Baleen whales

2011 SOI Shinagawa/TUMSAT
Life history of Cetaceans
with some notes on their
stock managements
By
Hidehiro KATO
Prof. TUMSAT
Views of my cetacean study
Form Cetacean Biology
From living resources
From ecosystem components
Learn of nature of cetacean’s life history and their
adaptation to aquatic environment
TUMSAT Cetacean collection; The largest
right whale skeleton all over the world
© TUMSAT
Western gray whale; 海洋大クジラギャラリー
© H.Kato/TUMSAT
Dwarf minke whale; 海洋大クジラギャラリー
Blue whale :太地鯨の博物館
Sperm whale; 山田町マッコウクジラ
Life History of Cetaceans
© PCCS
Ancestor?
Cetacean’s Genealogy
Eerier
cetaceans
Modern Baleen
Modern Toothed
Pakicetus（50 mill.）
Ambulocetus 49 mill. Years ago
Cetacean Evolution I
Cetacean
Archaeoceti
Pakicetus
Pakicetus, 50 mill. ago
Swim with Four legs
© Fukui Dinosaur Museum
Cetacean Evolution II
Cetacean
Archaeoceti
Ambulocetus
Pakicetus, 50 mill. ago
Swim with Four legs
Ambulocetus, 49 mill. ago
Swim with Peduncle/Tail and
hind limb
© Fukui Dinosaur Museum
鯨類進化の概説④
Cetacean
Archaeoceti
Dorudon
Pakicetus, 50 Mill. ago
Swim with Four legs
Anbrocetus, 49 Mill. ago
Swim with Tail/pedancle and
hind limb
????????????
Dorudon, 40 mill. ago
Swimm with rubust Tail/pedancle
Shrinkage Hind limb
Tail flukes appear
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Streamlined body shape
Disappear hair of body
Finny shape fore limb
Shrinkage hind limb
Appear tail flukes
© Fukui Dinosaur Museum
Vestige of terrestrial mammals
© H.KATO/HORUP
クジラの進化
© H.KATO
Atavism (reversion) or
Mutation ?
© H.KATO
© H.KATO
© Taiji Town
腹びれイルカ・はるかの新発見
Amazing Inner side of the hind limb!
© Haruka Project, H.KATO
Location of nosehole !?
© Gattuken
Location of nose hole; an indication
adaptation of aquatic environment
Cetaceans
Pinnipeds
Sirenians
Taxonomy for the Blue whale (example)
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
Animal
Chordate
Mammalia
 Order Cetacea
（Sub-Order Mysticeti; Odontoceti）
 Family
Balaenoptridae
 Genus Balaenoptera

Species Balaenoptera musclus
Cetacean world ?
Toothed whales;
Odeontoceti
Baleen whales;
Mysticeti
List of Cetacean species for 2011 based
on IWC/SC
Mysticeti
Odontoceti
•
•
•
•
Balaenopteridae 8
Balaenidae 4
Neobalaenidae 1
Eschrichtiidae 1
2 Suborders,
14 families,
38 genus
86 species
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Delphinidae 35
Phocoenoidae 6
Monodontidae 2
Physeteridae 1
Kogiidae 2
Ziphiidae 20
Platanistidae 1
Lipotidae 1
Pontoporiidae 1
Iniidae 1
Blue
Fin
?
Sei
Bryde’s
Right
Minke
Humpback
© ICR
Gray Whales (here)
Baleen whales
© H.Kato/WRI/T.Miyashita/ICR
Blue whales
©H.Kato
Baleen whale (Mysticeti)
© H.Kato
ナガスクジラ科のエサ取り
© RHGATE
シロナガスで
は海水相当
量75トンも入
る！
© RHGATE
© RHGATE
Antarctic Krill
1cm
© RHGATE/H.Kato
Right whale, typical skimmer
© PCCS/Gattken
Where is Ear ？
Ear!
© H.Kato
真皮
Timpanic
External
bullae Glove finger
auditory
Eraplug
Ear plug
ouetcovering
meatus
External
auditory
meatus blubber
R.Zenitani
ear hole
Earplug core
（年齢が形成される）
skin
© Zenitani/ H.Kato
Seasonal Migration
Breeding in winter
One year cycle
Feeding in summer
(Kato, 2000)
Pale・feeding in summer
＞成長層
dark・in non-feeding in winter
1 growth layer/ 1 year
© H.Kato
クロミンククジラ（南氷洋ミンククジラ）の耳垢栓。暗帯は冬に、明帯は夏に
Growth
lamination of Earplug core (Antarctic
形成され、一年に一組の成長層が蓄積される。写真は一部を画像処理に
minke whales) After Kato
et al. (1988)
よって成長層の濃淡を強調してある。Kato
et. al (1988)より.
Examples
of toothed
whales
© ICR
Odontoceti (Toothed whales)
© H.Kato
Toothed whales 1
© H.Kato
Baiji, Chinese River dolphins
© H.Kato
Sperm Whale
Moby Dick !
Growth Curve for sperm whales
Male
Age
Body Length; M 16m, F 11m, M/F=1.45
Body Wight; M 40 t, F 14 t, M/F=2.86
Body Length (m)
Body Length (ft)
Very Distinctive
Sexual
Female
Dimorphism !
Kato (2000)
Longevity = M = F =75
Social organization of sperm whales
Mating
Mixed school (16 Females +
5 Juveniles ; 3
Fighting!
Small size bachelors (10
immature, 5 sub adults)
？
？
Independent Bull
Medium seize bachelors
(6 sub adults)
Return
© H.Kato/WRI
Amazing Deep diving!
© Kyouikusya co ltd.
Diving Depth Records by Sperm whales
Kato(1995)
600-800m
Female +Juveniles
1,000m
1,135m
Cable Entanglement
Male＞Female
1,827m
Passive sonar
2,000m
2,250m
Active Sonar
3,000m
3,195m
Stomach
Contents
1946, 15 nations
2012, 89 nations
IWC structure
International Convention of
Regulation of Whaling 1946
International Whaling
Commssion 1948
Scientific Committee
7 sub committees &
7 Working groups
Technical
Committee
Conservation
Committee
Finance &
Administration
C.
Current status of Whaling
and Stock Management




Large Cetaceans (All Baleen + Sperm and
Bottlenose whale), by International
Whaling Commission (IWC).
All of Commercial whaling, under
Moratorium, Except Norway & Iceland
Aboriginal & Subsistence Whaling, contiued
in Alaska, Greenland, Chukchi, St Vincent
& Glanadine,
All of other cetaceans, by National
management base
Cetacean Stock Management
by IWC



BWU（～1972)、
Hp ban ；NA1954、Ant1963、NP1966
Blue ban；Ant1964、NP(NA)；1966
New Management Procedure（NMP；1975～）
Fin ban；Ant1976、NP1976
Sei ban；NP1976、Ant1978



Moratorium for Commercial whaling（1985
～） minke, sperm, NA Fin, NA Sei
Revise Management Procedure (1994～）
1986 start RMP development, 1993 SC adopt, 1994 IWC commission
adopt, 2000 – implementation trial
戻る
Revised Management Procedure (RMP)
and Revised Management System (RMS)
RMP
RMS
Abundance
（sighting survey）
Catch limits
argolizm
Catch
Monitoring
and analyses
by IWC/SC
Biological
Samples
Efforts
data
Ecosystem
Monitoring
Product
data
Catch limit
（Young, N. M ed., 1993）
Current Research Activities in
Japan



National Research Institute of far
seas Fisheries
Institute of Cetacean Research
Other Collaborative Institutions
(TUMSAT, UT, HU)
Current Cetacean Research in Japan
IWC/SC；Comprehensive Assessment, Revised
Management Procedure, SOWER
Special Permit; JARPA (Antarctic), JARPN
(North Pacific, Pelagic – Coastal Programs)
Whale Sighting Survey in the North Pacific
Small Cetacean Fisheries (Small Type Whalig,
Dolphin Fisheries)
Ecosystem management, Endangered Species,
Entanglement, Stranding, Whalewatching, Ship
strike,
IWC/IDCR Antarctic Minke Whale Assessment Cruise (1978/79-1995/96)
IWC/SOWER Antarctic Minke Whale Assessment Cruise (1996/97 - present)
Minke Whale Abundance（資源量）
In South of 60S
760,000 (+)
Cetacean Sighting Survey
戻る
Towards Blue whale recovery!
Blue whale／SOWER
Vocalization
Biopsy skin sampling
JARPA II
Antarctic minke whale
Fin whale
The Institute of Cetacean Research
ICR©
Biological surveys on board the research mother ship
Morphological observation
Measuring of blubber thickness
Measuring the body weight
戻る
Detailed examination of the skull
© ICR.
Ecosystem Model
Fisheries
Whales
Walleye pollock
Squid
Japanese anchovy
Krill
Pacific saury
© ICR
Management System for Small 戻る
type whaling
資源量
目視調査
他の水産資源の情報
バ
イ
オ
プ
シ
ー
餌生物の種類と量
再生産特性値
漁獲物調査
捕獲枠の
設定及び
捕獲管理
系群識別
DNA 分析
資源管理モデルの構築
衛星標識
8
,
4
2
8
6
,
3
7
9
l
s
38
520
76
582
250
76
227
211
79
D
r
i
H
a
r
v
p
e
o
o
n
5
0
100
200
300
400
N
500
o
.
600
o
f
700
i
800
n
d
900
i
v
1000
i
漁獲統計収集・分析
d
u
a
2001.9.14 小型鯨類担当者会議資料 遠洋水産研究所
Small Type whaling
戻る
Ecosystem Management
Return
H.Kato; PICES2K
Return
Mass- Stranding （２００２．１．２２）
2002/1/22
南日本新聞
戻る
Western Gray Whale
Entanglement and Stranding
戻る
Avoiding Ship Strike