33 years later (1978 – 2011) Catalogue

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(The landing at Panzós,
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2 m. x 1.5 m.
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Julio Camey Herrera,
Adolfo “Fito” Mijangos López,
Rafael Piedra Santa Arandi,
Alfonso Bauer Paiz.
s,
de Panzós
1978:
29
Adelina Caal (Mama Maquín), Abelardo Ac Caal, Alfredo Choca, Andrés Chub, Andrés Rax, Antonio Sub,
Apolonio Tux, Bartolomé Chun Chub, Bartolomé Chub Chun, Bartolomeo Sacul Chun, Domingo Cac, Domingo
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Francisco Tzalam, Hilario Choc Pop, José Chen Ac, José Coc Pop, José Maquín, José Xol Coc, José Yat Chun,
Juan Ché, Juan Cuz, Juan Meza, Lorenzo Choc Cuz, Manuel Cabral Tzi, Marcelino Cuz Choc, María Luisa
Cabnal, Marcos Choc, Mena Chun, Miguel Cahuec, Miguel Quib, Norberto Chub Choc, Pablo Call Chun,
Pablo Cuz Mo, Pablo Rax, Paulino Cuz Mo, Pedro Caal, Pedro Maqui, Ricardo Bac Chub, Roberto Ical Choc,
Sabina Tuc Xo, Sabino Cuz Coc, Santiago Choc, Santiago Ché, Santiago Seb Caal, Santiago Seb Ché, Tomás
Chen Quib, Tomás Coc.
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CentrEP%mIrica
U.S. INTERVENTION
President Árbenz initiated a series of reforms that sought to remedy disproportionate
land distribution and the uneven exploitation of natural resources. In 1949 Congress
produced Decree 659, which took the suggestions put forth by the Minister of the
Economy and Labor of that period, the lawyer and politician Alfonso Bauer PaLz, who
tried to respond to the detrimental effects of the growing monopoly held by the United
Fruit Company in Guatemala. The reforms embraced by President Árbenz were cut off
prematurely by an intervention organized by the U.S. Department of State, which resulted
in the overthrow of Árbenz in 1954 and his substitution with the hand-picked figure of
Carlos Castillo Armas. It was during the latter’s government that we saw the enactment
of Decree 272, which facilitated mineral exploitation on a grand scale and established
that:
a. taxes would rise;
b. the tradition of parceling out square kilometers to be explored conveniently
dovetailed with the interests of the concerned party;
c. the edict that “it will not be necessary identify in detail the place or places that
will be explored or the names of the landowners;”
d. exploration permits “must stipulate the principlHs” that would govern the resource
extraction.
3UHVLGHQWJacobo Árbenz Guzmán
ca. 1954
Private Collection
According to expert economist Rafael Piedra Santa Arandi, the intent of clauses b and
c are incompatible with one another.
27
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Mining Concessions
to the East of Guatemala
1965-2005
This map highlights the locations of the mining
concessions granted by various military
regimes to EXMIBAL (Compañía de Exploraciones y Explotaciones de Izabal), the Guatemalan subsidiary of the International Nickel Company (INCO) of Canada. These concessions
changed hands in December of 2004 to
become the property of Skye Resources, the
headquarters of the “Guatemalan” nickel
company. In 2008 Skye Resources and its concessions were acquired by HudBay Minerals of
Canada.
The map also points out the mineral concessions relinquished sincethe year 2000 to the
Canadian firm (based in Vancouver) once
known as Chesbar Resources and now called
Jaguar Nickel. The amount of land in the hands
of the mining companies in the region has
approximately doubled in size since 1965.
Governments during the operations
of EXMIBAL 1960 -1981
Period
“President”
1958–1963
1963–1966
1966–1970
1970–1974
General Miguel Idigoras Fuentes
Colonel Enrique Peralta Azurdia
Julio César Méndez Montenegro
Colonel Carlos Manuel Arana
Osorio
General Kjell Eugenio Laugerud
García
General Romero Lucas García
1974–1978
1978–1982
34
3 Type of
Rule
Military
Military
Civilian
Military
Military
Military
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Members of the Commission for the
DAY OF MOURNING AND OPPOSITION
Study of Foreign Investments in Guatemala
On 26 November 1970, Julio Camey Herrera, lawyer and
democratic politician, fell at the hands of three assassins. That
very same day, someone ransacked the headquarters of the
Association of University Students in Zone 1 of the capital city.
On 30 November 1970, Alfonso Bauer Paiz, lawyer and university
professor, was injured by an assault from several unknown individuals
carrying firearms. He survived not only this initial barrage of bullets
but also a second attempt on his life while he was recuperating in
the Social Security hospital.
Sepelio del Diputado
Oscar Adolfo
“Fito” Mijangos
López. \Photo Library CIRMA
On 13 January 1971, Oscar Adolfo Mijangos López, an expert
in international law, university professor, and congressional
representative, was assassinated four blocks away from the
Presidential Palace. His death provoked expressions of public
consternation and protests against the government of Arana Osorio.
At approximately seven at night 13 January 1971, at a time when the
state of siege was still in force throughout the country, Oscar Adolfo
Mijangos López left his private offices, located in the Horizontal building
at the intersection of the 4th Avenue and 9th Street in Zone 1 of the capital.
López was getting ready to enter his car from his wheelchair with the
help of his driver Marco Vinicio Ramírez when three men dressed in leather
jackets and woven reed hats, and carrying handguns, approached on foot
and shot the professor in the back from point blank range, twelve times,
resulting in his instantaneous death. Marco Vinicio Ramírez ended up only
lightly wounded.
On 12 February 1971, INCO, through its subsidiary EXMIBAL, signed a new contract
with the Guatemalan government, granting the military regime 30 percent of the
After the assassination, the professor’s family members demanded an
stocks in its mining transactions in the Lake Izabal area.
investigation while suggesting publically that President Arana Osorio was
On 8 May 1971, Rafael Pidra Santa Arandi, Dean of Economics at
USAC, facing constant death threats, left Guatemala to live in exile
for 15 years.
to blame for the act. They were forced to stop pursuing legal action in the
face of threats. The courts only ever took symbolic measures.
.
Illustrative Case No. 100, Arbitrary execution of Oscar Adolfo Mijangos López, Deputy to the Congress of the Republic
CEH, Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio
In July of 1974, General Kjell Laugerud García was elected President, and on
12 July 1977, he presided over the inauguration of the pyrometallurgical plant of
EXMIBAL. In February 1978, the General proudly announced the first shipment
of nickel to the United Kingdom.
38
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The Sun
cloth
.
.
Marlon García Arriaga
2005
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Anonymous
El Imparcial,
June, 1978.
Government truck with
bodies of victims of the
massacre of 29 May 1978.
“After the massacre, the military prohibited access to the plaza. In the afternoon, municipal authorities ordered the removal of the cadavers. Members of the army members
placed them in a blue, municipal, dump truck and transported them to a location near the
public cemetery, and with a tractor. With a tractor, they dug a pit, where they placed the
bodies.”
(Commission for the Clarification of History, Guatemala: 0HPRULDGHO6LOHQFLR 1999)
The military repression subsequent to the massacre was such that the Q’eqchi’ campesinos
refrained from organizing any public demonstration in the succeeding years.
4
The official account of events, as published in
the Diario de Centro América two days after
the massacre, attributes responsibility to the
Q’eqchi’ campesinos. According to the
official count, 2,000 campesinos attacked the
army, and the soldiers were forced to defend
themselves. General Otto Spiegler, then
Minister of National Defense, publically held
the Catholic Church culpable for the Panzós
massacre as, according to his reasoning, they
had incited the campesinos to protest. Later,
Sister Raimunda Alonso was expelled from the
country, accused of involvement in political
activities.
La Tarde
5
Mario Adler
1978
As a way to denounce the
Panzós Massacre, the Association of University Students
(AEU) from the University of
San Carlos called for a protest through the streets of
Guatemala City on 1 June
1978. Several thousand
people answered the call,
demanding that a university
commission, the Red Cross,
and independent journalists
be allowed to visit Panzós.
The Exhumation
On 29 May 1997, nineteen years after the massacre, the Panzós Widows’ Committee, in conjunction with the Association of Detained and Disappeared Relatives in
Guatemala (FAMDEGUA), condemned the existence of a hidden cemetery in their
town to the Guatemalan authorities. In September of 1997, the unearthing of the
victims was authorized. The Guatemalan Foundation for Forensic Anthropology
(FAFG) performed the exhumation of the remains of 35 people, who were buried in
two mass graves after having died as a result of the events of 29 May 29 1978
of the
Marlon García Arriaga
The reuniting: The deceased and their
surviving loved ones finally reunited during
the exhumation process that took place
between September and October of 1997.
The clandestine grave: according to
witnesses, the protestors who were assassinated during the massacre at the plaza
had come to “reclaim their land…and to
try to find an answer. They never thought
they would come here to die.”
47
The comment of one survivor about the contents of the grave:
“Bottles, flashlights, shoes, shirts, pants, indigenous women’s blouses, hats, staffs,
backpacks, water bottles…and people.”
A survivor narrates: “I saw the people die, falling one on top of another. I
listened to the shots flying above by my head. I threw myself on the road, feigning death and keeping my head down. I stayed there alongside people who
were still moving.”
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