The methodology of radioactive tracers is one of most

The methodology of radioactive tracers is one of most

,5DGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOV
'XULQJ WKH ELHQQLXP KDSSHQHG DW WKH ,(1 5DGLRSKDUPDF\ 'LYLVLRQ
VHYHUDORXWVWDQGLQJHYHQWV)LUVWO\LWLVLPSRUWDQWWRSRLQWRXWWKHLQFUHDVHRIRXUWHDPWKDQNV
WRWKHDGPLVVLRQRIQHZFRQWUDFWHGDQGWKHWUDQVIHUHQFH RIWKUHHRWKHUSURIHVVLRQDOV FDPH
IURP GLIIHUHQW GLYLVLRQV RI ,(1 &RQFHUQLQJ WKH DFWLYLWLHV UHODWHG WR SHUVRQDO IRUPDWLRQ ZH
KDGLQWKHSHULRGWKHDFFRPSOLVKPHQW RI ILYH FRXUVHV DW OHYHO RI SRVJUDGXDWLRQ IRU &233(
DQG ,0( EHVLGHV FRQWULEXWLQJ IRU WKH DFFRPSOLVKPHQW RI WKH (VFROD GH 9HUmR -RUJH $QGUp
6ZLHFD WRJHWKHU ZLWK RWKHU GLYLVLRQV RI ,(1 ',5( DQG ',65 DQG WKH ,QVWLWXWH RI
3K\VLFV RI 8)5- :H DOVR KDG WKH FRQFOXVLRQ RI WKUHH PDVWHU
V GHJUHH WKHVHV ,0( DQG D
GRFWRUDWH WKHVLV &233( GHYHORSHG LQ WKH GHSHQGHQFLHV RI WKH 'LYLVLRQ 7KLV ODVW ZRUN
UHVXOWHGLQWKHLPSODQWDWLRQRIWKH/DERUDWRU\RI5DGLRWUDoDGRUHVRIWKH,(1WKDWSUHVHQWVD
JUHDWSRWHQWLDORIVWDIIIRUPDWLRQDQGJHQHUDWLRQRIUHVRXUFHVIURPWKHUHQGHULQJRIVHUYLFHV
7KHSURGXFWLRQRI5DGLRSKDUPDFVDOVRSUHVHQWHGDPDUFDQWHSHUIRUPDQFH7KHSURGXFWLRQRI
,LQ1D,IRUPKDGDJURZWKODUJHUWKDQ FRPSDUHGWRWKHSURGXFWLRQRIWKHSUHYLRXV
ELHQQLXP7KLVLQFUHDVHLQWKHSURGXFWLRQOHYHOZDVSRVVLEOHRQO\GXHWRWKHH[FHOOHQWLQGLFHV
RI WUXVWZRUWKLQHVV RI WKH &9 &\FORWURQ DQG .,3526 V\VWHP RI SURGXFWLRQ RI , WKDW
KDGEHHQVXSHULRUWRLQWKHSHULRG7KHDELOLW\DQGGHYRWLRQRIWKHWHDPVRIWKH',5$
ZHUHWKHGHWHUPLQDWLYHHOHPHQWLQWKHDWWDLQPHQWRIWKLVUHVXOW7KH',5$LVORFNLQJXS
ZLWKWKHLQVWDOODWLRQRIWKH5'6F\FORWURQ LQLWVGHSHQGHQFHV7KHRSHUDWLRQRIWKLVQHZ
V\VWHPIRU WKH )'* SURGXFWLRQ FRPHV WR FRQFOXGH D SURMHFW WKDW KDG EHJLQQLQJ LQ ZKRVHREMHFWLYHLVWRJXDUDQWHHWKHSRSXODWLRQRI5LR'H-DQHLURZKDWLWKDVRIPRUHPRGHUQ
LQWHUPVRIGLDJQRVLVLQQXFOHDUPHGLFLQH2WKHULPSRUWDQWODQGPDUNVLQWKHFRQVROLGDWLRQRI
WKLVSURGXFWLRQKDGEHHQWKH,QVWDOODWLRQRIWKHODERUDWRU\IRUFRQWURORIFKHPLFDOSXUHQHVVRI
WKH )'* DQG WKH DSSURYDO RI D SURMHFW VXEPLWWHG WR WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $JHQF\ RI $WRPLF
(QHUJ\ WKDW ZLOO JXDUDQWHH D ILQDQFLQJ RI 866 IRU WKH HTXLSPHQW SXUFKDVH DQG
WUDLQLQJRIVWDII
-XOLR&HVDU6XLWD
$UHD&RRUGLQDWRU
,(1
V5'6&\FORWURQDQG3(77HFKQRORJ\
*5GRV6DQWRV$0%UDJKLUROOL-&6XLWD
HPDLOVXLWD#FQHQJRYEU
7KH VWDQGDUG SURGXFWLRQ XQLW\ WDUJHW DQG
V\QWKHVLV PRGXOH IURP ,%$%HOJLXP FRQQHFWHG WR WKH
F\FORWURQ &9 ZKLFK LV XVHG VLQFH IRU URXWLQH
SURGXFWLRQRI,UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDO
7KH 5'6 ZLWK WKH VWDQGDUG XQLW\ WDUJHW
DQG V\QWKHVLV PRGXOH IURP &7,86$ GHGLFDWHG IRU
SRVLWURQHPLWWHUV
UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOSURGXFWLRQ
8SWRQRZLQWKH )'*SURGXFWLRQSURMHFWLW
ZDV H[SHQGHG DERXW 86 )URP WKDW
DPRXQW 86 ZDV H[SHQGHG LQ WKH 5'6
DFTXLVLWLRQ
2QH RI WKH PDLQ VXSSRUWV RI WKH LGHD ZDV WKH
,(1
V FDSDELOLW\ RI VWDUW LQ D YHU\ VKRUW SHULRG RI WLPH
WKH)'*URXWLQHSURGXFWLRQ$OVRLWZDVFRQVLGHUHGWKH
FDSDELOLW\RIVXEVWDQWLDOO\UDLVLQJWKHFXUUHQWUDGLRLVRWRSH
SURGXFWLRQOHYHOSDUWLFXODUO\WKRVHIRUPHGLFDOGLDJQRVLV
7KH VFKHGXOH SURGXFWLRQ ZRXOG EH VXIILFLHQW IRU
VXSSO\LQJRIWKHUHJLRQDOGHPDQGVWLOOLQWKH \HDU
$VDQH[WVWHS UHIRUPLQJ WKH ',5$
V ODERUDWRULHV
ZDV SODQQHGJHWWLQJ WKHFDSDELOLW\IRU ODEHOLQJ GLIIHUHQW
W\SH RI PROHFXOHV WKDW ZLOO EH XVHG LQ D YDULHW\ RI
PHGLFDOGLDJQRVHVLQFOXGLQJVRPHXQSXEOLVKHGLQ%UD]LO
,Q D QHDU IXWXUH SHUVSHFWLYH WKH ,(1
V 3(7
&HQWHU ZLOO KDYH D FHQWUDO UROH LQ WKH SURFHVV RI
LQWURGXFLQJWKHXOWLPDWHUDGLRGLDJQRVLVWHFKQLTXHEDVHG
RQ UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOV &RQVLGHULQJ WKDW 3(7
WHFKQRORJ\ LVEHLQJFKDUDFWHUL]HGDVDVWURQJWHQGHQF\LQ
WKHQXFOHDUPHGLFLQHRIWKHIXWXUHWKH,(1
V3(7IDFLOLW\
ZLOO FDXVH VWURQJ LPSDFW ILUVW WR WKH VWDWH RI 5LR GH
-DQHLURDQGDIWHUDVDUHIHUHQFHWRUHVWRIFRXQWU\
',5$,(1
NH\ZRUGV5'6F\FORWURQ3(7WHFKQRORJ\
6LQFHWKH,QVWLWXWHRI1XFOHDU(QJLQHHULQJ
LV FRQGXFWLQJ D SURMHFW EDVHG RQ WKH 3(7 3RVLWURQ
(PLVVLRQ7KRPRJUDSK\WHFKQRORJ\7KHPDLQREMHFWLYH
LV WR PDNH DYDLODEOH WKH 3(7 WHFKQRORJ\ WR WKH
FRPPXQLW\RI5LRGH-DQHLURDUHDDQGYLFLQLW\FRXQWLHV
,(1
V PDMRU FRQWULEXWLRQ LV WKURXJK WKH URXWLQH
SURGXFWLRQ RI WKH )OXRU GHR[LJOXFRVH ODEHOHG )
)'*
,Q WKH ODVW GHFDGH WKH )'* KDV EHFRPH D
EUHDNWKURXJK LQ WKH QXFOHDU PHGLFLQH >@ 7KH )'*
DSSOLFDWLRQ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK QHZ JHQHUDWLRQ
V HTXLSPHQW
IRU LPDJLQJ 3(7 3RVLWURQ (PLVVLRQ 7RPRJUDSK\
DQGRU 63(&7 6LQJOH 3KRWRQ (PLVVLRQ &RPSXWHG
7RPRJUDSK\ LV QRZ ZLGHO\ DSSOLHG RQ RQFRORJ\
YLVXDOL]LQJDQGGLVWLQJXLVKLQJPDOLJQWREHQLJQWXPRUVDV
ZHOODVSULPDU\DQGPHWDVWDVLV,QFDUGLRORJ\RQHRIWKH
DSSOLFDWLRQV LV YHULI\LQJ WKH FRPSURPLVLQJ OHYHO RI WKH
KHDUWDIIHFWHGE\DFDUGLRYDVFXODUDFFLGHQW,QQHXURORJ\
3(7 WHFKQRORJ\ FDQ EH DSSOLHG WR GLDJQRVHV RI
3DUNLQVRQ $O]KHLPHU H 7RXUHWWHV GLVHDVHG DQG
YLVXDOL]LQJEUDLQGDPDJHVFDXVHGE\GUXJFRQVXPSWLRQ
3(7 WHFKQRORJ\ DULVHV LQ ZLWK WKH ILUVW
3(7VFDQQHU&XUUHQWO\WKHUHDUHPRUH WKDQFHQWHUV
RSHUDWLQJ PDLQO\ LQ WKH 86$ (XURSH DQG -DSDQ
'LIIHUHQW IURP RWKHU WHFKQLTXHV WKH 3(7 H[DPLQDWLRQ
DOORZV WKH PHWDEROLVP YLVXDOL]DWLRQ RU WKH RUJDQ
IXQFWLRQHYHQSDUWVRIWKHVWXGLHGERG\
,Q WKH VSHFLILF FDVH RI %UD]LO WKH WURSLFDO
GLVHDVHG FRQVLVW LQ DQ RSHQ ILHOG IRU UHVHDUFK EHLQJ
XQSXEOLVKHGLWVDSSOLFDWLRQDQGLWLVVWURQJO\FRQVLGHUHG
LQWKHQHZV,(1
V3(7&HQWHUSURMHFW
'XH WR LWV VKRUW OLIH RQO\ KRXUV WKLV
UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDO KDV WR EH SURGXFHG DV QHDU DV
SRVVLEOH RI WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ VLWH NP ,Q WKH \HDU
RQH )'*SURGXFWLRQXQLW\IURP ,%$,RQ%HDP
$SSOLFDWLRQ %HOJLXP ZDV LPSRUWHG DQG FRQQHFWHG WR
F\FORWURQ&97KDWXQLW\LVZRUNLQJLQH[SHULPHQWDO
EDVLV DQG VRPH VDPSOHV RI )'* ZDV DOUHDG\ VHQW WR
KRVSLWDOVLQ5LRGH-DQHLUR
,Q WKH ,QVWLWXWH RI 1XFOHDU (QJLQHHULQJ
KDVUHFHLYHGWKHQHZV\VWHPIRUSURGXFWLRQDQGV\QWKHVLV
RI WKH )'* R 5'6 IURP &7,6,(0(16 86$
7KLVV\VWHPLVDZLGH ZRUOGUHFRJQL]HGIRULWVUHOLDELOLW\
DQG RSHUDWLRQ VLPSOLFLW\7KH F\FORWURQRI WKH 5'6
V\VWHPZDVDOUHDG\LQVWDOOHGLQWKH',5$
VRXWEXLOGLQJDW
,(1
VVLWHILJXUH
)URP WKH \HDU WKH ,(1 ZLOO EH DEOH WR
SURGXFH )'* LQ WZR LQGHSHQGHQW ZD\V ZLWK GLIIHUHQW
LQVWDOODWLRQVRQHRIWKHPDVDEDFNXS7KHUHGXQGDQF\LV
WR JXDUDQW\ WKH GHOLYHU\ SURFHVV 7KH UHIHUUHG
LQVWDOODWLRQVDUHVKRUWO\GHVFULEHGDVIROORZV
)LJXUH3HULSKHUDOVDQGSDUWLFOHDFFHOHUDWRURIWKH&7,
5'6
7KLVZD\WKH,(1KRSHVVLJQLILFDQWO\WRFRQWULEXWHWRWKH
WHFKQRORJLFDO GHYHORSPHQW WKH VFLHQWLILF UHVHDUFK
VSHFLDOL]HGSHUVRQQHOIRUPDWLRQDQGWRWKHSXEOLFKHDOWK
V\VWHP E\ PDNLQJ DYDLODEOH ODVW JHQHUDWLRQ WHFKQLTXH
UHQGHULQJ VRFLDO EHQHILWV LQ WKH KHDOWK DUHD EHFRPLQJ D
UHIHUHQFH FHQWHU DQG DOVR DFFRPSOLVKLQJ SDUW RI LWV
PLVVLRQ
5HIHUHQFH
>@ $SSOLHG5DGLRORJ\3(7$QHZIURQWLHULQGLDJQRVLV
DQGSDWLHQWFDUH 7DQ3RPHUDQ]
,PSURYLQJ6HZDJH3ODQWVZLWK5DGLRDFWLYH7UDFHUPHDVXULQJ
FKDUDFWHULVWLFFXUYHRIVHWWLQJWDQNXVLQJ/D
%UDQGmR/(%
HPDLOEUDQGmR#LHQJRYEU
FRQVWDQWPRYHPHQWRIWKHOLTXLGSKDVHPRYHVWKHVH
GHSRVLWVLQ WKH ERWWRP WRZDUG WKH H[LWRI WKHWDQN
7KLV GLVSODFHPHQW EHFRPHV PRUH HYLGHQW LQ WKH
FXUYH 3 $IWHU W VHFRQG RFFXUV DQ LQFUHDVH
LQ WKH VLJQDO UHJLVWHUHG LQ WKH GHWHFWRU 3 GXH WKH
SUHVHQFH RI VROLG SKDVH PDUNHG ZLWK UDGLRDFWLYH
LVRWRSHWKDW WKLV EHLQJ VORZO\ UHPRYHG RI WKH XQLW
,Q RUGHU WR LPSURYH WKH HIILFLHQF\ LQ UHWHQWLRQ RI
WKHVROLGSKDVHWKHEDIIOHSODWHVKDGEHHQPRGLILHG
,Q IURQW RI HDFK RQH D SK\VLFDO EDUULHU ZDV
LQVWDOOHG,WFRQVLVWVLQDSODLQSODWHVHSDUDWHRIWKH
EDIIOH SODWH E\ FP ZKLFK UHGXFHV WKH
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
EHWZHHQ
WZR
VXFFHVVLYH
FRPSDUWPHQWVDQGKLQGHUVWKHWUDQVIHUHQFHRIVROLG
PDWHULDOGHFDQWHGLQRQHFKDPEHUIRUWKHIROORZLQJ
RQH 7KH )LJXUH VKRZV WKH FXUYHV UHJLVWHUHG LQ
WKHGHWHFWRUVIRUWKLVQHZFRQILJXUDWLRQ
',5$6(5$'
.H\ZRUGVVHZDJHSODQWVUDGLRDFWLYHWUDFHU/D
7KH PHWKRGRORJ\ RI UDGLRDFWLYH WUDFHUV LV
RQH RI PRVW DSSURSULDWH WHFKQLTXH WR DQDO\]H
SURFHVVHV LQ 6HZDJH 7UHDWPHQW 6WDWLRQV (7(
EHFDXVH LW DOORZV WR REWDLQ LQ UHDO WLPH VSHFLILF
LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHEHKDYLRU RIWKHVHYHUDO XQLWV
RIWKHVWDWLRQ>@,W ZDV SURMHFWHGDQG EXLOW D &R[
PRGHO VHWWOLQJ WDQN XVHG DV VLPXODWLRQ XQLW WR
GHYHORS PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU HYDOXDWLRQ DQG
RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI WKH SURFHVV H[LVWLQJ LQ D
FRQYHQWLRQDOWUHDWPHQWSODQW7KHWDQNZDVEXLOWLQ
39& UHFWDQJXODU IRUP [ [ FP
ZLWKVL[LQWHUQDO ZDOOVEDIIOHSODWHVRI[
FP UHVXOWLQJ LQ LQGHSHQGHQW FRPSDUWPHQWV ZKHUH
VHGLPHQWDWLRQ SURFHVV RI WKH VROLG SKDVH RFFXUV
7KUHH GLIIHUHQW GHWHFWRUV 1D, [ ZHUH XVHG
ZKLFK RQHORFDWHGLQD VSHFLDO SRVLWLRQ RI WKHWDQN
WR PHDVXUH WKH PRYHPHQW RI WKH VHZDJH DQG WKH
GHSRVLWLRQ RI VROLG SKDVH WKH ILUVW SRVLWLRQ 3
FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH ILUVW VHWWOLQJ FKDPEHU WKH
VHFRQG 3 WKH IRXUWK FKDPEHU DQG WKH WKLUG
SRVLWLRQ 3 WKH H[LW RI WKH XQLW $OO WKHGHWHFWRUV
ZHUH FROOLPDWHG XVLQJ D OHDG ZDOO FP ZLWK RI
FPRIRSHQLQJ7KHVHZDJHVROLGSKDVHPDWHULDO
ZDV FROOHFWHG LQ D WUHDWPHQW VWDWLRQ (7( ,FDUDt
1LWHUyL 5- GU\ VHSDUDWHG LQ WZR GLIIHUHQW
IUDFWLRQV KHDY\ DQG OLJKW DQG PDUNHG ZLWK /D
DQG P$J,QWKHLQLWLDOFRQILJXUDWLRQZKHUHHDFK
EDIIOHSODWHLQWKHWDQNDOORZHGDFRPPXQLFDWLRQRI
FPEHWZHHQWZRVXFFHVVLYHFRPSDUWPHQWVWKH
UHVXOWVIRUWKHGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHVHZHULQVLGHWKH
XQLWIRUWKHGHWHFWRUVDUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
(
(W
(
3 RVLomR (
)LJXUH &KDUDFWHULVWLF &XUYHRI 6HWWLQJ 7DQN IRU
RULJLQDOGHVLJQ
7HPSR V 7HPSR V &RPSDULQJERWKVLWXDWLRQVLWVFOHDUWKDWWKHVHFRQG
RQH ZLWK SK\VLFDO EDUULHU LV EHWWHU WR LPSURYH WKH
UHPRYDORIWKHVROLGSKDVHRIWKHVHZHU7KHFXUYHV
RI 3DQG 3 VKRZV WKDW D JUHDW SDUW RI WKH VROLG
PDWHULDO GHSRVLWHGLQ WKH FRPSDUWPHQWV VWD\ LQ WKH
ERWWRPRIWKHXQLW7KLVEHKDYLRURIWKHFXUYHRI3
SURYHVWKHUHWHQWLRQRIWKHVROLGPDWHULDOLQWKHXQLW
LWV VLJQDO NHSW DSSUR[LPDWHO\ WR WKH OHYHO RI WKH
EDFNJURXQGXQWLOVHJDIWHUZKDWKDVDOLJKWO\
LQFUHDVLQJ EXW NHHSLQJ LWV LQWHQVLW\ ORZ HYHQ
DURXQGVHJDQGWKHQGHFUHDVH7KLVEHKDYLRURI
FXUYHSURYHVWKHUHWHQWLRQRIWKHVROLGSKDVHLQWKH
XQLW 7KH UHVXOWV GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW WKH WHFKQLTXH RI
UDGLRDFWLYH WUDFHUV LV D XVHIXO PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU WKH
FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ DQG RSWLPL]DWLRQ IRU WKLV NLQG RI
XQLW $SSO\LQJDQDSSURSULDWHWUDFHUPDNH SRVVLEOH
WRPHDVXUH WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLF FXUYH IRU DQ\ NLQG RI
XQLW LGHQWLI\ RSHUDWLRQDO DQG VWUXFWXUDO SUREOHP
DQGLPSURYHWKHHIIOXHQWWUHDWPHQWSURFHVV
3RVLomR 3RVLomR 3
)LJXUH&KDUDFWHULVWLF&XUYHRI6HWWLQJ7DQN
'HWHFWRU SRVLomR 3
(
3RVLomR 3
(
'HWHFWRU SRVLomR 3
3RVLomR 'HWHFWRU 3RVLomR 3
(
'HWHFWRU SRVLomR 3
(
'HWHFWRU 3RVLomR 3
(
(
(W
'HWHFWRU 3RVLomR 3
3RVLomR 3
(
5HIHUHQFH
>@ /(%%UDQGmR ± '6F 7KHVLV 8)5-&233(
-XQH
7KHVLJQUHJLVWHUHGE\WKHGHWHFWRUVLQ3DQG3LW
VKRZV WKDW WKH VHWWLQJ SURFHVV RI WKH VROLG SKDVH
ZDV KDSSHQLQJ LQVLGH HDFK FRPSDUWPHQW EXW WKH
(YDOXDWLRQRIDPL[LQJDQGHTXDOL]H
VHZHUWDQN XVLQJUDGLRDFWLYHWUDFHUV
%UDQGmR/(%
HPDLOEUDQGDR#LHQJRYEU
',5$6(5$'
.H\ZRUGVVHZHUWDQNUDGLRDFWLYHWUDFHUV
8VLQJ PDWKHPDWLFDO PHWKRGV LV SRVVLEOH
WRDGMXVWDPRGHOIRUWKHWDQNLWLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\
DQDVVRFLDWLRQRIVLPSOHUPRGHOVJLYHQE\DSHUIHFW
PL[HUZLWKHIIHFWLYHYROXPHHTXDOOLWHUVZLWK
LQWHUQDO FDQDOL]DWLRQ DQG D GHDG YROXPH RI OLWHUV
7R VWXG\ WKH HTXDOL]DWLRQ SURFHVV IRU
VROLGOLTXLGVHZHUZLWKGLIIHUHQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKH
VROLG SKDVH ZDV VHSDUDWH LQ WZR IUDFWLRQV ZLWK
GLIIHUHQW JUDQXORPHWU\ RQH FDOOHG OLJKW IUDFWLRQ
ZLWKPHVK DQGKHDY\IUDFWLRQOHVVWKDQ PHVK UHVSHFWLYHO\ PDUNHG ZLWK P$J DQG /D
,Q WKH H[SHULPHQWV ERWK IUDFWLRQV ZHUH LQMHFWHG
WRJHWKHU LQ WKH WDQN DV D UDSLG SXOVH 7KH WDQN
UHVSRQVH WR WKLV LQSXW LV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUD WKH
UHVLGHQFH WLPH GLVWULEXWLRQ IXQFWLRQ IRU HDFK
IUDFWLRQVLVGLIIHUHQW
,Q D W\SLFDO 6HZDJH 7UHDWPHQW 3ODQWV DQ
HTXDOL]DWLRQ WDQN LV WKH ILUVW XQLW DQG KDV WKH
REMHFWLYHWRJXDUDQWHHDQXQLIRUPLW\WRWKHHIIOXHQW
P SK\VLFDOFKHPLFDO SURSHUWLHV PRUH FRQVWDQWV LQ
WKH VXEVHTXHQW VWDJHV IDFLOLWDWLQJ WKH RSHUDWLRQDO
FRQWURORIWKHSODQW
7R VWXG\ VROLGOLTXLG PL[WXUH DQG
HTXDOL]DWLRQ
SURFHVVHV
DQ
H[SHULPHQWDO
HTXDOL]DWLRQ WDQN ZDV EXLOW 7KH XQLW FRQVLVW LQ D
OLWHUV 39& F\OLQGULFDO YDVH ZLWK PHFKDQLFDO
DJLWDWLRQ SODLQ SODWHV 7ZR LQGHSHQGHQWV
FRQQHFWLRQV RQH ORFDWHG LQ WKH EDVH DQG WKH RWKHU
LQ WKH XSSHU ODWHUDO HGJH RI WKH WDQN DOORZ WR
FKDQJH WKH VHZHU LQSXWRXWSXW SRVLWLRQV 7KLV
FRQILJXUDWLRQ PDNHV SRVVLEOH WR VLPXODWH GLIIHUHQW
RSHUDWLRQFRQGLWLRQVRIDUHDOXQLW
,Q DOO H[SHULPHQWV D FLQWLODWRU 1D, [
GHWHFWRU ZDV ORFDWHG LQ WKH H[LW RI WKH PL[HU
VKLHOGHG E\ FP OHDG ZDOO DQG FROOLPDWHG FPRIGLDPHWHUDQGWKHLQSXWIORZOLTXLGDQGVROLG
SKDVHZDVOLWHUVPLQXWH
,QLWLDOO\DQH[SHULPHQWZDVPDGHWRVWXG\
RQO\ WKH GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH OLTXLG SKDVH LQ WKH
XQLW )RU WKLV PO RI 1+%U DTXHRXV VROXWLRQ
PDUNHGZLWK %UZDVLQMHFWHGGLUHFWO\LQWKHVHZHU
DVDSXOVHDQGLWVVLJQDOPHDVXUHE\WKHGHWHFWRU
)LJXUH VKRZV WKH UHVLGHQFH WLPH
GLVWULEXWLRQ IXQFWLRQ(WIRU WKHWDQN7KH FXUYH
Cur va E ( t ) para o m siturador com fase sólida
6.0E-4
E (t)
Fração Leve
4.0E-4
Fração P esada
2.0E-4
0.0E+0
)LJXUH (TXDOL]H WDQN UHVSRQVH WR VROLG SKDVH
PDUNHG ZLWK /D IRU KHDY\ IUDFWLRQ DQG
P$JIRUOLJKWIUDFWLRQ
)RU WKH KHDY\ IUDFWLRQ WKH FXUYH VKRZV
DVWURQJFDQDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVEHWZHHQ]HURDQG
VHFRQGV 7KLVFDQDOL]DWLRQ WHQGV WR GHFUHDVH DV WKH
KHDY\ IUDFWLRQ JRHV FRQVWDQWO\ EHLQJ PL[HG DQG
UHPRYHG DQGWKH XQLWDFWVDV D SHUIHFW PL[HU ZLWK
HIIHFWLYH YROXPH HTXDO WR OLWHUV :LWK WKH
OLJKW IUDFWLRQ WKHUH LV QR FDQDOL]DWLRQ RU GHDG
]RQHDQGWKHWDQN DFWVDVDSHUIHFW PL[HU ZLWK WKH
PDWHULDO EHLQJ VORZO\ KRPRJHQL]HG DQG XQLIRUPO\
UHPRYH IURP WKH XQLW )RU WKLV IUDFWLRQ WKH
HIIHFWLYHYROXPHLVHTXDOOLWHUV
7KHXWLOLW\RIUDGLRDFWLYHWUDFHU WHFKQLTXHV
WR VWXG\ DQG HYDOXDWH HTXDOL]H DQG PL[LQJ VHZHU
WDQNV ZDV HYLGHQFHG DQG LQ UHDO FDVHV WKLV
PHWKRGRORJ\ FRQWULEXWH WR RSWLPL]HU DQ VHZHU
WUHDWPHQW SODQWV EHFDXVH VLPLODU SKHQRPHQD
KDSSHQV ZLWK D ORW RI IUHTXHQF\ DQG FDUWLQJ ORVVHV
LQHIILFLHQF\RIWKHWDQNV
0
100 0
200 0
300 0
40 00
50 00
TEM P O ( s )
Curva ajustada pelo m odelo "M isturador com Volum e M orto"
2 .0 E-3
E (t)
1 .6 E-3
1 .2 E-3
contribuição devido a canalização direta
8 .0 E-4
M odelo de M isturador com Volum e M orto
4 .0 E-4
0 .0 E+ 0
VHHPVOLNHDSHUIHFW PL[HUEXWWKHPHDQ UHVLGHQFH
WLPH PHDVXUHG PLQ LV VPDOOHU WKDQ WKH
WKHRUHWLFDOYDOXHWKLVLVGXHDLQWHUQDOFDQDOL]DWLRQV
DQGDGHDG]RQHH[LVWLQVLGHWKHWDQN
0
5 00
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
TEM PO ( s )
)LJXUH (TXDOL]H 7DQN UHVSRQVH WR OLTXLG SKDVH
PDUNHGZLWK%U
60 00
&\FORWURQ+H,PSODQWDWLRQ(IIHFWLQ6XSHUFRQGXFWRUV
<%D&X2GG— 7\SH6WXGLHG%\3RVLWURQV
6DQWRV*5 6DQWRV-&5
HPDLOJRQFDOR#LHQJRYEU
MRVHFH]DU#WDXUXVLPHHEEU
FRPSDWLEOH ZLWK WKH SUREH IRU PDJQHWLF
SHUPHDELOLW\PHDVXUHPHQWV[[PP
',5$,(1
,QVWLWXWR0LOLWDUGH(QJHQKDULD,0(
.H\ZRUGV QHXWURQ
UDGLRDFWLYHZDVWH
VRXUFH
PL[WXUH
,UUDGLDWLRQ3URFHGXUH
7KHLUUDGLDWLRQZHUHGRQHDW,(1¶V&9
&\FORWURQ 7KH SDUWLFOH EHDP ZLWK 0H9
PD[LPXPHQHUJ\ZDVSHULRGLFDOO\GHJUDGHGZLWKD
URWDWLQJ GLVN ZLWK DOXPLQXP IRLOV RI GLIIHUHQW
WKLFNQHVV7KLVZD\LWZDVSRVVLEOHDKRPRJHQHRXV
LRQ LPSODQWDWLRQ LQWR WKH VDPSOH WKLFNQHVV 7KH
W\SLFDO FXUUHQWV ZHUH Q$ FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR D
IOX[RI[ FPV
DQG
,QWURGXFWLRQ
,Q RXU UDGLDWLRQ GDPDJH UHVHDUFK XVLQJ
F\FORWURQ VLPXODWLRQV ZH DUH DFFRPSOLVKLQJ D
VWXG\ RI KLJK 7F VXSHUFRQGXFWRU XQGHU SDUWLFOHV¶
LPSODQWDWLRQ DW ,(1¶V &9 F\FORWURQ 8VLQJ D
VSHFLDOV\VWHPIRUHQHUJ\GHJUDGLQJLWZDVSRVVLEOH
KRPRJHQHRXV +H LPSODQWDWLRQ ZLWK IOXHQF\ RI
WR [FP 7KH SUHOLPLQDU\ UHVXOWV VKRZHG
GHFUHDVLQJ YDOXHV IRU 7FRQVHW DQG 7RIIVHW ZLWK
LQFUHDVLQJ IOXHQF\ 7KH PDJQHWLF SHUPHDELOLW\
FXUYHV VKRZHG EXPS VWUXFWXUHV ZLWK UHODWLYH
SRVLWLRQ WR 7FRQVHW YDU\LQJ ZLWK WKH IOXHQF\
VXJJHVWLQJ SKDVH WUDQVLWLRQ DV FRQVHTXHQFH RI +H
LPSODQWHG 7KH VDPSOHV DQQHDOLQJ LQ R[\JHQ
DWPRVSKHUH VKRZHG HYLGHQFH RI UHVWRULQJ WKH
VXSHUFRQGXFWLYLW\SURSHUW\
6RPH UHVXOWV
DYDLODEOH LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH DUH FRQIOLFWLQJ WR VRPH
KLJK7F VXSHUFRQGXFWLQJFHUDPLFV
 9RURQRYD>@ LUUDGLDWHG 1E6Q ZLWK SDUWLFOHV
JHWWLQJ PRQRWRQLFDOO\ GHFUHDVLQJ RI 7FRQVHW ZLWK
LQFUHDVLQJIOXHQF\
 &KULVH\>@ LUUDGLDWHG ILOPV RI <%D&X2 ZLWK 0H9 SDUWLFOHV DQG IOXHQF\ ORZHU WKDQFP
DQGVKRZHGQRFKDQJHVRQ7FRQVHW Â 0DLVK>@ LUUDGLDWHG <%D&X2 ZLWK SFP
SURWRQV DQG REVHUYHG QR HYLGHQFH IRU SKDVH
WUDQVLWLRQ GHVSLWH RI FRQWUDGLFWLQJ 9RURQRYD¶V
UHVXOWV
$V D QH[W VWHS ZDV SHUIRUPHG
SRVLWURQ OLIHWLPH PHDVXUHPHQWV DV IXQFWLRQ RI
WHPSHUDWXUH WR VWXG\ WKH EHKDYLRU RI 7F DQG LWV
FKDQJHV DV FRQVHTXHQFH RI &\FORWURQ +H
LPSODQWDWLRQLQWKLVFHUDPLF
5HVXOWV
7KH PDJQHWLF SHUPHDELOLW\ PHDVXUHPHQWV
ZHUH SHUIRUPHG XVLQJ D FRQYHQWLRQDO V\VWHP IRU
]HURGHWHFWLRQ³/RFNLQDPSOLILHU3$57KH
WHPSHUDWXUHUDQJHZDVIURP WR.
$IWHU LUUDGLDWLRQ LW ZDV REVHUYHG
VWUXFWXUH¶V EXPS OLNH LQ WKH SHUPHDELOLW\ FXUYH
7KLV EXPSV DOVR VKRZHG FKDQJHV LQ UHODWLYH
SRVLWLRQ LQ WKH FXUYH IROORZHG E\ FKDQJHV LQ
7FRQVHW 7KLV EHKDYLRU VXJJHVWV WKDW FKDQJHV LQ
7FRQVHW FRXOG EH DWWULEXWHG WR D GHILQHG DPRXQW RI
LPSODQWHG LRQV 7KLV K\SRWKHVLV LV MXVWLILHG
FRQVLGHULQJ WKDW HDFK EXPS LV WKH UHJLVWHU RI D
VWDUWLQJ SKDVH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ DV FRQVHTXHQFH RI
WKH KHOLXP FRQFHQWUDWLRQ $OWKRXJK 0DLVK>@ KDG
DOVR REVHUYHG VLPLODU VWUXFWXUH LQ UHVLVWLYLW\
PHDVXUHPHQWVLQ<%D&X2 LUUDGLDWHG ZLWK 0H9
SURWRQV SFP LW ZDV GLVFDUGHG SKDVH
WUDQVIRUPDWLRQE\;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQ
&RQFOXVLRQ
,Q VSLWH RI VRPH LQLWLDO GLYHUJHQFHV LW ZDV
VKRZHGWKDWSRVLWURQDQQLKLODWLRQ WHFKQLTXHLVDEOH
WR FODULI\ WKH UHIHUUHG TXHVWLRQV ,W ZDV DOVR
SRVVLEOHWRREVHUYHWKDWWKH SURSHUWLHVFKDQJHG E\
LRQ LPSODQWDWLRQ FRXOG EH UHFRYHUHG E\ D SURSHU
DQQHDOLQJ ,W LV H[SHFWHG WKDW SRVLWURQ WHFKQLTXH
UHVXOWVFRXOGEHWWHUGHVFULEHWKHEHKDYLRURI7FRQVHW 7RIIVHWEXPSVVWUXFWXUHVDQG7F
5HIHUHQFHV
>@9RURQRYD,90LKDOORY116RWQLNRY*9
DQG=DLNLQ9-X-1XFO0DWHUS
>@ &KULVH\ ' % 6XPPHUV * 3 0DLVK : *
%XUNH( $ (ODP : 7 +HUPDQ + .LUNODQG -
3 DQG 1HWVHU 5 $ $SSO 3K\V /HWW >@0DLVK:*6XPPHUV*3&DPSEHOO$%
'DOH&-5LWWHU-&.QXGVRQ$5(ODP:7
+HUPDQ + .LUNODQG - 3 1HLVHU 5 $ 2VRIVN\
0 6 ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQ RQ 1XFOHDU 6FLHQFH 9RO
161R32%GHF
>@ %RXUJDXOW ' HW DO3K\VLFDO 5HYLHZ % YRO 1S
6DPSOH3UHSDUDWLRQDQG&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ
7KH VDPSOHV ZHUH SUHSDUHG IURP <2
%D12 H &X2 IROORZLQJ WKH FRQYHQWLRQDO
SURFHGXUH7KHPL[WXUHLQSDUWVRI LQ<%D
DQG&X ZDVGU\KHDWHGLQDQDOXPLQDFUXFLEOHZLWK
R[\JHQ IOX[ RI POV D . GXULQJ K
$IWHU SUHVVLQJ ZH JRW WKH VDPSOHV LQ SHOOHWV ZLWK
—P WKLFNQHVV DQG GHQVLW\ JFP 7KH
VLQWHULQJ ZDV GRQH IRU KRXUV ZKHQ WKH
WHPSHUDWXUHZDVUHGXFHG.PLQWR. DQG
EURXJKWWRURRPWHPSHUDWXUH,QWKDWVWDJHZHWRRN
LW RXW SDOOHWV ZLWK PDVV DURXQG PJ DQG VL]H
1HXWURQ6RXUFH&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQIRU+LJKO\5DGLRDFWLYH:DVWH
6DQWRV*57HL[HLUD5
HPDLOJRQFDOR#LHQJRYEU
UXEHQVWHL[HLUD#WDXUXVLPHHEEU
',5$,(1
,QVWLWXWR0LOLWDUGH(QJHQKDULD,0(
.H\ZRUGV QHXWURQ
UDGLRDFWLYHZDVWH
VRXUFH
PL[WXUH
QHXWURQ VRXUFHLQDPL[WXUHRI+/5:EDVHGRQWKH
WKLFNWDUJHW \LHOG GDWD UHTXLUHV WKDW WKLV QRQOLQHDU
EHKDYLRU EH WUHDWHG FDUHIXOO\ ,Q DGGLWLRQ IRU
HOHPHQWVIRUZKLFKWKHWKLFNWDUJHW\LHOGGDWDGRQRW
H[LVWWKHDSSURDFKIUHTXHQWO\XVHGFRQVLVWVRIHLWKHU
XVLQJ WKH DYDLODEOH GDWD RI HOHPHQWV ZLWK DWRPLF
QXPEHUV FORVH WR WKDW RI WKHHOHPHQW LQ TXHVWLRQ RU
JHQHUDWLQJ WKH GDWD ZLWK WKHRUHWLFDO PRGHOV 7KHVH
OLPLWDWLRQVPD\ OHDGWRHUURUVRID IDFWRU WZRLQ WKH
HVWLPDWLRQRIQHXWURQVRXUFHVLQ+/5:SUREOHPV
DQG
5HVHDUFK2EMHFWLYHV
:H SURSRVHWRLPSURYHWKHDFFXUDF\RIWKH
QHXWURQ VRXUFH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ IRU KLJKOHYHO
UDGLRDFWLYH ZDVWH +/5: WKHUHE\ UHGXFLQJ
VLJQLILFDQWO\ WKH XQFHUWDLQWLHV LQ KHDOWK ULVNV
DVVRFLDWHGZLWK PDQDJHPHQWRIUDGLRDFWLYHZDVWHLQ
VWRUDJH WDQNV VSHQW QXFOHDU UHDFWRU IXHOV DQG ODUJH
TXDQWLWLHV RI ILVVLOH PDWHULDOV 7R LOOXVWUDWH WKH
LPSRUWDQFHWKHPDMRU FRPSRQHQWRIQHXWURQ VRXUFH
LQ YLWULILHG KLJKOHYHO ZDVWH LV GXH WR DOSKD SDUWLFOH
LQWHUDFWLRQV $SSUR[LPDWHO\ WR RI WKH
QHXWURQ VRXUFH LQ ERURVLOLFDWH JODVV FRQWDLQLQJ
UDGLRDFWLYH KLJKOHYHO ZDVWH +/5: DUH SURGXFHG
E\DOSKDLQWHUDFWLRQVZLWKWKHERURQVRGLXPVLOLFRQ
DQG R[\JHQ LQ WKH JODVV 6SDUVH GDWD DUH DYDLODEOH
IRU WKHVHDQGRWKHULPSRUWDQWOLJKWHOHPHQWVOHDGLQJ
WRDFUXGHHVWLPDWLRQRIWKHQHXWURQVRXUFH)RUWKDW
UHDVRQLWLVFULWLFDO WKDWPRUHDFFXUDWHH[SHULPHQWDO
DQG HYDOXDWHG GDWD EH DYDLODEOH WR LPSURYH WKH
QHXWURQ VRXUFH FDOFXODWLRQV %HWWHU +/5:
FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQZLOOOHDGWRHQKDQFHGZRUNHUVDIHW\
PDUJLQV DQG PRUH FRVWHIIHFWLYH SURFHGXUHV IRU
ZDVWH WUHDWPHQW DQG KDQGOLQJ 7KLV UHVHDUFK ZLOO
LQFOXGH GHYHORSPHQW RI DQ LPSURYHG PHWKRGRORJ\
IRU QHXWURQ VRXUFH FRPSXWDWLRQ LQ PL[WXUHV
HYDOXDWLRQ RI UHOHYDQW \LHOG DQG FURVV VHFWLRQ GDWD
DQGPHDVXUHPHQWRIFULWLFDOFURVVVHFWLRQV
,Q D PL[WXUH RI OLJKW HOHPHQWV HJ VDOWV
DQG KHDY\ HOHPHQWV DFWLQLGHV HQHUJHWLF DOSKD
SDUWLFOHVUHVXOWLQJIURPWKHGHFD\RIKHDY\HOHPHQWV
LQWHUDFW ZLWK OLJKW HOHPHQWV SURGXFLQJ QHXWURQV $
VLJQLILFDQW VRXUFH RI QHXWURQV LV SURGXFHG LQ WKLV
SURFHVV $V DQ H[DPSOH LQ YLWULILHG +/5: WKH
QHXWURQ VRXUFH LVSUHGRPLQDQWO\ IURP DOSKDSDUWLFOH
LQWHUDFWLRQV ,Q JHQHUDO FDOFXODWLRQ RI WKH QHXWURQ
VRXUFH LQ WKH PL[WXUH LV EDVHG RQ PHDVXUHPHQWV RI
WKLFNWDUJHW QHXWURQ \LHOGV IURP .Q UHDFWLRQV
([LVWLQJ WKLFNWDUJHW QHXWURQ GDWD LQFOXGH
PHDVXUHPHQWVSHUIRUPHG IRU LQGLYLGXDO HOHPHQWV RU
DWPRVWIRUDPL[WXUHRIWZRHOHPHQWV,QDPL[WXUH
RI VHYHUDO HOHPHQWV WKH DOSKDSDUWLFOH DWWHQXDWLRQ
HIIHFW VWRSSLQJ SRZHU LV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW VLQFH WKH
DOSKDSDUWLFOHLVOLNHO\ WRLQWHUDFW ZLWK HDFK HOHPHQW
RIWKHPL[WXUH7KHHVWLPDWLRQRIWKHQHXWURQVRXUFH
LQ D PL[WXUH KDV WR DFFRXQW IRU WKLV YHU\ QRQOLQHDU
HIIHFW DQG WKHUHIRUH WKH QHXWURQ VRXUFH FDQQRW EH
REWDLQHG E\ VLPSO\ DGGLQJ XS WKH LQGLYLGXDO WKLFN
WDUJHWQHXWURQ\LHOGV$QDFFXUDWHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKH
3ODQRI$FFRPSOLVKPHQW
7KH SURSRVHG DSSURDFK FRQVLVWV RI GHYHORSLQJ D
PHWKRGRORJ\ WKDW FRPELQHV WKH QHXWURQ \LHOG GDWD
IRU LQGLYLGXDO HOHPHQWV WR SURGXFH DQ HIIHFWLYH
QHXWURQ VRXUFH IRU WKH PL[WXUH ,Q WKLV UHJDUG LW LV
GHVLUDEOH WR EDVH WKH QHXWURQ VRXUFH FDOFXODWLRQV RQ
WKH .Q FURVV VHFWLRQV LQVWHDG RI WKH WKLFNWDUJHW
QHXWURQ \LHOGV 7KHUHIRUH WKH ILUVW SKDVH LQ WKH
UHVHDUFKLQFOXGHVDQHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHH[LVWLQJ .Q
GDWD DQG FRQYHUVLRQ RI WKH WKLFNWDUJHW \LHOGV LQWR
FURVVVHFWLRQVLHXQIROGLQJ
9HU\ OLWWOH RU QR .Q GDWD LV DYDLODEOH IRU
VRPHLPSRUWDQWOLJKWHOHPHQWVH[DPSOHVDUH1D&O
DQG . 7KHVH HOHPHQWV DUH SUHVHQW LQ VLJQLILFDQW
DPRXQWV LQ +/5: PL[WXUHV 7KXV LQ WKH VHFRQG
SKDVH RI WKH UHVHDUFK WKH .Q FURVV VHFWLRQV IRU
WKHVHDQGRWKHUNH\HOHPHQWVZLOOEHPHDVXUHGXVLQJ
DF\FORWURQIDFLOLW\
7KH WKLUG SKDVH RI WKH UHVHDUFK ZLOO EH
GHYHORSPHQWRIWKHQHXWURQ VRXUFH PHWKRGRORJ\,Q
FRQWUDVW WR H[LVWLQJ PHWKRGRORJLHV WKH DSSURDFK
SURSRVHG KHUH FRQVLVWV RI GHULYLQJ DQ H[DFW
IRUPDOLVPWRFRPSXWHQHXWURQ\LHOGVLQDPL[WXUHDV
D IXQFWLRQ RI WKH .Q GDWD RI HDFK RI WKH PL[WXUH
FRQVWLWXHQWV ,W LV HPSKDVL]HG WKDW WKH DOJRULWKPV
GHYHORSHG LQ WKLV WDVN WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH QHZ FURVV
VHFWLRQ GDWD LPSOHPHQWHG LQ D FRPSXWHU SURJUDP
VXFKDVWKH25,*(1FRGH ZLOOSURYLGHDQDFFXUDWH
ZD\ RI GHWHUPLQLQJ DOSKDQHXWURQ VRXUFHV LQ
+/5:
5HIHUHQFHV
>@ 2 : +HUPDQQ DQG 5 0 :HVWIDOO
251/185(*&6'956HSW
>@ / & /HDO 7 $ 'DO\ - 5 /LDZ DQG ( .
)XMLWD7UDQV$P1XFO6RF
>@ $ * GD 6LOYD / 7 $XOHU - & 6XLWD / -
$QWXQHV DQG $ $ GD 6LOYD 1XFO ,QVW DQG
0HWKLQ3K\VLFV5HVHDUFK$
$+LJK3UHVVXUH/LTXLG&KURPDWRJUDSKLF0HWKRGIRUWKH5DGLRFKHPLFDO
4XDOLW\&RQWURORI,0HWDLRGREHQ]\O*XDQLGLQD
%ULWWR - /4 6LOYD 5 ) 6LOYD - /7DDP ,
&7DQG6RX]D$6)
HPDLOMDFNVRQ#LHQJRYEU
7KHLQMHFWLRQVZHUHPDGHXVLQJDYROXPHRIP/
WDNHQIURPDVDPSOHZLWKUDGLRDFWLYHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ
RI P&L P/ WKH PRELOH SKDVH IORZ UDWH ZDV
P/PLQ ,Q ILJXUH FRXOG EH VHHQ D W\SLFDO
UDGLRDFWLYH VSHFWUXP REWDLQHG ZLWK WKH FRQGLWLRQ
V\VWHP DERYHGHVFULEHG WKHSHDNV UHODWLYHV WR ,
',5$,(1
.H\ZRUGV UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOV LRGLQH PHWDLRGREHQ]\OJXDQLGLQH
$ +LJK 3UHVVXUH /LTXLG &KURPDWRJUDSK\
+3/& PHWKRG IRU WKH UDGLRFKHPLFDO TXDOLW\
FRQWURO DQDO\VLV RI ,0HWDLRGREHQ]\O JXDQLGLQH
,0,%* ZDV GHYHORSHG LQ RUGHU WR HVWDEOLVK D
URXWLQH IRU WKH ODEHOLQJ \LHOG TXDQWLILFDWLRQ RI WKH
UDGLRFKHPLFDO SURGXFLQJ UHDFWLRQ IRU WKLV
UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDO
,QWURGXFWLRQ
,0HWDLRGR %HQ]\O *XDQLGLQH LV PDLQO\ XVHG LQ
WKH 1XFOHDU 0HGLFLQH LQ WKH GLDJQRVLV RI QHXUR
EODVWRPVDQGPLFURPHWDVWDVLVLQQHUYRXVWLVVXH
LWKDVDOVRDODUJHDSSOLFDWLRQLQWKHGLDJQRVLVRIWKH
IXQFWLRQ DQG HQHUYDWLRQ RI WKH KHDUW 7KH XVH RI
WKLV LPSRUWDQW GLDJQRVWLF WRRO DV D
UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDO UHTXLUHV VRPH YHU\ VWULFW
TXDOLW\FRQWURO LQRUGHUWREHVXLWDEOHWREHLQMHFWHG
LQ KXPDQ EHLQJ RQH RI WKHVH UHTXLUHPHQWV LV WKH
UDGLRFKHPLFDO TXDOLW\ FRQWURO ZKLFK VKRXOG DVVXUH
WKHUHTXLUHGUDGLRFKHPLFDOSXULW\IRUWKHSURGXFW
DQG ,0,%*UHVSHFWLYHO\DUHVKRZQ
)LJXUH5DGLRFKURPDWRJUDPRI, DQG ,0,%*
8VLQJ WKH HTXDWLRQ ZH FRXOG FDOFXODWH WKH
FDSDFLW\ IDFWRUV .¶ IRU WKH WZR UDGLRDFWLYH
VSHFLHVFLWHGDERYH
Ncc
0DWHULDODQG0HWKRGV
7KH ,0,%* LV ODEHOHG DW ,(1¶V
UDGLRSKDUPDF\ ODERUDWRU\ XVLQJ XOWUD SXUH ,
SURGXFHG LQ WKH .,3526 V\VWHP 7KH , LV
REWDLQHGE\WKHERPEDUGPHQWRID;HWDUJHW
ZLWKD0H9P$SURWRQEHDPREWDLQHGLQ
WKH &9 &\FORWURQ 7KH ODEHOLQJ PHWKRG LV
EDVHGLQDQXFOHRSKLOLFVXEVWLWXWLRQ LQD0,%*
PROHFXOH WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU WKH SURGXFW WR
EH XVHG DV D GLDJQRVWLF DJHQW LV WKDW WKH
UDGLRFKHPLFDOSXULW\EH DV KLJK DV LQ ,
0,%* ,Q WKLV ZRUN D UDGLRFKHPLFDO TXDOLW\
FRQWURO PHWKRG ZDV GHYHORSHG LQ RUGHU WR
TXDQWLI\WKHUDGLRFKHPLFDO\LHOGRIWKH,0,%*
ODEHOLQJ UHDFWLRQ +LJK 3UHVVXUHG /LTXLG
&KURPDWRJUDSK\ +3/& ZDV XVHG DV WKH
DQDO\WLFDO WHFKQLTXH $ 6KLPDG]X HTXLSPHQW
ZDV XVHG WKH V\VWHP FRQVLVWV RI D +3/&
FRQQHFWHG WR DQ LQWHJUDWRU DQG D 1D, GHWHFWRU
WKH FDOFXODWLRQV DQG WKH +3/& UDGLRDFWLYH
VSHFWUXPLWLVREWDLQHGWKURXJKDGDWDWUHDWPHQW
VRIWZDUH5HYHUVHGSKDVHFKURPDWRJUDSK\ ZDV
XVHG ZKHUH WKH PRELOH SKDVH ZDV D EXIIHU
VROXWLRQ FRQVWLWXWHG RI 0 .+32 DQG
0 7HWUDEXW\ODPPRQLXP +\GUR[LGH LQ
0HWKDQRO DQG WKH VWDWLRQDU\ SKDVH ZDV D
&%RQGHVLO[PP&ROXPQ
W5 W W
7KHREWDLQHGUHWHQWLRQWLPHVIRU, DQG ,0,%*
ZHUH DQG DQG WKHLUV FDOFXODWHG .¶ YDOXHV
ZHUHDQG
5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ
7KH DQDO\WLFDO SURFHGXUH DOORZV WKH RSHUDWRU WR
SHUIRUP WKH DQDO\VLV ZLWK D YHU\ ORZ VDPSOH
YROXPH RQO\ P/ DQG WKH LQMHFWLRQ WHFKQLTXH
XVHGLQ+3/&SHUPLWVIDVWRSHUDWLRQWKHDQDO\VLV
WLPHLWLVRQO\PLQXWHVORQJ7KHUHVXOWVRIWKLV
SURFHGXUHIXOILOOVDOOWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUDPHWKRG
WR EH XVHG LQ D TXDOLW\ FRQWURO RI D
UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDO
IRU
1XFOHDU
0HGLFLQHGLDJQRVLV
5HIHUHQFHV
>@ '5XEHOOR HW DO (XURSHDQ -RXUQDO RI
(QGRFULQRORJ\
>@ *UDDI -6GH .ORRVWHU 1--/DQJH :(GH
3ULHUV '$=ZLHUVUD 53 1HGHUODQGV 7LMGVFKULIW
YRRU*HQHHVNXQGH
>@3DUN6-/HH-'5\X<+/LQ6.-RXUQDORI
1XFO0HG3
>@3ULYDWH&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
>@%DUERVD0)&ROWXUDWR07$QDLVGR9&RQJU
*HUDOGH(QHUJLD1XFO9R,,,
>@1$3DUULV-RXUQDORI&KURPDWRJUDSK\/LEUDU\
YRO
$+LJK5HVROXWLRQ*DV&KURPDWRJUDSKLF0HWKRGIRUWKH6ROYHQW$QDO\VLV
LQWKH)'*>)@)OXRUR'HR[\'*OXFRVH6\QWKHVLV
&XVWyGLR&GH$%ULWWR-/4%DVWRV0$
HPDLOFLQWLD#LHQJRYEU
7KHUHVXOWLQJFKURPDWRJUDPLVVKRZQLQ
ILJXUH
',5$,(1
.H\ZRUGV
5DGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOV
FKURPDWRJUDSK\TXDOLW\FRQWURO)'*
JDV
1RZDGD\V ZLWK WKH DGYDQFHV LQ 1XFOHDU
0HGLFLQH D JUHDW LPSURYHPHQW LQ WKH VWXG\ RI
FDQFHU KDYH EHHQ REVHUYHG 7KH WXPRU GHWHFWLRQ
DQG LWV ORFDOL]DWLRQ XVLQJ 3(7 3RVLWURQ (PLVVLRQ
7RPRJUDSK\ UHVXOWV LQ DQ HQKDQFHPHQW RI RXU
ELRFKHPLFDO EDVLV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI QRUPDO DQG
DEQRUPDOIXQFWLRQVZLWKLQWKHERG\
7KHUDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDO >)@)'* LW LV D
VLPLODU PROHFXOH RI JOXFRVH VR LW FDQ EH XVHG WR
WUDFH RUJDQV DQG IXQFWLRQV RI WKH ERG\ ZKLFK DUH
DEQRUPDOO\JOXFRVHFRQVXPHUOLNHQHRSODVPV
7KH)LVREWDLQHGE\WKHERPEDUGPHQWRI
+ 2 ZLWK 0H9 SURWRQV LQ WKH &9
&\FORWURQWURXJKWKHUHDFWLRQ2SQ)
7KH >)@)'* LV V\QWKHVL]HG XVLQJ WKH
,%$,RQ %HDP $SSOLFDWLRQ )'* 3URFHVVLQJ
6\VWHP ,Q WKLV V\QWKHVLV VRPH KLJK WR[LFLW\
RUJDQLF VROYHQWV DUH XVHG DQG EHFDXVH RI WKLV LW LV
LPSHUDWLYHLWVTXDQWLILFDWLRQLQWKHILQDOSURGXFW
7KH DQDO\VLV RI $FHWRQLWULOH (WKDQRO DQG
'LHWK\O(WKHULQWKH>)@)'*ZHUHFDUULHGRXWRQ
D 6KLPDG]X $) *DV &KURPDWRJUDSK XVLQJ D
FDSLOODU\FROXPQ'% -:6FLHQWLILF
&\DQRSURS\O3KHQ\O0HW\OSRO\VLOR[DQHDQGD
),'GHWHFWRU
7KH TXDQWLILFDWLRQ RI WKH VROYHQWV ZHUH
PDGHXVLQJH[WHUQDOVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ
7KHFDOLEUDWLRQFXUYHZHUHSORWWHGXVLQJD
OHDVW VTXDUH PHWKRG 7KH FXUYH IRU DFHWRQLWULOH
FRXOGEHVHHQDWILJXUH
$UHD
7KH UHVXOWV REWDLQHG LQ WKLV ZRUN
GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW *DV &URPDWRJUDSKLF WHFKQLTXH LV
JRRG IRU WKLV DLP7KH FRQFHQWUDWLRQV REWDLQHGDUH
EHOORZ WKH SHUPLWWHG OLPLW DVVXULQJ WKH KHDOWK RI
WKH SDWLHQW 7KH >)@)'* EHLQJ D LQMHFWDEOH
UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDO IRU KXPDQ DSSOLFDWLRQV
UHTXLUHV DQ HIILFLHQW TXDOLW\ FRQWURO V\VWHP IRU WKH
URXWLQH2WKHUIDFWRUVZKLFKPXVWEHFRQVLGHUHGDUH
WKH PLQXWHV KDOI ± OLIH RI ) ZKLFK FODLPV
IRU D YHU\ VKRUW WLPH RI DQDO\VLV DQG WKH VHFXULW\
RI WKH DQDO\VW 7KH WHFKQLTXH RI +LJK 5HVROXWLRQ
*DV &KURPDWRJUDSK\ DWWHQGV DOO WKH DERYH
UHTXLUHPHQWV
5HIHUHQFHV
>@ +DPDFKHU . &RHQHQ + 6W|FNOLQ * (IILFLHQW 6WHUHRVSHFLILF 6\QWKHVLV RI 1R&DUULHU
$GGHG >)@ )OXRUR'HR[\'*OXFRVH 8VLQJ
$PLQRSRO\HWKHU 6XSSRUWHG1XFOHRILOLF6XEVWLWXWLRQ
7KH-RXUQDORI1XFOHDU0HGLFLQH
\ [
5 )LJ&KURPDWRJUDPRI3URGXFWLRQ$
&RQFHQWUDWLRQSSP
)LJXUH&DOLEUDWLRQ&XUYHIRU$FHWRQLWULOH
6WXG\RIWKHLQIOXHQFHRISODQWVH[WUDFWVLQWKHELQGLQJRIWKH
UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOV WRWKHEORRGHOHPHQWV
$OHL[R/&0
HPDLODOHL[R#LHQJRYEU
>@ (DUO\3-6RGHH '%3ULQFLSOHV DQG SUDFWLFH RI
QXFOHDU PHGLFLQH RHG 0RVE\ <HDU %RRN
,QF/RQGRQ
',5$,(1
.H\ZRUGV 5DGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDO , 0,%*,
,%ORRGHOHPHQWV
1XFOHDU PHGLFLQH LV WKH XVH RI UDGLRDFWLYH
WUDFHUV JHQHUDOO\ FDOOHG UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOV LQ
VWXG\ RI EORRGIORZPHWDEROLVP DQGPRUSKRORJ\ RI
DQRUJDQ,0,%*, DQG, DUHWKHPRVW
IUHTXHQWO\ UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOV XVHG LQ QXFOHDU
PHGLFLQH 7KH XVH RI SODQWV LQ WKH IRUP RI KRPH
PDGH WHDV DQG FDSVXOHV RI SODQWV H[WUDFWV LV HYHU\
GD\ PRUH XVHG LQ WKH SRSXODU PHGLFLQH 6HFXUH
GHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHELQGLQJRI,0,%*,
DQG,WRSODVPD DQGEORRG FHOO FRQVWLWXHQWV FDQ
KHOS WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH ELRGLVWULEXLWLRQ RI
UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOV :H GHFLGHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH
JRRG VWDQGDUG FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI WULFKRURDFHWLF DFLG
7&$WRVWXG\WKHELQGLQJWREORRGHOHPHQWVIRUWKLV
UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOV DQG WKH DGGLWLRQ RI SODQWV
H[WUDFWV LV EHHQ FDQ WDNH WR WKH PRGLILFDWLRQ RI WKH
ELQGLQJ RI WKHVH UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOV WR WKH EORRG
HOHPHQWV :H HYDOXDWHG LQ YLWUR DQG LQ YLYR LI WKH
ELQGLQJ RI UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOV RQ WKH EORRG
HOHPHQWV LV LQIOXHQFHG E\ DQ H[WUDFW RI 3DXOOLQLD
FXSDQDJXDUDQi6DOLVEXULDELORED JLQNJR ELORED
)XFXVDQG.DYD.DYD
%ORRGRI:LVWDUUDWVZDVLQFXEDWHGZLWKWKH
H[WUDFW RI SODQWV IRU LQ YLWUR PHWKRG DIWHU KRXU
PO RI UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDO 0%T LV DGGHG
DQG LQFXEDWHG IRU DQRWKHU PLQXWHV 7KH VDPSOHV
DUH FHQWULIXJHG SODVPD DQG EORRG FHOO DUH LVRODWHG
DQGDOVRSUHFLSLWDWHGZLWK7&$FRQFHQWUDWLRQVRI
DQG VROXEOH DQG
LQVROXEOH IUDFWLRQV DUH LVRODWHG )RU WKH PHWKRG LQ
YLWUR WKH DQLPDOV DUH WUHDWHG E\ RQH ZHHN ZLWK WKH
SODQW H[WUDFW DQG WKHQ LW LV LQMHFWHG ZLWK PO
0%TRIWKHUDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOLV DZDLWHG PLQXWHV DQG WKHQ WKH VDPSOH RI EORRG LV UHPRYHG
DQGWUHDWHGDVLQWKHPHWKRGLQYLWUR
7KHLQLWLDOUHVXOWVLQGLFDWHWKDWLQKLJKGRVHV
RIH[WUDFWVWKHELQGLQJRIWKHUDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOV WR
WKHEORRGHOHPHQWVVXIIHUVDOWHUDWLRQ
5HIHUHQFHV
>@ %HUQLHU '5,Q1XFOHDU 0HGLFLQH 7HFKQRORJ\
DQG 7HFKQLTXHV /DQJDQ -. DQG :HOOV /'
HGV7KH&90RVE\&RPSDQ\6W/RXL]
,PSURYHPHQWVLQWKH+RW&HOOIRU
))'* 3URGXFWLRQ
FRXOGEHHDVLHUWRILQGLQWKHLQWHUQDOPDUNHW:LWK
WKH SDUWQHUVKLS RI WKH HQJLQHHULQJ GHSDUWPHQW RI
RXU LQVWLWXWH LW ZDV GHYHORSHG DQG FRQVWUXFW D
UHFRYHU\ PRGXOH )LJXUH WKDW FRXOG EH HDVLO\
PDQLSXODWHGE\DQ\RSHUDWRURIWKHKRWFHOO
%DVWRV0$9
HPDLOPLJXHO#LHQJRYEU
',5$,(1
NH\ZRUG 5DGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOV )'* )OXRU
3URFHVV&HOO
7KH ,QVWLWXWH RI 1XFOHDU (QJLQHHULQJ
,(1LVLPSURYLQJLWV)'* SURGXFWLRQWU\LQJWR
VXSSO\ WKH PD[LPXP KRVSLWDOV DQG FOLQLFV RI WKH
5LRGH-DQHLURZLWKWKLVQHZUDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDO
7KH DFWLYLWLHV RI ) SURGXFHG ZLWK WKH
RULJLQDO VLOYHU VPDOO WDUJHW KROGHU SXUFKDVHG IURP
,%$ PO LW ZDV QRW HQRXJK IRU WKLV SXUSRVH
7KH DOWHUQDWLYH ZRXOG EH WR LQVWDOO D ODUJH YROXPH
WDUJHW KROGHU PO WKDW ZRXOG LQFUHDVH RXU
SURGXFWLRQ LQ D IDFWRU RI LQ RUGHU WR JHW WKH
QHFHVVDULHVDFWLYLWLHV
$Q RWKHU IDFWRU WKDW LQIOXHQFHG WKLV
VXEVWLWXWLRQ LV WKDW DIWHU D ORQJ XVH RI WKLV WDUJHW
KROGHUWKHVLOYHUUHOHDVHGGLVWXUEHGWKHV\QWKHVLVRI
WKH)'*ZLWKFRQVHTXHQWGHFUHDVHRIWKH\LHOG
7KHROGVLOYHUVPDOOYROXPHWDUJHW KROGHU
ZDV UHSODFHG IRU D WLWDQLXP ODUJH YROXPH WDUJHW
KROGHU)LJXUHSXUFKDVHGDOVRIURP,%$
)LJXUH5HFRYHU\0RGXOH
6LQFH WKH WDUJHW +2 LV H[WUHPHO\
H[SHQVLYH WKLV PRGXOH LV FRQQHFWHG WR D VHFXULW\
V\VWHPVWRSUHYHQWHUURUVGXULQJLWVRSHUDWLRQ
&RPSDUDWLYHO\ ZLWK WKH RULJLQDO V\VWHP
VROGE\,%$RXUV\VWHPLWLVZRUNLQJEH\RQGWRWKH
H[SHFWHG
$IWHUVHYHUDO UXQVFRXOG EH REVHUYHG WKDW
DERXW RI WKH HQULFKHG ZDWHU LV UHFRYHUHG LQ
HDFKUXQE\WKLVV\VWHP
)LJXUH1HZ7LWDQLXP7DUJHW+ROGHU
:KHQDODUJHYROXPHWDUJHWKROGHULVXVHG
LWLVQHFHVVDU\ WRUHFRYHUWKHHQULFKHG +2 DIWHU
WKHLUUDGLDWLRQGXHWRWKHKLJKFRVWRIWKLVWDUJHW
$W WKDW WLPH RXU EXGJHW LW ZDV RQO\
HQRXJK WR SXUFKDVH WKH QHZ WDUJHW KROGHU EHLQJ
QHFHVVDU\ WR GHYHORSDQGFRQVWUXFW RXURZQ+2
UHFRYHU\PRGXOH
,Q RUGHU WR PDNH HDV\ WKH IXWXUH
PDLQWHQDQFH WKDW FRXOG EH QHFHVVDU\ WKH UHFRYHU\
PRGXOHZDVFRQVWUXFWHGZLWKWKHEHVWPDWHULDOVWKDW
1HZ)DFLOLW\IRU3(77UDFHU3URGXFWLRQDW,(1&1(15LRGH-DQHLUR
6DQWRV*56XLWD-&
HPDLOJRQFDOR#LHQJRYEU VXLWD#LHQJRYEU
,$($¶V DVVLVWDQFH WKH 3(7 &HQWHU SURMHFW DOUHDG\
VWDUWHG ZRXOG JDLQ D FRQVLGHUDEOH LPSXOVH WR LWV
FRQFOXVLRQ 7KH FRPELQHG HIIRUW ,(1,$($ ZRXOG
EHRIJUHDWO\FRQWULEXWLQJWRWKHLPSURYHPHQWRIWKH
%UD]LOLDQV¶ KHDOWK FDUH 7KLV FRQWULEXWLRQ WDNHV
DFFRXQWWKDWWKH,(1¶V3(7&HQWHUZRXOGEHRIIHULQJ
ODVW JHQHUDWLRQ H[DPV DQG GLDJQRVLV EDVHG RQ
QXFOHDUWHFKQLTXHV7KHUHIRUHWKH,(1LVUHTXHVWLQJ
WKH FRRSHUDWLRQ RI WKH ,$($ WR VHWXS VXFK D
IDFLOLW\ 7KH ZD\ RI WKDW UHTXHVWLQJ LV VWULFWO\
RUGLQDU\ DQG IROORZV WKH ORJLFDO IUDPHZRUN
VWUXFWXUH IRU SURMHFW HODERUDWLRQ VHH EORFN GLDJUDP
EHOORZ 7KH ILUVW YHUVLRQ RI WKDW SURMHFW LV QRZ
SUHVHQWHGLQ LWVRULJLQDO IRUP)URP WKDW LV SRVVLEOH
WR H[WUDFW D UHVXPHG WDEOH ZLWK WKH IXQGDPHQWDO RI
ORJLFDO IUDPHZRUN DV ZHOO DV FRQVLVWHQFH
YHULILFDWLRQ E\ D FKDUDFWHULVWLF FKHFNOLVW 2EYLRXVO\
VRPH LPSURYHPHQWV PXVW EH GRQH DQG LW ZLOO EH
SHUIRUPHGDOVRGXULQJ WKHSURMHFW7KLV ZD\ E\ WKH
HQG RI WKH ,(1 KRSHV WR EH FRQWULEXWLQJ LQ
PDQ\ DSSOLFDWLRQ DUHDV DQG ZLWK %UD]LOLDQ¶V KHDOWK
FDUH V\VWHP E\ PDNLQJ DYDLODEOH ODVW JHQHUDWLRQ
WHFKQLTXHV RI GLDJQRVLV EHFRPLQJ D FHQWHU RI
UHIHUHQFHLQ/DWLQ$PHULFD
',5$,(1
.H\ZRUGV3(7IDFLOLW\3(7WUDFHUSURGXFWLRQ
$EVWUDFW
7KH ,QVWLWXWH RI 1XFOHDU (QJLQHHULQJ LV QRZ
ILQLVKLQJ D F\FORWURQ3(7 IDFLOLW\ IRU SURGXFWLRQ RI
SRVLWURQ HPLWWLQJUDGLRQXFOLGHIRU QXFOHDU PHGLFLQH
,QGHHG WKLV IDFLOLW\ LV SDUW RI D ELJJHU SURMHFW WKH
ILUVW 3(7 7UDFHU 3URGXFLQJ &HQWHU LQ %UD]LO ,W LV
HQYLVLRQHGWKDWWKLV&HQWHUZRXOGSOD\DFHQWUDOUROH
LQWKHLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKHUHJLRQPRGHUQWHFKQRORJLHV
LQ QXFOHDU PHGLFLQH EDVHG RQ 3(7
UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOV 7KH SUREOHP WR EH DGGUHVVHG
LV WR JDWKHU VXIILFLHQW FRQGLWLRQV WR VHWWLQJ XS WKH
3(7 &HQWHU 6SHFLILFDOO\ WKH ,$($¶V DVVLVWDQFH
ZRXOG EH LQGLVSHQVDEOH WR ILQDQFLQJ WKH SURSHU
HTXLSPHQWV IRU SRVLWURQ HPLWWHU UDGLRLVRWRSHV¶
SURGXFWLRQ V\QWKHVLV ODEHOLQJ DQG TXDOLW\ FRQWURO
7KH ,$($¶V DVVLVWDQFH ZRXOG EH DOVR YDOXDEOH LQ
SHUVRQQHO WUDLQLQJ DV ZHOO DV UHVHDUFKHU¶V
LQWHUFKDQJHDQGWHFKQLFDOFRRSHUDWLRQ:LWKWKH
&RQWULEXWHWR,PSURYHPHQWRI+HDOWK&DUH6\VWHPDQG
4XDOLW\RI/LIHLQ6WDWHRI5LRGH-DQHLUR
7RJHWPRUHSUHFLVH
'LDJQRVHVZLWK3(7
*2%-(&7,9(6
63(&,),&
2%-(&7,9(6
7RSURGXFH)'*WRPHHWWKH
QHFHVVLWLHVRI5LRGH-DQHLURDUHD
7RPDNHDYDLODEOH3(7DQGRU
63(&7VFDQQHUV
352'8&7
&\FORWURQ
LQVWDOOHG OLFHQVHG
DQGRSHUDWLQJ
5DGLRSKDUPDF\ 8QLW\
LQVWDOOHG OLFHQVHG DQG
RSHUDWLQJ
4XDOLW\&RQWURO
/DERUDWRU\LQVWDOOHG
OLFHQVHGDQGRSHUDWLQJ
%XLOGLQJ ,QVWDOODWLRQ
SURSHU WR UHFHLYH 3HW
6FDQQHUV
&\FORWURQRSHUDWLRQDQG
PDLQWHQDQFH
5DGLRSKDUPDF\ /DERUDWRU\
LQVWDOODWLRQ
4XDOLW\ &RQWURO /DERUDWRU\
LQVWDOODWLRQ
$&7,9,7,(6
2SHUDWLRQPDLQWHQDQFH RQ
WKH5DGLRSKDUPDF\
2SHUDWLRQPDLQWHQDQFH
WUDLQLQJRQ4&
3(763(& 6FDQQHUV
/LFHQVHG
DQG
2SHUDWLQJ
%ORFN'LDJUDP2EMHFWLYH7UHHIRU,(1,$($
VSURMHFWXVLQJ/RJLFDO)UDPHZRUN