Dipole Localization - Home
Transcription
Dipole Localization - Home
Dipole Localization EEG with MRI In the past, most Neurosurgical Ways were dangerous and had many Sid effects on the patients. Nowadays, this ways are rapidly changed by using image & signal processing technology, Researchers often combine EEg of brain electrical activity with MRI scans to better pinpoint the location of the activity within the brain, so the biomedical developers use patient's MRI images and EEG signals within a software program that determine the brain activity accurately, this program will confirm the neurosurgeons diagnosis. This book provides an introduction to an accurate neuro-diagnosis; it contains basic principles of some biomedical topics such as: Brian anatomy, neurophysiology, EEG, Brain imaging, Brain color mapping and EEG power Spectrum. Through this book we tried to make the reader capable of understanding new topics with a simpler meaning. We aim to give the neuro-physician an insight into the optimal use of EEG in neurological diagnosis, in some illness cases such as epilepsy or a brain cancer; physicians should confirm their diagnosis especially if it is necessary to a surgically treatment to brain cancer or epileptic patients. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ١ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI We wish to express our sincere appreciation to our supervisors. The special thanks are due to: Prof. Dr. Eng. Mohammed Ibraheem Al-Adawy Dr. Eng. Mohammed El-Dosoky They give us more experiences to solve our problems. We would like to acknowledge everybody help us in the preparation of this project. We are grateful to: Eng. Hazem M.Abd El-Rahman Eng. Haitham M. Mahmoud They give us the project's idea, important related information and some data we use. We also are grateful to: Eng. Hussien Auf Hussien Eng. Mahmoud Rabee Eng. Hisham Diab Eng. Haitham Abd Al-Latif We learn from them much information about Visual Studio.net And also thanks to: Dr. Aan Ali Abd Al-kader Eng. Shaimaa Eng. Mohammed Ali They give us some bio-information and data. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٢ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI ● Asmaa Abu-Baker El-sayed [email protected] ● Asmaa Samy Hussien [email protected] ● Eman Magdy Abd Al-Naby [email protected] ● Haitham Salah Ahmed [email protected] ● Mahmoud Ibraheem El-Gendy [email protected] ● Tamer Abdel-Dayem Essayed [email protected] Mail Group: [email protected] Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٣ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Part one Important Biomedical Information Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٤ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Chapter 1 Brain Anatomy & Neurophysiology Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٥ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. Flowchart of nervous system. 3. Central Nervous System (CNS). 4. Neuron Structure. 5. The transmission of the nerve impulse. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٦ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 1. Introduction: The brain (central nervous system) is essential to our survival, it integrates, regulates, initiates, and controls functions in the whole body. The brain governs thinking, personality, mood, the senses, and physical action. We can speak, move, remember, and feel emotions and physical sensations because of the complex interplay of chemical and electrical processes that take place in our brains. The human brain is made up of billions of nerve cells, called neurons that share information with one another through a large array of biological and chemical signals. Neurons communicate with each other and with sense organs by producing and releasing special chemicals called neurotransmitters. As a neuron receives messages from surrounding cells, an electrical charge (nerve impulse) builds up within the cell. The brain performs an incredible number of tasks: • It controls body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate and breathing. • It accepts a flood of information about the world around you from your various senses (eyes, ears, nose, etc...). • • It handles physical motion when walking, talking, standing or setting. It lets you think, dream, reason and experience emotions. All of these tasks are coordinated, controlled and regulated by an organ that is about the size of a small head of cauliflower. Your brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves make up a complex, integrated information-processing and control system. The scientific study of the brain and nervous system is called neuroscience or neurobiology. The brain is responsible for all our activity thinking, learning, dreaming, and also love. While we are sleeping we can dream which is meaning that the brain works all time. Beside it is look like the microprocessor it also has a memory which no one can know where it is laying in the brain. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٧ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 2. Flowchart of Nervous System: Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٨ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 3. Central Nervous System: The nervous system is a complex interconnection of nervous tissue that is concerned with the integration and control of all bodily functions. The nervous system is generally considered the most complex bodily system. It is divided into several major divisions distinguished by anatomy (structure and location) and physiology (function), including the following: 1. Central nervous system (CNS), which is enclosed within the skull and vertebral column - brain and spinal cord. 2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of nervous tissue outside the skull and vertebral column-periphery (extremity) of the body. Subdivisions of the PNS include: Somatic system, which supplies sensory motor and sensory fibers to the skin and skeletal muscles. Autonomic nervous system, which supplies smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands in the body viscera. The sympathetic (stimulatory) system causes organ changes that help the body resist stress. The parasympathetic (inhibitory) system maintains normal function and conserves body resources. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٩ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Structure and function of central nervous system The brain is "a large soft mass of nerve tissue contained within the cranium, encephalon". Three major structures compose the brain: 1-The brain stem – automatic vital system control 2-The cerebellum – involuntary muscle control. 3-The cerebrum – voluntary movement, sensation, and intelligence. Cerebral Cortex Cerebral hemisphere Corpus Callosum Midbrain Diencephalons (Thalamus + Hypothalamus) Pons Spinal Cord Cerebellum Medulla Oblongata Brain stem The brain stem consists of the medulla (oblongata), pons, midbrain, and diencephalons. Brain stem Medulla Pons Mid-brain Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ١٠ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI A) Medulla: Automatically controls heart rate and breathing. (Actually, most essential life systems are controlled here). Reflex functions such as coughing, sneezing and vomiting are associated with the medulla. Indeed, one modern definition of clinical death is the absence of lower brain EEG activity. B) Pons: Is about 2.5 cm long and forms a noticeable bulge on the anterior surface of the brain stem. It functions as a relay station for motor respiratory and auditory fibers from cerebrum and cerebellum. Other impulses from eye movement, head muscles, and taste sensors also pass through here. C) The mid-brain: Is a wedge shaped portion of the stem. Midbrain tissues function as a motor relay station for fibers passing from the cerebrum to the cord and cerebellum. Integration of visual and auditory reflexes, including those concerned with avoiding objects, also occur here. Cerebellum: Is the second largest portion of the brain (the cerebrum is the largest) and, essentially, integrates incoming sensory messages to provide smooth body muscle movements, balance, and equilibrium. This portion of the brain has an outer cortex of gray matter and an inner medulla composed of white matter. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ١١ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Cerebrum: Cerebrum Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe The cerebrum consists of the cortex, large fiber tracts (corpus callosum) and some deeper structures. It integrates information from all of the sense organs, initiates motor functions, controls emotions and holds memory and thought processes. Frontal Lobe: involved in motor skills (including speech) and cognitive functions. • Vision &Reading Occipital Lobe: receives and processes visual information directly from the eyes and relates this information to the parietal lobe and motor cortex (frontal lobe) Vision &Reading Parietal Lobe: The parietal lobe receives and processes all somatosensory input from the body (touch, pain). The rear of the parietal lobe (next to the temporal lobe) has a section called Wernicke's area, which is important for understanding the sensory (auditory and visual) information associated with language. Damage to this area of the brain produces what is called "sensory aphasia," in which patients cannot understand language but can still produce sounds. • • • • • • Sense of touch (tactile sensation) Appreciation of form through touch (stereo gnosis) Response to internal stimuli (proprioception) Sensory combination and comprehension Some language and reading functions Some visual functions Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ١٢ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Temporal Lobe: The temporal lobe processes auditory information from the ears. • • • • • Auditory memories Some hearing &Visual memories Some vision pathways &Other memory Music &Fear Some language &Some speech Cerebrum consists of two hemispheres: Right Hemisphere (the representational hemisphere) • • • • The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body Temporal and spatial relationships Analyzing nonverbal information Communicating emotion Left Hemisphere (the categorical hemisphere) • • The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body Produce and understand language Corpus Callosum: Communication between the left and right side of the brain Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ١٣ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Gray matter: The cerebrum contains the gray matter (neurons with no myelinated) and white matter (myelinated neurons that enter and leave the cortex). Generators of electric field which can be registered by scalp electrodes are groups of neurons with uniformly oriented dendrites. The neurons permanently receive impulses from other neurons. These signals affect dendrite synapses inducing excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Currents derived from synapses move through the dendrites and cell body to a trigger zone in the axon base and pass through the membrane to the extracellular space along the way. EEG is a result of summation of potentials derived from the mixture of extracellular currents generated by populations of neurons. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ١٤ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 4. Neuron Structure: Neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system, It contains: 1-Cell body (soma): It contains organelles such as (Nucleus-endoplasmic reticulum – Golgiapparatus (metabolic center)). Cytoplasm of the cell body is characteristic by present of nissal bodies for oxygen storage. 2-dendrites: It like as a Branched processes extended from cytoplasm of the cell body. Receive stimuli and conduct impulse to cell body. 3- Axon: (nerve fiber) The nerve impulse travels in one direction only from dendrites to nerve endings. The axon extends the entire length of the nerve cell, and some are surrounded by a myelin sheath (segmented insulating covering). The conduction pulse results in a wave of depolarization (action potential) similar to that presented for heart muscle. Nerve conduction is in one direction only (constant speed) from dendrites through axon to nerve endings. The sensory nerves carried to the brain are known as afferent nerves, and the ones carried away from the brain are called efferent nerves. Nerves switch on and off in such a manner as to cause abrupt changes in cell voltages. In effect, this nerve impulse switching is similar to electronic digital circuit logic. Several nerve cells may be required to conduct before a triggering threshold is reaching. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ١٥ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 5. The transmission of the nerve impulse: In neurons, information passes from dendrites through the cell body and down the axon. This is easy to remember because when you pick up an object, the sensation travels from your fingers through your hand, and down your arm. Transmission of information through the neurone is an electrical process. The passage of a nerve impulse starts at a dendrite; it then travels through the cell body, down the axon to an axon terminal. Axon terminals lie close to the dendrites of neighbouring neurones. When the nerve impulse reaches an axon terminal it causes the release of a chemical (called a neurotransmitter) that travels across the gap (the synapse) between a terminal and the dendrite of the neighbouring neurone. Neurotransmitters stick to receptors in the neighbouring dendrite and trigger a nerve impulse that travels down the dendrite, across the cell body, down the axon etc. Our behaviour is the consequence of millions of cells talking to each other via these chemical and electrical processes. The synaptic junction between neurons: 1. Bridging the information gap between neurons Neurotransmitters are responsible for transmitting information across the synaptic gap between neurons. Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles. When action potentials are conducted down an axon: • Synaptic vesicles attach themselves to the presynaptic membrane, then • Break open and spill neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. • Neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft attach to postsynaptic receptor sites and trigger an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane • Some neurotransmitter attaches to presynaptic receptors (auto receptors) located on the membrane (pre-synaptic membrane) of the cell that originally released them. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ١٦ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 2.' Mopping up' after information transmission This image illustrates the main events thought to be involved after transmitters have been released into the synaptic cleft. Transmitters become detached from receptors and either: diffuse through extracellular fluid (red transmitter), or • undergo reuptake (blue transmitter), or • are broken down by enzymes (yellow transmitter) • Reflex action in the human involves many reflex arcs. A nervous reflex is an involuntary action response caused by stimulation of an afferent nerve ending or receptor. The knee jerk in response to the tap of a hammer is one example of a reflex arc, the components of the arc are: 1. A receptor, which detects change. 2. An afferent neuron, which conducts the nerve impulse from the sensory area to the CNS. 3. A center or synapse, which connects neurons together. 4. A brain processing area. 5. An efferent neuron, which conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to an organ for appropriate response. 6. An effecter or organ, which responds to maintain homeostasis. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ١٧ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Chapter 2 Electroencephalogram EEG Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ١٨ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Contents: 1. EEG Origin 2. EEG History 3. EEG Recording 4. EEG Waves 5. EEG Electrodes 6. Evoked-potential and Clinical studies 7. EEG Artifacts Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ١٩ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 1. EEG Origin: The appearance of EEG rhythmic activity in scalp recordings is only possible as a result of the synchronized activation of massifs of neurons, the summed synaptic events of which become sufficiently large. The rhythmic activity may be generated by both pacemaker neurons having inner capability of rhythmic oscillations and neurons which can not generate a rhythm separately but can synchronize their activity through excitatory and inhibitory connections in such a manner that constitute a network with pacemaker properties. The oscillators have their own discharge frequency, various among different oscillators and dependent on their internal connectivity in spite of close intrinsic electrophysiological properties of single neurons which constitute different oscillators. The neuronal oscillators start to act in synchrony after application of external sensory stimulation or hidden signals from internal sources. Figure, Neuronal oscillators inside the cortex, discharging with their intrinsic frequencies (f1, f2, and f3), produce extracellular currents summed on scalp surface as EEG signal. The spectral analysis decodes these oscillators activity out of EEG record. In the rectangle window the hypothetical scheme of neuronal oscillator is given. The axonal collateral of basic neuron activates the circuits with excitatory and inhibitory interneuron. The inhibitory neuron of the scheme is given in black. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٢٠ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 2. EEG History: In 1929, a German psychiatrist named Hans Berger called: It was possible to record the feeble electric currents generated on the brain, without opening the skull, and to depict them graphically onto a strip of paper. Berger named this new form of recording as the electroencephalogram (EEG, for short). • That this activity changed according to the functional status of the brain, such as in sleep, anesthesia, hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and in certain nervous diseases, such as in epilepsy. • First EEG recorded by Hans Berger, 1circa 1928 Gray Walter, a remarkable British scientist, who, in 1936 • Proved that, by using a larger number of electrodes pasted to the scalp, each one having a small size, it was possible to identify abnormal electrical activity in the brain areas around a tumor, and diminished activity inside it. • Gray Walter invented the toposcope in 1957.This was a remarkably complex device .It had 22 cathode ray tubes (similar to a TV tube), each of them connected to a pair of electrodes attached to the skull. Each tube was able to depict the intensity of the several rhythms Which compose the EEG in a particular area of the brain (the frontal, parietal and occipital lobes… etc). • Gray Walter asked his subjects to perform several mental tasks, with the result that the EEG rhythms were altered in different ways, times and parts of the brain. He was the first to prove, for instance, that the so-called alpha rhythm (present during a resting state) disappears from almost all the brain during a mental task which demands awareness, being substituted by a faster rhythm, the beta waves. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٢١ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI It was immediately apparent to neurologists that the toposcope could be a great help to locate epileptic foci (the points where a convulsion originates in the brain, due to a local lesion, tumor or functional alteration). However, it was very complex and expensive and it did not achieve commercial success or widespread use. The topographic study of brain electrical activity was born again only when fast desktop computers became available in the 80s. Thus, EEG brain topography was developed and is widely in use today. It is also called Colour Brain Mapping. During the 1940's several researchers, including W. Gray Walter He utilized powerful electronic strobes with new versions of EEG instrumentation to alter brainwave activity, producing states of profound relaxation and imagery. In 1949, brainwave signals were brought to the screen with the invention of the Tuposcope. This breakthrough allowed the tracking of brainwave patterns (Beta, Alpha, Theta and Delta). In the 1950's and 1960's, research on Zen and Yoga meditators They showed a predominance of alpha and theta waves during meditation. Brain cells, or neurons, generate electromagnetic fields when they are active, and if a large number of neurons are simultaneously active they can generate fields that are detectable on the surface of the scalp. • The special resolving power of EEG is rather worse than the other techniques .however, one reason is that standard EEG instruments provide a fairly coarsegrained sampling of the scalp fields, usually measuring from only about 21 recording sites on the head. • A second reason is that electric fields are smeared and distorted by the geometry and conductive inhomogeneities of the brain, the cerebra-spinal fluid, the skull, and the scalp. • A third, and more fundamental reason is that, given information only about scalp electrical fields, it impossible to disentangle the contributions of multiple generator sites and thus to determine their locations in the brain (the inverse problem). Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٢٢ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 3. EEG Recording: Introduction: It is usually taken by electrodes (small metallic discs) pasted by an electricity conducting gel to the surface of the skull's skin (scalp). Usage amplifier to increase the weak signal (less than a few microvolt) which is generated in this place. The result is a wiggly "wave". One pair of electrodes usually makes up a channel. EEG recordings, depending on its use, can have from 8 to 40 channels recorded in parallel. This is called multichannel EEG recording. Brainwaves change frequencies of the EEG based on neural activity within the brain that produced by hearing, touch, smell, vision and/or taste. These senses respond to activity from the environment and transmit that information to the brain via electrical signals. These electrical potentials are measured either outside the nervous system or directly within the central nervous system. Neurophysiology Study Neural activity Recording Location Electroencephalography (Routine) spontaneous scalp surface Electrocorticography spontaneous brain surface Subdural electroencephalography spontaneous brain surface Intracranial electroencephalography spontaneous within the brain Evoked potentials induced scalp, neck, spine, limb surface Operative evoked potentials induced scalp, spinal cord Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٢٣ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI EEG usage: EEG brain topography is not performed in all cases requiring a recording of the brain activity. Its main indication is to determine the presence of tumours and focal disease of the brain (including epilepsy, arteriovenous mal-formations and stroke). It is also appropriate when disturbances in consciousness and vigilance are present, such as narcolepsy (the abrupt onset of sleep), Confirm or rule out brain death in a person who is in a coma, etc. In addition, EEG brain topography is being increasingly used to monitor the effects of withdrawal of psychoactive drugs, and in infectious diseases of the brain, such as meningites, as well as to follow up patients who where subjected to brain operations. In psychiatry, EEG brain topography has been of value in identifying disorders of biological origin, such as schizophrenia, dementias, hyperactivity and depression, brain atrophy and attention deficit disorders in children. (EEG) response: An EEG, recorded by positioning 21 or more electrodes on the intact scalp, represents the changes of the electrical field within the brain. Generally even up to 128 and more EEG channels, each corresponding with a standard electrode position on the scalp, can be displayed simultaneously. The results of the EEG signals, after being registered as voltage differences between pairs of electrodes (bipolar derivations) or between an active electrode and a suitably constructed reference electrode (referential derivations)), are measured, amplified and next displayed on paper or on a monitor. The EEG itself is recorded during different behavioral conditions such as eyes closed, eyes open, hyperventilation and photic stimulation to provoke abnormalities. However EEGs can also be recorded during sleep or during operative procedures. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٢٤ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Clinical application of the EEG: Although the origin of EEG responses is not completely brought to light, the signal itself proved to be a valuable tool for diagnosis in the environment of clinical medicine, in particular in neurology, in neurosurgery and in psychiatry. In addition to that, EEG recordings still require additional investigations in studying epilepsy. In indicating epilepsy, it is able to detect abnormalities in waveforms, such as spikes, sharp waves and spike wave discharges. Not only that specific forms of epilepsy (absence epilepsy, hypsarithmia and benign focal epilepsy of childhood) can be found, but also non-epileptic focal brain dysfunctions possibly caused by cerebrovascular disorders, tumors, infections or traumas and generalized brain dysfunction in case of metabolic encephalopathy, intoxication, encephalitis or degenerative dementia are reflected by the EEG signal. Such defects can be classified as either occurring periodically or befalling in a more continuous fashion. In most cases the EEG is considered to be a sensitive rather than a specific diagnostic instrument, making it a suitable instrument to monitoring the course of a disorder on the one hand and to determining a prognosis of the abnormality on the other. That is, the EEG can pick up very mild degrees of brain dysfunction, but it seldom gives much information about the exact cause of the abnormalities. In general, one should not try to derive etiologic diagnoses from the EEG. The EEG recording usually includes the follows steps: 1 - A subject is seated in comfortable chair in dimly illuminated room. 2 - (21) Electrodes are placed on his head according to certain scheme. 3 - The reference electrodes are chosen. 4 - Parameters of electroencephalograph and software for EEG acquisition and storage are established. 5 - Calibration of electroencephalograph and data acquisition software is executed. 6 - EEG is recorded. 7 - Artifacts are removed. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٢٥ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 4. EEG Waves: Brain waves are the electrical wave patterns generated in every person’s brain. These waves vary according to level of consciousness, subconsciousness and unconsciousness and are characterized by four distinct types of brainwaves. All of these brain waves are produced at all times. However, a predominance of a specific desired brainwave state can be created at will, which allows a person to potentially his or her capabilities towards achieving human excellence. Brainwave frequencies are described in terms of hertz (Hz), or cycles per second, which are measured by an electroencephalogram (EEG) and the volt of the signal is measured in microvolt. EEG Bands: EEG Bands Delta band (δ) Theta band (θ) Beta band (β) Alpha band (α) Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٢٦ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 1) Alpha Band: They are a frequency pattern ranging from eight to twelve hertz. They most commonly occur when we are calm and relaxed, yet mentally alert. These brainwaves are also present during daydreaming. 2) Beta Band: They are the next highest frequency pattern beginnings fromm thirteen to thirty four five hertz. They can be separated into three sub-categories. First is high beta, ranging from nineteen to thirty-four hertz. When high beta is the dominant brainwave state, anxiety and stress are most likely to occur. Second sub-category is mid beta, with frequencies ranging from fifteen to eighteen hertz. Mid beta is characterized by action, with focus on external surroundings. Third is SMR beta (Sensor motor Rhythm), ranging from thirteen to fifteen hertz. While in this state, focus is also on external surroundings, but the individual is more relaxed than in mid beta. 3) Theta Band: Range from four to seven hertz, characterized by being deeply relaxed and inwardly focused. This brainwave state is also associated with rapid learning and the assimilation of new information with high retention, heightened motivation to activate goals, bursts of creativity, insight and new behaviour patterns. 4) Delta Band: Range from five-tenths to three hertz and are associated with being extremely relaxed, characterized by sleep. Researchers have proven that brainwave frequencies determine what brainwave state is being experienced at any given time, these frequencies are generated in every person’s brain, and are the result of outside stimulation that has been passed to the brain via electrical signals from our different senses. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٢٧ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 5) Gamma Band: They are high frequency pattern beginnings at thirty-five hertz. While in this brainwave state, sensations are centered on being mentally, emotionally and physically "charged" or extremely energized. These frequencies are the highest known brainwave patterns, but are considered to be part of the beta frequency category. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٢٨ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Band type and frequency Delta theta Alpha Beta Frequency(HZ) Delta<4 4≤theta<8 8≤Alpha<13 Beta>13 Amplitude(µV) Delta<200 Theta<150 5<Alpha<100 Beta<30 Status Deeper sleep Light sleep Wake Relax Closed eye Mental activity Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٢٩ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 5. EEG Electrodes: Contents: a. Basic Concepts. b. Electrode Potential. c. Types of Electrodes. d. Electrode Design. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٣٠ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI a. Basic Concepts: It is hardly possible to obtain satisfactory EEG without having good quality electrodes that have been properly connected to the patient. • Electrode: - means whereby the electrical activity of the brain communicated to the input circuit of the amplifier in the EEG machine. Although a remarkable variety of different types of electrodes, but there is fundamental component that is common to all of them This component is metal-electrolyte interface. • Metal: -is the material of which the electrode is composed. ● Electrolyte: - may be conducting solution (gel or paste) or may be fluid of living tissue as when electrode inserted below skin. This means that current flow within brain becomes electron flow in the electrodes and electrode wires. To understand how electrical current pass through interface we must know some basic of electrical properties of electrolyte. Ions: It is particles in solution that bear an electrical charge. The fact that ions are free to move in the solution, so if applied voltage between two points in the solution, an electric current can be made to flow in it. The current carried by ions in the solution in the same way that current is carried by the loosely bound electrons in a metallic conductor and this is appropriate with electrode potentials. Ions Electrons electrolyte metals Metal – electrolyte interface: It is the junction where flow of ions is converted into flow of electrons. It is the place where an electrochemical phenomenon is converted into purely electrical phenomenon. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٣١ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Recording electrode Transducer The electrical double layer: Almost any kind of metal used as electrode, but electrolyte chosen usually some kind of salt solution, principally, sodium chloride. There is two major reasons dictate this choice: • First: NaCl is very soluble in water so is able to contain a high concentration of ions and this means that solution will be good conductor. • Second: Na + And − Cl Ions are a major constituent of the body fluids. Despite, any metal is good conductor and could serve as recording electrode, some metals are, at best "only poor material" The fact that metal electrode discharges positive ions into solution when it becomes in contact with an electrolyte. An adjacent layer of oppositely charged ions from the solution is formed called this result electrical double layer. These two processes occur at different rates, depending on the species of metal used for electrode and type of electrolyte. The difference in the rates of these two processes results in a voltage appearing at the electrode which termed in electrode potential "Half-cell potential". The potential of electrode itself is always measured with respect to reference electrode. It isn't being possible to measure the voltage of single electrode with respect to a solution. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٣٢ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Polarization and the double layer: Characteristics of double layer vary with different electrode materials. The characteristics determine when an electrode will be polarizable or non polarizable. Example on non polarizable (reversible) silver-silver chloride electrode (Ag-AgCl) Ag-AgCl in solution of NaCl Ag + AgCl Cl − electrical balance between two opposing process Polarization and polarizable electrodes: Only a minimal transfer of charges occurs across the electrical double layer, so it have an electrical charge on them so it like capacitor, which don't pass Dc and act as low- frequency filter. In recording electrodes most used polarizable type, not used non-polarizable type due to it is expensive and technically more difficult to work with it. And not essential in EEG work due to Dc and low-frequency voltage are not recording in routine clinical EEGs. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٣٣ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI b. Electrode Potential: When metal electrode is placed in contact with electrolyte the voltage develops between them. This voltage called electrode potential or ''half – cell potential'', then it connects to the input of amplifier to be amplified then it appears as an artifact in the EEG tracing. But this doesn't normally happen for two reasons: • First: We know that two electrodes are required to record an EEG and if the electrodes are identical the same voltage will be present on each of them. Therefore the electrode potential will appear as common – mode signal at G1, G2 of amplifier and be rejected by CMRR. • Second: The electrode potential is a DC voltage. If this voltage were relatively stable, the capacitor in the low frequency filter of EEG machine would block it out before it had chance to be amplifier. As it happen, different metals are used which have different electrode potentials. The presence of difference in voltage between dissimilar electrodes, and it is the principle in some interest to EEG technician. If pair of EEG leads attached to a patient made from different metals, there could be substantial voltage between them. This voltage would not necessarily if it were stable (DC) because is blocked by the capacitor in low frequency filter. In practice, voltages are rarely stable and for this reasons they represent source of artifact in EEG recording. (Battery effect) Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٣٤ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Residual potentials: Even though both electrodes are made of the same material In practice, some voltage frequently can be measured between them (electrode potential of two leads may not be identical). Number of factors can be responsible for such residual potential, which can be: 1. There may be impurities in the metal, or surface of electrodes may be contaminated by foreign metal ion. To avoid that: a. The former only high – purity metals are used in recording electrodes. b. Care in cleaning and storing is necessary to prevent surface contamination. 2. There may be foreign metal ions present in electrolyte. To avoid that possibility: Electrode pastes and gels should be carefully selected and protected from contamination during use. 3. There may be difference in the concentration of the electrolyte at the two electrodes sites through lack of homogeneity in gel used. 4. There may be different in temperature of the skin at two electrode sites, because some metals used in electrodes have electrode potentials with temperature coefficients in excess of 100µv/ c 0 . The variations in voltage constitute a source of artifact in EEG tracing. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٣٥ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI C. Types of Electrodes. Types of EEG Electrodes Needle Surface Flat Cup ● Needle electrode ●Flat electrode ●Cup electrode Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٣٦ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Most clinical EEGs currently are done using surface electrode. Advantage: It is obvious, in terms of both convenience and comfort for the patient, relative freedom from infection. Disadvantage: It has some factor of lower electrode impedance. The most popular surface electrode used in clinical EEG work is: Metal disk electrode Disk electrodes: 1. They are circular pieces of thin metal that may be flat or cup-shaped to hold electrolyte that forms the metal-electrolyte interface. 2. Diameter may vary from 4 mm to 10 mm (smaller disk used in infants). 3. Some cup-disk electrode have hole in the center through which the electrolyte can be introduced after it is attached to scalp. 4. Lead, solder, silver and gold can use in the construction of disk electrodes (Noble metals like gold being less reactive than the base metals make most stable, drift-free electrodes). The disks are soldered to a flexible, insulated wire, and this junction is carefully covered by a plastic material to prevent moisture or any of electrolytes from reaching the solder joint (must not cause penetration by water and electrolyte). Active battery would be created at the junction of dissimilar metals. EEG technician should never scratch the surface of electrode or bend or pull electrode at junction between wire and disk. Electrode should be kept dry when not in use, avoid soaking them in water for long periods of time. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٣٧ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI d. Electrode Design: Two identical pieces of felt are the cut into circles big enough o fit onto the suction cups. Silver wire is bent around the two pieces of wire into a U- shape. The silver wire is the point of contact with the potentials derived from the brain and the head. Advantage of sewing the electrodes over using the glue is that the user does not have to worry about the degradation of the glue due to the continuous use of the conductive electrolyte solution. Flat electrode: Cup electrode: Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٣٨ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Some step must make before setting electrodes: The hair and surface of scalp should be clean. Free hair oil before electrodes are applied. Use this by hair and scalp to be washed. Topic cleaning at measured location using alcohol. We do this is to reduce resistance between the electrode and scalp . Measured resistance Gel solution Electrodes Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٣٩ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 6. Evoked-potential and Clinical studies: Contents: a. Definitions in use b. Evoked Potentials - Background c. Clinical studies of five conditions Stimulus: Keywords: Independent component analysis (ICA) Event-related potential (ERP) Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٤٠ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI a. Definitions in use: Sharp wave - Transient, clearly distinguishable from background activity, with pointed peak at conventional paper speeds and a duration of 70-200 milliseconds. • • Spike - Same as sharp wave, but with duration of 20 to less than 70 ms. Spike-and-slow-wave complex - Pattern consisting of a spike followed by a slow wave (classically the slow wave being of higher amplitude than the spike). • Multiple spike-and-slow-wave complex - Same as spike-and-slow-wave complex, but with 2 or more spikes associated with one or more slow waves. • b. Evoked Potentials – Background: Evoked potentials are nervous system electrical responses to specific sensory stimuli. Computer averaging is necessary because their low amplitude is obscured by spontaneous nervous system activity. Latency is the time interval between the stimulus and the evoked potential peak. Negative potential peaks are labeled N and positive potential peaks are labeled P. This is the polarity of the evoked potential peak when measured using a referential montage Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٤١ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI c. Clinical studies of five conditions Stimulus: (1) Flash stimulation or flash visual-evoked response (VER): Both subjects were connected to EEG instruments and 100 random flashes of light were presented to subject A, while both remained reclined with semi-closed eyes. Subject B was not told when the light was flashed for subject A, and control correlation checks were also made at random times with no light flashes. when one of the subjects was stimulated (25 cm in front of the face and Grassphotic stimulator with intensity 8 or 16) in such a way that his/her brain responded clearly (with a distinct evoked potential), the brain of the nonstimulated subject also reacted and showed a transferred potential of a similar morphology. VER produces activity that is largely occipital and is therefore of limited value in mapping studies. Its usage: 1-VER is used when detailed information is required about the occipital cortex. 2- Both VER and AER are extremely sensitive to drossiness. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٤٢ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI (2)Click auditory-evoked response (AER): Generated by supra-limited stimuli via earphones (92 dB sound pressure level) the click stimulus begins as a transient reduction in air pressure or increase in air pressure. (3)Eye open state: In which the subject should seat comfortably and a visual fixation target should be placed so as for min frontal muscle tone. No blinking. (4) Eye closed state: Eye movement and blink are more difficult to control during this test and allowing the patient to relax. Its usage: It used to know eye movement artifact in electrodes Fp1 and Fp2. (5)Drossy to sleep: Allowing patient to relax so that the blinking cases is often tantamount to allowing the subject to fall asleep or at least to become drossy notice the progressively higher amplitude, lower frequency as sleep takes place. Evoked Stimulus Potential AEP VEP Click auditoryevoked stimulus visual-evoked potential Stimulation Rate (Hz) Bandwidth (Hz) 10 100 - 1500 Sweep Time (msec) 20 2-3 1 - 100 200 Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٤٣ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 7. EEG Artifacts: Contents: a. Physiological Artifacts b. Non-Physiological Artifacts Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٤٤ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٤٥ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI a. Physiological Artifacts: EEG artifacts appear due to external electrical or magnetic fields and subjects movements during recording procedure. The last are caused both by muscle electrical potentials fields and electrode displacement. Visual and automatic search of high amplitude artifacts usually is not difficult but it's important to make every effort to eliminate or reduce. 1- Muscle or EMG: One of the most frequently encountered biphasic artifacts; predominantly recorded from the frontal and temporal areas; fast in frequency and sharp in morphology (may resemble a spike). Commonly caused by: Tension's being uncomfortable, moving around, clenched jaw, frowning, swallowing, and chewing. 2-eye movement: Occurs when blinking, eye opening and closure; generally seen greatest in frontal or anterior temporal leads. It appears as simultaneous positive or negative waves involving channels containing Fp1 and Fp2. Vertical upward eye movements produce a positive potential at Fp1 and Fp2; Vertical downward eye movements produce a negative potential at Fp1 and Fp2. 3-EKG/ECG/Electrocardiogram: Electrical activity from the heart; sharply contoured; most prominent during reference recording using ear, mastoid, mandible, and neck chest reference points; greatest in patients who are overweight or have short heavy necks; most likely to resemble an EEG abnormality when the patient has an arrhythmic heart beat. It is difficult to eliminate; when using A1 and A2 reference points or tie ear leads together. 4- Respiration: This often caused by head movement during hyperventilation. It consists of rhythmic 6 - 11 Hz activity associated with skull defects. This pattern involves the right or left central or midtemporal regions. There is a sharp negative and rounded positive component. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٤٦ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI (EMG, Eye blink and ECG artifacts) Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٤٧ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI b. Non-Physiological Artifacts: 1) 60 Hz Interference: Artifact created by 60 Hz activity is addressed separately because there are many possible sources of the artifact. Some of these are electrodes, the EEG instrument, and environmental elements. It will be removed by notch filter. 2- Electrodes and EEG Instrumentation: An electrode artifact will appear in one channel and appear as a "pop", simulating a spike or sharp wave, or can resemble random slow activity. The artifacts can be related to an unstable electrode, a change in the electrolyte (drying out or mixing with perspiration), or other instability at the scalp such as head movement 3-External or Environment Sources: Slow waves can come from the movement of personnel around the patient, swaying of drapes around the bed, mopping under the bed, and the movement of electrode wires. (Electrodes & 60 Hz artifacts) Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٤٨ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Chapter 3 Dipole Source Localization Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٤٩ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Contents: 1. Dipole Orientation. 2. Determine dipole location. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٥٠ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI An electric current dipole is an elementary physical source of electric brain potential. At any given moment, a tremendous amount of dipoles are active inside the brain. Under certain conditions, however, it occurs to be possible to determine the location and strength of few principle dipoles, i.e., the dipoles that give major contribution to generation of electric field. a. Dipole Orientation: The orientation of the dipole is represented by a line connecting the negative and positive charges. A vertical or radial dipole point source is oriented from the centre of the brain to the brain surface. A horizontal or tangential dipole is oriented parallel to the brain surface. A dipole source located just below the EEG electrodes produces a large EEG response. The EEG response decreases when the dipole source becomes more distant from the EEG electrodes. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٥١ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI b. Determine dipole location: • Tangential dipole sources are assumed to lie directly below a location midway between the maximum positive and negative potentials. • Radial dipole sources are assumed to lie directly below the location of maximum potential of greatest magnitude. For example, a single maximum negative potential is identified, the maximum positive potential is much lower in magnitude and in an area not sampled by electrodes. The dipole source is assumed to lie below the location of the maximum negative potential. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٥٢ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Chapter 4 Brain Imaging Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٥٣ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. Positron emission tomography (PET). 3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). 4. Computed Tomography (CT). 5. Comparison between Brain Imaging. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٥٤ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 1. Introduction: Recent years have witnessed an unprecedented development in techniques for diagnosis of neurological disorders. Notable among them is computerized tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), neurosonography, positron emission tomography (PET), brain electrical activity mapping, and evoked potentials. Most of these procedures are imaging techniques in which an image or map of the brain is constructed that reveals structural and, in some cases, functional details. These procedures have virtually revolutionized neurological diagnosis and management. Although no longer used for identification and localization of gross structural brain lesions, electroencephalography (EEG) remains the primary diagnostic test of brain function. Unlike relatively new functional imaging procedures, such as functional MRI (MRI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET), EEG provides a continuous measure of cortical function with excellent time resolution and is relatively inexpensive. EEG is especially valuable in investigation of patients with known or suspected seizures. The aim is to give the physician an insight into the optimal use of EEG in neurological diagnosis. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٥٥ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 2. Positron emission tomography (PET): Using positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) proved more accurate than whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for staging a variety of malignancies. What is PET? Its provide insight into the functional or biochemical anatomy of the CNS. The brain images are constructed on the basis of amount of radioactivity emitted from certain chemicals taken up by the brain. PET (or positron emission tomography) is a medical imaging tool which assists physicians in detecting disease. Simply stated, PET scans produce digital pictures that can, in many cases, identify many forms of cancer, damaged heart tissue, and brain disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and epilepsy. A PET scan is very different from an ultrasound, X-ray, MRI, or CT, which detect changes in the body structure or anatomy, such as a lesion (for example, a sizeable tumor) or musculoskeletal injury. A PET scan can, in many cases, identify diseases earlier and more specifically than ultrasound, X-rays, CT, or MRI. How Does PET Work? The most common form of a PET scan begins with an injection of a glucosebased radiopharmaceutical (FDG), which travels through the body, eventually collecting in the organs and tissues targeted for examination. So it provides a measure of the cerebral glucose metabolism. The scanner has cameras that detect the gamma rays emitted from the patient, and turns those into electrical signals, which are processed by a computer to generate the medical images. This produces the digital images, which are assembled by the computer into a 3D image of the patient's body. If an area is cancerous, the signals will be stronger there than in surrounding tissue, since more of the radiopharmaceutical (FDG) will be absorbed in those areas. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٥٦ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI This activity is measured during scanning and this activity is detected by knowing the amount of oxygen in the brain but does not give the complete information about the rhythm that doing by the EEG as our program ACM do. Using different compounds, PET can show blood flow, oxygen and glucose metabolism, and drug concentrations in the tissues of the working brain. Blood flow and oxygen and glucose metabolism reflect the amount of brain activity in different regions and enable scientists to learn more about the physiology and neurochemistry of the working brain. So it became useful in the study in some disorders like epilepsy. 3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): What is MRI? Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses non-invasive techniques (the skin or body cavity is not cut into or entered surgically) to create detailed images of your body. Your doctor uses the results from these images to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of an injury or illness. It is an excellent method, indeed, for visualizing the structural details of the brain and spinal cord. How Does MRI work? MRI does not use ionizing radiation to create images. It takes advantage of the water molecules in your body combined with a powerful magnetic unit and radio frequencies to obtain images. The body part to be examined is placed into a device known as MRI coil, which is used to transmit and receive signals from your body. A computer interprets the signals into a series of detailed images which is then transferred to a monitor or a sheet of film similar to x-ray film. So an image of tissue is constructed by computer analysis of the radio-frequency energy that absorbed and emitted by the protons in the tissue. Risks...MRI is considered safe. There are no known health risks associated with the magnetic field or the radio waves used by the machine nor should there be any side effects. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٥٧ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI It provides better resolution than the CT scan. Because of its present limited availability and high cost. 4. Computed Tomography (CT): What is CT? Computerized Axial Tomography - also known as CAT or CT scans images your body in slices showing the structures in that area. A computer is used to provide clear, sharp images. How Does CT work? As CT x-rays pass through the designated area of your body from different directions, they are measured by special detectors that convert them into electrical signals (depend on difference in the quantity of x-ray absorbed by the different tissues). A computer converts the signals into images through a mathematical procedure called 'image reconstruction' and the images are rebuilt. These images are viewed on monitors or printed on a sheet of film. The shading of each point in an image is proportional to its x-ray absorption coefficient. Intravenous injection of iodinated contrast material may be used to enhance the density of the vascular structures. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٥٨ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 5. Comparison between Brain imaging types: Procedure Method (CT Scan) CT scans use a series of X-ray beams passed through the head. The images are then developed on sensitive film. This method creates cross-sectional images of the brain and shows the structure of the brain, but not its function. (PET) A scanner detects radioactive material that is injected or inhaled to produce an image of the brain. Commonly used radioactivelylabeled material includes oxygen, fluorine, carbon and nitrogen. When this material gets into the bloodstream, it goes to areas of the brain that use it. So, oxygen and glucose accumulate in brain areas that are metabolically active. When the radioactive material breaks down, it gives off a neutron and a positron. When a positron hits an electron, both are destroyed and two gamma rays are released. Gamma ray detectors record the brain area where the gamma rays are emitted. This method provides a functional view of the brain. Advantages: 1. Provides an image of brain activity. Disadvantages: 1. Expensive to use. 2. Radioactive material used. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٥٩ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI MRI uses the detection of radio frequency signals produced by displaced radio waves in a magnetic field. It provides an anatomical view of the brain. (MRI) Advantages: 1. No X-rays or radioactive material is used. 2. Provides detailed view of the brain in different dimensions. 3. Safe, painless, non-invasive. 4. No special preparation (except the removal of all metal objects) is required from the patient. 5. Patients can eat or drink anything before the procedure. Disadvantages: 1. Expensive to use. 2. Cannot be used in patients with metallic devices, like pacemakers. 3. Cannot be used with uncooperative patients because the patient must lie still. 4. Cannot be used with patients who are claustrophobic (afraid of small places). However, new MRI systems with a more open design are now available. (FMRI) Angiography Functional MRI detects changes in blood flow to particular areas of the brain. It provides both an anatomical and a functional view of the brain. Angiography involves a series of X-rays after dye is injected into the blood. This method provides an image of the blood vessels of the brain. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٦٠ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Chapter 5 Brain Cancer & Epilepsy Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٦١ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Brain Cancer: What is Brain Cancer? The brain, like any other tissue in the body, is made up of individual cells which are much smaller than a pinpoint, and require a microscope to see them. These cells are the smallest units which compose the brain, and there are several different types. A brain cancer can arise from any of the cells which make up the brain. PET images special is how they show precise changes in cell function. The simultaneous CT scan pinpoints the location of these abnormalities. In fact, PET/CT scans give specialists the ability to diagnose cancer before it reaches the stage where it can be detected by other forms of diagnostic imaging. Primary and secondary brain tumors: Primary brain tumors: Primary brain tumors develop from brain cells. Benign tumors: Many primary brain tumors are benign, which means that they remain in the part of the brain in which they started and do not spread into and destroy other areas of the brain tissue. They do not spread to other parts of the body. If a benign tumor can be removed successfully it should not cause any further problems. Some benign tumors do re-grow slowly and if this happens, treatment with radiotherapy or further surgery may be given. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٦٢ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI However, sometimes it is difficult to remove the tumor because of its position within the brain, or because the surrounding brain tissue could be damaged by surgery. Secondary brain tumors: Brain tumors can arise at any time and damage this complex organ in various ways. Some risk factors are environmental, like radiation from previous cancer treatment. Other risk factors are mainly due to immune system disorders, and rarely do they run in the family. Therefore, abnormalities of genes (mutations) are the main cause for brain cancer. It all starts in a single cell anywhere in the brain, since any type of cell there can become cancerous. Unlike cancer in other organs of the body, brain tumors spread locally and cause a lot of damage to the normal tissue in the place where they originated. Epilepsy: Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٦٣ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI The EEG records the electrical activity of the brain. During a seizure, the electrical activity is abnormal. Once the seizure is over, the brain rapidly returns to normal in most individuals. The likelihood of recording a seizure during the EEG is small. The EEG generally records brain waves between seizures, called interictal brain waves (called epileptiform discharges occur on the EEG. These epileptiform discharges are sharp appearing waves. Spikes are epileptiform discharges with a 20-70 msec). These waves may or may not show evidence of seizure activity. The neurologist looks for spikes or sharp waves ("epilepsy waves") to confirm the diagnosis, but the absence of these abnormal brain waves does not eliminate seizures as a possibility. Specific techniques, like flashing lights or 2 to 5 minutes of deep breathing (hyperventilation), often are used to provoke abnormal brain waves so they can be recorded. Recording the "epilepsy waves" is helpful because it confirms the diagnosis and may identify the type of seizure disorder, but it is not necessary for diagnosis and treatment. Making a diagnosis of seizures does not depend only on the results of the EEG. The neurologist also considers several other types of information. One of the most important way is an MRI scan of your brain will be evaluated for relevant abnormalities. During the session you may be asked to open and close your eyes. You may also be asked to breathe deeply for some minutes, because this could reveal or increase abnormal brainwave patterns. You may also be asked to look at a flashing light to show if this triggers epileptic activity. If the flashing light produces an abnormal pattern during the EEG, the light is immediately switched off by the staff, so there is little risk of further epileptic activity developing. Other ways in which the EEG is used to detect epileptic activity Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٦٤ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Electroencephalogram (EEG) In adults who are awake, the EEG shows mostly alpha waves and beta waves. The two sides of the brain show similar patterns of electrical activity. Normal: There are no abnormal bursts of electrical activity and no consistently slow brain waves detected on the EEG tracing. If flashing lights (photo stimulation) are used during the test, one area of the brain (the occipital region) may have a brief response after each flash of light, but the brain waves remain normal. The two sides of the brain show different patterns of electrical activity. This may indicate a problem in one area or side of the brain. The EEG shows sudden bursts of electrical activity (spikes) or sudden slowing of brain waves in the brain. These abnormal discharges may be caused by a brain tumor, infection, injury, stroke, or epilepsy. When a person has epilepsy, the location and exact pattern of the abnormal brain waves may help determine what type of epilepsy or seizures the person has. Keep in mind that in many people with epilepsy, the EEG may appear completely normal between seizures. An EEG by itself may not diagnose or rule out epilepsy or a seizure disorder. The EEG records abnormalities in the brain waves that may not be Abnormal: confined to one specific area of the brain. A disorder affecting the entire brain—such as drug intoxication, infections (encephalitis), or metabolic disorders (such as diabetic ketoacidosis) that upset the chemical balance in the body, including the brain—may produce these kinds of abnormalities. The EEG shows delta waves or an excess of theta waves in adults who are awake. These results may indicate brain injury. The EEG shows no electrical activity in the brain (a “flat” or “straight-line” EEG). This indicates that brain function has stopped, which is usually caused by lack of oxygen or blood flow inside the brain. In some cases, severe drug-induced sedation can produce a flat EEG. This state also can be seen in status epilepticus after a significant amount of medication is given to control the seizure. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٦٥ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Sleep EEG: If an EEG recorded during waking has not shown any epileptic activity, an EEG during sleep may be recommended. This is because everyone's brainwave patterns change dramatically During sleep. Sleep can also make the brainwave patterns between seizures more obvious. This extra information can help with diagnosis. A sleep EEG is also usually recommended when someone has seizures during sleep only. It may be carried out in hospital, or at home using an ambulatory EEG. Sleep Deprived EEG: Depriving someone of sleep can cause changes in the electrical activity of the brain. Recording these changes on an EEG can provide the doctors with important information. Sleep-deprived EEGs are often used when a routine EEG has failed to show anything useful. The ambulatory EEG: When you have a seizure the EEG recorder will record the event which can be viewed later on a special machine in the EEG laboratory. You will be asked to keep an account of daily activities, so that they can be related to the EEG recording made at the time. This investigation is called ambulatory EEG monitoring. Video-telemetry: Where there is doubt about a diagnosis of epilepsy, or where the type of seizures someone experiences is unclear, video-telemetry can be helpful. This is a test that uses a video camera linked to an EEG machine. The camera will visually record your movements and at the same time the EEG machine will record your brainwave pattern. Both the video and EEG are stored onto a computer that can be reviewed once the test is finished. The consultant will be able to see any episodes/seizures that you may have had, as well as any changes in your EEG at that time. The test is often carried out over a number of days in order to increase the chances of recording one of your seizures. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٦٦ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Chapter 6 Ten - Twenty System & Montage Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٦٧ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Methodology of 10-20 system 3. Electrode Montages Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٦٨ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 1. Introduction: The different electrode positions are derived from measurements taken between standard landmarks on the skull. These measurements allow the calculation of a network of lines, which are superimposed across the head. Electrodes are placed where the lines of this mesh intersect. This results in inter-electrode distances of ten and twenty percent of lines total length. 10-20 EEG electrode placement system established by the International Federation of EEG societies. In this setup Using the 10/20 International System of electrode placement, the average distance between electrodes in an adult is 6 to 6.5 cm. Activity recorded using these distances. However if the same activity was recorded using longer inter-electrode distances, some activity might be seen. Therefore some double distance electrode linkages are recommended for example FP1-C3, F3-P3, C3-O1 ...etc. Display sensitivities of a minimum of 2 µ V/mm are required. However digital EEG systems have the added advantage of having sensitivity values of 1.5 and 1 µ V/mm. This 50-100 % increase in sensitivity will allow a more confident assessment of the presence or absence of a 2 µ V signal. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٦٩ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 2. Methodology of 10-20 system: ● Patient's head is mapped by four standard points: -Nasion point -Inion point -Left preauricular point -Right preauricular point ● EEG electrodes positions are derived from measurements taken among these four standard landmarks on the skull. ● This results in inter-electrode distances of ten and twenty percent of total length. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٧٠ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Letters identifying and its sub-cranial lobe: Symbol ‘Fp’ ‘F’ ‘T’ ‘C’ ‘P’ ‘O’ ‘Z’ ‘A’ odd numbers even number meaning Front polar or prefrontal lobe Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Central lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe cerebrums midline (Zero Line) the lobules of ear left hemisphere right hemisphere There are five stages to describe the methodology by which the nineteen electrode sites: First Stage: The distance between the nasion and inion is measured along the cerebrum’s midline. The frontopolar point ‘FP’ can then be calculated and marked at 10% of this distance, directly above the nasion. Electrode positions ‘FZ’, ‘CZ’, ‘PZ’, and point ‘O’ are then marked in succession at intervals of 20% of the total distance (starting from ‘FP’). Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٧١ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Lateral view Second Stage: The distance between the two preauricular points (transverse ‘CZ’), is then measured allowing the labeling of electrode positions ‘T3’and ‘C3’ at 40% and 20% from the midline respectively. ‘T4’ and ‘C4’ can also be found using the same methodology as ‘T3’ and ‘C3’, this time along the opposite side of the head. Frontal view Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٧٢ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Third Stage: The circumference of the head (transverse points ‘FP’ and ‘O’ and electrode positions ‘T3’ and ‘T4’) is then measured. Electrode position ‘FP1’ is marked at a distance of 5% of the circumference of the head, to the left of point ‘FP’. Starting from ‘FP1’, electrode sites ‘F7’, ‘T3’, ‘T5’, ‘O1’, ‘O2’, ‘T6’, ‘T4’, ‘F8’ and ‘FP2’ can be superimposed around the scalp (along the plane of the circumference), each being a distance 10% of the circumference away from each other. Superior view Fourth Stage: The midpoints that lie between ‘Fp1’ and ‘C3’ (on the left side of the head) and ‘Fp2’ and ‘C4’ (on the right side of the head) provide the longitudinal coordinates for ‘F3’ and ‘F4’ respectively. Likewise, the midpoints that lie between ‘C3’ and ‘O1’ (on the left side of the head) and ‘C4’ and ‘O2’ (on the right side of the head) provide the longitudinal coordinates for ‘P3’ and ‘P4’ respectively. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٧٣ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Fifth Stage: The midpoints that lie between ‘FZ’and ‘F7’ and ‘FZ’ and ‘F8’ define the transverse coordinates for ‘F3’ and ‘F4’ respectively. Similarly, the midpoints that lie between ‘PZ’ and ‘T5’ (on the rear left side of the head) and ‘PZ’ and ‘T6’ (on the rear right side of the head) define the transverse coordinates for ‘P3’ and ‘P4’ respectively. The remaining electrodes positions, namely ‘F3’, ‘F4’, ‘P3’ and ‘P4’, can now be found using the derived longitudinal and transverse coordinates outlined here and in the previous stage. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٧٤ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI The final 10-20 EEG electrode placement diagram: The Modified Combinatory Nomenclature: Modifying is by using Supplementary electrodes to improve electroencephalographic spatial resolution and developing a more extensive placement by subdividing the existing in Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٧٥ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 3. Electrode Montages: What is a montage? Montage is the method or technique used to record EEG potentials or the pattern of connections between the electrodes and the recording channels. EEG montages vary according to: 1- The number of recording channels available. 2- Monitored procedure. 3- Stimulation sites. Montage objective: The montage should be chosen to maximize the sensitivity of the recorded response over the affected neural pathways. EEG montages are design to be symmetrical about the midline in order to obtain information relating to left-right amplitude and phase differences. Montage types: a- unipolar derivation: A-Common reference derivation: Each amplifier records the difference between a scalp electrode and a reference electrode. The same reference electrode is used for all channels. Electrodes frequently used as the reference electrode are A1, A2, the ear electrodes, or A1 and A2 linked together or any scalp electrode as a reference. Or the average reference is computed as a mean of all electrodes. The standard reference potential is assigned a value of zero. Reference electrodes are one of the important questions in EEG recording is the site of reference electrodes, relative to which the electric brain potentials in all other electrodes is measured. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٧٦ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI The reference electrodes should be placed on a presumed “inactive” zone. Frequently, this is the left or right earlobe or both of them. If one earlobe electrode is used as a reference the topography of EEG rhythms is rather close to true, but there is the systematic decrease of EEG amplitude in the electrodes which are closer to the reference side. If “linked” earlobes are used, this kind of asymmetry is avoided but this distorts the EEG picture since the electric current flows inside the linking wire. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٧٧ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI B-Average reference derivation: Activity from all the electrodes are measured, summed together and averaged before being passed through a high value resistor. The resulting signal is then used as a reference electrode and connected to input 2 of each amplifier b- Bipolar derivation: A bipolar chain is a series of bipolar channels in which the second electrode of one channel becomes the first electrode of the next channel. An example would be: Fp2-F4, F4-C4, C4-P4 and P4-O2. Channel one: Channel two: I-1 Fp2 F4 I-2 F4 C4 Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٧٨ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI The necessary to have more than one type of montage: It is necessary for the electroencephalographic man to view the EEG activity in more than one plane. The phase reversals created by bipolar linkages make bipolar montages particularly useful for localizing activity. Use of longitudinal, transverse, and circumferential bipolar montages makes it possible to more precisely localize both normal and abnormal EEG activity. Referential montages are better than bipolar montages for accurately reflecting both the full amplitude and the true morphology of recorded activity. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٧٩ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Chapter 7 Brain Color Mapping & EEG Power Spectrum Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٨٠ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 1. Brain Color Mapping: Brain color mapping is a presentation of EEG parameters on a schematic head surface by interpolating the data obtained in each single electrode into interelectrode space. This provides the researcher with the visual image presenting multichannel EEG in most integrative and demonstrative form. The main feature and advantage of the map are that it presents the EEG in a form of image that displays data sets as a whole. The visual map analysis involves therefore both the mechanisms of imaginative and abstract thinking that makes the process more efficient. Now the map is usually built by linear interpolation of the potential values of three or four neighboring electrodes, which are summarized in such a way that a corresponding map pixel value is treated as a mathematical average, inversely proportional to the distances from each of these electrodes. More complicated is surface spline interpolation, which can exhibit maxima and minima between electrodes (this is not possible in linear interpolation) and produces smoother maps. Maximum voltage Zero Voltage Minimum Voltage Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٨١ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 2. EEG Power Spectrum: EEG waveform is a complex wave, it maybe little resemblance to a sin wave components. EEG can be synthesized from a number of simpler Sin wave's components. The reverse process of this synthesis is known as: "Spectral Analysis" The amplitudes of Fourier series are often expressed as a mean square value, so, the result plot of the data is called: "Power Spectrum" Power Spectrum of a waveform represents a synopsis of frequency component of a segment of EEG recording. Fp – T4 Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٨٢ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Fourier Transform: ● The Fourier transform (FT) is a method to uncover the rhythmic structure of EEG. It is based on a mathematical fact that any signal defined in a given time interval can be decomposed into a sum of sinusoidal waves of different frequencies, amplitudes and phases. ● The squared module of FT is a real function that describes the frequency components’ power and is hence called a power spectrum. The square root of power spectrum, i.e. FT’s module, describes components’ amplitudes, whereas the arctangent of the ratio of FT’s imaginary and real parts define the components’ phases. ● There is one rather practically and theoretically significant property of the FT: its frequency resolution is the inverse to the width of the analyzed time window: f = 1 / T . This basic fact is often called the uncertainty principle, since it means that it is impossible to know a precise time and frequency information on a signal simultaneously. Indeed, large time windows provide good frequency resolution but poor time resolution, and vice versa. To estimate a time course of EEG spectrum the so called windowed FT is applied. In this method, FT is calculated in a window of constant duration that moves along the EEG record. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٨٣ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI To increase the reliability of the spectral parameters in this technique averaging the spectral samples got in the same time interval in a number of tasks in one subject and across the subjects is recommended. For practical use, the discrete fast Fourier transform (FFT) is best suited. This method significantly economizes computational time at a cost of a restriction that the length of time window for FT calculation, being expressed in discrete time samples, must be a power of two. ● The FT is the most widely used method of rhythm analysis and should be considered as a principal pilot method in EEG studies. It is included in almost all commercially available EEG processing software. ● Power spectral analysis is a well-established method for the analysis of EEG signals. Spectral parameters can be used to quantify pharmacological effects of anaesthetics on the brain and the level of sedation. This method, in numerous variations, has been applied to depth of anaesthesia monitoring and has been incorporated into several commercially available EEG monitors. Because of the importance of EEG power spectral analysis, we evaluated the performance of each frequency in the power spectrum regarding detection of awareness. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٨٤ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Part Two Dipole Localization Software Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٨٥ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Chapter 8 Dipole Localization Algorithm Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٨٦ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Contents: 1. Goal of Dipole Localization. 2. Advantages of Dipole Localization. 3. MRI Image Processing. 4. EEG Signal Processing. 5. Brain Color Mapping Algorism. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٨٧ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 1. Goal of Dipole Localization: In the past, most Neurosurgical Ways were dangerous and had many Sid effects on the patients. Nowadays, this ways are rapidly changed by using image & signal processing technology, Researchers often combine EEG images of brain electrical activity with MRI scans to better pinpoint the location of the activity within the brain, so the biomedical developers use patient's MRI images and EEG signals within a software program that determine the brain activity accurately, this program will confirm the neurosurgeons diagnosis. An important application of multichannel EEG is to try to find the location of a epileptic focus (a small spot in the brain where the abnormal activity originates and then spreads to other parts of the brain) or of a tumor, even when they are not visible in a x-ray or CT scan of the head. We want to join the MRI images (High resolution) and the EEG signals So, our software based on two basics:1- Image Processing. 2- Signal Processing. Finally, We aim to give the neuro-physician an insight into the optimal use of EEG in neurological diagnosis, in some illness cases such as epilepsy or a brain cancer; physicians should confirm their diagnosis especially if it is necessary to a surgically treatment to brain cancer or epileptic patients. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٨٨ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 2. Advantages of Dipole Localization: 1- Digital Video monitoring capabilities. 2- Integrated patient database with search functions. 3- Advanced montage constructor. 4- Event marker presets with quick note insert. 5- Software control over sampling frequency and filters. 6- Capable up to 128 channel recording and visualization. 7- Brain mapping. 8- Spectral analysis from multiple segments. 9- Printout of any on screen mapping or analysis. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٨٩ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 3. MRI Image Processing: In this part we want to develop the 10-20 system, to make this we want to read MRI image pixel by pixel to get the length of Hid boundary surface. we follow these steps:- 1- Loading of three Projection of Patient’s MRI images from the PC. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٩٠ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 2- Convert the MRI images to Black and White (BW) by get the average of R.G.B of the image and comparing it with threshold value as: Average = (red +green+blue)/3 if (average >threshold) { Red = 255; Green = 255; Blue = 255; } else { Red = 0; Green = 0; Blue = 0; } Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٩١ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 3- Set the four markers in the frontal view (at right and left preauricular points) and in the lateral view (at nasion and inion points) Left preauricular Right preauricular Nasion Inion Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٩٢ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 4- Detect the edge of the images by detect the white color between the two markers in frontal and lateral images and the whole edge of superior, then replace it by blue color. 5-Collect indices of the blue color edge in the array. This array contains the index of X and Y positions and the sum. The sum is calculated by comparing between two pixels 1 1.4 This distance (1 or 1.4) is calculated from the following equation:- distance = ( row diff ) 2 + ( col diff ) 2 This distance is arranged in the array match the index of this pixel, then compute the final sum which is equal the summation of all distances. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٩٣ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 6- From the final sum compute the 10-20% distance getting the location of the electrodes. You can verify that by creating a loop that moving through the array and compute the sum at each step and comparing it by(10%from final sum, 20% from final sum,30%from final sum …………and so on). Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٩٤ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 7- Deduce the location of the electrode in one view with respect to the other two views to make the projection. The following figure shows the idea of projection. Y Y Z X Elevation view Side view Z X Plane view Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٩٥ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 8- Now, by using the previous idea the electrodes are distributed in the three figures with respect to the 10-20 system. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٩٦ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 4. EEG Signal Processing: The main concept of drawing: Here in this part we would like to draw the signal that its format is discussed previously so the main concept is drawing a straight line between every two samples to get the signal shown. One page EEG Channel name EEG Trace Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٩٧ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI How to draw a signal: Time between two samples For drawing: We must specify the number of seconds in page. -If the number of seconds in page is 10 sec/page, then … ---the number of samples per page is: sample _ in _ page = (no _ of _ sec/ page) * (no _ of _ sample / sec) in pixel is: ---the step between two samples is: Step = Panel _ width Sample _ in _ page Pixel Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٩٨ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI --- The position of every signal in the panel will be calculated by dividing the panel height by the number of channels that will be drawn. ---the voltage that will be taken from the ascii file as scaled in µv will also be calculated in pixel according to the resolution of the screen as: Example: 1 cm --------------------Æ 25pixel 1 mm-------------------Æ2.5pixel If the user chose for sensitivity is (.7 µv/mm) .7 µV ------------------Æ1mm .7 µV ------------------Æ2.5pixel Value of file in µV------------Æ? So by this example we can draw all montage signals by a simple calculation. Graduation Project 2005 - 2006 ٩٩ Dipole Localization EEG with MRI In our program we read the EEG files, its format is ascii (American Standard Code for Information Interchange). ASCII data files are sometimes called raw data files because they contain just the data. That is, no variable definition information is included in a raw data file. ASCII data files can be either fixed column format or freefield format. 1. Fixed-Column ASCII Format: Fixed column format means that the values for a variable are always located in the same column. The values can be right next to each other, or they can be separated by one or more spaces. Fixed Column Format 01Martha 18 1 02 53 9 03Suzanne 10 1 04Debbie 1 07Fernandez 21 2 2. Free field ASCII Format: In free field format the variables for each case must appear in the same order and the values for each variable must be separated by one or more spaces or commas. A space or comma is called a common delimit Free field Format 01 Martha 18 1 02 " " 53 9 03,,,,,,Suzanne,,,,,10 , , 1 04,Debbie,-99,1 07, Fernandez 21 2 Graduation Project ١٠٠ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Our file EEG file format is fixed ASCII format. The file consists of two parts: 1- Header data. 2- Recording data. Header data: It Contains: 1- Information about the patient 2- The start second 3- The total time of recording (seconds (sec)) 4- The sampling rate (HZ). 5- The unit of data recording (µv) 6- The number of channel tracing. 7- Label of channel. The data recording: The data of EEG is stored in the form of matrix the number of columns are the number of channel and the number of row is the number of data sampling in the file. We can get the number of sampling by: No. Rows=Sampling rate*Total seconds. By c# we read file row by row and we can get the data of header file and we can store the EEG data recording in a matrix 2-Dand then plot it. Graduation Project ١٠١ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Trace no. Channel name Data recording Graduation Project ١٠٢ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 5. Brain Color Mapping Algorism: Mapping processing and Results: Palette box: This box contains the gradient color between: • The Blue and Red color: We considered the maximum volt matches red and the minimum volt matches blue and then makes interpolation between two colors and two voltages to get the color matches to voltage between the minimum and maximum voltage. Max Voltage (255, 0, 0) Known Volt Unknown color Min voltage (0, 0,255) Graduation Project ١٠٣ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Red − blue max volt − minmum The unknown Red = ( volt = unkwon color − red known volt − max volt 255 − 0 max volt − minmum volt The unknown Green = ( ) ∗ (known volt − max volt) + 255 0−0 max volt − minmum volt The unknown Blue = ( ) ∗ (known volt − max volt) + 0 = 0 0 − 255 max volt − minmum volt ) ∗ (known volt − max vo • The Red , Green and Blue: Max voltage (255, 0, 0) (1) Center voltage (0, 255, 0) (2) Min voltage (0, 0, 255) Graduation Project ١٠٤ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI We considered the maximum volt as red, the minimum volt as blue and the Green color as the main voltage. 1) If the unknown voltage lies between maximum and main voltage; So, makes interpolation between green and Red colors with maximum and main voltage. So, you can get the color matches to voltage between the maximum and main voltage. Red − Green unkwon color − Green = max volt − main volt known volt − main volt = unknown Green = ( − ∗ − 0 − 255 max volt − main volt − + ) ∗ (known volt − main volt) + 255 2) If the unknown voltage lies between minimum and main: We make interpolation between green and blue colors with minimum and main voltage. So, you can get the color matches to voltage between the minimum and main voltage. Green − blue main volt − minmum volt The unknownRed = ( = unkwon color − Green known volt − main volt 0−0 ) ∗ (knownvolt − main volt) + 0 = 0 main volt − minmumvolt The unknown Green = ( The unknown Blue = ( 255 − 0 ) ∗ (known volt − main volt) + 255 main volt − minmum volt 0 − 255 ) ∗ (known volt − main volt) + 0 main volt − minmum volt Graduation Project ١٠٥ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI • Rainbow box: In this box we make gradient between five colors (Orange, yellow, green, light yellow and dark blue). Max voltage (255, 70, 30) (1) Main up Voltage (220, 220, 0) (2) Center voltage (100, 250, 50) Main down Voltage (4) (100,100,255) Min voltage (100,100,255) (3) (1) If the color lies between the maximum and main up: Orange − yellow max volt − mainup volt The unknown Red = ( = unkwon color − Orange known volt − max volt 220 − 255 mainup volt − max volt ) ∗ (known volt − max volt) + 255 The unknownGreen = ( 220 − 70 ) ∗ (known volt − max volt) + 70 mainup volt − max volt The unknown Blue = ( 0 − 30 ) ∗ (known volt − max volt) + 30 mainup volt − max volt Graduation Project ١٠٦ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI (2) If the color lies between the main up and main: yallow − green unkwon color − yellow = mainup volt − main volt known volt − mainup volt TheunknownRed = ( ) ∗ (knownvolt − mainupvolt)+ 220 mainvolt − mainupvolt TheunknownGreen= ( TheunknownBlue= ( 100− 220 250 − 220 ) ∗ (knownvolt− mainupvolt)+ 220 mainvolt− mainupvolt 50 − 0 ) ∗ (knownvolt− mainupvolt)+ 50 mainvolt− mainupvolt (3) If the color lies between the main and main down: green - light blue main volt − maindown volt The unknown Red = ( = unkwon color − lightblue known volt − maindown volt 100 − 100 main volt − maindown volt The unknownGreen = ( The unknown Blue = ( ) ∗ (known volt − maindown volt) + 100 100 - 250 main volt − maindown volt 255 − 50 main volt − maindown volt ) ∗ (known volt − maindown volt) + 250 ) ∗ (known volt − maindown volt) + 50 Graduation Project ١٠٧ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI (4) If the color lies between the main down and minimum: light blue - dark blue maindown volt − minimum volt TheunknownRed = ( unkwon color − lightblue known volt − maindown volt 0 − 100 ) ∗ (knownvolt − maindownvolt)+ 100 min volt − maindownvolt The unknownGreen = ( The unknown Blue = ( = 0 - 100 min volt − maindownvolt 120 − 255 min volt − maindown volt ) ∗ (known volt − maindownvolt) + 100 ) ∗ (known volt − maindown volt) + 255 As shown the palate boxes show the relation between colors and voltages represented in the EEG file for easy vision to the doctor as: 1. This represents the maximum voltage of EEG at specific time in the EEG file represented in Red color. 2. This represents the minimum volt at the same time which represented in blue color. 3. This represents the main voltage between maximum and minimum voltage which represented in green color. The next step using the location of the electrode distributed in the MRI views and represent them as a different color due to the value of voltage taken from EEG file at specific time that the doctor want to see, as it is represent the activity of the brain at this time. The data of EEG signal is stored in two dimensional array number of columns represent the number of channel and number of rows represent the number of samples in the file taken from the patient. we take the values of voltage at every electrodes in a specific time and compute the maximum and the minimum value of EEG signal at this time which matches the red and blue color so we can get the color matches the voltage between these values. Graduation Project ١٠٨ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI (The activity of the brain at the location of the EEG electrodes) Graduation Project ١٠٩ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Potential mapping: In our project we make a model of head and distribute the location of the electrode at constant distance depending on the ten twenty system as shown in the figure blow. (Brain activity at specific time (as the color gradient between electrodes Graduation Project ١١٠ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI • The idea of mapping: The red circles represent the center of the image and the surrounding points around the center have a specific color and then we make gradient of colors between the center point and the surrounding points. We use the idea of mapping discussed above to make area mapping between electrodes’ voltage. 1. The following figure shows the activity of the brain at each electrode. 2. We note that the higher voltage represented as red area, the lower voltage represented as blue area and the other voltages are gradient between them. Graduation Project ١١١ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 3- By our program we can choose the area mapping gradient color by the pallete dialogue. Graduation Project ١١٢ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Chapter 9 Problems Faced Us Graduation Project ١١٣ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI In Our project we face many problems, we try to solve them all but some of them we can solve and the other we hope to solve in the upgrade. 1- Difficulty in collecting data: The basic problem is collecting real data where we want MRI images, EEG signals and Video recording of the same patient. Most hospitals have security in their data but we found finally some useful data . 2- Our Project with Matlab programming language: Our project based on two important processes 1-Image processing (MRI images) 2-Signal processing (EEG signal) These two processes are easy to carry out on a matlab but it was the first problem as matlab does not build on executable file ,so we decided to make our project by Visual C++.net because: 1-It can build an executable file. 2- More fast than other languages (because its compiler is nearest to machine language) 3- Our project with VC++.net: VC++.net is very strong language in programming ,so we do our best in handling MRI images and how to deal with each pixel in the MRI image (like: determine the position of it also deal with the color components of each pixel) 4-Image processing problem: We spent more times for finding the suitable algorithm that has minimum error to calculate the length of edges of the MRI images 5- Drawing EEG signal and VC++.net problem: Also we work on the EEG signal to read the data of it and draw it in a second window but we faced with a very difficult problem, that is the visual C++.net is not easy when we use the MFCC where every tool used in the interfacing must be generated by the code, also VC++.net is difficult when we generate two separate windows and link them together, Graduation Project ١١٤ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI where we want to link the change happened in the first window with second window. 6-Our project with VC#.net: With some of searches we know that VC#.net is easy language in dealing with the windows application and easy to link between separate two windows, so we made our project with the VC#.net programming language. 7- The problem in the VC#.net: After while we found that the VC#.net is very slow than the VC++.net in processing but VC#.net can solve our serious and basic problems, so we continue working with it. Graduation Project ١١٥ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Chapter 10 Upgrades in future Graduation Project ١١٦ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI 1. 3-D brain model: In our project we deal with 2D MRI images to locate the EEG electrodes with respect to the ten twenty system. We hope to construct slices of MRI images to make 3D real model of brain (Skull) to be more accurate when distributing EEG electrodes on the skull. Also we need to use the 3D real model for color mapping to locate the accurate location for abnormal part of brain in purpose of helping neurosurgeons. 2. Load EEG signal of EDF format (European Data Format): Most bio-signal is stored in EDF format which minimize the size data file. In our project we try to read the EDF file but it was difficult to read the data stored in it, so we read the EEG signal in an ASCII format. We hope that reading the EEG signal file in its most standard format. 3. Load MRI images from DICOM format: MRI generates MRI images in DICOM format, but with lack of time we did not read it in its real format, so we use the OSORIS program to convert the MRI images from DICOM format to Bmp format. We hope that we read images in its real format 4. Power spectrum: We hope to add power spectrum in our project to clear a power of every band during period of time chosen by doctor. 5. Mapping of bipolar signal: We hopping to make a mapping of bipolar signal by subtracting two bipolar channel that have the same type electrode to give its unipolar value that will use in mapping. Graduation Project ١١٧ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI Future Goal of our project: EEG during fMRI is an important application depending on mainly the same idea but in method. EEG during fMRI is made in purpose of specify the epileptic focus of brain by EEG and fMRI scan together in the same time but this recurs • Spatial filters. • Special electrodes to bear magnetic field. MRI image will includes the real location of electrodes in brain. Graduation Project ١١٨ 2005 - 2006 Dipole Localization EEG with MRI References: www.deymed.com/truscan32nf.asp www.valdostamuseum.org/hamsmith/quancon.html www.emedicine.com/neuro/electroencephalography_and_evoked_potent ials http://medi.uni-oldenburg.de/members/ane . (PDF) www.cerebromente.org.br/n03/tecnologia www.aha.ru/~geivanit/EEGmanual www.cornea.berkeley.edu www.sccn.ucsd.edu www.cerebromente.org.br www.neuro.mcg.edu/amurro http://www.aha.ru/~geivanit/EEGmanual//coherence.html http://www.unizh.ch http://www.waiting.com/brain function.html http://www.waiting.com/brain anatomy.html http://www.epilepsy.com http://www.drugabuse.gov/index.html http://okkxray.com/loc-advimage.html http://kumed.com/bodyside.cfm http//www.cheyrad.com http://wecaremedicalmall.org/dental.html http://epilepsy.org.uk/info.html http://www.webmd.com http://www.cancer-research-center.com/cancer.html http://infoforyourhealth.com/cancer/brain/20cancer.html http//www.hida.hih.gov/nida-notes/nnvol11lns/basics.html http://www.canceranswevs.com http://www.cancer.duke.edu http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/kinser/int1.html http://salmon.psy.plym.ac.uk/year1/neurotr.html http://www.codeproject.com Graduation Project ١١٩ 2005 - 2006