THE IMPACT OF THE ENERGY AMPLIFIER ON SEA 4ATER

THE IMPACT OF THE ENERGY AMPLIFIER ON SEA 4ATER

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The Energy Amplifier (EA) which has been described extensively in previous reports [1],
[2] and [3], is essentially a high quality source of heat. Its inherent safety features, its virtual
absence of long-lived residues, the existence of large fuel resources, the simplicity of its
components and of the technologies used and its ease of operation, make it a timely option for
the fulfilment of energy needs. According to preliminary estimates the unit cost of the produced
energy is predicted to be of the order of 2 ¢/kWh for electrical power and of 0.77 $/GJ for
primary heat in constant 1996 money [4] [5], assuming a 5% p.a. net interest rate1. These costs
are at least two and three times less, respectively, than those corresponding to presently used
energy sources.
Water desalination which has witnessed a remarkable development during the last few
decades, is clearly an option for the future provision of potable water in zones with inadequate
resources, as is the case in various regions of Spain. All the desalination technologies which are
presently used are energy-intensive and the costs of the produced potable water depends
considerably on the energy cost. In this document we present an evaluation of the unit cost of
sea water desalination, using the energy produced by one EA modular unit as described in [2].
The conclusion is that, were the EA already operational today, the average cost would be,
assuming a net interest rate of 5% p.a., of 0.62 $/m3 with an uncertainty of ±0.08 $/m3, and
with a moderate dependence (≈ 10%) on the choice of the desalination technology. The
predictable evolution of desalination technologies and the possibilities opened by their
association with an EA, allow us to foresee important costs reductions so that the prospects for
the 2010 horizon, when the EA will be in commercial operation, are for a cost of 0.43 $/m3,
including pumping and conveyance of potable water at an average distance of 50 Km.2
The net power of an EA unit is 600 MWe, allowing a desalted water production of up to 3
million m3/day. It is particularly well adapted to provide electricity and water to a population of
around one million. The water output would be twice the one required by human consumption.
One could possibly devote to water desalination the "off-peaks" of energy consumption. The
estimated cost of water desalination leads to the prediction of an increasingly important use for
agricultural purposes.
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930
3768
3768
Mean volume transfered
yearly
Alternative option
Foreseen transfer
Total imported volume
Total exported volume
16
16
Coast
Galicía
100
780
100
350
Tajo
Duero
110
110
Guadalquivir
Guadiana
930
North
100
850
120
Jucar
200
157
50
105
155
Segura
South
50
900
200
157
575
470
1045
30
1855
Ebro
340
55
30
425
325
140
125
350
Cataluña
Á
³
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Net electrical power available (MWe)
700
600
500
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40 % recovery
400
300
35 % recovery
200
30 % recovery
100
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Potable water (M m3 /day)
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Electrical power demanded [Arbitrary units]
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
Hour
15
17
19
21
23
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y
Investment
x
O&M
Energy
x
0.70
x
0.60
Cost ($/m3)
x
0.50
x
0.40
x
0.30
x
0.20
x
0.10
0.00
1995
2010
Year
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š
š
0.8
Cost of desalination ($/m3)
š
0.7
š
0.6
š
0.5
š
0.4
š
0.3
š
0.2
0.1
š
0
1995
›
›
2000
Year
2005
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âW{¤ Y‹ío±mts šÁ‡’oq‰ô›mtwŸ‰e{tw]‰™ï·§jWÑ͍¶µ[ðŒ~•¨•˜Ÿ{Κ±{toq{¤¢‰eu±m¤w mt}î‰e˜Ÿu±šÅ‘m¤µÛ«ŽuqwU‡’‰eu±mtw mt} Ö{°šÁš±–¶ Y{
‡’w½­Šw]–¶µÛ«°{¤ œm¤}ê{¤}Œ}Œ{¤¦‰ºšË˜½‡žš«°{¤{¤wcš±˜½mtsˆwΉºmÍoq{§‡p­Š‰ÖmŠ‡’wcm¤¶‰¿uqµ[‡Áoª–¶wŸu¾‰ê›m§š±‰ë}Ym¤ Ås·‡’‰e{¤ Ÿ ¢m»­Ý–—’‰áuÕm¡w´€¿iY°„¿~
25.9 P
224 T
5.6 C DC
200 T
204.8 H
Reheater
0C
TD
FWHTR#5
40.0 P
LEGEND:
P ~ Pressure, Kg/cm^2
T ~ Temperature, oC
H ~ Enthalpy, Kcal/Kg
# ~ Flow, Kg/h
224 T
231.4 H
Boiler
183.6 P
485 T
210.9 P
116250#
209.0 H
205 T
HTP
40.8 P
ITP
DH=5.5
211.8 P
Boiler feed pump
2206893#
14.3 P
195T
198.0 H
FWHTR#4
(Deaerator)
116250#
713.9 H
688.8 H
2206893#
772.5 H
38.0 P
335 T
26.7 P
157 T
158.1 H
14.8 P
113314#
127 T
127.6 H
133 T
133.1 H
6.2 P
159 T
5.6 C DC
2C
TD
FWHTR#3
1556558#
686.4 H
14.8 P
686.4 H
2206893#
103 T
103.4 H
2.7 P
130 T
5.6 C DC
103672#
6.4 P
216986#
98T
98.0 H
622.66 H
113314#
652.5 H
2.8 P
2C
TD
FWHTR#2
LPT
1934986#
78865#
594.7 H
79 T
79.6 H
74 T
73.8 H
1.1 P
1.0 P
100 T
5.6 C DC
2C
TD
FWHTR#1
Condensate
Pump
21.85 P
1934985#
72.21 T
66.1 T
151035392 Kg/h
Turbine-Generator Heat Rate:
2339.7 Kcal/KWh
Cycle Yield: 36.7 %
-Generator output: 551.2 MW
-Auxiliary power: 48.8 MW
-Net power
to transformer: 502.4 MW
Condenser
0.38 P
73.9 T
UEEP= 574.9 H
1639134#
PERFORMANCE
-Total turbine output: 561.1 MW
-Fixed losses: 2.2 MW
-Generator losses: 7.7 MW
295851#
732.1 H
‚[
¸S¹eº¼»,½¾Eœ$¿$ÀÁP£Ÿ©±Â§Ÿ©£ÄÃ(©¢e©¡PªŸ´³9¤e©Å,ž©$±Â¥q£§Ÿ´³,Æ©¢v²,ÆPž²$% Ÿ”ÇÈÉÊ`Ç?Ë/²9¢e©¡P£¶
2206893#
̖Í
Back pressure turbine
Ï
Ø
551 MWe
Feed
4598716 Kg/h
Seawater in
15521036 Kg/h
16.11oC 3.4% TDS
Flash chamber
146875 Kg/h
Ñ 1639134 Kg/h
Ù per train)
(204892 Kg/h
Ò73.89
o
C
% moisture
Ó10
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Ô
66.67oC
72.21oC
18017598 Kg/h
Ù
18879424 Kg/h 6.55% TDS
Î
Condenser
Heat
rejection
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Evaporator
Heat recovery effects
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65.66oC
Blow down
4451840 Kg/h
Feed
Product
× 2299357
× 27.78oKg/h
C
Make up
Õ 861825 Kg/h 5.4 % TDS
Ö 57.78oC
Ð
Brine out
× 2299357
× 28.89oKg/h
C
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10922320 Kg/h
× 23.89
o
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8 TG condenser
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6.8% TDS
LT-MED Desalination train
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