Development and Support Speaker and Acknowledgments

Transcription

Carrie Foust Koenigsfeld, PharmD, FAPhA
Associate Professor Drake University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
Development and Support
This webinar was developed by the American Pharmacists Association and supported by a Cooperative Agreement provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) entitled Prevention (CDC) entitled “Pharmacists: Connecting
Pharmacists: Connecting, Communicating and Collaborating for Improved Community Health.” The opinions expressed in this program do not represent the viewpoints of the CDC.
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Speaker and Acknowledgments
y Dr. Carrie Foust Koenigsfeld, PharmD, FAPhA, is an associate professor with the Department of Clinical Sciences at Drake University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. She received her doctor of pharmacy from the University of Iowa in 1998, and completed an ASHP‐accredited pharmacy practice residency with emphasis in y
y
999
p
Community Care at the University of Iowa in 1999. Her clinical practice site is Lakeview Internal Medicine in West Des Moines, Iowa, where she provides services in the areas of anticoagulation management, smoking cessation, diabetes education, immunizations, and general medication review. y Dr. Koenigsfeld acknowledges Kati Shihadeh and Monica Fink, 2011 PharmD candidates at Drake College of Pharmacy, for their extensive research and assistance with this project.
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Pharmacists Serving as Role Models for Patients:
Addressing Barriers by Pharmacists, Patients, and Other
Providers to Increasing Immunization Rates Webinar
5/19/2011
© 2011 by the American Pharmacists Association.
All rights reserved.
Disclosures
y Carrie Foust Koenigsfeld, PharmD, FAPhA, declares that she has received honoraria for serving as a speaker for sanofi aventis and Merck and for serving as a speaker and consultant for APhA.
y Kati Shihadeh and Monica Fink, declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests in any product or service mentioned in this activity, including grants, employment, gifts, stock holdings, and honoraria. including grants employment gifts stock holdings and honoraria y Mitchel C. Rothholz, RPh, MBA, declares that his spouse is an employee of Merck and that he is an advisory board member for the Global Vaccine Advancement Committee.
y All other APhA editorial staff declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests in any product or service mentioned in this activity, including grants, employment, gifts, stock holdings, and honoraria. For complete staff disclosures, please see the Education and Accreditation Information section at www.pharmacist.com/education.
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Accreditation Information
The American Pharmacists Association is accredited by the
Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education as a provider of continuing pharmacy education (CPE). This activity, Pharmacists Serving as Role Models for Patients: Addressing Barriers by Pharmacists, Patients, and Other Providers to Increasing Immunization Rates is approved for 1.5 hours of CPE credit (0.15 CEUs). The ACPE Universal Activity Number assigned by the accredited provider is:
A i i N b i
d b h di d id i
202‐000‐11‐113‐L04‐P.
To obtain CPE credit for this activity, participants will be required to actively participate in the entire webinar and complete an online evaluation and CPE recording form located at www.pharmacist.com/education by June 19, 2011. Target Audience: Pharmacists
ACPE Activity Type: Knowledge‐Based
Learning Level: 2
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Pre‐Assessment Question #1
Which population has the highest rate of influenza immunization?
A.
19‐ to 49‐year old adults
B. 50‐ to 64‐year old adults
C. Adults >65 years old
D. Health care personnel
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Which of the following is the most common reason adults do not receive immunizations?
A.
B.
C.
Cost
Accessibilityy
Healthy, so no need for immunizations
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By which of the following ways can pharmacists increase immunization rates?
A. Recommending immunizations to patients
B. Increasing accessibility
C. Providing informational flyers with prescriptions
D. Implementing reminder system
E.
All of the above
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Objectives
At the completion of this knowledge‐based activity, participants will be able to: y Discuss current rates of immunization for various vaccines and describe populations that demonstrate opportunities for pharmacists to have a positive impact
y Describe the various barriers that have been identified by pharmacists, patients, and other providers to receiving immunizations
y Discuss the existing requirements for pharmacists and student pharmacists to get themselves immunized and state the current immunization rates of health care personnel
y Identify best practices for increasing immunization rates among targeted audiences
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Objective 1
y Discuss current rates of immunization for various vaccines and describe populations that demonstrate opportunities for pharmacists to have a positive impact
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Adult Immunization Rates: Influenza
Abbreviations: HR – high risk. NHR – not high risk. HCP – health care personnel
http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2010/11/29/prsa1129.htm
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/stats-surv/nhis/2009-nhis.htm
http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccination/coverage_0910estimates.htm
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Adult Immunization Rates: Pneumococcal
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Adult Immunization Rates: Herpes Zoster
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Adult Immunization Rates: Tetanus in the Last 10 Years
y Age 19‐49 years old: 63.1%
y Age >65 years old: 52.8%
g
5y
5
y Since 2005, half of all tetanus vaccines were Tdap
y Tdap prevalence is 10% higher for health care personnel
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Adult Immunization Rates: HPV
y Human papillomavirus (HPV) 2009
y Increased from 10.5% in 2008
5/19/2011
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Immunization for the Elderly Adults: Discrepancies Among Races
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Rural vs Urban Immunization Rates
y Influenza and pneumonia vaccination rates are similar
y Pneumococcal vaccine: y Highest rate: Oregon 73.2%
y Lowest rate: District of Columbia 54.4%
https://idsociety.org/Content.aspx?id=16126
Hutchison L, Peck J. Immunizations and infectious diseases in rural areas. In Gamm L, Hutchison L (eds). Rural Healthy
People 2010: A Companion Document to Healthy People 2010. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University; 2004; Vol 3:5-12.
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Healthy People 2020 Goals
y Purpose: Increase immunization rates and reduce preventable infectious diseases
y Retained from 2010 goals: Increase the proportion of adults who are vaccinated annually against influenza and pneumococcal disease
y New 2020 goal: Increase vaccination coverage for non‐
institutionalized adults over age 60 years who have never received zoster vaccine (shingles vaccine)
http://healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslistaspx?topicid=23
5/19/2011
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Healthy People Goals: Influenza
http://healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicid=23
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Healthy People Goals: Pneumococcal http://healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicid=23
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Healthy People Goals: Herpes Zoster
y New Healthy People Goal 2020 is 30%
y Herpes zoster was not component of 2010 goals
y In 2009, only 10% of adults over age 60 years received 9
y
g
y
vaccine
http://healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicid=23
5/19/2011
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How Can Pharmacists Increase Immunization Rates?
• Recommend immunizations to patients
• Increase accessibility
y
p
p
• Informational flyers with prescriptions
• Implement reminder system
• Health care professional education
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Recommend Immunizations to Patients
y Up to 94% of pharmacists’ recommendations were accepted y Pharmacists are knowledgeable y Pharmacists are readily available
y Evidence of physician‐patient miscommunication regarding vaccines
Grabenstein JD, Bonasso J. Health-system pharmacists' role in immunizing adults against pneumococcal disease and
influenza. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1999 56(17 suppl 2):S3-22.
http://www.adultvaccination.com/doc/2010_Survey_Backgrounder.pdf
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Attitude Towards Immunizations Study
y When physicians and patients had positive attitudes about immunizations ‐ 90% received vaccines
y When physicians recommended vaccine and patients had not planned on receiving ‐ 70% received vaccine
y When patients wanted vaccine but physicians did not advocate ‐ 8% received vaccine
High K. Overcoming barriers to adult immunization. J Am Osteopath Assoc . 2009;109: 25 - S28.
5/19/2011
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Pharmacists Increase Accessibility
y Pharmacists can immunize in all 50 states, DC, PR
y Pharmacists immunize at pharmacies, churches, schools, grocery stores, businesses, airports, and shopping malls
y Consultant pharmacists can immunize while on visits at long‐term care facilities
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Informational Flyers With Prescriptions
y Hand out informational packet with prescription
y Offer to go over packet
y Set specific date by which patient will be immunized
p
y
p
y Target specific patients for certain vaccines
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Pharmacist‐Managed Immunization Campaign Study
y Immunization rates increased after implementing campaign
y Education packets mailed to patients y Pharmacy held immunization clinic
Ph
h ld i
i ti li i
y Results: Influenza vaccination rates among high‐risk patients increased from 28% to 54%
Van Amburgh J, Waite N, Hobson E, et al. Improved influenza vaccination rates in a rural population as a result of a
pharmacist-managed immunization campaign. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21:1115-22.
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Implement Reminder System
y Pharmacy system that incorporates immunizations into patient’s medication list
y Ask each patient about his or her immunization record and document
y Post recommended immunization schedule at the pharmacy 28
Health Care Professional Education
y Pharmacists are knowledgeable in immunizations
y Pharmacists and other health care professionals have difficult time initiating vaccination discussion
y Presentations to health care professionals
y Webinars
y Pharmacists are accessible to other health care providers who may have questions
y Talk to physicians within your community
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Objective 1 Summary
y Immunization rates are increasing but still below goal rate
y Rates of immunization differ by available vaccines, ages, races, and geographical location
y Pharmacists are in a great position to increase immunization rates through multiple ways
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Objective 2
y Describe the various barriers that have been identified by pharmacists, patients, and other providers to receiving immunizations
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Myths About Influenza Vaccine
• The influenza vaccine can give you the flu
• False: The injectable vaccine contains an inactivated virus and the intranasal mist contains attenuated live i d h i
l i i d li virus but the part that causes illness has been weakened and cannot grow in warm temperature of lower respiratory tract
http://www.pharmacist.com/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Pharmacist_Immunization_Center1&ContentID=21352&Template=/CM/Conte
ntDisplay.cfm
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Myths About Influenza Vaccine
• Influenza is a mild illness
• False: The flu can seriously impact health, result in missed work days, and rarely can cause hospitalization i d k d
d l h
i li i or death. Patients with underlying conditions are at increased risk of complications. Newer strains (e.g., H1N1) have caused death in healthy children, young adults, and pregnant women
http://www.pharmacist.com/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Pharmacist_Immunization_Center1&ContentID=21352&Template=/CM/Conte
ntDisplay.cfm
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Myths About Vaccines
y Vaccines cause autism
y False: Study after study has shown that there is no link between vaccines and autism
y Study in the British journal The Lancet was retracted recently due to fabricated data
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MMR Study Data
y A 1998 study linking MMR vaccine to autism was retracted from The Lancet in 2010
y British author falsified data – medical license was revoked
y Result of study: vaccination rate ↓ and cases of measles ↑ in Britain and in United States
http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/01/11/autism.vaccines/index.html?iref=allsearch
Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, et al. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental
disorder in children. Lancet. 1998 351: 637-41.
Editors of The Lancet. Retraction—Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in
children. Lancet. 2010; 375:445.
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Ethnic and Cultural Barriers
y African Americans more likely to believe vaccines cause the illness
y Hispanics express cost and access as a major barrier
y Non‐Hispanic whites were more likely to go N Hi
i hi lik l unvaccinated because they felt they had low risk of acquiring influenza virus
Chen J, Fox S, Cantrell C, et al. Racial/ethnic barriers to flu vaccinations. J Community Health. 2007;32:5-20.
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Barriers
y Unknown vaccination record of patient
y If in military, assume they received all required vaccinations during their time in service
y If no record exists, adults should receive vaccination as recommended
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Barriers From Patients’ Perspective
y 60% said they are healthy so immunization was unnecessary
y 43% concerned about possible side effects
y 338% and 51% said physician did not recommend 5
p y
influenza or pneumococcal vaccines, respectively
y <15% were concerned about cost
High K. Overcoming barriers to adult immunization. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2009;109:S25- S28.
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Barriers From Physicians’ Perspective
y 85% said patients do not attend wellness appointments
y 87% said vaccine shortages
y Patient refusal (70% said fear of needles, 75% said patients thought it would cause illness)
y 55% thought cost was major issue for patients
High K. Overcoming barriers to adult immunization. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2009; 109(6): S25 - S28.
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Barriers to Pharmacists For Increasing Immunization Rates
y Lack of:
y Available time
y Staff
y Top management or owner support
y Support from other health care providers
y Space within the pharmacy
y Patient interest
y Reimbursement for service
Kamal K, Madhavan S, Suresh S, et al. Impact of the American Pharmacists Association's (APhA) immunization training
certification program. Am J Pharm Educ. 2003;67:Article 124.
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Barriers to Specific Vaccines
y Pneumococcal
y Herpes zoster
y Tdap
y HPV
y Influenza
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National Foundation for Infectious Diseases Survey
y Survey conducted in October 2010 to assess strategies for improving vaccination rates
y Consumer survey: Telephone interview of 1,013 adults over the age of 18 years
y Physician survey: Online survey of 300 physicians who spend two‐thirds of their time seeing adult patients
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Barriers to Pneumococcal Vaccine
y Lack of concern for getting disease (42% surveyed)
y Concern about side effects (40%)
y Afraid vaccine may cause disease
y Lack of awareness
y Lack of physician recommendation
Johnson DR, Nichol KL, Lipczynski K. Barriers to adult immunization. AM J Med. 2008;121:S28–S35.
http://www.adultvaccination.com/doc/2010_Survey_Backgrounder.pdf.
Nowalk MP, Zimmerman RK, Shen S. Barriers to pneumococcal and influenza vaccination in older community-dwelling adults
(2000-2001). J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:25-30.
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Barriers to Herpes Zoster Vaccine
y Patients believe they already are immune from having varicella zoster in the past
y Physicians less likely to recommend zoster vaccine due to:
y Lack of reimbursement
y Storage and supply
y Only moderate efficacy
https://www.merckvaccines.com/Order-Vaccines/Pages/supply-status.aspx
http://www.adultvaccination.com/doc/2010_Survey_Backgrounder.pdf.
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/shingles/hcp-vaccination.htm
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Barriers to Tdap Vaccine
y Patients believe they are immune from having vaccine as a child
y Lack of physician recommendation
y Many believe it is needed only when they sustain injury y
y
y
j y
(tetanus)
y Unaware of need for booster
Johnson DR, Nichol KL, Lipczynski K. Barriers to adult immunization. AM J Med. 2008;121: S28 –S35.
5/19/2011
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Barriers to HPV Vaccine
y Lack of concern about getting disease (42% surveyed)
y Inconvenience (series of 3 shots)
y Reimbursement
y Misconceptions regarding intent of vaccine
y Fainting can be common after injection
http://www.adultvaccination.com/doc/2010_Survey_Backgrounder.pdf
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Vaccines/HPV/hpv_faqs.html
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Barriers to Influenza Vaccine
y Egg allergy
y Not perceived as a serious illness
y False belief that people contract the disease from vaccine
i
http://www.aaaai.org/professionals/administering_influenza_vaccine.pdf
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Objective 2 Summary
y Barriers to receiving immunization vary by vaccine
y Barriers differ depending on cultural background
y Patients’ reasons for not receiving a vaccine differs from why physicians think patients do not receive immunization
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Objective 3
y Discuss the existing requirements for pharmacists and student pharmacists to get themselves immunized and state the current immunization rates of health care personnel
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Current Immunization Rates of Health Care Personnel
y CDC says only 61.9% of health care personnel were immunized against y
y
y
y
influenza in 2009 y 37.1% received H1N1
y 34.7% received both
APIC says some health care systems that have implemented mandatory vaccination polices have reached levels exceeding 95%
Iowa hospitals had 91% of employees receive influenza vaccine in 2009‐
2010 season
No law in Iowa that health care personnel must get influenza vaccine
Virginia Mason Medical Center in Seattle, WA, has attained a 99% vaccination rate with mandatory vaccination
http://www.medpagetoday.com/InfectiousDisease/URItheFlu/24652
http://www.apic.org/Content/NavigationMenu/GovernmentAdvocacy/PublicPolicyLibrary/APIC_Influenza_Immunization_of
_HCP_12711.PDF
http://www.ihconline.org/userdocs/reports/HAI_6_Health_Care_Worker_Flu_Immun.pdf
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CDC Recommendations for Health Care Workers
y Hepatitis B
y Influenza
y Measles, mumps, and rubella
Measles mumps and rubella
y Varicella
y Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis y Meningococcal http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p2017.pdf
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10051
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http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/downloads/adult/adult-schedule.pdf
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Immunization Action Coalition’s Honor Roll for Patient Safety
y Mandatory influenza vaccination policies for health care workers
y To be included on the Honor Roll:
y Require influenza vaccine for all employees
fl
f ll l
y Measures to prevent transmission of influenza from unvaccinated employees
y >100 organizations are now enrolled
http://www.immunize.org/honor-roll/
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New Recommendations from Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology
y “APIC recommends that acute care hospitals, long‐term care, and other facilities that employ health care personnel require annual influenza p
q
immunization as a condition of employment unless there are compelling medical contraindications”
http://www.apic.org/Content/NavigationMenu/GovernmentAdvocacy/PublicPolicyLibrary/APIC_Influenza_Immuni
zation_of_HCP_12711.PDF
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State Requirements for Health Care Worker Immunizations in Hospitals
20
18
16
Number of Stattes
14
Hepatitis B
12
Influenza
10
8
MMR
6
Varicella
4
2
0
2007
2010
2007
Offer
2010
Ensure
Lindley, MC, Horlick GA, Shefer AM, et al. (2007). Assessing sate immunization requirements for health care workers
and patients. AM J Prev Med. 2007;32:459-65.
http://www2a.cdc.gov/nip/StateVaccApp/statevaccsApp/AdministrationbyVaccine.asp?Vaccinetmp=Influenza
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Requirements for Student Pharmacists y Study done in 2001 including 63 schools of pharmacy offering PharmD degree
y 97% required PPD and/or chest x‐ray
y9
97% required measles and rubella
q
y 93% required mumps
y 58% required varicella
y 85% required hepatitis B
y 53% required Tdap or Td
y 2% required hepatitis A
y 2% required influenza
Kirschenbaum H, Kalis M. Immunization and other health requirements for students at colleges and schools of
pharmacy in the United States and Puerto Rico. Am J Pharm Educ. 2001;65:35-40.
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APhA Policy
y Recently adopted policy by APhA House of Delegates (March 2011)
y APhA supports an annual influenza vaccination as a condition of employment, training, or volunteering within an organization that provides pharmacy services or operates a pharmacy or pharmacy department (unless a valid medical or religious reason precludes vaccination).
y 2007 APhA policy encourages employers to provide necessary immunizations to all pharmacy personnel.
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Objective 3 Summary
y CDC and OSHA both have recommendations for health care workers but no regulations
y Health care worker immunizations still have much room for improvement
y No regulations on requirements for student pharmacists but many schools’ requirements are similar
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Objective 4
y Identify best practices for increasing immunization rates among targeted audiences
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Only 46% of Health Care
Workers Get Immunized…You
Can Make a Difference…Walk
the Talk!
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Staying Up to Date Is the First Step
y Read the literature; keep current references
y Web resources
y APhA Pharmacist Immunization Center: www.pharmacist.com/imz
y CDC: www.cdc.gov/vaccines y Immunization Action Coalition: www.immunize.org y Electronic mailing lists
y IAC Express: [email protected]
y APhA: send e‐mail to [email protected]
y MMWR: subscribe at www.cdc.gov/mmwr
y Attend refresher/advanced practice courses
y Collaborate (e.g., associations, coalitions)
APhA Immunization Certificate Training Program 2011
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Identify Needs in Community
y Identify unmet needs in community
y Work with local/state health department
y Become a part of local/state immunization coalition
y Gain acceptance by other providers
y Collaborate with health departments, local physicians, medical societies, other boards
y EDUCATE health care providers and the public about pharmacist involvement in immunizations
APhA Immunization Certificate Training Program 2011
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Examples of Strategies to Increase Adult Immunization Rates
y Patient education
y Standing orders
y Computerized record reminders
y Chart reminders
y Expanding access
y Performance feedback
y Home visits
y Mail/telephone reminders
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APhA Immunization Champion Awards
y These special awards were created in 2008 to recognize the value and extraordinary contributions pharmacists provide to improving the vaccination rates of their communities
y Nominees are evaluated based on:
y Impact I
y Collaboration
y Originality
y Overcoming challenges y Opportunities for pharmacists
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Individual Practitioner National Winner 2011
y Michelle Johnson of St. Francis, Minnesota
y Facilitated immunizations at Goodrich Pharmacy since 2000
y Co
Collaborates with two county public health departments abo ates t t o cou ty pub c ea t depa t e ts
and the Minnesota Department of Health
y “Go to expert” for the Minnesota Pharmacists Association
y Presenter for the Immunization Action Coalition
y Extensive community outreach
y Certified in the Mark of Excellence program
y Vaccines for Children Program y Incorporates other providers for immunizing children <10 years old
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Individual Practitioner National Winner 2011
y C. Derris Hurley of Lebanon, Oregon
y Safeway pharmacist
y Administered >2000 immunizations since April 1, 2010
y Fall 2010 extensive travel, visiting 55 off‐site clinics
y Immunized local teachers, bus drivers, administration, and city employees
y Travel vaccine provider
y
y
Promotion via local churches and travel agencies Goes the extra “distance” to immunize those in need y Exemplifies creativity in all immunization efforts
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Corporation/Institution National Winner 2011
y Walgreens
y Objective to become a leader in providing immunizations since 2004
,
p
y 7,
7,600 locations and over 26,000 trained pharmacists
y Extensive multimodal marketing campaign
y Through 2010, administered ~6 million flu shots
y Numerous national partnerships
y Access initiatives including underserved, specialty gift cards, and third‐party billing
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Objective 4 Summary
y Many different strategies to increase immunization rates
y No one strategy is the ultimate answer
y Pharmacist champions have implemented several concurrent strategies to attain success
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Conclusion
y Immunization rates are increasing but still below goal rate for all, including health care personnel
y Barriers do exist and pharmacists can play a key role to overcome them
y Numerous strategies are available and have lead to success stories for pharmacist immunization champions in our community
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Post‐Assessment Question #1
Which population has the highest rate of influenza immunization?
A.
19‐ to 49‐year old adults
B. 50‐ to 64‐year old adults
C. Adults >65 years old
D. Health care personnel
70
Which of the following is the most common reason adults do not receive immunizations?
A.
B.
C.
C
Cost
Accessibility
Healthy, so no need for immunizations
H lth d f i
i ti
71
By which of the following ways can pharmacists increase immunization rates?
A. Recommending immunizations to patients
B. Increasing accessibility
C. Providing informational flyers with prescriptions
D. Implementing reminder system
E. All of the above
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References
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology. APIC Position Paper: Influenza Vaccination Should Be a Condition of Employment for Healthcare Personnel, Unless Medically Contraindicated. January 27, 2011. Available at: http://www.apic.org/Content/NavigationMenu/GovernmentAdvocacy/PublicPolicyLibrary/APIC_Influenza_Immunization_of_H
CP_12711.PDF. Accessed February 13, 2011.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009 Adult Vaccination Coverage, NHIS. November 17, 2011. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/stats‐surv/nhis/2009‐nhis.htm. Accessed February 21, 2011. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Final Estimates for 2009–10 Seasonal Influenza and Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccination Coverage—United States, August 2009 Through May 2010. October 7, 2010. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccination/coverage_0910estimates.htm. Accessed February 21, 2011.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Frequently Asked Questions About HPV Vaccine Safety. February 11, 2011. Available
p
g
y
p
q
y
at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Vaccines/HPV/hpv_faqs.html. Accessed February 22, 2011.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Herpes Zoster Vaccination for Health Care Professionals. January 10, 2011. Available
at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd‐vac/shingles/hcp‐vaccination.htm. Accessed February 16, 2011.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Immunization Administration Requirements for Influenza: Hospital Employees. May 3, 2010. Available at: http://www2a.cdc.gov/nip/StateVaccApp/statevaccsApp/AdministrationbyVaccine.asp?Vaccinetmp=Influenza. Accessed February 21, 2011.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule—United States 2011. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/downloads/adult/adult‐schedule.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2011.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Strategies for Increasing Adult Vaccination Rates. June 11, 2010. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/rate‐strategies/adultstrat.htm. Accessed February 11, 2011.
Chen J, Fox S, Cantrell C, et al. Health disparities and prevention: racial/ethnic barriers to flu vaccinations. J Community Health. 2007;32:5–20.
Drake University. Admission Requirements. January 7, 2011. Available at: http://www.drake.edu/health/download.php. Accessed March 2, 2011.
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References
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y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
Drake University. PharmD Student Handbook 2010–2011. Available at: http://www.drake.edu/cphs/policies_handbooks/pharmd_handbook_0910.php#immunization_policy. Accessed March 2, 2011.
Editors of The Lancet. Retraction—Ileal‐lymphoid‐nodular hyperplasia, non‐specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet. 2010;375:445.
Falco M. Vaccine study’s author held related patent, medical journal reports. CNN Health. January 12, 2011. Available at: http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/01/11/autism.vaccines/index.html?iref=allsearch. Gill K. Using mailed patient reminders to increase influenza immunization rates among older adults in a primary care office. Del Med J. 1999;71:427–31.
Grabenstein JD, Bonasso J. Health‐system pharmacists’ role in immunizing adults against pneumococcal disease and influenza. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1999;56(suppl 2):S3–22.
Greenhawt MJ, Li JT. Administering Influenza Vaccine to Egg Allergic Recipients. American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology. October 2010. Available at: http://www.aaaai.org/professionals/administering_influenza_vaccine.pdf. Accessed Available at: http://www.aaaai.org/professionals/administering influenza vaccine.pdf. Accessed February 24, 2011.High KP. Overcoming barriers to adult immunization. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2009;109(suppl 2):S25–S28. Hutchison L, Peck J. Immunizations and infectious diseases in rural areas. In: Gamm L, Hutchison L, eds. Rural Healthy People 2010: A Companion Document to Healthy People 2010. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University; 2004;Vol 3:5–12. Immunization Action Coalition. Healthcare Personnel Vaccination Recommendations. 2011. Available at: http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p2017.pdf. Accessed February 11, 2011.
Infectious Diseases Society of America. More Than 30 Percent of Seniors Are Not Immunized Against Pneumonia in 36 States; New
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How to Obtain CPE Credit
y Go to www.pharmacist.com/education
y Go to Online CPE Quick List and click on “Pharmacists Serving as Role Models for Patients: Addressing Barriers by Pharmacists, Patients, and Other Providers to Increasing Immunization Rates”
y Log in using your Pharmacist.com user name and password (different from the KRM user name and password used to access this program)
y Complete the evaluation by June 19, 2011 to gain immediate access to your Statement of Credit
76
Questions
y Carrie Foust Koenigsfeld, PharmD, FAPhA
Associate Professor of Pharmacy Practice
Drake University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
Clinical Pharmacist
Lakeview Internal Medicine
Des Moines, Iowa
E‐mail: [email protected]
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Development and Support Speaker and Acknowledgments

Transcription

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