Archaeological Monitoring at AOC-18 Landfill, Bellows Air Force

T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.
735 Bishop St., Suite 315, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813
Archaeological Monitoring at AOC-18 Landfill,
Bellows Air Force Station, Waimānalo, O‘ahu,
Hawai‘i (TMK:4–1–15)
Michael E. Desilets, M.A.
June 18, 2002
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Management Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Organization of the Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
3
3
2 Background
2.1 Historic Land-Use and Archaeological Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Project Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
5
6
3 Field Methods
6
4 Results
8
5 Summary and Significance Evaluation
11
Appendix A Trench Photographs
12
List of Abbreviations
27
Glossary
28
Bibliography
29
1
TABLES
2
Illustrations
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Location of AOC-18 and archaeological sites . . . .
Detailed topography at AOC-18 . . . . . . . . . . .
Panoramic view of AOC-18 sinkhole . . . . . . . . .
Approximate locations of trenches within sinkhole .
Schematic cross-section of typical trench excavation
Excavation at Trench 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trench 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
View of bottom and sides of Trench 1 . . . . . . . .
Excavation in progress at Trench 2 . . . . . . . . . .
West wall of Trench 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trench 2 at completion of excavation . . . . . . . . .
Sample of artifacts recovered from Trench 2 backdirt
Trench 3 excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trench 3 excavation and backdirt pile . . . . . . . .
North wall of Trench 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trench 3 at completion of excavation . . . . . . . . .
Artifacts recovered from Trench 3 backdirt . . . . . .
Dairymen’s brand milk bottle . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trench 4 excavation showing north wall of sinkhole .
Close-up of Trench 4 excavation . . . . . . . . . . .
Trench 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West wall of Trench 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Artifacts recovered from Trench 4. . . . . . . . . . .
Detail of ceramic cup from Trench 4 . . . . . . . . .
Trench 5 excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Taking measurements at Trench 5 . . . . . . . . . .
Base and west wall of Trench 5 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Landfill material from Trench 5 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Materials recovered from Trench 5 backdirt . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
7
8
8
10
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
18
19
19
20
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
26
Summary of Trenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Tables
1
3
1 Introduction
At the Request of URS, T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. conducted archaeological monitoring at Area of Concern 18 (AOC-18), a World War II era landfill in the
western part of Bellows Air Force Station (BAFS), Ko‘olaupoko District, Waimānalo
ahupua‘a, O‘ahu (TMK:4-1-015) (fig. 1). Undertaking activities were performed by
CH2M Hill and included excavation of five trenches within the approximately .07 acre
landfill. Archaeological monitoring was conducted on March 16 and 17, 2002, by
Michael Desilets, a qualified archaeologist, in accordance with an archaeological monitoring plan (AMP) (Dye 2001) and the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD)
draft Rules Governing Standards for Archaeological Monitoring Studies and Reports
(§13–279). Principal investigator for the project was Thomas S. Dye.
AOC-18 is located in a part of BAFS designated as having a moderate probability for containing unrecorded traditional Hawaiian cultural remains (Farrell and Spear
1997a). AOC-18 is just west of archaeological sites 50–80–15–4851 and –4853, two
extensive, though discontinuous, traditional Hawaiian sub-surface deposits (fig. 1). It
is also within the World War II pursuit plane revetment complex. Test pit excavations
at AOC-18 have the potential for adverse effect on potential sub-surface deposits (Dye
2001:14). Archaeological monitoring was therefore aimed at mitigating the potential
adverse effects of the undertaking on potential historic resources at AOC-18.
ahupua‘a
§13–279–5(2)
§13–279–5(4)
§13–281–3
§13–279–5(3)
1.1 Management Summary
Archaeological monitoring at AOC-18 resulted in the recording of a World War II
era landfill. The landfill is fully contained in a large sinkhole and appears to date to
the early 1940s. This deposit was found to be “not significant” according to the U.S.
Department of the Interior’s significance evaluation criteria. No traditional Hawaiian
materials were found, nor was there any evidence for natural deposits of faunal or
other remains. Undertaking activities had “no effect” on historic properties at AOC-18
because no historic properties are present.
1.2 Organization of the Report
The report begins with a brief historical overview of the project area, including background information on local geology. The next section outlines field methods, followed
by a presentation of monitoring results. Finally, the results of archaeological monitoring are summarized and the significance of the landfill site evaluated.
Marginal notes have two functions. They call out the first occurrence of words that
appear in the glossary and they refer to particular sections of various SHPD draft rules.
These latter notes indicate that adjacent text is intended to address provisions of the
noted rule. They are provided as a convenience for the technical reviewer.
§13–279–5(1)
1 INTRODUCTION
4
%! "#$#'
!#"%$#&
637 <C;N>1ODPI>K8C<A75K
HI>JAK5LD; 7 M
637 8:9;=<=> ? >A@ B 8C;D?%EFB G <
Figure 1.
Q
(
)
(+*, - .
/10#/3254
RTS1UVSCWXIYZ\[]^ ^ Y=_a`cbVYd eDfg#h=iT_VY=]^ ]a`kj d:l d eFm#nVhFS
fpog=j ^AqTrTrTq
Location of AOC-18 and archaeological sites at Bellows Air Force Station,
O‘ahu.
5
2 Background
The physical environment, historic properties, and history of BAFS have been described in detail by several authors (Eidsness 1993; Tuggle 1997; Farrell and Spear
1997b). Recent intensive studies include Dye (1998) and Desilets and Dye (1998).
The following information, taken primarily from Tuggle (1997), is a brief review that
provides context for the project.
BAFS, about 635 ha (1,570 a.) in area, is located on the windward coast of the
island of O‘ahu. It is bounded by Waimānalo Bay on the east, Keolu Hills on the north
and northwest, and Waimānalo Town and Waimānalo Bay State Recreation Area on the
southwest and south.
There are three distinct landforms at BAFS, including unconsolidated Holocene
sands, lithified Pleistocene dunes, and volcanic hills. The coastal portion of BAFS is
a low plain formed by a series of unconsolidated calcareous sand beach ridges and
swales. Calcareous sands on the plain were deposited as the sea fell to its present level
from a high-stand of approximately +1.8 m in the mid-Holocene (Desilets and Dye
1998:7 ff.). Immediately inland of the plain is a series of lithified Pleistocene dunes
that rise several meters above the coastal plain. The volcanic Keolu Hills form the
northern and northwestern boundaries of BAFS.
AOC-18 is located within the lithified Pleistocene dunes. Specifically, the project
area consists of a large sinkhole approximately 20 m in diameter and situated atop a
small hill. The sinkhole formation is apparently unique to the area. Surface material
indicates that it was used as a dump by the military.
Holocene
Pleistocene
2.1 Historic Land-Use and Archaeological Deposits
Archaeological and archival data from BAFS indicate a long-term Hawaiian occupation, with development of pondfield irrigation along the inland sections of Waimānalo
Stream and habitation sites along the stream and the coast. Archaeological information indicates use of the interior beach ridges and swales with activities that included
fire-making, cooking, lithic working, and burials. Most of this activity took place on
a stable land surface with little stratigraphic development except along the stream and
near the coast, where cultural deposits are relatively thick.
Archaeological work indicates that there are remnants of a paleosol scattered across
the entire plain. This surface existed on undulating beach ridges and swales that can
be identified on pre-World War II topographic maps, and is probably the main occupational surface associated with Hawaiian use of the area. The paleosol is found today
in a variety of situations determined primarily by the nature and extent of modern land
alterations. It can be found wholly or partially exposed and deflated with traditional
Hawaiian cultural materials on the surface; near the surface beneath graded material,
roads, or runways; and deeply buried by fill materials in former swales.
The Waimānalo coastal dunes were reported to contain many burials (Finsch 1879).
These probably reflect a large settlement inland and south of BAFS, rather than dense
settlement along the coast of BAFS.
At the time of the māhele, the land on which BAFS was later established was in the
ahupua‘a of Waimānalo. Waimānalo was part of the Crown Lands of Kamehameha III
paleosol
māhele
6
3 FIELD METHODS
during the mid-nineteenth century. Records indicate that the focus of early historic-era
settlement in Waimānalo was inland of what is now BAFS in areas associated with
intensive development of irrigated agriculture along Waimānalo Stream inland of the
plain (Silva 1981). Land Commission Awards and claims for lands now part of BAFS
are along the stream (Tuggle 1997).
Land use changed in 1850 when most of the region was leased to Thomas Cummins
for ranching (Silva 1981). Cummins raised high-quality breed cattle, race horses, and
sheep. Ranching activities gave way to sugarcane cultivation in the late 1870s when
Waimanalo Sugar Company was chartered. Sugarcane was cultivated on volcanic soils
and did not extend onto the sandy soils of the coastal plain.
Waimanalo Military Reservation was established in 1917, with boundaries nearly
the same as those of BAFS. Little military use was made of the reservation until 1933
when the name of the reservation was changed to Waimanalo Military Reservation,
Bellows Field, and a short runway at the south end of the reservation and a target range
were constructed. New runways were under construction when the Japanese attacked
on December 7, 1941. Extensive construction took place during World War II, during
which time it was used as an airfield.
Following the war, use of BAFS changed gradually from an airfield to other military
functions, including training, recreation, and communications. During the Cold War,
a Nike/Hercules missile site was constructed at the south end of BAFS. Interior areas
were leased for cattle ranching.
2.2 Project Area
The sinkhole that constitutes the project area is located atop a small hill formed from
lithified calcareous sand dunes dating to the Pleistocene (fig. 2). It is approximately 20
m in diameter. The presence of surface debris such as cans and bottles indicates that
the sinkhole was used for waste disposal. The refuse is piled to within about 3 m of the
sinkhole rim (fig. 3). In the space between the refuse pile and the wall of the sinkhole,
World War II era cultural material can be observed to a depth of more than 5 m.
No cultural features or remains are visible on the surface surrounding the sink. The
nearest known cultural feature is an airplane revetment located immediately west of the
AOC-18 sinkhole. Sub-surface deposits might be present, however, in the relatively
thin layer of soil covering the hill. No archaeological work has been done in this area.
The project area is currently in use as part of a training area for the U.S. Marine Corps.
§13–279–5(4)(C)
3 Field Methods
Excavation of the trenches was monitored from a distance of about 10 m for safety
reasons. Landfill matrix was dry and loose, preventing a close inspection of the actual
digging. Likewise, detailed stratigraphic profiles could not be recorded. Fortunately,
the landfill deposit was quite homogeneous. The minimal stratigraphic layering which
was present clearly related to individual dumping events within the deposit. All material was inspected as it was removed from the sinkhole. Special attention was directed
7
Figure 2.
Detailed topography at AOC-18, Bellows Air Force Station, O‘ahu.
4 RESULTS
8
Figure 3.
Panoramic view of AOC-18 sinkhole (view to north).
to the search for dated materials in the hopes of determining the time differential represented between the top and the bottom of the deposit. Attention was also directed
at material from the base of the deposit because this is the expected provenience of
traditional Hawaiian or naturally deposited materials.
4 Results
Five trenches were excavated into the landfill (fig. 4). They ranged from 1.8–3.0 m
wide, 4.0–6.0 m long, and 4.0–5.5 m deep (table 1). Trenches 1, 3, 4, and 5 were
excavated to the base of the sinkhole.
Figure 4.
Schematic plan showing approximate locations and orientations of
trenches within the sinkhole.
9
Table 1.
Summary of Trenching.
Dimensions Depth
Trench
(m)
(m)
Bearing
1
3.0 x 4.9
4.0
350°
2
1.8 x 4.0
4.9
20°
3
2.0 x 6.0
5.2
90°
4
2.5 x 6.0
5.5
15°
5
2.0 x 5.0
4.9
330°
Materials
Broken glass, intact bottles (beer,
pop, toiletries, condiment, etc.),
beer cans, metal, ceramic pipe,
nails, burnt wood, copper wire, steel
drum fragments, and cable.
Broken glass, intact bottles (beer,
milk, pop, toiletries, condiment,
etc.), beer cans, metal, ceramic ash
tray, 30 amp fuse, metal brackets,
paint bucket, trash can lid, .50 caliber shell, leather boot sole.
Broken glass, intact bottles (beer,
milk, pop, toiletries, condiment,
etc.), beer cans, metal, copper wire,
batteries, cable, playing marble, ceramic cup fragment, electrical insulators, piston, narrow gage rail,
cinder-block, barbed wire.
Broken glass, intact bottles (beer,
milk, pop, toiletries, condiment,
etc.), beer cans, metal, wire, cable, ordnance casing, forks, electrical fixtures, automobile rim, batteries, steel drum fragments.
Broken glass, intact bottles (beer,
milk, pop, toiletries, condiment,
etc.), beer cans, metal, wire, batteries, small steel cart wheels, metal
pipe, conduit.
4 RESULTS
10
Trenches were often irregular in profile as well as plan. Figure 5 shows a schematic
cross-section of the sinkhole, historic landfill, and a typical trench. Due to the sloping
nature of the landfill margins and the geometry of the excavator’s reach, the trenches
are steeply sloped on one side, achieve a basal depth near the landfill margin, and
can have great variation in depth depending on where measurements are taken. Basal
depths in table 1 are measured from the top of the landfill. Trench widths were also
somewhat variable due to wall collapse. The deeper end of a trench, that closest to the
landfill margin, was often twice the width of the end toward the landfill’s center.
Figure 5.
Schematic cross-section of typical trench excavation.
One layer was observed during excavation, consisting of the landfill deposit. Sediment matrix was predominantly dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) terrigenous clay loam with
abundant gravel, cobbles, and small boulders of lithified sand. Sediment color was
variable throughout the deposit due to burning and the oxidation of iron debris. Thick
lenses of black and reddish brown clay loam, as well as a dark grayish brown (10YR
4/2) ash, were common. In general, the clay loam rubble was well mixed with the
refuse. Pockets of densely packed refuse were present. The pockets appeared to be
randomly located within the landfill.
The most abundant type of material observed within the landfill was bottle glass.
Beer bottles were most common, with soft drink, perfume, toiletry, medicine and condiment bottles also numerous. Domestic rubbish was present, including forks, batteries,
buckles, and ceramics. Light industrial debris was common, including copper wire,
barbed wire, concrete blocks, piping, conduit, and sheet metal. The presence of copper
brake line, a wheel rim, and an engine piston suggest that debris from the motorpool
waste was dumped here.
Much of the landfill material was clearly of military origin, including small arms
munitions, ceramic cups labeled “U.S.Q.M.C.”, and a metal panel containing a shipping label. A few artifacts were directly dateable. The ceramic “U.S.Q.M.C.” cups
had dates stamped on their bottoms ranging from 1938 to 1942 (fig. 24). The labeled
metal panel had a date of October 10, 1942. Given the relatively brief use-life of
these objects, it is reasonable to infer that the landfill was in active use in the early to
mid-1940s. Plastics were conspicuously absent from the deposit, further supporting a
pre-1950 date for the landfill material.
No evidence for traditional Hawaiian deposition was observed. Material from the
base of the sinkhole, where one might expect such deposits to occur, consisted only of
lithified sand. Lithified sand removed by the excavator was examined for cultural and
11
natural materials of interest, both of which were absent. Due to the great depths of the
trenches and the unstable walls of the trenches, the sinkhole base could not be directly
observed.
5 Summary and Significance Evaluation
Excavation of five trenches at AOC-18 yielded a large amount of World War II era
rubbish within a matrix of terrigenous clay loam and lithified sand rubble. Most of
the material was related to domestic activities, although some military-industrial debris was also observed. Judging from dated artifacts found in the landfill deposit, the
material was likely dumped for a relatively brief period in the early to mid-1940s. Four
of the five trenches reached lithified dune bedrock at between 4.0 and 5.5 m depth. No
evidence of traditional Hawaiian deposition was observed in any of the five trenches.
Because the AOC-18 landfill was created more than fifty years ago and is associated with the United State’s World War II military effort, it’s eligibility for listing on
the National Register of Historic Places needs to be considered. According to the Department of Interior’s criteria for evaluation of significance (36CFR§60.4), the AOC-18
landfill may meet criteria A and D.
Criterion A includes properties “that are associated with events that have made a
significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history.” Using a broad construction of the rule, it can be argued that the landfill is associated with World War II and,
furthermore, that World War II was an event that contributed significantly to the broad
patterns of our history. It is unclear, however, whether such a broad construction is
consistent with the spirit and intent of the National Historic Preservation Act. Indeed,
certain mitigating factors should be taken into account when applying criterion A to
specific properties. In the case of the AOC-18 landfill site, a consideration of the directness of the association between the property and specific historic events would
seem a reasonable qualifying test for deciding on the applicability of criterion A.
Perhaps the most significant World War II event to occur at BAFS (then Bellows
Field) was an aerial attack by the Japanese on December 7, 1941. This attack was part
of the larger operation focusing on Pearl Harbor. The attack on Bellows Field included
a strafing run on a tent camp and a later strafing run targeting the 20 parked planes of
the 44th Pursuit Squadron and 86th Observation Squadron. Although this event was
directly associated with one of the landmark events in U.S. history, the Japanese attack
that prompted our entry into World War II, there is no evidence that the AOC-18 landfill
has any direct association with this event.
Judging from the nature of the AOC-18 landfill deposit, it seems clear that this
property was only indirectly associated with the events of World War II. An indirect
association may be inferred from the inferred date of deposition of the material in
the early to mid-1940s. It is possible that the landfill belongs to a period of accelerated
construction at Bellows Field following the Pearl Harbor and Bellows Field attacks and
subsequent U.S. entry into the war. A direct connection with the December 7th attacks
or other significant events of the war is lacking, however. Although the landfill may be
said to be directly related to the war effort generally, such a broad construction would
necessarily encumber and embarrass the purposes of the evaluation criteria, resulting
12
APPENDIX A TRENCH PHOTOGRAPHS
in the nomination of countless minor properties of little historic value.
This study finds that the AOC-18 landfill is associated with an event that has made
a significant contribution to the broad patterns of U.S. history, but that the association
is indirect and ancillary to this event. Therefore, the AOC-18 landfill does not meet
criterion A.
The second evaluation criterion which needs to be considered is criterion D. Criterion D includes properties “that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information
in prehistory or history.” Materials observed during archaeological monitoring were
predominantly domestic items common to landfills and trash pits dating to this period. It is unclear what information the materials found in the AOC-18 landfill might
contribute to our understanding of 1940s military installations or of the 1940s period
in American history generally. AOC-18 landfill material is not unique to BAFS, nor
even unique within BAFS (Desilets 2000:28). Furthermore, this period in U.S. history is well documented by standard histories, photography, film, and oral histories.
Archaeological monitoring produced no evidence to suggest that the AOC-18 landfill
could contribute significantly to our understanding of BAFS or the World War II era in
general. Therefore, the AOC-18 landfill does not meet criterion D.
This study finds that the World War II era component of AOC-18 does not meet
the Department of the Interior’s evaluation criteria for listing on the National Register
of Historic Places. Additionally, no traditional Hawaiian component was observed
during monitoring. Therefore, no significant historic properties are present at AOC-18.
Undertaking activities had “no effect” on historic properties at AOC-18.
Appendix A Trench Photographs
The appendix presents photographs documenting trench excavation, sediment profiles,
and selected artifacts at the AOC-18 landfill site. The photographs are organized sequentially and trench numbers correspond to the trench locations shown in figure 4
(pg. 8).
13
Figure 6.
Excavation at Trench 1 (view to north).
Figure 7.
Trench 1 (view to northwest).
14
APPENDIX A TRENCH PHOTOGRAPHS
Figure 8.
View of bottom and sides of Trench 1 at completion of excavation.
Figure 9.
Excavation in progress at Trench 2 (view to northwest).
15
Figure 10.
West wall of Trench 2 after initial digging (scale bar in 10 cm increments).
Figure 11.
Trench 2 at completion of excavation.
16
APPENDIX A TRENCH PHOTOGRAPHS
Figure 12.
Sample of artifacts recovered from Trench 2 backdirt (scale bar in 10 cm
increments).
Figure 13.
Excavation at Trench 3 (view to northeast).
17
Figure 14.
Trench 3 excavation and backdirt pile (view to north).
18
Figure 15.
APPENDIX A TRENCH PHOTOGRAPHS
North wall of Trench 3; note dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) ashy layer
in bottom part of profile.
19
Figure 16.
Trench 3 at completion of excavation.
Figure 17.
Artifacts recovered from Trench 3 backdirt (scale bar in 10 cm increments).
20
Figure 18.
APPENDIX A TRENCH PHOTOGRAPHS
Dairymen’s brand milk bottle; labeled “T.H.” (Territory of Hawaii) on
back.
21
Figure 19.
Trench 4 excavation showing north wall of sinkhole.
APPENDIX A TRENCH PHOTOGRAPHS
22
Figure 20.
Close-up of Trench 4 excavation.
Figure 21.
Trench 4.
23
Figure 22.
West wall of Trench 4.
Figure 23.
Artifacts recovered from Trench 4 backdirt (scale bar in 10 cm increments).
24
APPENDIX A TRENCH PHOTOGRAPHS
Figure 24.
Detail of ceramic cup from Trench 4 backdirt (scale bar in 10 cm increments).
Figure 25.
Excavation at Trench 5 (view to north.
25
Figure 26.
Taking measurements at Trench 5.
Figure 27.
Base and west wall of Trench 5, mid-way through excavation.
26
APPENDIX A TRENCH PHOTOGRAPHS
Figure 28.
Bucket dumping landfill material from Trench 5.
Figure 29.
Materials recovered from Trench 5 backdirt.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
List of Abbreviations
AMP . . . . . . . . . . archaeological monitoring plan
BAFS . . . . . . . . . Bellows Air Force Station
SHPD . . . . . . . . . State Historic Preservation Division
27
28
GLOSSARY
Glossary
Entries for Hawaiian words are excerpted or paraphrased, where possible, from the
Hawaiian Dictionary (Pukui and Elbert 1971), or from Lucas (1995). Geological terms
are from American Geological Institute (1976).
ahupua‘a Traditional Hawaiian land division usually extending from the uplands to
the sea.
Holocene The epoch since the last ice age. The younger of the two epochs comprising
the Quaternary period. See also Recent, Quaternary.
māhele Land division of 1848.
paleosol A soil of the past, often buried.
Pleistocene The earlier of the two epochs comprising the Quaternary period. In common terms, the most recent ice age. See also Quaternary, Holocene.
Quaternary The younger of the two geologic periods in the Cenozoic era. It is divided
into the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. See also Pleistocene, Holocene.
Recent The epoch since the last ice age. Synonymous with Holocene.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
29
Bibliography
American Geological Institute (1976). Dictionary of Geological Terms (Revised ed.).
Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press.
Desilets, M. (2000, November). Archaeological Monitoring and Sampling, Interim
Removal Action, Five Underground Storage Sites-OU7, Bellows Air Force Station,
Waimanalo, Ko‘olaupoko District, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. Prepared for Earth Tech, Inc.
Honolulu: International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc. Contributions by
Gail Murakami and Coral Magnuson.
Desilets, M. and T. S. Dye (1998, December). Archaeological Monitoring and Sampling During Bellows OU7 UST Removal Project Interim Remedial Action, Phase
I, Bellows Air Force Station, Waimanalo, Ko‘olaupoko, O‘ahu. Draft Prepared for
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Honolulu: International Archaeological Research
Institute, Inc.
Dye, T. S. (1998, September). Archaeological Services in Support of the Final Environmental Impact Statement for Proposed Expansion of Military Training and the Construction of Improvements to Existing Recreational Resources at Bellows Air Force
Station, Waimanalo, Hawai‘i, Task 2: Archaeological Investigation for Specific Areas. Prepared for Department of the Navy. Honolulu: International Archaeological
Research Institute, Inc.
Dye, T. S. (2001, September). Archaeological Monitoring Plan for Site Inspection at
Areas of Concern 18, 20, and 21, Bellows Air Force Station. Honolulu: T. S. Dye &
Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.
Eidsness, J. (1993). Draft Summary: Cultural Resources Management Plan for Native
Hawaiian Archaeological Resources, Bellows Air Force Station. Prepared for U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division. Santa Cruz, Calif.: Biosystems
Analysis, Inc.
Farrell, N. and R. L. Spear (1997a). Cultural Resources Management Plan (CRMP) for
Bellows Air Force Station, Waimanalo, Ko‘olaupoko, Island of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i, Volume 2 vols. of Submitted to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division.
Honolulu: SCS/CRMS, Inc.
Farrell, N. and R. L. Spear (1997b). Cultural Resources Management Plan (CRMP)
for Bellows Air Force Station, Waimanalo, Ko‘olaupoko, Island of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i
(2 vols ed.). Submitted to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division.
Honolulu: SCS/CRMS, Inc.
Finsch, O. (1879). Letters from Finsch to Virchow from Oahu published in Zeitschrift
für Ethnologie, pp. 326–331. Typescript on file, State Historic Preservation Division,
Kapolei. Translated by W. D. Alexander.
Lucas, P. F. N. (1995). A Dictionary of Hawaiian Legal Land-Terms. Honolulu: Native
Hawaiian Legal Corporation and University of Hawai‘i Committeee for the Preservation and Study of Hawaiian Language, Art and Culture.
30
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Pukui, M. K. and S. H. Elbert (1971). Hawaiian Dictionary (Third ed.). Honolulu:
University of Hawaii Press.
Silva, C. L. (1981). Historical documentary research (conducted in conjunction with
the cultural resources survey, Bellows Air Force Station, Oahu, Hawaii). In Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of Proposed Additional Marine Corps Training Areas, Bellows Air Force Station, Oahu, Hawaii, Prepared for Commander, Pacific
Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command. Kurtistown, Hawaii: Archaeological Research Associates.
Tuggle, H. D. (1997). Archaeological Research of Areas Proposed for Development of
Military Family Housing and Expansion of Military Training at Bellows Air Force
Station, O‘ahu, Task 1: Literature Review of the Cultural Resources of the Bellows
Area. Prepared for Belt Collins Hawaii. Honolulu: International Archaeological
Research Institute, Inc.