Enabling Technologies Strategic Plan
Transcription
Enabling Technologies Strategic Plan
Enabling Technologies Strategic Plan 2013 - 2016 2 Champlain Local Health Integration Network 1900 City Park Drive, Suite 204 Ottawa, Ontario K1J 1A3 Tel: 613.747.6784 Toll-free: 1.866.902.5446 [email protected] www.champlainlhin.on.ca 3 Table of Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 5 The Champlain LHIN Strategic Plan ....................................................................................... 6 Enabling Technologies Strategic Goals ................................................................................... 7 Progress on the 2009 eHealth Strategic Plan ......................................................................... 10 Environment ........................................................................................................................... 12 Guidelines .............................................................................................................................. 20 Strategic Goals and Tactics .................................................................................................... 25 Summary - Strategic Goals and Tactics ................................................................................. 37 Index ...................................................................................................................................... 38 Glossary ................................................................................................................................. 39 4 Introduction This Strategic Plan update was established through a limited consultative process that included: • Presentations by various stakeholders, including eHealth Ontario, Canada Health Infoway, OntarioMD, the Champlain Primary Care Lead, the Champlain CIO, and the Connecting Northern and Eastern Ontario (cNEO) project team, to the Champlain eHealth Council on the work they have undertaken. • Discussions with, and input from, the Champlain eHealth Council and Champlain CIO Committee • Input from various Champlain Local Health Integration Network (LHIN) staff and, guidance from the senior management team • Input from various local health service providers (Providers) including the Champlain CCAC and primary care physicians • Discussions with other LHIN Clusters. This plan is an update to the Champlain 2009 eHealth Strategic Plan. You will notice a number of changes when you compare that plan to this one. The most obvious change is the title: Champlain Enabling Technologies Strategic Plan replaces Champlain eHealth Strategic Plan. This reflects the new focus on technology as an enabler of many of the changes contemplated for the health care system. In addition, this plan tucks under the Champlain LHIN Integrated Health Service Plan 2013-16. As a result, there is a strong alignment between the strategies of the Champlain LHIN’s Integrated Health Service Plan (IHSP) 2013-16 and the strategic goals of the Champlain Enabling Technologies Strategic Plan. As the Champlain LHIN’s focus shifts to community, Health Links, and primary care, we shifted the focus of Champlain Enabling Technologies to include more work with primary care. Some changes were minor. The Champlain Enabling Technologies Strategic Plan (Plan) confirms and updates the guidelines established in the previous plan. These guidelines will: • Continue to be followed during the rollout of the various initiatives established by the previous plan, and • Be used to guide new projects envisioned as part of the Plan. Originally, these guidelines were carefully and thoughtfully established to: • Ensure equitable and fair treatment of all participants • Help in the selection of priorities, and • Align thinking. In short, the Plan explains where we will place our resources and attention and, most importantly, why. The new Plan is not all encompassing but it will: • Move the enabling technology agenda forward • Support improved quality of care, and • Ensure alignment with the LHIN and provincial visions. 5 The Champlain LHIN Strategic Plan Vision: Healthy people and healthy communities supported by a quality, accessible health system. Mission: Building a coordinated, integrated and accountable health system for people where and when they need it Strategies: • Build a strong foundation of integrated primary, home and community care • Improve coordination and transitions of care • Increase coordination and integration of services among hospitals. These strategies appear to be distinct areas of work. In fact, they are connected and interdependent parts of one, integrated health care system. In alignment with the LHIN’s strategic plan (Champlain LHIN Integrated Health Service Plan [IHSP] 2013-16), Enabling Technologies will help us create, strengthen, and enable an integrated health care system. The IHSP sets out a vision and direction to achieve a person-centred integrated health care system. The Champlain LHIN sees improving integration of services as key to 6 this. That is why “integrated care”, coordinated care” and smooth “transitions of care” are common themes throughout the IHSP. An integrated primary, home and community care sector is essential to achieving the mission because over 90% of a typical resident’s interactions with the health care system occur within the primary, home, and community care sector. This IHSP’s tactic to start geographically based Health Links will move the system toward the ultimate vision. In all likelihood, information technology will enable many of the goals identified in the IHSP. Geography and institutional boundaries can prevent important information in the hands of one health service provider (Provider) from getting into the hands of another who is trying to help support a client in need. The result of this “information gap” is that the quality of health care suffers. The old adage that quality health can only occur when “the right information is given to the right person at the right time” remains true. These three IHSP strategies are a cornerstone of the Plan (see page 9 for linkages between the two). Enabling Technologies Strategic Goals and sharing information but not to the degree needed for the type of coordinated patient care contemplated. The aim is to reduce this fragmentation. Like the health care system, the patient record is fragmented, with different pieces of the record being held by individual Providers. The Strategic Goals below form a framework onto which we align our projects. In addition, they provide focus and continuity to the work. The Plan’s goals are to: 1) Build a regionally shared electronic health record (EHR), using Ontario’s defined dataset as its foundation 2) Build an electronic infrastructure that enables improved collaboration, coordination, and transitions of care to occur effectively and efficiently 3) Undertake initiatives to enable coordination and integration of services among hospitals 4) Undertake initiatives that build a strong foundation of integrated primary, home and community care 5) Examine project, program and services management, operational funding, and, possibly, governance as we move the Enabling Technologies Plan forward. EHR projects aim to reduce this fragmentation. EHR projects gather information from a number of different providers and allow providers to view the combined data. The projects underway in Ontario are significant steps toward organizing the health data around the client and eliminating the historical barriers of geography and institution. EHR projects are foundational enabling all parts of the health care system to operate effectively. Health care workers and employees of providers are primarily knowledge workers. They are at their best when they can share information. As such, they need to be able to share best practices, consult with one another, and help people securely navigate the health care system. The Champlain Collaboration Space initiatives, such as the interagency referral information system, non-urgent transportation tool, and shared mental health screener, move us in the right direction. This Plan confirms its expanded use across the community and primary care sectors, in support of Health Links and primary care health hubs. Although greatly improved from what it was years ago, the health care system remains fragmented. The players are becoming accustomed to working together 7 In 2009, we set a target of integrating services in the hospital sector. One hospital-based integration project exemplifies what is possible: the Champlain Association of Meditech Partners (CHAMP). Today, CHAMP consists of seven hospitals moving to a shared electronic patient record and Level 6 on the HIMSS Analytics electronic patient record scale. The HIMSS Analytics scale provides an objective method to evaluate the progress and impact of electronic patient record (EPR) systems for acute care delivery environments. Only four hospitals in Canada have been certified at Level 6, none of them is in a shared environment, so, the CHAMP hospitals will become leaders in Ontario, perhaps Canada. From a patient’s perspective, this makes the group of hospitals seem totally integrated. home and community care have become a priority for the Ministry and the LHINs. Recently, the Champlain LHIN commissioned a Champlain Community Sector Alignment study. That project has set the vision and direction for integration within the Community Support Services (CSS) sector and between the sector and the CCAC. Similarly, Champlain has moved to establish Health Links and work with primary care on a new direction for patient care. The Enabling Technologies projects identified here will enable the vision. Finally, all of the Enabling Technologies initiatives are complex from a governance perspective. Initiatives, like the Diagnostic Imaging and Clinical Document Repository, are especially expensive and complex from a governance, management, and ongoing funding perspective because they include multiple providers, funders and LHINs. Complicating the analysis and decisionmaking is the fact that the cost of these systems may come to one sector, while another sector derives the financial and patient care benefits. Residents of Ontario have clearly said that they would prefer to receive services in the home, whenever possible and appropriate. The Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (Ministry) recognizes that not only is this good for the resident, it is good for the health care system. Services provided at home are an excellent lower cost alternative to hospital or institutional care. As a result, primary, 8 More than ever, interdependencies among providers increase the need to evaluate sustaining strategies, governance structures and establish new ones that suit the new integrated system. Like EHR projects, governance is foundational to organizing the system effectively. The graphic on the next pages shows the alignment between the goals of the IHSP and those of the Enabling Technologies Plan. In addition, it shows the connection with the electronic health record and governance. Strategic Alignment: IHSP 2013 - 16 and Enabling Technologies Plan Integrated Health Service Plan Strategies Build a strong foundation of integrated primary, home and community care Improve coordination and transitions of care Increase coordination and integration of services among hospitals Undertake initiatives that build a strong foundation of integrated primary, home and community care Build an electronic infrastructure that enables improved collaboration, coordination and transitions of care to occur effectively and efficiently Undertake initiatives to enable coordination and integration of services among hospitals • Build a regionally shared electronic health record, using Ontario's defined dataset as its foundation • Examine project, program and services management, operational funding, and, possibly, governance as we move the Enabling Technologies Strategic Plan forward. Enabling Technologies Strategic Plan Goals 9 Progress on the 2009 eHealth Strategic Plan Strategy Progress We will build a regionally shared eHealth record, using eHealth Ontario’s dataset as its foundation. • eHealth Ontario cancelled the Diabetes Registry in 2012. • eHealth Ontario completed development of the Ontario Laboratory information system and is now implementing the service across Ontario. • eHealth Ontario stopped the Drug Information System project and is reviewing their strategy. • The LHINs and hospitals completed the Diagnostic Imaging Repository project in 2012. • eHealth Ontario continues to plan the portal and HIAL strategy for Ontario. • Champlain and the South East LHIN completed the development of the Clinical Document Repository. 16 hospitals, as of Nov 2013, are now contributing documents to it. Links to physicians EMRs are now being planned. We will build an electronic infrastructure that allows information sharing, collaboration, and communication to occur effectively and efficiently. • The Collaboration Space, also called LHINWorks, and associated services established (2009). • Scheduling of ER time, orphan patients et at Winchester (2009) • Critical Care Physicians pandemic planning support (2009) Milestone 1,000 users • Concurrent disorders screening for mental health and addictions (2010) • CHEO – regional patient tracking system (2010) • DRCC support for diabetes management (2010) • eConsult pilot start (2010 ) • Champlain region -wide non-urgent transportation scheduling support (2011) • Regional Chiropody referral and booking (2011) Milestone 2,000 users • EORLA lab activity reporting for all hospitals (2012) • LYNC services introduced and federated with Sick Kids Hospital, Cancer Care and CCACs across Ontario (20,000 users) 2012 Milestone 4,000 users • EORLA introduction of dashboards and live on-line reporting for all hospitals • Incident Tracking System introduced (2013) • Regional retinopathy solution introduced (2013) Milestone ~6,000 users in 2013 10 Strategy Progress We will undertake initiatives to improve productivity and to integrate health services. • Champlain Association of Meditech Partners (CHAMP) formed (2010). • Bruyère goes live in the shared environment. (2012) • Queensway, Carleton Place and Arnprior go live in the shared environment. (2013) • Montfort Hospital joins the partnership. (2012) • Glengarry Hospital joins the partnership (2012) • CSS, LHIN, and CCAC agencies complete review of CSS sector value stream mapping proposing the creation of a shared client information system service for the CSS sector. (2010) • CSS sector forms a project to implement a shared client information system. (2011) • 30 agencies ask to join the shared client information system project (2012) • CSS sector rolls out the InterRAI CHA to all agencies in the sector (2013) Examine project, program and services management, operational funding, and, possibly, governance as we move the Enabling Technologies Plan forward. • Project and program governance is introduced into all regional projects (2010) • The CHAMP participants agree to begin discussions on shared services governance (2010) • CSS sector shared service agrees to shared service governance structure (2012) • Governance and sustainment funding remain an outstanding issue between eHealth Ontario and the LHINs. 11 Environment 4) Champlain LHIN and its IHSP 2013 – 16, representing regional health care system priorities Northern & Eastern Ontario Cluster Champlain LHIN Canada Health Infoway Enabling Tech Strategic Plan Ministry of Health & LongTerm Care eHealth Ontario Over the past four years, the health care and digital health environments have undergone significant change. A number of lead agencies have considered their progress and established new plans to carry them forward. Where possible and appropriate, the Plan will align with the directions set by those lead agencies’ strategic plans or stated direction. This Plan will align with: 1) Canada Health Infoway and its recently released Opportunities for Action: A Pan-Canadian Digital Health Strategic Plan, representing the national direction 2) Ministry enabling technologies and health care services strategic priorities, representing Ontario-wide priorities 3) eHealth Ontario and its eHealth Blueprint and reference architecture, representing the existing provincial eHealth priorities 12 5) Directions set by the Northern and Eastern Ontario (NEO) Cluster. Aligning with these will keep us focused, eliminate unnecessary or duplicate effort, and reduce distractions. 1) Canada Health Infoway Opportunities for Action: A Pan-Canadian Digital Health Strategic Plan. Much of Infoway’s work over the past decade has concentrated on digital health investments in EHRs and point-of-care systems or electronic medical records (EMRs) for clinicians. Six years ago 22% of Champlain physicians had EMRs, today over 75% have them. This provides an excellent foundation for integrating primary care physicians into the rest of the health care system. The Champlain Enabling Technologies Strategic Plan will build on this foundation. From InfoWay’s perspective, the next logical step is to accelerate the areas that will improve the overall patient experience, because they: • Create better transitions through the system • Foster better communication between patients and providers in all care settings • Provide easier access. Assist Canadians to have a more convenient healthcare experience, with reduced wait times, by using enabling technologies solutions to better interact with their healthcare team and navigate the healthcare system. Technologies may include tools to support patients renewing prescriptions, scheduling visits to physicians, or navigating the health care system. Infoway developed the strategic plan in consultation with more than 500 Canadians, clinicians, government and healthcare administrators, national associations and digital health vendors, who were asked to identify priorities that health enabling technologies could best support. Six broad themes emerged describing healthcare priorities over the next several years, and from these themes, five opportunities for action were developed: • Support new models of care. Continue to expand the deployment and use of EHR, EMR and other point-of-care solutions into all care settings to enable person-centred care and continuity of care, including, but not limited to, chronic disease management. Technologies may include EMR, EHR, referral management, discharge summaries, care transitions, chronic disease management, telepathology. Bring care closer to home. Using mobile patient monitoring solutions, coupled with other consumer health solutions, seniors and other patients with chronic diseases will be able to monitor their own health conditions from their home or within their community. Technologies may include Patient monitoring solutions, personal health records and other consumer health solutions. • Improve patient safety. Accelerate the deployment of medication management to reduce preventable medical errors. This may require the enhancement and/or replacement of many aging hospital information systems in the acute care setting. Technologies may include electronic prescriptions, computerized physician order entry, closed-loop medication management, or medication reconciliation. • Demonstrate the importance of quality by supporting continuous improvement, and • Create better value by supporting evidence-based care. The recently announced plan outlines the healthcare priorities that digital health solutions can best support over the coming years, and identifies key opportunities for action. • 13 Enable a high-performing health system. Accelerate the deployment of analytics solutions to support the creation of information and evidence for clinical and administrative decision making in the quest to create a highperforming health system across Canada. Technologies include clinical analytics and evidence development and use for clinicians, analytics to support LEAN, population health, research, planning, operations and evaluation. With 9,200 primary care physicians practicing family medicine in Ontario, almost 1,000 primary care contracts, and a myriad of payment and funding models, coordination is a challenge. LHINs are accountable for Community Health Centres across the province, and engage other primary care models through various less formal means (for example, networks, councils, and advisories). This complicates the efforts to coordinate and align the health care system. In the next three years, the Plan improves patient safety with computerized physician order entry, closed loop medication management, and medication reconciliation through elements of the CHAMP project and initiatives with the small hospitals. The Infoway Plan will open the way to initiatives directly involving patients and their interaction with the health care system, perhaps later in this plan or in the next Champlain Enabling Technologies Strategic Plan. As a result, primary care remains one of the largest sectors in the system that lacks adequate alignment to the rest of the system’s structures and organizations. • 2) Ministry: Ontario Action Plan for Health Care and Health Links The Ontario Action Plan for Health Care (Action Plan), released in Jan 2012, highlights the improvements in the integration of the health care system at the provincial level. It recognized the need for further integration reform in the primary care sector. The Action Plan indicates that the LHINs will be more accountable for primary care planning. More recently, the Ministry and 14 LHINs recognized that our system needs to improve its support for patients with multiple chronic conditions to transition well across levels of care. 14 The lack of adequate alignment shows itself in a number of ways: • Individual solo practices, or small group practices, work in isolation • Primary care physicians have limited formal linkages with the hospital sector • Primary care physicians have limited or no formal linkages with community health organizations (i.e., Community Care Access Centres) • Limited integration of health information, thereby, further isolating primary care. In Dec 2012, the Ministry announced the formation of voluntary Health Links or patient care networks. They are a new model of care - at the clinical level - where all providers in the community, including primary care, hospitals, and community care, are charged with coordinating individual patient care plans for people with very complex needs. Health Links will be designed around, and accountable for, system level metrics established by the province. Health Links may look different across regions, but their formation will be based on a sound framework with specific principles, including: • Person-centred planning with strong mechanisms in place for the patient voice to be heard • Building on existing delivery organizations and existing best practices • Joint accountability for attainment of results • Common targets and metrics • Evaluation built into the design. In the medium term, the LHINs will identify Health Links ready to proceed based on specific criteria including the results of a readiness assessment. Once a HealthLink is approved, it will be required to develop a business plan and will be held accountable to achieve targeted results. example, all Health Links mentioned the need to identify the target population they will be serving on an ongoing basis. This Plan will address many of those challenges. 3) eHealth Ontario: eHealth Blueprint and Strategy Every province in the country has aligned with the Canada Health Infoway’s Electronic Health Record Solution Blueprint. Ontario’s eHealth Blueprint, developed in 2006, was based on this national architecture. The Ontario architecture, included in the eHealth Ontario Blueprint, provides an overview of the pieces of the EHR and principles to guide the development of Ontario’s eHealth projects. The Blueprint prepares the ground for the declaration of information and technology standards. These information and technology standards aid information sharing and, as a result, should be complied with by any organization wishing to support Ministry or eHealth Ontario strategies. There is a significant enabling technologies challenge facing us with the establishment of Health Links. So far, all of the Business Cases highlight the need for information to support patient and shared case management, and decision support. As an 15 The provincial Drug Information System Project is presently undergoing a review by eHealth Ontario and the Ministry. • Below are the components of the EHR and status of the projects as of the start of fiscal 2013-14: • Private and public sector lab test results: The provincial Ontario Lab Information System (OLIS) will contain the laboratory data. At this point, OLIS contains almost all of the private lab data. eHealth Ontario and the Ministry would like to see laboratory data from hospitals added to the repository before the end of fiscal 2015-16. OLIS is available in three Champlain hospitals. A limited further expansion across the Champlain LHIN is planned for fiscal 2013–14. • 16 Drugs dispensed by retail pharmacies and hospital pharmacies: The present Ontario Drug Benefit database with its Drug Profile Viewer is capable of providing drug histories on 25% of residents that account for more than 5060% of drugs dispensed. It has been available to all of the hospitals in Ontario for several years. Radiology images and notes: These repositories house X-rays, CT and MRI images, as well as, images from other modalities, and associated radiologist reports. In Champlain, the implementation included the ingestion of images into local picture-archive communications systems, and a small pilot with primary care physicians. The repository has been operational for some time; these latter components are nearing completion now. eHealth Ontario will lead the project to integrate the four repositories’ data across Ontario. The Champlain LHIN was heavily involved in this project. • Discharge instructions and specialist / medical notes: The Champlain and South East LHINs were the first to build a clinical document repository to house this type of information. It has been functioning for two years, and recently received funding to expand to other hospitals in the two LHINs and the primary care physicians’ EMRs. By the end of November, 16 hospitals were connected into the Clinical Document Repository with four more planned for December of 2013. The clinical document repository will be one of the data sources for the EHR. • cNEO – Portal and Portal Service: Over the past two years, eHealth Ontario has been working with its delivery partner, The Ottawa Hospital, Providers and the LHINs to plan for the establishment of a portal and portal related services to serve the Champlain, Southeast, Northeast, and Northwest LHIN Providers. The planning phase of this project is nearing completion. • Ontario and Standards: Both the Ministry and eHealth Ontario are committed to building applications that are compliant with international data and interface standards (such as HL7 and DICOM). The Plan commits to align with these published standards, wherever possible. This alignment reduces the cost of building interfaces, increases the ease of integration, and ensures that a number of vendors are capable of providing support to the vision. As an example, the Clinical Document Repository is compliant with the published Clinical Document Specification, the EMR Spec 4.1a and the Discharge Summary Standard. 4) Champlain LHIN IHSP 2013-16 According to the Local Health System Integration Act, 2006, the LHINs were established in an environment where Ontarians and the Ontario government confirm their commitment to the six principles of the Canada Health Act. The Local Health System Integration Act, and associated regulations, requires all LHINs to create an IHSP every three years, and to do so through consultation with local communities. 17 The Champlain LHIN IHSP 2013-16 builds on previous IHSP successes and establishes a solid alignment with the recently published Ontario Action Plan for Health Care. • More seniors are cared for in their communities: The population in Ontario is aging and living longer, many with multiple chronic conditions. This area focuses on ensuring that Providers know the senior’s care plan and that they are receiving care in the most appropriate setting for their needs, often at home or in the community. • More people with complex health conditions are able to manage their conditions: These individuals often need to access services from multiple providers. This area strengthens the healthcare system’s ability to ensure smoother transitions for patients among providers. • More people at end-of-life, families and caregivers receive palliative care supports in their setting of choice: These individuals need to know what to expect and how to handle changes in the patient’s condition. They also need to receive the appropriate support to live the remainder of their lives in the setting of their choice. The IHSP 2013-16 focuses on six Key Result Areas: • • • 18 More people are involved in planning their health services: This involves including people as partners in planning their personal care, and engaging people in health care system planning. As the IHSP suggests, engaged people tend to have better health outcomes and involving people is essential to a person-centred, integrated system. More people receive quality, evidencebased care: This includes a focus on access, whether managing and monitoring wait times for specific diagnostic procedures, treatments and services, or increasing the percentage of the population with access to a primary care provider. It also involves a focus on patient safety and quality of care. More people with mental health conditions and addictions have access to services: This involves addressing the growing crisis in our society of mental health and addictions, particularly among the youth, Aboriginals, and the Francophone population. It will do this by focusing on improving the transitions of care for people from youth to adult services and strengthening the links between providers to help people move from one service to another. As described on pages 5 through 7 and shown on page 8, the Champlain Enabling Technologies Strategic Plan enables a number of strategies set by the IHSP. 5) Introduction of the Northern and Eastern Ontario Cluster Implementing projects in Ontario is a complex balance between managing risk and attaining efficiencies, which often can come from economies of scale. As mentioned earlier, project risks increase with the number of partners, scale of the project, number of users, and diversity of needs being satisfied by the project. This explains why centralized, provincially run projects are at highest risk. Locally funded, managed, and scaled projects have the least risk, but are the most difficult to oversee centrally. eHealth Ontario and the Ministry asked the LHINs to form “clusters” of between four and six LHINs to provide a balance between many, low-risk, small projects and a few, very large, and risky provincial ones. This request was a result of the successful implementation of projects like the Clinical Document Repository, Diagnostic Imaging Repository, and Integrated Assessment Record, and the difficulties of moving forward provincially-scaled projects. This approach decreases the challenges of managing many, small, local projects and linking them together to create a cohesive whole. Provincial standards, published by eHealth Ontario, will be adopted by the clusters to ensure inter-operability between projects, wherever possible and practical. The Northern and Eastern Ontario (NEO) cluster consists of the Southeast, Champlain, North East, and Northwest LHINs. The Champlain LHIN is the NEO cluster lead. There are presently three clusters in Ontario with similar, but not identical, approaches to governing clusterbased projects. An Integration Alignment Council, consisting of the LHIN CEOs and CIOs, provides the governance and oversight for the regional projects. eHealth Ontario, delivery partners, and others are invited to the meetings to provide input and advice. 19 Guidelines The nine guidelines below were developed in the original Champlain eHealth Strategic Plan. After review, they will be kept mostly intact. As mentioned in the 2009 version, these guidelines should not change because of varying business circumstances, altered short-term goals, the introduction of new strategies, or any adjustments in senior management. As also indicated previously, as long as the strategic goals are alive, the guidelines will keep us on the right path. These guidelines represent a philosophy that will guide decision-making throughout the life of this strategic plan. The strategic goals will be achieved if we implement planned initiatives, and remain open to new ideas. Guidelines ensure consistency in our approach to funding projects, while allowing us to take advantage of opportunities that were unforeseen when the Plan was written. The guidelines categories: align to three broad • National and provincial direction • Champlain LHIN strategic priorities, and • User support and engagement. 20 1) Compliance with national and provincial direction • Projects will abide by eHealth Ontario’s Blueprint. There is a national strategy for health care set by the provincial and federal Ministers of Health. The Ontario Ministry adopted the national priorities, and modified them in response to provincial conditions. These Ontario priorities, in turn, are the priorities of the LHINs and Providers that they fund. Funding is designed to align with strategy and direction. Similarly, Ontario’s eHealth Blueprint aligns with the national blueprint developed through a consultation process by Canada Health Infoway. The architecture defines the end-state or final EHR vision for our province. eHealth Ontario will articulate the roadmap to that end-state. Alignment is important to cost-effectively improve the quality of people’s care. Although some projects may deviate from the architecture for pragmatic reasons, initiatives in the long term should align with it. • All projects will abide by Ministry procurement policies. The Ministry, eHealth Ontario, LHIN's, and Providers are required to abide by these various policies. Initiatives funded by these parties will abide by the same rules. • All regional projects will be subject to a Privacy Impact Assessment. Any project funded by Canada Health Infoway is required to undergo a stringent Privacy Impact Assessment. eHealth Ontario has moved in the same direction. Anywhere information is being shared; best information sharing practices must be available. Privacy Impact Assessments help make this happen. The Assessment ensures that the integrated solution, including the people involved in using the tool, is compliant with Ontario privacy best practices and privacy legislation. Ontarians want to know that their personal health information is being protected; their trust in their Provider depends on it. • Regional initiatives will comply with the Local Health System Integration Act, 2006. Most of the projects contemplated by the Plan have a solution that requires a shared services or integrated structure to maintain. As an example, the Champlain Alliance of Meditech Partners (CHAMP) project involves the formation of a governance structure involving seven hospitals, signed contracts and an exchange of money. The Local Health System Integration Act, 2006 provides a notification and approval framework under which this can happen. According to the legislation, anytime more than one Provider is involved in service integration, the LHINs must be notified of their intent. We expect further Voluntary and Facilitated Integrations to occur in the coming years. Failure to meet this standard jeopardizes peoples’ trust, increases the probability that a privacy breach will occur, and, most certainly, will result in a funding holdback. 21 2) Alignment with Champlain LHIN strategic priorities • 3) Alignment with user support and engagement Initiatives that support the Champlain IHSP will be funded as a priority. The IHSP sets the priorities for the LHIN, and ensures alignment with provincial priorities. At its core, the IHSP focuses on building a person-centred, integrated, and sustainable local health care system. Although this guideline is not exclusive, the Plan recognizes that communitybased enabling technologies initiatives focused on the Key Result Areas highlighted in the plan Initiatives that focus on achieving IHSP strategies will be considered higher priority than those that do not. • Alignment with Champlain’s published standards and compliance with service accountability agreements. From time to time, the Champlain LHIN may publish standards and ask that all Providers work by those standards. Although Providers may not be required to abide by the published standards, we commit that all enabling technologies initiatives will comply with the relevant ones. Accountability agreements are contracts. As such, all Providers are required to comply with them. Similarly, any enabling technologies initiatives involving those Providers must comply with those accountability agreements. 22 • Projects will have wide support from users. The quality of health care provided is at its best when Providers cooperate and work together toward common goals. Additionally, we know that the implementation and adoption of enabling technologies services goes more smoothly and with a higher degree of success when those Providers are intimately involved in the selection of the systems that they will use or will be impacted by. The Local Health System Integration Act, 2006 recognizes the importance of stakeholder engagement. It requires that all Providers consult with stakeholders before making major changes to services. Transparency and stakeholder engagement are principles that will be used to guide the work of all enabling technologies initiatives, and provide a foundation for support and increased success rates on projects. Although wide support from Providers is required, unanimity is not. • Initiatives will provide measurable benefit to the majority of participants. The Plan will result in projects that make the overall health care system more effective and/or more efficient. First, we will look for initiatives that focus on improving the IHSP target populations’ health status, their experience with the health care system, or the performance of the system as it relates to the interactions with the target populations. Second, we will look for initiatives that contain administrative or other costs. However, these projects will not affect everyone in the same way. Projects will benefit some providers more positively than others. This is a reality of our diverse health care system and the type of projects that we will undertake in the coming years as the health care system matures. Individuals’ personal circumstances influence how they perceive the relative merits of certain benefits, too. The Plan assumes that Providers will not necessarily perceive projects as equally beneficial to all participants. Nevertheless, it is important that we commit to win-win outcomes, wherever and whenever we can. • Initiatives will present a realistic opportunity for measurable implementation success. Before embarking on any enabling technology project, it is important to be sensitive to the probability of success. Consultants, the press, and researchers are quick to point out that large-scale enabling technology projects have a high failure rate, as high as 75%. Enterprise Resource Planning projects (ERP) are particularly prone to failure. In 2001, the Conference Board survey of 117 companies found that 40% of the ERP projects failed to achieve their business case within a year of going live. The same survey found that ERP implementation costs were typically 25% over budget and ongoing costs were typically underestimated by an average 20%. Similarly, health care is littered with large-scale projects that were late, significantly over budget, or failed to produce the results envisioned at the beginning. 23 Below are some principles that improve the chances of success in health care: 24 • The benefits of the implementation must justify the cost, time, and resources spent doing the work. • The project risks must be captured, defined, and understood. Risk management and change management are keys to success for large-scale and complex health care projects. • The ongoing funding needs of the project should be thought through before starting. • Wherever possible applications should be purchased, not developed. Many vendors exist in the health landscape and they have products that are financially supported by a multitude of customers. Except for unusual circumstances, it is more cost effective to buy than build. Providers should not be software developers. • An architectural and standards review should be completed on a project. This helps reduce project risks by aligning the project work with tested best practices. • Starting with pilots and small-scale projects can be a lower risk and lower cost, way to learn what is needed before tackling large-scale projects. • Project management best practices and project methodologies can turn an average project manager into an excellent project manager and significantly reduce the risks on projects. Strategic Goals and Tactics This section gives a detailed description of each strategic goal, and the tactics to achieve it. The descriptions help the reader understand the Champlain LHIN environment into which projects must fit. Strategic Goal 1: Build a regionally shared EHR using Ontario’s defined datasets as its foundation. According to Ontario’s existing eHealth Blueprint, the EHR consists of domain repositories: • Drug histories • Laboratory test results, • Images and radiologist reports • Immunization history • Discharge instructions and specialist notes, and • Shared health profiles, which include basic information on chronic diseases. Much has changed since that list was developed. The percentage of physicians in the Champlain LHIN with EMRs has grown from 22% in 2007 to approximately 77% today. This change has altered the healthcare technology landscape and caused the players to rethink components of the provincial strategy. As an example, all physician EMR Systems have chronic disease management features. This could make externally provided chronic disease management systems redundant, for them. In addition, physicians and other authorized health care providers with electronic clinical management systems (Community Health Centres and Family Health Teams included) have emphatically stated that they do not want to log on to multiple systems to look at their client's health record. Integration has become the new focus. Clinicians want to log on to their own EMR and practice management system and see all the relevant information on the client. Therefore, these systems must be able to interface with provincial clinical datasets. The provincial architecture includes publishing of standards such as EMR Spec 4.1a, which allows clinical management systems to upload data from the provincial data repositories and present that data in a format that is familiar to physicians. Finally, since the previous Champlain eHealth Strategic Plan was published in 2009, most EMR vendors are becoming compliant with the provincial interface standards. This opens the opportunity to integrate data directly into them. 25 The hospital sector in the Champlain region is complex and evolving, too. A number of institutions have their own electronic patient records. More hospitals are planning to purchase them as part of their hospital information system. Hospital clinical staff does not want to log onto multiple systems to see their patients’ electronic health information. The EHR Strategy in Ontario is evolving. Strategic Goal 1 Tactics Where appropriate, tactics requiring funding are flagged as Planned (unfunded), Partially Funded, or Funded. We will: 1) Work with the Eastern Ontario Regional Lab Agency to ensure that Champlain LHIN hospitals will contribute to the Ontario Laboratory Information System by 2015. Funded 2) Work collaboratively with the cNEO project team to evolve the portal strategy in the Northern and Eastern Ontario Cluster. Funded 3) Work with the South East LHIN to complete the clinical document repository and integrate the documents into the EMRs of physicians across the two LHINs. Partially Funded 26 4) Explore expansion of the clinical document repository to include regular client update reports and discharge reports produced by community nursing partners and CCAC case managers. Planned 5) Work with the mental health and addictions service providers to identify what enabling technologies changes they need. Planned 6) Build a system that will support the regional Champlain Hospice Palliative Care Program, and the referral of clients to this service. Partially Funded 7) Explore the value of a patient portal in Champlain. Planned Strategic Goal 2: Build an electronic infrastructure that enables improved collaboration, coordination and transitions of care to occur effectively and efficiently. • Every activity undertaken in health care requires a document or form to initiate the service and a method to track and respond to those documents. There are many forms! Health care workers are primarily knowledge workers. As such, they need to be able to share information with each other, to consult with one another, and to help their clients or patients navigate the health care system. Moreover, this collaboration cannot be constrained by technology. As an example, a telephone is not a good collaboration tool for physicians and specialists because their schedules are tightly controlled, and do not allow for interruptions. • Health care workers want systems that are customized for their specific needs, and adjust to their changing practices. Collaboration requires a fluid and highly flexible environment. Social networking and collaboration tools on the Internet are examples of this highly flexible environment; however, existing web services cannot be used for clinical collaboration because of the perception of insufficient security and privacy. Additionally, there are issues with the existing health care landscape that make collaboration a challenging and inefficient activity, such as: • The Champlain LHIN Collaboration Space, also called LHINWorks, built in 2009 provides a solution that addresses these issues. It was designed for collaboration between external organizations and individuals, and the platform provides a secure and scalable environment. The existence of such an environment is a tremendous step forward in facilitating collaboration among health care providers in and beyond the region, and has enhanced productivity in a number of areas. Hospitals and community organizations are separate enterprises with internal systems and tools that do not lend themselves to collaboration with external organizations or individuals. 27 There are currently running a large number of initiatives leveraging the Champlain Collaboration Space to address existing and anticipated needs in our region. Examples include: • Web-enabled dashboards and reporting tools that are used by the Eastern Ontario Regional Lab Agency to track their laboratory activity at each of the LHIN hospitals. • Repositories used by project staff to share documentation and best practices related to project management, • An access point for physicians to coordinate their on-call schedules, resource room booking, and contact lists with one another. • An infrastructure that allows CCAC and community support services agencies to manage referrals for Adult Day Services. • An electronic form to help physicians screen and refer clients for specialized services and aid in their transition in care. After three years, the Collaboration Space has grown. Staff in most, if not all, LHIN-funded Providers are now using it. Furthermore, the usage continues to grow, as new ideas come forward. From a small service serving 23 physicians, the user base has grown to 6,000 users (Nov. 2013) within and outside the Champlain LHIN. Almost two years ago, the Champlain LHIN added online instant messenger and sharing service. Through a cooperative effort with other organizations, the Champlain service provides access to over 20,000 people across Ontario including Sick Kids, Cancer Care Ontario, CCAC Staff and other LHINs’ employees. Strategic Goal 2 Tactics Where appropriate, tactics requiring funding are flagged as Planned (unfunded), Partially Funded, or Funded. We will: 1) Facilitate regular interaction among key organizations in the LHIN to dialogue, share ideas, create and share tools using the Champlain Collaboration Space. This will drive benefits for all participants, and attract new participants. 2) Define, plan, and implement new initiatives using a focused and limited scope at the outset, an agile approach, to allow for tangible quick results with low cost. 28 3) Establish and participate in forums to share ideas with other LHINs, LHIN Shared Service Office, and other Ministry Providers to maximize the collaboration benefits and establish standards. 4) Leverage existing assets in the region and province and by driving “federation”, thus providing a seamless environment across multiple organizations / regions. Planned 5) Work with the Champlain CCAC to expand the LHIN Collaboration Space and integrate it more fully into the CCAC’s Client Health Related Information System (CHRIS) and the CSS sector’s shared client information system as a mechanism for referral of clients to and from the CSS sector. Planned 6) Continue to expand the Champlain Collaboration Space to improve efficiency concerning communication with, and referrals to, specialists. Partially Funded collaboration spaces, enabling multiLHIN collaboration. Planned 8) Establish a working relationship with Champlain Health Links, and help them gain information they need to diagnose and treat patients, transition them from one provider to another within and among Health Links, and collaborate with one another. 9) Explore using the Collaboration Space as a patient portal. Partially Planned 7) Seek opportunities to “federate” service with other LHINs as they build their Strategic Goal 3: Undertake initiatives to enable coordination and integration of services among hospitals A myriad of options are available to improve the way enabling technology and information services are managed in the Champlain LHIN. From simple joint procurement of software and hardware to more complex restructuring of enabling technologies operations, these initiatives benefit the healthcare system the most when they improve the patient experience with the system. Like EHR Projects, these projects can be complex. and participated in the project. In fact, this project extends to the Northeast and Northwest LHINs, where there are 40 more hospitals. As example, Queensway Carleton Hospital provides services to the smaller Carleton District Memorial Hospital, and most recently Arnprior Regional Health. Fortunately, Champlain LHIN Providers are willing to work together. The most recent example of this is the Diagnostic Imaging Repository project, now under way. All 20 hospitals in our LHIN were involved with 29 Outsourcing projects have the potential to reduce one-time and ongoing costs of software upgrades and system management. Outsource arrangements allow small community providers to utilize enabling technologies they may not normally be able to afford or to support because of human resource or financial constraints. Shared Services refers to the provision of (a) service(s) by one organization, for the benefit of other organizations, where the cost and staffing of the service provision is shared. The Eastern Ontario Regional Laboratory Association is an example of a sophisticated, large-scale, shared services organization. The business model includes the development of a separate corporation with the Board of Directors made up of the partners. Of course, shared services strategies need not be big and complex, nor need they involve the creation of a new legal entity and Board of Directors. A number of LHIN providers have organized their services to help one another provide a service to clients. In most cases, a simple Service Level Agreement (SLA) is sufficient. The IHSP contemplates a number of models including the often talked about “Hub and Spoke Service Model.” The top three cited reasons for implementing a shared service model are: 1) To improve operating efficiency. This occurs because the model naturally lends itself to economies of scale in operations. Efficiency comes through the reduction of administration costs and the reduction in duplicated services. 30 2) Management teams of the contributing organizations are freed to focus on their core businesses, without the daily distraction of managing the specific “back office” service. 3) The nature of the new, shared service organization. Each Provider has limited resources to take on large-scale strategic initiatives, whereas the new shared-service organization has size in its favour. The larger shared service organization may be able to use and afford technologies that are more sophisticated. Additionally, the larger organization may be able to provide support 24 hours per days 7 days per week. Previously, the smaller organizations may have been able to provide no, or limited after-hours, support. This is certainly true of most LHIN-funded Providers. The most common services provided through a shared services model include “back office” functions: human resources, payroll, procurement, and financial support services. Some people add laundry and food services to this list. Additionally, a shared services strategy can support clinical work more directly such as laboratory, diagnostic imaging technology, central intake, and some parts of information technology. The Plan proposes an incremental approach to the evolution of shared services. For example, rather than migrating all servers to a centralized data centre as part of a single large-scale project, this plan reduces the number of computer rooms and data centres over time, and builds the data centre management skills along the way. Applications and hardware are moved to where they can be best supported, not necessarily one data centre. This incremental approach has the advantage of deriving benefits incrementally while building consensus, and is less risky. The CHAMP project, mentioned previously, is a good example of a measured approach to reducing the number of data centres and computer rooms. Most importantly, when the project is complete, the institutions will have a single, shared, fully integrated hospital information system, including clinical and administrative systems and EHR. Additionally, each site will keep its preferred solution vendor, derive some economic benefit, and migrate to the latest version of the software. There is consensus among participants that this is a good initiative. Regionally, we will benefit by the size reduction of some computer rooms, and may be able to eliminate one or more. This Plan incorporates the belief that enabling technologies services will continue to find ways to reduce costs and standardize, while moving to a shared services model. Strategic Goal 3 Tactics patient referrals from acute care to other acute sites, rehabilitation, complex continuing care, home care and long-term care homes. Partially Funded Where appropriate, tactics requiring funding are flagged as Planned (unfunded), Partially Funded, or Funded. In the hospital sector, we will work with 1) Champlain Meditech hospitals to build on their successful model by seeking out new ideas for improving productivity and improving services to patients and each other. Planned 2) The provincial delivery partner and other LHINs in our cluster to standardize forms and work flows for 3) Small and rural hospitals to explore ways to share information with each other and other Providers in their catchment area. Partially Funded 4) Hospitals in the Champlain LHIN to establish a central intake service for MRI and CT. Planned 31 Strategic Goal 4: Undertake initiatives that build a strong foundation of integrated primary, home, and community care As the Champlain IHSP 2013-16 states, “A health care system built upon a strong, integrated foundation of primary, home, and community care promotes better health, makes better use of resources and improves the person’s experience with care.” This strategic goal will help enable that vision. Primary care physicians and nurse practitioners assess patients’ medical needs, help manage their care, and coordinate any care triggered by them. The CCAC is part of that circle of care. CCAC assess the patients’ non-medical care needs and coordinates the non-medical and medical supports for them in the home or community setting. The planning for primary care services is intended to transition to the LHINs in Ontario. As a result, the LHIN’s initial focus will be public engagement, establishing integrated health networks, and implementation of programs that identify people with complex conditions, requiring coordinated care. Information sharing is central to the success of these initiatives. Primary care physicians have told us that they and other Providers need access to their data. 32 The majority of physicians do not have the data management skills in-house to utilize the data they have about their patients for decision-making. Finally, the EMRs used in Ontario do not use a common coding system, so the data cannot be readily analysed and compared. Similarly, physicians have said that data coming to them is not as useful as it could be. For example, hospital emergency records are a summary of what happened at the hospital, but do not give advice on what the primary care physicians should do next. Coordination of care is not possible merely with the data provided. Sometimes the documents are unreadable and not timely enough. Primary care physicians provide services in long-term care and retirement homes, where there is often no or limited information systems support for them. Furthermore, the information that moves with the patient to the hospital from longterm care is not as helpful as it should be. Clearly, we have to work on the quality and timeliness of information moving to and from primary care offices. Some work is already underway. eConsultation, a service that allows physicians in the community to ask clinical questions of specialists without the patient acting as a go between, implemented on a limited basis two years ago, is expanding this year with an objective to making it available to all physicians in the LHIN. An eReferral pilot is underway. Within a year, we will have a plan for full rollout across a LHIN. As mentioned previously, the Ministry announced the formation of voluntary Health Links. They are a new model of care - at the clinical level - where all providers in the community, including primary care, CCAC, hospitals, and community support service agencies, are charged with coordinating individual patient care plans for people with complex needs. Health Links will be designed around, and accountable for, system level metrics. Strategic Goal 4 – Tactics Where appropriate, tactics requiring funding are flagged as Planned (unfunded), Partially Funded, or Funded. 4) Complete implementation of the Regional Non-Urgent Transportation project. Partially Funded We will: 5) Work with the Ministry, eHealth Ontario, and physicians to build access to linked hospital and CCAC data for performance monitoring purposes. Planned 1) Strengthen the link between the CCAC, the hospitals, and primary care. This may be accomplished via such projects as a CCAC Emergency Department Notification System or the CCAC / Primary Care Information Exchange. Both will be explored. Planned 2) Work with the project team to migrate the majority of CSS Providers to a shared service model incorporating a standardized client information system. Partially Funded 3) Work with the CCAC and CSS Providers to better integrate services and communications between and amongst them e.g. Inter-agency referral and shared care plans. Planned 6) Work with primary care to advocate for the establishment of standard coding techniques within EMRs. 7) Establish a Collaboration Space site tuned to the needs of Primary Care. As an example, some physicians are using the Collaboration Space for schedule management, consults, CME credit courses, and access to Diagnostic Images and Reports. Planned 8) Establish a Collaboration Space site tuned to the needs of Health Links. Planned 33 9) Work with primary care to advocate for opening primary care EMR databases in support of effective decision-making. 10) Work with the LHIN and Ministry to ensure that the primary care networks and Health Links obtain appropriate data analysis support. Planned 11) Work with hospitals and primary care to standardize the content of Emergency Department discharge summaries to make them more relevant to primary care. Planned 12) Work with Health Links and Primary Care Networks to ensure that data for planning and evaluation is available to them, i.e. a data warehouse containing linked patient data. Planned 34 13) Work with primary care to advocate for the expansion of the Ontario Drug Benefits and Ontario Lab data viewing to include primary care physicians. 14) Work with primary care to improve the information available to them when they serve clients in long-term care facilities and retirement homes. Planned 15) Work with the Long Term Care organizations to uncover opportunities to share information with other parts of the health care and health services planning community. Planned Strategic Goal 5: Examine project, program and services management, operational funding, and, possibly, governance as we move the Enabling Technologies Plan forward. The government recognized the need for overall provincial enabling technologies governance by establishing eHealth Ontario, which was given the mandate to: • Develop a single, provincial enabling technologies strategy, • Align all publicly funded enabling technologies initiatives by being a single point of accountability; and • Encompass all provincially funded health care system initiatives that are or could be province-wide in scope. Similarly, the government established the LHINs through the Local Health Systems Integration Act, 2006. This legislation gives the LHINs a mandate to integrate services within a geographic area. Often, service integration is enabled through IT, resulting in some overlap of mandate between eHealth Ontario and the LHINs. All projects guided by the LHINs, clusters, and eHealth Ontario span multiple Providers. The need to address project, program, and service management is evident: • Who will ultimately be responsible for the management and maintenance of initiatives spanning multiple Providers? • Who determines whether new features, functions, or upgrades occur on these new systems? • Who pays for the ongoing costs associated with these large-scale applications? • What processes will be established and put in place to allow new participants to join? This Plan, like the IHSP, describes a number of regional initiatives that have begun or will begin over the planning time horizon. The most complex initiatives include the Ministry (or eHealth Ontario), the LHIN or LHINs, and, often, numerous Providers. All of the initiatives are complex to undertake and maintain, once complete. These complexities increase the need to evaluate the ongoing management, and funding and governance structures and establish new ones where appropriate. 35 Strategic Goal 5 - Tactics Where appropriate, tactics requiring funding are flagged as Planned (unfunded), Partially Funded, or Funded. We will 1) Work with the CHAMP participants to develop a governance and management structure that will guide the ongoing support and growth of the shared service. Funded 2) Work with the CCAC and CSS Providers to develop a governance and management structure that will guide the ongoing support and growth of the community-based shared service. Funded 36 3) Work with the other LHINs within this cluster and eHealth Ontario to establish suitable governance and funding models for the projects implemented within the cNEO project. Planned 4) Where appropriate, establish new project, program or enabling technologies services structures amongst Providers to support the successful implementation and ongoing support for the Plan. 5) Examine the Collaboration Space’s path forward, and develop a long-term governance and support strategy. Planned Summary - Strategic Goals and Representative Tactics Legend Teal: Green: Yellow: Red: Enabling Technologies Strategies Tactics underway Tactics conceptualized; awaiting funding or resources Tactics not yet started. 37 Index C F Champlain Collaboration Space 7, 28, 29 Client Health Related Information System (CHRIS) 29 Clinical Document Repository 8, 16, 19, 26 cNEO 26 consumer health solutions. 13 D Diagnostic Imaging 8, 19, 29 DICOM 17 Drug Profile Viewer 16 Federate 29 H Health Links HL7 5 17 I Inter-operability 19 L LEAN 14 LHINWorks 27 O E eHealth Ontario Blueprint 15 Electronic health record (EHR) Electronic medical records (EMRs) Electronic patient record (EPR) EMR Spec 4.1a 7 12 8 25 Enabling Technologies 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 35 Enabling Technologies: 7 Enterprise Resource Planning 23 Online instant messenger 28 P Personal health records 13 Privacy Impact Assessment 21 S Service Level Agreement (SLA) 30 T Telepathology 13 38 Glossary C F Champlain Collaboration Space: suite of technologies used to enable information sharing (aka LHINWorks) Federate: term used to describe the virtual merging of two disparate systems for the purpose of sharing information Client Health Related Information System (CHRIS): system used by the CCACs to coordinate their clients' services H Clinical DocumentRrepository (CDR): system used to store and share clinical documents eg dermatogolist notes cNEO: eHealth Ontario project situated in Northern and Eastern Ontario Consumer Health Solutions: software systems used by patients to manage their own health information D Diagnostic Imaging: techniques used to create images of the human body for clinical purposes Health Link: loose organization of health service providers in a small geographic region. Health Level 7 (HL7): non-profit organization established to set technology standards in the healthcare sector I Inter-operability: the ability of two systems to exchange information. Online Instant Messenger : electronic tool used to enable the exchange of live messages between invidivuals. L DICOM: standards unsed to handle, move, or store images used in medicine LEAN: The quality management approached whose focus is the elimination of waste Drug Profile Viewer: software used by clinicans to see dispensed drugs covered by the Ontario Drug Benefit Program LHINWorks: internet address of the Champlain Collaboration Space (www.LHINWorks.on.ca). E P eHealth Ontario Blueprint: document which describes the Electronic Health Record technologies Personal Health Records: the patient controlled form of an elertonic health record. Electronic Health Record (EHR): systematic collection of patients' eletronic information Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) : electronic patient information manged by physicians in their opffices Electronic Patient Record (EPR): electronic patient information managed by hospitals EMR Spec 4.1a : standard established by OntarioMD to ensure the interoperability of physician systems Enabling Technologies: new term encompassing information technology and information systems in health care Privacy Impact Assessment : review which examins information sharing from the persepective of the patient S Service Level Agreement (SLA): contract establishing agreed-upon response times for problem resolution T Telepathology: enabling of diagnosis, education and research at a distance with a focus on lab specimens 39 40