Evolusi Pertanian Menuju Keamanan Pangan

Pertanian dan Keamanan Pangan
A TALE OF TWO MOVEMENTS
Budi Widianarko
Program Studi Teknologi Pangan
Unika SOEGIJAPRANATA
Round Table Discussion - Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Muria Kudus
Sabtu, 27 September 2014
Pokok-pokok Bahasan
1. IMPOR BUAH - A TEASING IRONY
2. GERAKAN 1 - Sertifikasi Buah
3. TREN PANGAN ORGANIK
4. GERAKAN 2 – Pertanian Organik
5. RISIKO “PEMBAJAKAN” OLEH INDUSTRI
INDONESIA
Fruit Import
a teasing IRONY
TOTAL FRUIT IMPORT
2012
827,000 tons
2013
507,000 tons
Source: Investor Daily 30 Dec. 2013
FRUIT IMPORT BY COUNTRY – 2013
COUNTRY
AMOUNT (000 tons)
China
VALUE (mio. USD)
293.14
330.71
US
50.03
103.95
Thailand
62.35
75.40
Australia
22.14
46.03
Vietnam
12.36
17.60
Others
67.28
93.55
507.34
667.30
TOTAL
Central Bureau of Statistics (2013)
PRIVATE
STANDARDS
Fresh Fruit
produced
by local farmers
NO STANDARD
DOMESTIC
MARKET (1)‫‏‬
super/hypermarket, dedicated
outlets
DOMESTIC
MARKET (2)‫‏‬
traditional
markets
GLOBAL
STANDARDS
GLOBALmarket
WHICH STANDARDS?
Fresh Fruit
produced
by local farmers
CONSUMER
DOMESTIC
MARKET (2)‫‏‬
traditional
markets
PROTECTION
NO STANDARDS
* Food Safety Paradox
* TBT Agreement
2 RISKS
GERAKAN 1 – SERTIFIKASI BUAH
Regional Food Safety
Competence Authority
[RFSCA = OKKPD]
CENTRAL JAVA - RFSCA
Established in 2009
An extension of Central Food Safety Competence Authority
(CFSCA)
The tasks: Certification and Labeling of fresh food products
REGISTRATION for Fresh Food of Plant Origin
REGISTRATION for Packaging House
RECOMMENDATION for Export/Import Products
PRIMA-3 & PRIMA-2 CERTIFICATION for fruits and vegetables
PRIMA CERTIFICATION
PRIMA-3
PRIMA-2
PRIMA-1
GAP
Certification
ISSUED BY CFSCA (OKKPP)
CRITERIA
- Safety
- Quality
- Environment
- Social
ISSUED BY RFSCA (OKKPD)
CRITERIA
- Safety & Quality
ISSUED BY RFSCA (OKKPD)
CRITERIA
- Safety
Prima 3
Certification
in Central Java
It’s still a government driven activity!
In the future
VOLUNTARY
APPLICATION
REQUIREMENTS
GAP
SOP
Farm Registration
Integrated Pest Control
Field School
EVALUATION OF APPLICATION
ASSESSMENT SCHEDULING
INSPECTOR APPOINTMENT
NOTIFICATION TO APPLICANT
FIELD OBSERVATION
& SAMPLING
SAMPLE MEASUREMENTS
REPORTING
3
PRIMACertification
FLOW CHART
DESK EVALUATION
BY TECHNICAL COMMISSION
DECISION
CERTIFICATE GRANTED
List of Prima-3 Certificates
YEAR
NUMBER OF
CERTIFICATE
ISSUED
FRUIT (NO. OF FARM)
2009
3
SNAKE FRUIT (1), MANGO (1), MELON (1)
2010
7
2011
7
2012
14
2013
8
SNAKE FRUIT (4), WATER MELON (1), MELON (1),
ROSE APPLE (1)
DRAGON FRUIT (1), MELON (1), BROCCOLI (1),
LONGAN (1), TOMATO (1), POTATO (1), GUAVA (1)
SNAKE FRUIT (8), POMELO (3), DRAGON FRUIT
(1), CHILLI (2)
CHILLI (3), PINEAPPLE (1), PAPAYA (1), SNAKEFRUIT
(1), MELON (1), ONION (1)
TOTAL
39
Prima-3 Certification
only deals with SAFETY aspects
IMPROVEMENT IS NEEDED !
The Need for Specific Descriptors
LOCAL PRODUCT’S SIGNATURE
PRODUCT’S ADDED VALUE
Amendment of
physico-chemical parameters
into PRIMA-3 Standards
THE APPROACH
(Descriptive Statistics)
distributional-based standards
derivation
(e.g. Normal Distribution)
HOW TO DERIVE STANDARDS (1)
Frequency
Set-up a normal distribution based on values (data) of a
physical or chemical parameter
PREREQUISITE
Data should meet
normality assumption
based on
Saphiro-Wilk Test or
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
8
6
4
2
Std. Dev = 2.57
Mean = 6.5
0
3.
-1
.0 .0
12 - 12
.0 .0
11 11
.0
10 0.0
-1
0
9.
.0
-9
0
8. 8.0
0
7. .0
-7
0
6. 6.0
0
5. 5.0
0
4. .0
-4
0
3. 3.0
0
2. .0
-2
N = 50.00
0
1.
0
MEASUREMENT VALUES
Concentration of Cd (mg/kg fw)
HOW TO DERIVE STANDARDS (2)
‫‏‬
Set the cut off points, i.e. the pth & (100-p)th
percentiles of the distribution,
e.g. 5th & 95th percentiles.
The 5th
percentile
The 95th
percentile
Distribution of Concentrations of Cd
VALUES
HOW TO DERIVE STANDARDS (3)
‫‏‬
Set-up a new distribution based on the
chosen cut-off points
The 5th
percentile
Distribution of Concentrations of Cd
The 95th
percentile
HOW TO DERIVE STANDARDS (4)
‫‏‬
The range value (X1 to X2) of the new distribution can be
proposed as new standards, provided the coefficient
of variation is small (e.g. less than 10%).
X1
Lower limit
X2
Upper limit
Distribution of Concentrations of Cd
EXAMPLE:
PRIMA-3 Certified
SNAKE FRUIT
“Ngudi Cukup” Farmers Group
Kamongan Village, Magelang
(Danielli, 2014)
Original Distribution
New Distribution
Cut-Off Points
5th & 95th percentiles
NEW VALUES AMENDED INTO PRIMA-3 STANDARDS FOR ‘NGUDI CUKUP” SNAKE FRUIT
Danielli (2014)
Cut-Off 1 = 5th & 95th percentiles
Cut-Off 2 = 10th & 90th percentiles
TREN PANGAN ORGANIK
Lord Northbourne (UK)
“organic
farming”
KONSEP
• “the farm as organism”
• “organic farming” sebagai lawan
“chemical farming”
INSPIRASI: European and Asian models of traditional farming
Codex Alimentarius Commission (1999)
Organic agriculture is a holistic production
management system which promotes and enhances
agroecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological
cycles, and soil biological activity. It emphasizes the use of
management practices in preference to the use of off-farm
inputs,...as opposed to using synthetic materials....The
primary goal is to optimize the health and productivity of
interdependent communities of soil life, plants, animals and
people...the systems are based on specific and precise
standards of production which aim at achieving optimal
agroecosystems which are socially, ecologically and
economically sustainable.
ORGANIC FOOD is food that
has been produced in a
special way: organically.
Blair (2012)
TREN MENINGKAT di seluruh dunia
GERAKAN 2 – Pertanian Organik
Cita-cita Go Organik 2010
“Indonesia sebagai salah satu
produsen pangan organik utama
dunia”
‘Go Organik 2010’
Departemen Pertanian RI
■ Tahun 2001 - sosialisasi
■ Tahun 2002 - sosialisasi dan pembentukan regulasi
■ Tahun 2003 - pembentukan regulasi
dan bantuan teknis
■ Tahun 2004 - bantuan teknis dan sertifikasi
■ Tahun 2005 - sertifikasi dan promosi pasar
■ Tahun 2006 – 2010 - kondisi industrialisasi
dan perdagangan
Cita-cita Go Organik 2010
“Indonesia sebagai salah satu
produsen pangan organik utama
dunia”
THREE CONCERNS
(1) Safety
(2) Nutritional quality
(3) Environmental issues
(PERCEPTIONAL)
Gill Seyfang (2006): Journal of Rural Studies 22: 383–395
“..Purchasers of organic foods believe
that these products are superior to
conventional foods in terms of quality
and safety…. What is not clear: the
extent to which these consumer
perceptions are correct”.
Katrin Zander, Hanna Stolz
& Ulrich Hamm (2013).
Appetite 62: 133–142
Katrin Zander, Hanna Stolz
& Ulrich Hamm (2013).
Appetite 62: 133–142
NEW ZEALAND (Blair, 2012)
RISIKO PEMBAJAKAN OLEH INDUSTRI
Pertanian & Pangan Organik
di Indonesia
• umumnya masih skala kecil
• petani/kelompok tani berdaulat
• masih dianggap sebagai produk “eksotik”
• baru mulai meng-”industri”
GERAKAN DI JAWA TENGAH
• 2009 – 2013: 35 SERTIFIKAT
a. Sertifikat Organik Nasional 33 titik
- Tanaman pangan 19
- Hortikultura 14
46
b. Sertifikat Organik
Internasional
- Tan Pangan 1 Asosiasi
- Hortikultura 1 Gapoktan
C. Pada tahun 2014
dalam proses sertifikasi
6 Gapoktan
- Tan Pangan 2 gapoktan
- Hortikultura 4 gapoktan
47
• Untuk pasar luar negeri komoditas sayuran
organik adalah Singapura, Malaysia (Komonitas
Petani Sayuran Organik Merbabu).
• Sedangkan komoditas beras pasar luar negeri
sudah diekspor bulan Mei 2013 ke Belgia dan
Jerman pada periode selanjutnya (Beras Organik
Boyolali/Appo;i)
48
BERAS ORGANIK – Al Barokah
Desa Ketapang, Kec. Susukan,
Kab. Semarang
50
RISIKO INDUSTRIALISASI
• pemain besar akan lebih berperan
• kedaulatan petani/kelompok tani terancam
• produk massal
HANYA MENGULANG “REVOLUSI HIJAU”?
History repeats itself?
BIG ORGANIC
..The organic movement, as it was
once called, has come to a
remarkably long way in the last thirty
years, to the point where it now looks
considerably less like a movement
than a big business.
2006
..That’s because WHOLE FOOD in recent years has adopted
the grocery industry’s standard regional distribution system,
which make supporting small farms impractical…
TERIMA KASIH