of the quarries.
Maritime Archaeology has for many years
contributed to the seminars, and to the local
exhibitions. Several maritime aspects like loading
techniques, ships and sailing along the coast in
the quarnstone trade have been presented. This
year there will be a maritime focus on stone
products as cargoes and stone ballast. Included
will be the raising of a large flagstone for
exhibition. This is a product not earlier associated
with this area. The seminar´s continuous focus on
stone products has also contributed to an
increasing focus of the same at our museum. This
has in turn led to studies of origins of quarnstones
from other districts, both Norwegian and foreign,
represented in the museum storerooms.
The website of the quarnstone project of Hyllestad
is www.kvernstein.no/framside.htm. The English
pages are maybe temporarily out of order, but a
brief view of the many pages will reveal an activity
not very common in a rural community counting
just over 1600 people.
It is no wonder that the people were proud to be
honoured with a visit by the Royal Yacht ‘NORGE’
with the King and Queen of Norway, opening their
Quarnstone-park in 2002.
(www.kvernstein.no/Kongeleg_opning.htm)
83
Virtual underwater exploration of Pianosa
Island: a VENUS case study
F Alcala, F Gauch, G Pachoud, and E Seguin,
Compagnie Maritime d'Expertise (COMEX)
France, A Alcocer, A Pascoal, and L Sebastiao,
Institute for Systems and Robotics, Lisbon, F
Alves and V Loureiro, CNANS Portuguese Institute
of Archaeology, K Bale and P Chapman,
Simulation and Visualization Research Group
(SIMVIS), University of Hull, J Bateman, S Jeffrey
and J Richards, Archaeology Data Service (ADS),
University of York, A Caiti, G Conte, L Gambella,
D Scaradozzi and S Zanoli, Interuniversity Ctr.
Integrated Systems for the Marine Environment
(ISME), Genova, M Casenove, J C Chambelland,
O Curé, P Drap, A Durand, J Hue, O Papini,
J Seinturier, M Serayet and E Wurbel,
Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Information et des
Systèmes (LSIS), P Gambogi, Soprintendanza per
i Beni Archeologici della Toscana (SBAT), Italy, K
Hanke, LFUI Institut fuer Grundlagen der
Bauingenieurwissenschaften,
University
of
Innsbruck, Austria, M Haydar and D Roussel,
Université d'Evry, Laboratoire Informatique
(UEVE), Biologie Intégrative et Systèmes
Complexes, France, L Long, Département des
Sous-marines (DRASSM), France
Research into the field of Virtual Heritage has
become one of the few application domains to
survive from the technology-driven Virtual Reality
‘era’ of the 1990s. Key events throughout the final
decade of the 20th Century produced a range of
important
digital
interactive
archaeological
‘exhibits’, including 3D models of Stonehenge,
Pompeii, the Caves of Lascaux, have attracted
considerable interest from organisations such as
English Heritage and UNESCO and have even
prompted the launch of an international Virtual
Heritage Network. Unfortunately, many of the
Virtual Heritage demonstrations to date have been
very sterile – lacking the dynamic natural features
evident in the real world, such as environmental
effects and the life cycles of flora and fauna. From
an underwater perspective, again very few
examples of virtual archaeology exist and, of those
that have been developed, most have not been
made in a form that is truly accessible to a wide
population
of
beneficiaries
–
scientists,
schoolchildren, students, even members of the
general public.
This paper will describe the first two phases of an
innovative research programme at the university of
Birmingham that seeks to develop a fundamental
understanding of how artificial life concepts can be
used to simulate the evolution of British coastal
marine flora and fauna communities on and
around Europe’s first (and currently only) artificial
reef, the Royal Navy Leander Class Frigate HMS
Scylla (scuttled in 2004 in Whitsand Bay). In very
broad terms, artificial life is the scientific study and
simulation of the behaviour of biological organisms
and systems in order to study how they interact
with, and exploit, their natural environments in
order to survive, reproduce, colonise and evolve
(or ‘emerge’).
Building on previous research
designed to generate ‘living’ models of the North
Sea Basin, as it existed in the Mesolithic (preglacial melting) era, the current project seeks to
develop a dynamic, interactive 3D marine
environment simulation, focusing on the Scylla
Reef as a more contemporary (and somewhat
more accessible) site.
Environmental and species data from the Scylla
Reef have been used to undertake early research
into the relationship that different measures of
complexity have on simulations of Marine Biology.
Experiments on behavioural, model and data
complexity have examined how these measures
affect the results of simulations, especially with
regard to accuracy in comparison to real-life data.
The principal outcome of the project will be the
development of long-term evaluation and
prediction tools, charting the condition of the Scylla
Reef and its ecosystems as they may be
influenced
by
colonisation
dynamics,
environmental changes, pollution, physical decay
and other factors. High-fidelity, real-time visual and
behavioural simulation techniques (based on
contemporary games engine technologies) are
being exploited to deliver the results of the
research in a form suitable for further scientific
research and educational awareness.
The
research is also relevant to maritime archaeology
activities, from the digital archiving of historical
wreck sites and associated artefacts, pre-dive
planning and safety training to larger management
programmes, such as English Heritage’s Historic
Environment Local Management, or HELM coastal
and marine initiative.
Virtual underwater exploration of Pianosa
Island: a VENUS case study
David Roussel, Julien Seinturier, Pierre Drap,
Guiseppe Conte, Paul Chapman, Kim Bale
This paper describes on-going developments of
the VENUS European Project (Virtual ExploratioN
of Underwater Sites, http://www.venus-project.eu)
concerning the first sea mission in Pianosa Island,
Italy in October 2006. The VENUS project aims at
providing
scientific
methodologies
and
technological tools for the virtual exploration of
deep underwater archaeological sites. The
VENUS project will improve the accessibility of
underwater sites by generating thorough and
exhaustive 3D records for virtual exploration. In
this paper we focus on the underwater
photogrammetric approach used to survey the
archaeological site of Pianosa. After a brief
presentation of the archaeological context we shall
see the calibration process of such a context. The
next section of this paper is dedicated to the
84
survey: it is divided into two parts: a DTM of the
site (combining acoustic bathymetry and
photogrammetry) and a specific artefact plotting
dedicated to the amphorae present on the site.
Finally we discuss how an immersive public
demonstrator can be constructed to permit general
public interaction of the data collected.
The VENUS project is funded by European
Commission, Information Society Technologies
(IST) program of the 6th FP for RTD. It aims at
providing
scientific
methodologies
and
technological tools for the virtual exploration of
deep underwater archaeological sites.
Underwater archaeological sites, for example
shipwrecks, offer extraordinary opportunities for
archaeologists due to factors such as darkness,
low temperatures and a low oxygen rate which are
favourable to preservation. On the other hand,
these sites cannot be experienced firsthand and
today are continuously jeopardized by activities
such as deep trawling that destroy their surface
layer.
The VENUS project will improve the accessibility
of underwater sites by generating thorough and
exhaustive 3D archives for virtual exploration. The
project team plans to survey shipwrecks at various
depths and to explore advanced methods and
techniques
of
data
acquisition
through
autonomous or remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)
with acoustic and photogrammetric equipments.
VENUS research also cover aspects such as data
processing and storage, plotting of archaeological
artefacts, information system management and
best practices and procedures for underwater
cultural heritage.
Further, VENUS will develop virtual reality and
augmented reality tools for the visualization of an
immersive interaction with a digital model of an
underwater site. The model will be made
accessible online, both as an example of digital
preservation and for demonstrating new facilities
of exploration in a safe, cost-effective and
pedagogical environment. The virtual underwater
site will provide archaeologists with an improved
insight into the data and the general public with
simulated dives to the site.
The VENUS consortium, composed of eleven
partners, is pooling expertise in various disciplines:
archaeology
and
underwater
exploration,
knowledge representation and photogrammetry,
virtual reality and digital data preservation.
85
RESEARCH FRAMEWORKS AND FUTURE
Archaeozoology of marine faunas as maritime
archaeology? A Sydney case study
Sarah Colley, University of Sidney
This paper explores theoretical, methodological
and practice issues which arise when the studies
of archaeological fish remains, marine shells and
other marine faunas from coastal terrestrial sites is
re-framed as ‘maritime archaeology’ rather than as
a sub branch of archaeozoology in which such
studies have strong historical disciplinary roots.
The paper will use a case study of new research
into the prehistory of Indigenous and colonial fish
and fishing in Sydney harbour between c. 1000 AD
and the nineteenth century to discuss this topic.
The work involves interpretation of archaeological
fish remains from pre-contact Indigenous sites and
19th century colonial period sites using
archaeological, historical and environmental
evidence and landscaped-based approaches
which involve both land and sea.
The archaeology of Matota: the missing
dimension
G A Darshani Samathilaka, Department of
Archaeology Sri Lanka
Matota, (P. Mahatitha, T. Mantai) situated in the
north-western coast of Sri Lanka was one of the
major ports of call in the Indian Ocean for more
than millennium from the mid first millennium BCE
to the end of the 13th century CE.. It was attractive
to sea farers for so long because of its importance
to trade in the Indian Ocean waters due to its
geographic position. This made it a link between
the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea trading
regions, making it a centre for entrépot trade.
European literary sources refer to it ‘emporium’
which places it at a higher level than a port.. Land
archaeological research supports this conclusion.
Archaeological excavations on land at this site
have been conducted since early 20th century, but
not comprehensively. The most ambitious
excavations, in 1983-84, had to be abandoned due
to internal political unrest. The reports so far
published explain such a major site only
inadequately, but the even this shows the potential
for a series of future research projects to compile
data which would indicate a comprehensive
overview of Matota.
This paper seeks to present, initially, the
experience of the writer with Prof John Carswell on
ceramic analysis of the last Matota excavation
and, next, the writer’s growing appreciation of the
role maritime archaeology has to play in
understanding Matota. Maritime archaeological
research of this important international port centre
would contribute insights that cannot be provided
by land archaeology alone. Examples of such
insights gained at other maritime sites in the
country will be presented to illustrate how maritime
archaeology can help us understand what Matota
was really like in historical times. Possibilities of
collaborating research project on discovering of
ancient port Matota, existing legal protection for
the site and barriers for further research will also
be discussed.
The logboat site at Drávatamási and some
questions of River Archaeology
Attila Toth Kulturális Örökségvédelmi Hivatalnak
A survey of a large logboat site has been started
at Drávatamási (South-West Hungary) in the
Drava river in 2005. The site is one of the largest
monoxyl ‘cemeteries’: we have counted 30
examples from the Hungarian and the Croatian
side of the river. Dendrochronology and
morphological observations suggests that the
majority of these boats derive from a single period,
probably a single event. The project is in course
but a number of aspects and questions have been
arisen, which help us to think about the existence
of a special field, which could be called River
Archaeology.
The site offers information on
historical environment and it is necessary to
investigate environment and its changes to
understand the site (eg. why the boats were found
accumulated there). These researches highlight
the close relationship between the river and the
communities along its valley. The changes of the
river courses influenced human activities (fishing,
navigation, and also settlements). On the other
hand artificial changes influenced environment,
and the circle starts again. According to the
author’s view river archaeology covers both
underwater research, and the research of the river
valley. This field has a strong interdisciplinary
character: geologists, engineers, geographers,
dendrochronologists, climatologists and other
scientific fields has important role in this
investigation. Parallel to underwater survey we
have started field survey (archaeological mapping)
in the Drava valley using mobile GIS. Research of
historical charts and aerial photos has been also
started. The presentation aims to show key
features of the site, its problems and different
kinds of evidences and researches rises from the
original problem, and so demonstrates a personal
view of River Archaeology. The problem of
verifiable link (as the site is divided between
Croatia and Hungary), in situ preservation and
exhibition and the idea of a River Heritage
Network will be also touched.
86
By adopting The United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
in-situ preservation is our marine heritage
being destroyed?
Bob Peacock
Article 1 of the ICOMOS-charter of 1996 as well as
articles 1 of UNESCO convention on the
Protection of Maritime Heritage of 2001 put
emphasis on the protection in situ should be the
first option. However it seams that the dogma of
UNESCO is now being quoted and the in-suit
preservation as the only standard to use. The
challenge to marine archaeologists is to decide
which sites are stable in there environment and
which sites are under threat.
With the increasing use of in-situ preservation
being adopted as the norm and with-out any
physical protection being included in conjunction,
our Marine heritage is being lost.
Using the Stirling Castle wreck site (sunk in 1703
and protected by the protection of wrecks act
1973) I will show that by having a paper protection
of Marine sites in high dynamic conditions in-situ
preservation does not work. To adequately protect
sites in these conditions some form of physical
protection is needed.
Using data collected over the last 10 years, will
show that by comparing geophysical survey and
diver in the water visual interpretation in-situ
protection is not working.
Concluding with idea’s of interlinking across
boundaries the use of other sites protection that
can be preformed on sites, such as the covering of
sites in mesh as on the bz10 site in Holland.
An evaluation of the risks to coastal
archaeological monuments on the coastline of
Ireland
Jason Bolton, Bolton Consultancy
The preservation of archaeological monuments
and historic buildings located on or adjacent to the
coast poses a variety of challenges to heritage
managers including risks associated with coastal
erosion and climate change predicted through the
twenty-first century. In addition, studies carried out
internationally have shown that many of the
materials composing archaeological monuments
and historic buildings located on or adjacent to the
coast tend to deteriorate at a more rapid rate than
at similar monuments located inland. This paper
presents the findings of recent research to
evaluate the most significant threats to a
representative sample of stone monuments on the
coast of the Republic of Ireland. The monuments
date from the neolithic to the nineteenth century
and range from megalithic tombs and prehistoric
monuments to medieval ecclesiastical and secular
buildings, and post-medieval structures. The
monuments are located on a variety of shoreline
types, and are composed of some of the most
representative stone types used in Ireland. The
research evaluated the threats of coastal erosion,
structural damage to the monuments, and the
surface weathering and alteration of the stone
masonry. The paper identifies the key issues to
inform the preservation of these sites, and shows
that the decay patterns of archaeological stone
monuments on the coast of Ireland differ
significantly from the findings of previous studies
on the Atlantic seaboard of the European mainland
and Mediterranean basin.
Violent seascapes:
naval battle sites as
cultural landscapes
John D Broadwater, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Many great naval battles were fought in coastal or
inland waters, and were directly or indirectly linked
to political and military events ashore. Therefore, a
more comprehensive examination of relevant
social and political issues can provide
opportunities for interpreting historical conflicts at
sea within broader contexts. Conversely, data
gleaned from naval battle sites may well provide
new insights into previous historical and
archaeological interpretations of larger political
and military issues and events. For instance,
British ships sunk at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781
formed part of a battlefield landscape that
encompassed American, French, and British Army
fortifications erected during the siege of Yorktown.
Similarly, the famous American Civil War battle
between the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia was a
major event related to the Union’s strategic effort
to blockade Confederate ports, and was also
pivotal in determining the fate of a planned
massive attack on the Southern capital.
Interpreting naval engagements within the cultural
landscapes with which they were associated
imparts additional significance and meaning to the
event and to the landscape as well.
87
BLUE WATER RESEARCH
Baltic maritime archaeology: new sites, new
methods and new questions
Johan Rönnby, University College, Södertörn,
Jonathan
Adams,
Centre
for
Maritime
Archaeology, University of Southampton
Around the time that the warship Vasa was being
rediscovered and salvaged, hundreds of other
shipwreck finds were made by scuba divers in the
Baltic Sea. Now, half a century later, new
technologies have led to further discoveries every
bit as arresting. In this paper we consider recently
discovered wreck sites and discuss not only the
research opportunities they offer but also the
obligations they bring in terms of management,
representation and public access. In both senses
we view these sites as much more than
individually interesting phenomena but an
interrelated maritime network of past and present
society.
The contribution of marine geologicalgeophysical methodology and techniques to
the discovery of ancient shipwrecks in the
Aegean Sea
Dimitris Sakellariou, Hellenic Centre for Marine
Research,
Greece,
Dimitris
Kourkoumelis,
Paraskevi Micha, Theotokis Theodoulou, Dionisis
Evagelistis, and Katerina Dellaporta, Greek
Ministry of Culture
More than 20 research cruises devoted to deep
water archaeological research in the Aegean Sea
have been carried out during the last seven years
in the frame of a long term collaboration between
the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR)
and the Greek Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities
(EUA). The experience on the application of the
marine geological-geophysical methodology for
deep-water archaeological research, gained during
these cruises, allows a review of their capabilities
and limitations. Remote sensing techniques, like
multi beam and side scan sonar, are powerful
tools in deep water archaeological surveys.
Integrated use of a sub-bottom profiler in parallel
with the side scan sonar survey provides
information on the geological and sedimentological
structure of the seafloor’s shallow substrate.
These data are of paramount importance for the
understanding of the natural processes which
control the development of the seafloor. They can
also contribute significantly to the evaluation of the
site formation of submerged ancient remains like
shipwrecks. Seafloor morphology, slope failures
and accumulation of gravity driven deposits
(slumps) as well as the sedimentation rate are
parameters which can be elaborated on the subbottom profiler recordings and should be used as
criteria for the selection of the survey area, since
they affect the preservation of archaeological
remnants on the seafloor. Moreover, integration of
sub-bottom profiler data during the evaluation of
the side scan sonar recordings and targets may
assist significantly towards a precise interpretation
of the seafloor. With this method it is possible to
discard the sonar targets which are originated from
rocky outcrops on the seafloor and to focus on the
targets which can not be directly explained by
natural (geological or sedimentological) processes.
In this way, the number of the targets worth to be
visually inspected decreases drastically, together
with the time spent in unsuccessful dives. The
discovery of Chios- and Kythnos Hellenistic
wrecks at 70m and 495m depth respectively,
demonstrate the effectiveness of the integrated
use of side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler and
the necessity of a good knowledge of the
subseafloor geological structure in underwater
archaeological
surveys.
In
addition,
it
demonstrates
the
effectiveness
and
the
advantages
of
collaborative
schemes
in
underwater archaeological researches. The results
of the 8 years long collaboration of a marine
research institute (HCMR) and an underwater
archaeology department (EUA) are very positive
and promising. The multidisciplinary approach of
the underwater archaeology issue, based on the
integration of the expertise of the archaeologists
with the skills and techniques of the marine
scientists, has been proved as very effective.
Future developments in acoustic positioning
systems for use in archaeology underwater
Peter Holt, Sonardyne International
Acoustic Positioning Systems (APS) have been
used on underwater archaeological projects since
the 1970s, but to date no system has been
developed that fulfils all of the requirements for
this market sector. The demand for the highest
position accuracy coupled with the difficult
acoustic environment found on most submerged
sites makes the development of a suitable system
a difficult prospect.
This paper defines the
requirements for systems suitable for such tasks
as shallow water positioning, deep water mapping
and positioning for high-resolution multibeam
bathymetry. Based on these requirements, this
paper explores the potential for future
technological and operational developments in
APS and goes on to describe the next generation
systems that will be available for use in
archaeology underwater.
Managing Victoria’s deepwater shipwrecks:
moving with technology
Cassandra Philippou, Heritage Victoria
In 2005 a team of technical divers from the group
Southern Ocean Exploration (SOE) located two
shipwrecks off the coast of Victoria, the TSS
Kanowna (1929) and the SS Queensland (1876).
88
Both sites had not been salvaged at the time of
wrecking, and were located in more than 60m
depth. In keeping with Australia’s Historic
Shipwrecks laws, the team reported the sites to
the Victorian Government, and in 2006 were
awarded the Heritage Council of Victoria’s Award
for their discoveries.
Due to their inaccessibility (deepwater and at least
25 nautical miles from the nearest port), the
discovery of these sites did not create any
pressing management issues. The team, most of
whom are graduates of the AIMA/NAS maritime
archaeology training program, expressed a desire
to obtain baseline data to assist with the
development of a management program. As a
result, the precise locations of the sites were not
announced to the public, and an informal
arrangement was made with the team to take
interested divers along with them if they
contributed to data gathering.
The discovery in 2007 of the SS Alert (1893) in
80metres depth just over 3 nautical miles from the
coast of Victoria, and within sight of the very
popular Shipwreck Graveyard wrecks forced
Heritage Victoria to take a new approach to
managing this deepwater site. The Commonwealth
Government declared a protected zone around the
Alert within 6 weeks of its discovery, prohibiting all
access without a permit. An annual permit was
issued to SOE to enable them to gather baseline
data, with a provision to allow any other divers to
join the team as long as their names were
recorded with Heritage Victoria and one of the two
permit holders was present.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and
program in science, technology, and society
Brendan Foley, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution and Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
(WHOI)
is
pioneering
new
international
collaborations and novel scientific methods for
maritime archaeology. WHOI deep submergence
technology brings the entire sea floor and its
artefacts within view of archaeologists, regardless
of water depth (to 11,000 m). Our goal is to
develop techniques and technologies to speed
information extraction from sites, in order to
increase the number of sites available for scientific
study. Dr. Brendan Foley will report on several
new techniques developed at WHOI in partnership
with Greek and Swedish scientists: identification of
the original contents of empty amphoras from
remnant ancient DNA; rapid survey of wrecks with
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles; colour digital
photomosaicking; precision acoustic site mapping
with multibeam sonar; and chemical mapping of
wrecks through in situ mass spectrometery.
Feedback from the technical diving community
revealed some displeasure at this arrangement.
Non-SOE members felt like they were being
deliberately excluded from diving these newly
discovered sites, and that Heritage Victoria was
showing unfair favouritism to the team. Anecdotal
reports indicated that other deepwater wrecks
were being discovered but not reported for fear of
the divers being prohibited from visiting them.
In February 2008 Heritage Victoria ran a
community engagement forum for technical (trimix) divers to participate in the development of
management policy for Victoria’s deepwater
shipwreck sites. At least half of the participants
were not members of SOE, opening and
encouraging dialogue with divers who had not
previously been in contact with the state
government. This paper discusses the challenges
facing Heritage Victoria in managing the
deepwater shipwreck resource and outlines the
results of the forum.
89
ENGAGING THE PUBLIC
Direct public involvement in archaeology
underwater
Dave Parham, Bournemouth University and Mike
Williams, University of Wolverhampton / South
West Maritime Archaeological Group
The
driving
force
behind
archaeological
investigation is the publics interest in their past,
indeed the funding for archaeology, be it public or
private ultimately stems from this interest. It’s a
paradox therefore that in a world where the
content of TV documentaries would suggest that
public interest in archaeology underwater is at all
time high that public funding is reducing.
The UK has a long and proud tradition of active
public involvement in archaeology dating back to
the 19th century, nowhere is this more prevalent
today than underwater. Yet this involvement is
controversial. Some would have us believe that it
reduces standards, patronises avocationals and
helps prevent the development of a professional
cadre. But is this the case?
The majority of the work conducted on the UK’s
protected wreck sites is undertaken by amateurs,
a case in point is the work undertaken by the
Southwest Maritime Archaeological Group, a
group of unpaid archaeologists who have over the
last 17 years made a number of important
discoveries and undertaken long term investigation
with spectacular results. Their work has provided
tangible evidence of the much discussed but never
before
physically
witnessed
south-western
prehistoric tin trade, provided evidence of early
connections between North West Europe and the
Mediterranean and unique evidence of 17th
century connections between Europe and North
Africa as well as the more mundane issues such
as the coastal movement of building materials in
Edwardian Britain. This has not been achieved
alone, in addition to their own research the group
work is partnership with their paid colleagues and
other researchers who provide a supporting
network within which the group operates.
This paper presents the pros and cons of such an
approach to work of this nature and suggests how
this model can be used to provide a quantifiable,
cost effective and highly effective component of
the Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage.
Marine wreck tourism
Iwona Pomian Polish Maritime Museum
More and more intense development of skin diving
has been observed in Poland since mid nineties.
Considering the natural conditions (cold water,
poor transparency, flora and fauna hardly
differentiated in comparison with other seas),
wreck diving is one of the greater attractions of the
Polish seawaters. Thanks to the low salting level
of the Baltic Sea, wrecks are preserved in a much
better condition than in other regions.
Unfortunately, uncontrolled access to the wrecks
may lead to irreversible damage in a very short
time and, finally, result in the material reduction of
their value as a tourist attraction and, in some
cases, historical objects. The Polish Maritime
Museum is an institution committed, in particular,
to the research and protection of the underwater
cultural heritage of the Baltic Sea. Observing the
rapid increase in the interest in shipwrecks, we
decided to join the process of creation of
professional wreck tourism from the scratch. In our
opinion, ‘professional’ means not only safe and
attractive but also guaranteeing good maintenance
of resources of the underwater museum of the
Baltic Sea.
Most of the historical wrecks within the Gdansk
Bay in Pomeranian district are protected by low
and closed for scuba divers. Underwater parks are
one of the way to show to the public the unique
piece of Baltic maritime heritage.
With effect of last several years works, of bases
aiming at the creature of the professional
underwater cultural tourism is there a project
‘Wrack Tourism – Marine Baltic Heritage’ are
leaning which assumption and acting oneself on
two strategic destinations: Development of
foundations of the permanent development of
wreck tourism in the Baltic Sea Improved
knowledge and awareness of the effective
management and protection of the maritime
heritage in the context of its availability for the
needs of wreck tourism. Chief addressees are skin
divers interested in wreck tourism and also
individuals who practice widely understood water
sports. Project implementation will begin as of May
2008 and will be based on three key components:
Project management Education Information
Project Management: This part mainly consists of
meetings between the partners committed to the
project. These partners are: the Polish Maritime
Museum (CMM) Seaside communes: Hel, Sopot,
Gdańsk Diving organizations – PTTK Underwater
Activity Commission, National Defense League,
Diving carriers Cooperation: Marine Administration
in Gdynia (GUM), Hydrographic Bureau of the
Navy (BHMW) Sea Border Guards The project
provides for a cycle of partner meetings aimed at
the exchange of experience and development of
the essential aspects of the training for diving
centres and carriers. Education: This part of the
project contains the planned essential training for
diving centres and carriers (immediate organizers
of dives) and communes. The training will cover
the following issues: Maritime cultural heritage of
the Baltic Sea Provisions, regulations and
90
resolutions relating to underwater activities
Regulations concerning the protection of the
cultural heritage The training courses will use,
among others, the materials prepared under the
project completed in 2006 within the Operational
Program of the Ministry of Culture and National
Heritage ‘Inventorying of maritime archaeological
stations’. The goal of the task was to create the
documentation of selected maritime archaeological
stations in order to complete the procedure of
entry to the register of historical objects. As a
result, a complete documentation was prepared for
11 stations located in the Gdansk Bay as well as
along the Hel Peninsula. The documentation
includes the archival query, the analysis of impact
of the natural environment on the preservation of
selected archaeological stations, hydrographic
documentation containing cartographic elaboration
of bathometric and sonar measurements of the
analyzed shipwrecks or their relics. The drawings
and photographic documentation were updated in
the course of the inventorying of the stations.
Information:
The work done under this component will
concentrate on the creation of the information
network relating to wreck tourism on pilot ‘wreck
trails’ .
The preparation of guides and the introduction of
shore information points will provide access to the
underwater attractions to representatives of other
form of tourism. The following activities will
contribute to the development of the ‘information
network’: Preparation of the material for: shore
information boards, a guide to the wrecks, a
manual for divers prepared on an example of a
similar British manual issued by the Nautical
Archaeology Policy Committee, multimedia
presentation for multimedia information points
(kiosks). Publication of the above-mentioned
information materials and the purchase of boards
and other information carriers – multimedia
information points (kiosks). Expected results
Widespread and systematic availability and
popularization of marine topics would considerably
strengthen the position of the Pomeranian region
thanks to its unique tourist offer. The
popularization of the fact of existence of wrecks by
the Polish shoreline would direct the attention to
the problems relating to their use and protection,
and would also increase the share of the wreck
tourism in the Pomeranian tourist market. In the
situation of a drastic reduction in the fishery fleet,
the creation of a new tourist attraction
characteristic for seaside communes only would
make it possible for some fishermen to stay ‘at
sea’ after being retrained to such an activity. It is
worth remembering that it is them who lived on the
sea for generation who know best where wrecks
are located on the sea bottom and, seeing the
benefits resulting from their good condition, could
considerably contribute to the true protection of the
underwater cultural heritage.
A strategy for cultural tourism and protection
of the underwater cultural heritage –
introducing a ‘Swedish’ dive park concept
Andreas Olsson, Swedish Maritime Museums
The numbers of scuba divers in the Baltic Sea
region are probably several hundreds of
thousands and the numbers are also increasing.
Most scuba divers in this region dive on
shipwrecks, making them an extensive and unique
heritage consumer group. The increasing numbers
of Scuba divers, in combination with the well
preserved and extensive underwater cultural
heritage of the Baltic Sea, represents a great
potential for cultural tourism. The development of
scuba diving is a strong motivation for conducting
underwater cultural heritage management.
The result of extensive scuba diving is however
also unintentional wear or damages as well as
looting. This situation is not acceptable and in
some cases, to assure a protection, the only
option seems to be diving prohibitions. This paper
aims to present a strategy for the increased
protection of the under water cultural heritage and
the promotion of a sustainable under water cultural
tourism in Sweden through a dive park concept.
Hands-on in the field: public engagement
through involvement
Julie Satchell, Hampshire and Wight Trust for
The Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime
Archaeology has been undertaking research led
fieldwork in the Solent area of the UK for the past
15 years. This work has involved the investigation
of a wide range of sites underwater and in the
inter-tidal zone, which range from submerged
prehistoric occupation sites through to remains of
World War two vessels on the foreshore. All of
these activities have involved teams which mix
professional archaeologists with volunteers and
students. Such active engagement of a broad
range of people within marine archaeological
investigations helps fulfil the HWTMA core
objective ‘To promote interest, research and
knowledge of Maritime Archaeology in the UK,
with core activities based in the Solent and Sea
Wight Area’.
This paper will explore the HWTMA experience of
providing a range of hands-on opportunities for
direct public involvement in maritime archaeology.
A number of case studies will be presented to
examine issues including frameworks for
supporting volunteer groups, developing projects
to involve volunteers in diving archaeology,
balancing archaeological results with the
‘volunteer experience’ and opportunities offered
through inter-tidal work. Sites and projects
91
featured will be:
•
•
•
•
Shipwreck sites: the Eastern Solent Marine
Archaeology Project and Warship Hazardous
The submerged Mesolithic occupation site and
palaeolandscape at Bouldnor Cliff
The Alum Bay and Needles Dive Trails
Intertidal recording on the River Hamble
Experience of developing and delivering these
projects will be drawn upon to consider issues
involved with harnessing the vast enthusiasm for
marine heritage for successful site investigations
and the need to expand the number of
professional maritime archaeologists available to
support such work.
The shipwrecks of la Natière: a French leading
excavation site
Michel L'Hour Département des Recherches
Archéologiques Subaquatiques et Sous-Marines
The two shipwrecks of La Natière, dating from the
first half of the 18th century, were discovered in
1995 near the historical city of Saint-Malo,
Brittany. Since 1999, ten archaeological field
seasons have been carried out transforming this
ambitious research project into a nationwide
leading excavation site where many young
international professionals have come to gain
valuable training and experience. This project has
also drawn the attention of the media
(newspapers, radio, and television) and has been
the theme of several documentary films. Every
year, the general public is invited to attend open
house days held at the research centre to meet
with our team of specialists and archaeologists.
Such events always generate a massive turnout,
up to a thousand visitors in one afternoon! The
vast collection of artefacts recovered from the
shipwrecks is now on display in many
archaeological exhibitions. The excavation project
of La Natiere has helped raising the interest of the
general public as well as making aware the local
authorities about the importance of underwater
cultural heritage and its protection. To this end and
to support the project, various funds have been
granted by the French Ministry of Culture, region
Bretagne, départment and the city of Saint-Malo.
Michel L'Hour - Elisabeth Veyrat
92
NEW APPROACHES TO WRECK MANAGEMENT
Managing cultural heritage underwater
Martijn Manders, RACM
In 2006 seven countries, Belgium, England,
Germany, The Netherlands (projectleader RACM),
Sweden, Poland and Portugal, started a project
under the European Culture 2000 programme. The
aim of the MACHU project was to develop tools for
the management of underwater cultural heritage.
This is going to be achieved with a website and a
web based GIS (geographic Information System)
e.g.
combining
administrative,
legislative,
historical, archaeological and geophysical data.
The website has been especially developed for the
general public while the GIS is going to be used by
scientists and policy makers. The project is now
well on its way and during the IKUWA 3
conference the project group will demonstrate the
website and the pilot GIS. We will show how the
system works, how it can be of use for the different
stakeholders in maritime archaeology and for
specific project and how the project group will
proceed. More information on the MACHU project
can be found on www.machuproject.eu.
Civilising the Rude Sea: assessing risk to
protected historic wreck sites
Mark Dunkley, English Heritage
The application of risk in relation to archaeological
sites in England has previously been addressed
through English Heritage’s 1998 Monuments at
Risk Survey (MARS). The MARS project noted
that a potential cause of harm to an archaeological
site or monument is known as a hazard and that
the effects of a hazard upon archaeological
deposits equate to a measure of risk. ‘Risk’ in this
context therefore means uncertainty of outcome.
The unpredictable nature of the historic
environment makes the identification and
management of risk characteristically difficult to
anticipate, particularly as risks to maritime
archaeological sites have been identified as being
derived from both environmental and human
impacts.
Wreck sites may contain the remains of vessels,
their fittings, armaments, cargo and other
associated objects or deposits and they may merit
legal protection if they contribute significantly to
our understanding of our maritime past. The UK
Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 empowers the
appropriate Secretary of State to designate a
restricted area around a vessel if he/she is
satisfied that, on account of the historical,
archaeological or artistic importance of the vessel,
or its contents or former contents, the site ought to
be protected from unauthorised interference. A
protected wreck site is therefore one afforded
statutory protection under the Protection of Wrecks
Act 1973.
However, it is accepted that all historic wreck sites
are at risk simply because of the nature of their
environment. This paper therefore outlines a
proposed methodology for the field assessment of
risk to historic wreck sites to understand their
current management patterns, their likely future
trajectory and how that can be influenced to
ensure their significance is maintained for both
present and future generations.
Deepwater preservation and management of
archaeological remains.
Presentation of
the DePMAR Project
Fredrik Skoglund, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU) and Elizabeth E Peacock,
Göteborg University
The deepwater areas in Northwest Europe are
being increasingly exploited and utilised especially
for energy resources such as oil and gas. Massive
and extensive pipelines are being laid in addition
to offshore platforms and other installations. This
multi-focused activity repeatedly comes into
conflict with the underwater cultural heritage,
especially shipwrecks.
Through underwater surveys shipwrecks and other
archaeological remains are being located,
investigated and documented. But what are we
looking for? What types of remains can we
anticipate being preserved in/on the seabed at
different sites, and in what state of preservation?
Furthermore, how can we protect them there
where they lie?
Norway’s coastal waters present some of the most
extreme and difficult conditions for in-situ
preservation in the seabed. This is due to such
diverse factors as wave-energy, high salinity
content and the imminent presence of teredo
navalis. The conditions for preservation of
archaeological remains are better in deepwater
environments, but we know too little about site
formation processes and the actual agents of
preservation at these depths.
The DePMAR Project aims to investigate these
and other questions pertinent to the preservation
of
archaeological
remains
in
deepwater
environments, and provide tools for use in
developing informed management strategies for
underwater cultural heritage located at greater
depths. DePMAR combines forces building upon
the extensive experience gained thus far both in
deepwater marine archaeological exploration and
ROV technology by the Norwegian University of
Science and Technology (NTNU), and in the
preservation and management of underwater
archaeological remains by the Marstrand Reburial
93
Project (RAAR) consortium.
DePMAR seeks to gain insight into how and under
what circumstances archaeological materials are
preserved at various depths at different sites, and
how quickly equilibrium is established. A range of
organic and inorganic materials will be buried on
and below the seabed at two deepwater sites in
central Norway. Both sites will be at depths
between 150 and 200m. One will be an exposed
site along the Norwegian coast; whereas, the other
will be more protected within a fjord. Samples will
be recovered on a progressive timescale of 1, 2, 4,
8, 16 and 32 years and analysed. Results will
relate to depth of burial within the sediments,
duration of burial and site location.
This paper will present the initial phases of this
long-term project: the challenges and possibilities.
It will also address vital issues regarding our
knowledge of preservation in deepwater
environments, the benefits of increased knowledge
and how this can inform management of the
underwater cultural heritage at deepwater depths.
Aircraft crash sites at sea
Euan McNeill and Graham
Archaeology
Scott,
Wessex
Marine aggregate dredging off the English coast
has recently led to the discovery of a series of
aircraft remains which are being reported through
the BMAPA/English Heritage reporting schemes.
Both coherent and dispersed sites have been
found and it is likely that further sites will continue
to be found in areas subject to dredging.
Discoveries of this type often lead to the creation
of Temporary Exclusion Zones around the sites
concerned. This can have serious consequences
for the dredging industry as it creates operational
restrictions over extensive areas that are
otherwise licensed for aggregate extraction.
The potential number of aircraft crash sites in
territorial waters around the coast of England is
very high. However the limited research that has
already taken place has demonstrated that the
number and composition of currently known sites
is not representative of the total resource. This
resource comprises not only military aircraft of
multiple nationalities from both World Wars of the
20th century, but also civil and other military crash
sites from throughout the history of aviation.
The scale and importance of this archaeological
resource and the potential consequences of its
discovery on the seabed within areas subject to
aggregate extraction are therefore presenting
serious challenges to the marine aggregate
dredging industry, to the archaeologists who
advise them and to the archaeologists who advise
the industry regulator.
As a result English Heritage have commissioned a
scoping study to identify gaps in data and current
archaeological understanding relating to aircraft
crash sites at sea. This will enable this
archaeological resource to be managed more
effectively, reducing the adverse impact of
dredging on the sites and vice versa. The study
will be carried out in late 2007 by Wessex
Archaeology and will be funded through the
Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund.
This paper will examine the results of this study
and the guidance and recommendations that it
produces.
The forgotten fleet – protecting 20th century
shipwrecks
Mark Beattie-Edwards, Nautical Archaeology
Society
As a result of a review of UK heritage protection
completed in 2007 the Department for Culture
Media and Sport have committed, as part of a
Marine White paper, to developing an ‘improved
UK wide system of marine heritage protection’
(DCMS 2007). In order to do this the UK
government intends to ‘review the range of
maritime heritage that can be protected’ and
suggests that ‘there will be no age limit for marine
historic assets to be considered for designation’
(DCMS 2007).
In light of this review this paper will highlight the
opportunity that intact 20th century historic wreck
presents to the heritage sector in facilitating the
engagement public. It will demonstrate the role
that these sites can play in both education
provision and pubic access. The paper will argue
that whilst the UK Protection of Wrecks Act (1973)
remains (and probably will remain) the principle
legislation used to protect and manage historic
material on the seabed, licensed public access
must remain a cornerstone of any associated
heritage management strategy.
Finally the paper will argue that paramount in the
success of such a strategy must be the use of
sites like Holland 5, the A1 and other examples of
maritime heritage such as the scuttled German
High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow to engage the nondiving public through the use of museum
exhibitions, the internet and multimedia material
such as webcams and podcasts that will allow a
worldwide audience to also visit this hidden
heritage.
Department for Culture Media and Sport, 2007,
Heritage Protection for the 21st Century. The
Stationary Office, Norwich/London
94

ikuwa3 - Nautical Archaeology Society

Transcription

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