Immunoglobulin Haplotype Frequencies in Anabaptist Population
Transcription
Immunoglobulin Haplotype Frequencies in Anabaptist Population
Western Washington University Western CEDAR Anthropology Social and Behavioral Sciences 2-1996 Immunoglobulin Haplotype Frequencies in Anabaptist Population Samples: Kansas and Nebraska Mennonites and Indiana Amish Joan C. Stevenson Dr. Follow this and additional works at: http://cedar.wwu.edu/anthropology_facpubs Recommended Citation Stevenson, Joan C. Dr., "Immunoglobulin Haplotype Frequencies in Anabaptist Population Samples: Kansas and Nebraska Mennonites and Indiana Amish" (1996). Anthropology. Paper 7. http://cedar.wwu.edu/anthropology_facpubs/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Social and Behavioral Sciences at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Immunoglobulin Haplotype Frequencies in Anabaptist Population Samples: Kansas and Nebraska Mennonites and Indiana Amish Author(s): K. MARTIN, J.C. STEVENSON, M.H. CRAWFORD, P.M. EVERSON and M.S. SCHANFIELD Source: Human Biology, Vol. 68, No. 1 (February 1996), pp. 45-62 Published by: Wayne State University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41465452 . Accessed: 22/10/2014 17:59 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. . Wayne State University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Human Biology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 140.160.178.72 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 17:59:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Immunoglobulin Haplotype Frequencies in Anabaptist Population Samples: Kansas and Nebraska Mennonites and Indiana Amish M.H.CRAWFORD,2 P.M.EVERSON,1 K. MARTIN,' J.C.STEVENSON,1 ANDM.S.SCHANFIELD3 fisis a chronicle ofrepeated Abstract Anabaptist migrations, history The effects of these events of various and fusions sions, subgroups. No inthepopulation shouldbe evident groups. biologyoftheAnabaptist andhighlyinformpriorgeneticstudieshaveincludedthepolymorphic 1 markers. ativeimmunoglobulin Here,685 serumsamplesrepresenting were Amishand 3 Mennonite community samples(7 congregations) IGHG*F B, studiedfor immunoglobulin allotypes.The haplotypes from0.542 to IGHG*A,ZG, and IGHG*A,X,ZG rangein frequency IGK*1frequen0.765,0.123to0.290,and0.075to0.170,respectively. are withinexpected cies rangefrom0.035 to 0.077. All frequencies andwestern samples.Therewas Europeanpopulation rangesforcentral considerable samplesthat variability amongtheAnabaptist intergroup was statistically (%l = 22.63,0.005 < p < 0.01). Principal significant theimmunoglobulin frequencies allotype including analyses, component demonstrate dataonABO,MN,andRhesus(Dd) markers, andpublished tiesgroup thattheMennonite sampleswithclosehistorical congregation fromtheAmishand Meridiancongregation and are distinct together samples. to as Anabaptists,a label appliedto The Amishand Mennonitesare referred of each butarose independently shared certain sects that principles religious centuries(Hostetler1980; Smith otherduringthe sixteenthand seventeenth and Krahn 1981). Amishpeoples have receivedconsiderableattentionfrom social scientists[e.g., Cong (1992), Hostetler(1980), Hostetlerand Huntington(1971), and Kraybill(1989)]. Theirdistinctive way of life,isolationfrom the outsideworld,and lengthygenealogiesfacilitateresearchby demographers(Cross and McKusick 1970; Ericksenet al. 1979; Espenshade 1971; 1 WA98225. Western ofAnthropology, Bellingham, Washington University, 2Department KS66045. ofKansas, ofAnthropology, Lawrence, University 3Department CO80231. S.Drive, 7808Cherry Creek Genetic Center #201, Denver, Inc., Testing Analytical v.68,no.1,pp.45-62. Human 1996, Biology, February 48201-1309 State © 1996Wayne Press, Detroit, Michigan University Copyright STRUCTURE GENETIC KEYWORDS: ETHNOHISTORY, GM,KM,MENNONITE This content downloaded from 140.160.178.72 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 17:59:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ET AL. 46 /MARTIN Hammanet al. 1981; Markle and Pasco 1977; Pollack 1978; Smith 1960), geneticists(Jacksonet al. 1968; Juberget al. 1971; Kostyu et al. 1974; McKusicket al. 1964; McKusick 1978; Morganet al. 1980; Wardet al. 1972), as groupfissioning and otherswho studysuchaspectsof populationstructure and inbreeding[e.g., Hurd (1983, 1985a,b)]. Mennonitesare examinedfor thesame reasonsand are also studiedby behavioralscientists[e.g., Boynton (Allen and Redekop 1967; Ev(1986) and Redekop (1989)], demographers ersonet al. 1995; Heaton 1986; Lin and Crawford1983; Stevensonand Everson 1989, 1990; Stevensonet al. 1989, 1994; Yoder 1985), and geneticists (Allen 1988; Allen and Redekop 1987; Brown et al. 1974; Crawfordet al. 1989; Moore 1987; Rogers 1984, 1987; Stevensonet al. 1990). relativeto the gestudiesthatexamine ethnohistory Interdisciplinary netic structure of a populationare particularlyrevealingbecause cultural eventscan be assessed in termsof theirbiological impact(Crawford1973). are easily ascertained,have The best geneticmarkersforsuch investigations a simple Mendelian inheritance,and are highlypolymorphic(Schanfield 1980). However,only a few studieson Amish and Mennonitepopulations have providedsuchdetail(Crawfordet al. 1989; McKusick et al. 1964; Rogand highly ers 1984), and no priorgeneticstudiesincludedthepolymorphic markers.The inheriteddifferenceson human informative immunoglobulin (includingtheGM and KM markers)are anthropologically immunoglobulins usefulbecause manyof thehaplotypesare able to serveas uniquepopulation markers(Schanfield1980; Schanfieldand Fudenberg1975; Steinbergand are distinguished Cook 1981). Populationsthatare in closerproximity by less in haplotypefrequencies.The objectivehereis to present markeddifferences the firstimmunoglobulin haplotypefrequenciesfor Amish and Mennonite context. populationsand place themin ethnohistorical Populations sects are derivedfromtheAnaThe Amishand MennoniteProtestant in sixteenth-century baptistmovement,whicharose duringtheReformation Switzerlandand spread eastwardinto what is now southernGermanyand Austriaand northwardinto the Netherlandsand northern Germany(Dyck 1981; Hostetier1980; Smithand Krahn1981). Anabaptisminitiallyconsisted of manylocal factionsthatorganizedaroundcharismaticpersonalities,such as JacobAmmann(Amish)andMennoSimons(Mennonites).All Anabaptists rejectedthe impositionof a statechurch,infantbaptism,and militaryconscription,whichput themat odds withmostEuropeanleaders.As a result, theirhistoriesare characterizedby a series of persecutionsand migrations. Figure 1 representsthe migrationsof the Amish and Mennoniteswithin Europe. This content downloaded from 140.160.178.72 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 17:59:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Ig HaplotypeFrequenciesin Anabaptists/47 inthisstudy. 1. Principal Dutch andnorthern Mennonite involved Figure Germany migrations and TheAlsace andPalatinate areasaresources oftheearliest (Mennonites Anabaptist inthelateseventeenth andearly totheUnited which States, Amish) migrations began centuries. from Bender andSmith (1956, p.257).] eighteenth [Adapted WilliamPenn,granteda charterby King CharlesII of Englandto form and invitedthemto a colonyin America,knewof theAnabaptists'suffering relocate fromthe Rhine area to Pennsylvania(Fisher 1908; Peare 1957; Schwiederand Schwieder1975). The firstAnabaptistsettlersarrivedin 1683, in two waves: 1727-1770 and 1815-1860 (Smith buttheAmishimmigrated and Krahn 1981). Eventually,the Amish moved west intoHolmes County, Ohio, after1812 and intoLagrangeand othercountiesin Indianaduringthe in theElkhartand La1840s. The Amishof thisstudyrepresentsettlements grangecountiesof Indiana. Many Dutch, German, and other Anabaptistsfled east to Polandcontrolledareas around Danzig (Gdansk), and in 1699 eighteenfamilies formedthePrzechovkachurchlocated 60 miles southof Danzig (Duerksen 1955; Rogers 1984). Prussiatookcontrolof thearea in 1772 and limitedthe service(Frieavailabilityoflandand reexaminedtheexemptionfrommilitary This content downloaded from 140.160.178.72 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 17:59:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ET AL. 48 /MARTIN sen 1989). CatherinetheGreatinvitedMennonitesto settlein southernRussia; migrations began in 1788 and theChortitzaColonywas foundednearthe Dnieper River. More Mennonitesmigratedin 1803 and foundedthe MolotschnaColony in Taurida Provinceon the MolochnayaRiver. Almostthe entirePrzechovkacongregation(21 families)joined theMolotschnaColony in 1824 and foundedthe Alexanderwohlchurchand settlement (Duerksen the fission-fusion 1955; Rogers 1984). Figure 2 reconstructs processesexperiencedby theMennonitepopulations. The communitiesflourisheduntil land shortagesand the exemption frommilitaryservicewere again jeopardized (Dyck 1981; Duerksen 1955; to AmerRogers1984; Smithand Krahn1981). Aftersendingrepresentatives ica in 1873, mostof thevillageof Alexanderwohlemigratedon two separate shipsthefollowingyear(Sawatzky 1971; Wedel 1974). One groupfounded the AlexanderwohlChurchnear Goessel, Kansas. As the churchgrew and expanded,two daughterchurcheswere established(Duerksen 1955): Tabor MennoniteChurchin 1909, built5 miles southeastof theparentchurch;and Goessel MennoniteChurch,formedin 1920 in Goessel, Kansas. All three are represented in thisstudy. congregations Anothercontingent fromthe Russian Alexanderwohlcongregationarrivedin Lincoln,Nebraska,and settledabout40 mileswestofLincoln,founding the Bethesda MennoniteChurchat the presenttown of Henderson,a sample of which is representedhere (Crawfordand Rogers 1982; Rogers theHender1984; Voth 1975). A secondNebraskaMennonitecongregation, son MennoniteBrethren Church,tracesitsoriginsto 1835, whenMennonites in theChortitzaand Molotschnacommunitieswerejoined by Prussianemi(Crawford greswho had been influenced spiritually bytheMoravianBrethren and Rogers1982; Rogers1984; Dueck 1989). Theyformeda separatechurch in 1860 and migratedto Americain 1874. In 1876 theyfoundedthe HendersonMennoniteBrethren Churchin YorkandHamiltoncounties,Nebraska; theyare also sampledin thisstudy. Finally,disputesoverdoctrinalissues continue,and new congregations oftenresult.In 1858 JohnHoldeman of New Pittsburg, Ohio, foundedthe Churchof God in ChristMennonites(Dyck 1981; Smithand Krahn 1981). He recruitedhis membersfromdescendantsof Swiss and southernGerman Mennoniteswho had arrivedin theUnitedStatesduringthe eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.This sectis represented by theMeridianchurch,located nearHesston,Kansas. Methods This studyincludesblood samplesfromone AmishandthreeMennonite communities, representedby at least seven congregations.Biological relawere knownfor the participantsof the study,and all first-order tionships This content downloaded from 140.160.178.72 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 17:59:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Ig HaplotypeFrequenciesin Anabaptists/49 T-J C m iß to 0) r: -E 0 Oc CO ^2 2o)| °-g,Í cO ° O 8 o * A m * l s c x® 5 c^ roE -oE ZÜ c3 ü) «E cE *° 00 ï 3 « S > lu 2 8 ! ? S ® < S I I" ® m o i 8 ® o O C *« c 5 "2 ® 2 m CO •S E « I CO£ iCO 1t .<5 CO 3^1 S ce í: je o = « ?® 2 0 = 2 •£ »2 1 B o| c®-c £o ®? ¿o ®5 §§ ¡¡ 22 mñ £°$¿ 22 S 1 - „ ? £5 ¡ «If |(|S -C X W<J> _£ ®,_ ^ m Qc5 ««-"5 i «o §J /■ ® «■§ ^îl'L ^ I -S?.c ^ 1®1! I*'kilo **l|íá -« slli^Jlllî0 _-A"s ' ^)C£T3 '' £2 c §0 ^ •? 0£¿£ '' l£og<t <-/' ®CD // / ( °s| i I t ? S si (>:ü- I -mi s 5 2 os| «si §¡g 5|i ||<? P* 1|1 Jog £ ~ i ii 5a ?fl sl?| oSlol <J 111 IÜ-» I A «I •S $« w E Q_ 2^ ^c m CO 8° ▼"LL. cro cro e I® ® O O.</>.</> Z ® Z ® oöCoö^ ë| êI 3®3® O 2 Q2 fi cos ál8)£5 tPtoüjC ^Q-° i® ® O. V) Ü. </> Z ® Z ® oöCoöc tl 3®3® Û 2 Q2 This content downloaded from 140.160.178.72 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 17:59:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .S </> ® iE co -o SOÖ - WCO « .Wg E "5. ||.|.C® (7)< CD ICA M ê C 'Io c <zi 0 1ôû 8 bû ao 0 u 1S :s i 0 1 I I 73 0 1</) S W N .3) £ ET AL. 50 /MARTIN UsedforImmunoglobulin Table1. Reagents Specificity Allotyping: Amish Specificity G1MA F X G3MBO B1 B3 B4 B5 C3 C3 + C5 G G5 S T KM1 Agglutinator PAN STA ALX R-60 KEK LOG KEK FIE HEN HAW R-68 BRO YAR CRA SINorRUT Mennonite Coat PET DAN PET PUH ADA HUN HUN PUH 422 422 SUL SUL PUH PUH PET Agglutinator PAN STA ALX TOL TOL LOG GOEL FIE HEN HAW R-68 BRO YAR CRA SIN Coat PET DAN PET PUH HUN HUN HUN PUH ADA ADA SUL SUL PUH PUH PET relativeswere removed.The 599 blood specimensforthe Kansas and Nebraska Mennoniteswere collectedas partof a three-year multidisciplinary studyon aging,which is describedby Crawfordand Rogers (1982). This almostone-third of theMennonitecitizensof Henderson, samplerepresents almost one-third of the Alexanderwohl the largest Nebraska, congregation, of the town of and about of the Meridian Goessel, congregation one-quarter The 86 Amish blood were collected as of congregation. samples part a twoon the association of HLA and viral yearstudy haplotypes antibodyresponse in a sample of Amish living in Elkhartand Lagrange countiesin Indiana (Hsia et al. 1977). The 685 serumsamplesweretypedforimmunoglobulin allotypesat the of the American Red Cross Blood Services Immunohematology Laboratory NationalHeadquartersin Washington, DC, in 1981 and 1982. Minimally,all samples were testedforG1M (allotypesA, F, and X), G3M (allotypesBO, B1 , B3, B4, B59C, G, S , and 7), and KM1 usingpreviouslydescribedmethods (SchanfieldPoleskyet al. 1975). The reagentsused are presentedin Table 1. In addition,some G1M (allotypeA) and G3M (allotypeB) positiveserawere testedforG1M (allotypeZ) (see Table 2). Haplotypefrequenciesfor the GM systemwere estimatedusing the allocationmethodof Andersson(1985). The IGK*1 frequencieswere determinedfromthesquarerootof theKM (7 - ) frequency. A heterogeneity chi-squarewas used to measurepopulationdifferences and divergence. This content downloaded from 140.160.178.72 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 17:59:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Ig HaplotypeFrequenciesin Anabaptists/51 3 "°§ ÛÔO5"^<N ri M mV fn (S M M « £ , ^ vo oocMTfONTtr-in^o ON-H^ ;s <3 O vqin-Hoqin d çj^o ^ (Nr! ri ri ri o ó Co 'S 03 C/3 c #0 cd % öO c0 U <Z3 1 •s c < c 1/3 IO s s 3 x> jd *00 0 1 <4-1 O co "3 X) 'H S J ri § - S 2a co HU cq ^¡5- O ïq"N O O O O -H ooo "oq o oo-h^H^H - ^O-H Wh ¿ G <L> •a T3 O £ gc Ü a * 1 § toN' o enN h 'o o ooo § < * 3 g S 5| C¿)1/3 HH >-. 2 c tj <n t«o «n o' oor-vo "oú í or -h OnM Tt G <u«5 <DcS to ^ i-l »h On--H i-l ^pj^7 _. <L> O J3 Cl fe fe T3 O OH 3^ _SU o " y O "Ü u * o y K X»^ £ g ■*-» O «i ö rn CM h m oo -h-a' m G o' -t 1-s; er* *-3 '£ 00 ^ -H O ^ «O CM °n ?s r fl§m o k. Sc« ^ 'S oj S <£¡ £• uO 2fi ^ X) 'S 05 -H OOOO-HVO vo 4) 2 ^ ^tr CN a §Ï 2 -H rf -Hm <U «. M (N IO IT) h ft ^ ^ ^ § g öh * *® 1 o í s Iii O T35 (NO -HM VO 00-HOOVJ i^ {^'~00 s B :> § f 5 TD'S ^ "g ■o § s r; < u 00 rvo h n on ^ 3 fi ^ b .2 2 o c o c -5xi § S . -S 'Z «Ö £ ¿ 3 2- g ^ S3 Í3 ^ ^ m.4) !fl ü •(í) O 05 :tí Ö P >>cn > «3 C .'S S? rrT -Ö £ t-h" 50c o Sü S 3 512 ß fi PQ *3 g ^ ¿í -HTt <U vo ONm VOO on Ç2^S PQ 2 00 vo 00 r vo-stoovovo Tt S "H S 3, ft 5 " ^ -g* 8 |5o tu* 2I 9 «s ¿> ^¡s j¡,í 1 "O2 >>lj u cH 2 m 05 .tí tj¿u<5a,-«n^>T3 8 t i ¡s-a-as§?-8iás ¡ i !!!Sv°pi I ¡11 « ^ I•« !G J ¡ 1 3 § fS 2 h M J¡^vv||á.§ ^ C u 2 .2 a i32S«nS,2«íí'02 OhOhO^O Ë 5 2 c s ÏMu^xsSS'Sfi'û S<u<uo°o^2$2 OPÈÎfÛÎÛHOÔ^-S^Ë S. e? ^ ^5kS<Oh^2«PPKZ ^ ci£ u -o 5)<wM Z This content downloaded from 140.160.178.72 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 17:59:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ET AL. 52 /MARTIN Principalcomponentsanalysesfacilitatedthe comparisonof ethnohisand althoughGM is a highlyinformative torywithgeneticstructure, system, the GM data were supplementedby alreadypublisheddata on additional geneticmarkers.The Mennonitesamplesof thisstudyhave been typedfor additionalgeneticmarkers(Crawfordet al. 1989), butABO, MN, and Rhesus (Dd) data fromanothersampleof IndianaAmishwere used in theprincipal componentsanalyses.Bothprincipalcomponentsanalysestookintoaccount populationsample sizes. Principalcomponentsanalyses were performedusing antana (Harpendingand Rogers 1984). The programproducedorthogonalsynthetic gene frequenciesthataccountforthegreatestamountof populationvariation.Two analyseswererun,includinggene frequenciesand samplesizes for7 and 15 populations,respectively.The 7-populationanalysisincludedthe following systems:ABO, MN, and Rhesus (Dd) fromCrawfordet al. (1989) exceptfor theAmish(Juberget al. 1971) and GM and KM data fromthisstudyforall the Amish and Mennonitecongregations.The 15-populationanalysis includedGM and KM dataforthefourAmishand Mennonitecommunities and ABO, MN, and Rhesus (Dd) fromCrawfordet al. (1989) fortheMennonites and fromJuberget al. (1971) forthe Amish. See Mourantet al. (1976) for theABO, MN, and Rhesus (Dd) frequencydata forthe additional11 European populationsexcludingtheNetherlands(Fraseret al. 1974) and Table 3 fortheimmunoglobulin haplotypefrequenciesand referencesforall theEuropeanpopulations. Results and Immunoglobulinallotypeand phenotype(GM-KM) distributions for the studied Amish and Mennonite haplotypefrequencies populationsare in Tables 2 and KM 1 and 4. distributions presented frequenciesare givenin Table 5. Table 3 presentspreviouslypublishedhaplotypefrequenciesof centralEuropeanpopulationsforcomparison. The numberof phenotypesand thenumberof haplotypesrangedfrom fiveto sevenand threeto five,respectively. deviations Statistically significant fromHardy-Weinberg expectationswerefoundin theAlexanderwohlsample, whichled to significant deviationsin the Kansas Community(see Table 4). In theAlexanderwohland Kansas Communitysamples(notrepresenting the Meridiancongregation) occurred theGM A G andGM A,X,FB,G phenotypes more than expected and the GM A,X G phenotypeoccurredless than expected. The frequencyof haplotypeIGHG*F B rangesfrom0.542 in theMeridiansampleto 0.765 in theGoessel sample(see Table 4). The low frequency is lower thanwhat is typicalfornorthwestern Europe (see Switzerlandin Table 3), whereasthe highestfrequencyof 0.765 is not unusualrelativeto This content downloaded from 140.160.178.72 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 17:59:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Ig HaplotypeFrequenciesin Anabaptists/53 Table3. Comparative Population Haplotype Frequencies Haplotype B IGHG3*: G G N IGHG1 *: A IGK*I Source A,X F Population andMickerts Austria 0.185 0.074 0.741 0.083 Mayr (Vienna) 1602 (1970) 0.134 0.035 0.831 0.053 Schanfield, Croatia 452 Herzog etal.(1975) etal.(1969) CzechRepublic 684 0.135 0.079 0.776 0.060 Fraser Bohemia) (central etal.(1964) 772 0.137 0.061 0.728 0.061 Ritter Germany (Freiburg) 0.169 0.091 0.740 0.059 Ropartz etal. (Munich) 131 Germany (1963) etal. 386 0.204 0.099 0.697 0.055 Ropartz Germany (1964) (Rheinland-Pfalz) 182 0.145 0.051 0.777 0.073 Schanfield, Gergely Hungary etal.(1975) (Budapest) etal.(1974) Netherlands 792 0.189 0.102 0.709 0.094 Fraser Poland 0.138 0.056 0.806 0.055 SochaandKaczera (Krakow) 600 (1968) Poland 300 0.168 0.065 0.767 0.070 Schiesingerand (Lower LuczkiewiczSilesia) Mulczykowa (1971) andCook 0.253 0.119 0.628 0.080 Steinberg Switzerland 98 (1981, p.43) typicalfrequenciesof thishaplotypein easternand southernEurope (Steinberg and Cook 1981; Stevensonand Schanfield1981). Croatia and Poland exhibitslightlyhigherfrequencies(Table 3). The IGHG*A,Z G haplotypefrequency rangesfrom0. 123 in theGoessel G haplotype sample to 0.290 in the Meridiansample,and the/G//G*A,X,Z frequencyrangesfrom0.075 in theHendersonsampleto 0.170 in theAmish sample. The highestfrequenciesof these haplotypesare typicallyfoundin northern and westernEurope (Steinbergand Cook 1981), and therangeshere for theAmishand Meridiansamples) are a bit lowerand morecon(except sistentwithwhatis typicalof easternand southernEuropeanpopulations. Seventeenindividualsexhibitthe phenotypeslisted in the last three columnsofTable 2. These phenotypes cannotbe explainedsolelybythemost common European haplotypes[e.g., IGHG*A,Z G, IGHG*A,X,Z G, and referred to as IGHG*F 5)] (Steinbergand Cook IGHG*F B0,1,3,5 (hereafter is 1981). Pedigreeanalysis necessaryto establishwithcertaintythe haplotypesinvolved.However,some of thephenotypesare probablytheresultof This content downloaded from 140.160.178.72 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 17:59:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ET AL. 54 /MARTIN of Haplotype in SeveralAnabaptist Table 4. Distribution Frequencies Congregations andCommunities N Population Amish (Indiana) 86 Kansas Mennonites Alexanderwohl 166 Goessei 49 Tabor 83 Kansas 266 Community Meridian 60 Nebraska Mennonites Bethesda 189 (Standard Error) Haplotype Frequency Bb Bc IGHG3*: Ga Ga *: A F IGHG1 A,X Z,A 0.196 0.170 0.628 0.006 (0.030) (0.029) (0.037) (0.006) 0.131 (0.019) 0.123 (0.033) 0.143 (0.027) 0.131 (0.015) 0.290 (0.041) 0.110 (0.017) 0.092 (0.029) 0.092 (0.022) 0.104 (0.013) 0.151 (0.033) 0.750 (0.024) 0.765 (0.043) 0.753 (0.033) 0.752 (0.019) 0.542 (0.045) 0.009 (0.005) 0.020 (0.014) 0.012 (0.008) 0.013 (0.005) 0.0085 (0.0084) B,^ Z,A 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0085 (0.0084) 0.000 0.200 0.080 0.717 0.003 (0.021) (0.014) (0.023) (0.003) Henderson 41 0.254 0.075 0.671 0.000 0.000 (0.048) (0.029) (0.052) Nebraska 234 0.210 0.079 0.708 0.003 0.000 (0.019) (0.012) (0.021) (0.003) Community6 a. GMZ nottested forbutalways associated with GMG. b. Represents thehaplotype IGHG*F B0,1,3, 4,5. c. Represents thehaplotype IGHG*A,Z B0,1,3, 4,5. d. Represents thehaplotype IGHG*A,Z B0,3,5,S. e. Includes a fewunrelated ofanEvangelical Mennonite Brethren representatives congregation. Table5. Distribution andFrequencies ofKM 1 andIGK*1 N KM1 IGK*1 Population N.Indiana 2 0.011 88 Amish, Kansas Mennonites Meridian 0.027 56 3 congregation Alexanderwohl 14 101 0.072 Goessei 7 0.054 47 Tabor 2 0.077 19 Kansas 17 0.059 148 Communitya Nebraska Mennonites Bethesda 16 0.043 189 Henderson 41 0.037 3 Nebraska 22 0.048 234 Community3 a. Numbers reduced incommunity from sumiffirst-order relatives areincluded pool.In simple individuals. Mennonite Brethren theNebraska includes a fewEvangelical addition, Community This content downloaded from 140.160.178.72 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 17:59:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Ig HaplotypeFrequenciesin Anabaptists/55 a combinationof one of the threecommonEuropeanhaplotypeswithhaplotypestypicallyfoundin otherpopulations,such as the centralAsian or referred to as IGHG*A,Z AfricanhaplotypeIGHG*AyZBO,1,3,4,5 (hereafter B ) and the AfricanhaplotypeIGHG*A,Z BO,3,5,S (hereafterreferredto as IGHG*A,Z B,S). The six individualswithphenotypesGM A G,B and thetenindividuals withGM A,Z,F B resultmostlikelyfromthepresenceof the typicallyEucombinedwith ropeanhaplotypesIGHG*A,Z G andIGHG*F B, respectively, thecentralAsian or AfricanhaplotypeIGHG*A,Z B. The sampleswere not testedfortheA2M markers,so thecentralAsian haplotype,associatedwith fromtheAfricanhaplotype,associatedwith A2M 1, cannotbe distinguished A2M 2 (Stevensonet al. 1985). The IGHG*A,Z B haplotypeis foundin centralEuropeans(Stevensonand Schanfield1981). contemporary The one GM A,Z B,G,S phenotypefoundin theMeridiancongregation is probablydue to theEuropeanhaplotypeIGHG*A,Z G combinedwiththe AfricanhaplotypeIGHG*A,Z B,S. predominantly IGK*1 frequenciesare variablein Europe withno apparentcline and rangein centralEuropean populationsfrom0.035 in Croatiansto 0.253 in theSwiss (Steinbergand Cook 1981; Stevensonand Schanfield1981). Some of theKansas Mennonitescould notbe testedforIGK*1 because of insufficientblood samples. The gene frequenciesrangefrom0.011 in the Amish sampleto 0.077 in theTabor sample.Overall,frequenciesare relativelylow comparedwithfrequenciesobservedin Europe.Thereis no apparentpattern of thisallele in Europe. in thedistribution Contingencychi-squaretestswere performedon the Kansas (xf6) = and Nebraska(xf4)= 0.44, notsignificant) 2.59, notsignificant) Community bothcomwithin differences of The absence significant statistically samples. munitiesprecludedtheneedto subdivideeitherforthecontingency chi-square varanalysisof theAnabaptistpopulationsamples.Considerableintergroup was demonstrated was that Amish, (e.g., statistically significant iability Kansas, Meridian,Nebraskasamples) (x%} = 22.63, 0.005 < p < 0.01). The principalcomponentsanalysesare presentedgraphicallyin Figures Five geneticsystems 3 and 4 forseven and fifteen populations,respectively. are used in theseanalyses,and populations,takingintoaccountsample size, of the are plottedby theireigenvectors,each weightedby themultiplication eigenvalue(Harpendingand Jenkins1973, squarerootof thecorresponding p. 187). The firstthreefactorsaccountfor51% of thevariance. In Figure 3 the seven populationsamples are plottedagainstthe first two factors,whichaccountfor45.6% of the variance.The Mennonitecongregationsamples are relativelyclose to each other,withthe Meridianand withtheotherMennonitesamples. Amishsamplesshowingtheleast affinity Tabor and Goessel lie closest Alexanderwohland its offshootcongregations to each other.Factor 1 separatesthe Amish fromthe othersamples and is weightedmost heavilyon ABO*A and IGHG*F B. Factor 2 separatesthe This content downloaded from 140.160.178.72 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 17:59:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ET AL. 56 /MARTIN 1.0 ? ez * ' z -n /0 ? i 1 0.5 - o Meridian! ? I j Henderson! ° o.o - I - 0 Amish ! i -0.5 -1.0 ° -1.0 1 ' oBethesd^ i Goesöel o o Alexanderwohl Tabjor° ; j 1 ' -0.5 1 0.0 v 1 0.5 ' ® 1.0 C2 3. Least-squares reduction Figure genetic mapofthesevenAnabaptist congregation samples. from alleles andfive lociwere usedtoconstruct theRmatrix. Frequencies eight genetic Meridiansampleand to a lesserextenttheHendersonsamplefromtheAmish and otherMennonitesamplesand is weightedmostheavilyon IGHG*A,Z G andABO*A. Factor3 accountsforonlyanother5.1% of thevarianceand thus was notincludedin thegeneticmap. theresultsof theprincipalcomponentsanalysisof Figure4 represents the Amish and Meridiancongregations, the Kansas MennoniteCommunity rel(Alexanderwohl,Goessei, and Tabor adjustedforremovalof first-order atives) and theNebraskaMennoniteCommunity(Bethesda,Henderson,and a few unrelatedmembersfroman Evangelical MennoniteBrethrencongregation),and 11 centralEuropeanpopulationsampleswiththe same fivegeneticsystems.The first threefactorsaccountfor88.5% ofthevariance.Factor 1 separatestheMeridianand Amishsamplesfromall otherEuropeansamples and fromthe two Communitysamples and is weightedon IGHG*F B and IGHG*A,X,Z G. Factor 2 also separatesthe Amish and Meridiansamples fromtheotherEuropeanand Anabaptistpopulationsamples and fromeach otherand is weightedon ABO*A. Factor3 is weightedmostlyon ABO*B and to a lesser extenton Rh D and KM and explainsonly an additional9% of thevariance;therefore it was notincludedin thegeneticmap. The Nebraska and Kansas communitiesare centrallyclustered with other European populations. Discussion The low numbersof GM phenotypes(5-7) and haplotypes(3-5) for thesesamplesreflecttheirhistoryof relativeisolation.Five to 7 phenotypes This content downloaded from 140.160.178.72 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 17:59:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Ig HaplotypeFrequenciesin Anabaptists/57 1.0 ? 05 c * e* X ~~ : Meridián Nebraska Î i 11 - -° 1/2 _q g _^ Q O -1.0 Amishj o 1 1 -0.5 <> i ; 7j °ji4 .10 • !«° °«7 65Ff ,V"Z 3° !4 Kjansas 1 i 1 0.0 ! ! ~ ! j i 0.5 1 Ô 1.0 + ^ 1/2 4. Least-squares reduction with Figure genetic mapof4 Anabaptist population samples compared 11 European from alleles andfivegenetic loci population samples. Frequencies eight were usedtoconstruct theRmatrix. (1)Austria (Vienna), (2)Croatia, (3)Czech Republic (central Bohemia), (4) Germany (5) Germany (Munich), (6) Germany (Freiburg), (Rheinland-Pfalz), (7)Hungary (8)Netherlands, (9)Poland (Krakow), (10) (Budapest), Poland Forreferences refer toTable3. (Lower Silesia), (11)Switzerland. is fewrelativeto the20 or morefoundin a tri-ethnic hybridpopulationsuch as the Black Caribs of CentralAmerica (Crawford1983; Schanfieldet al. in European 1984). At least thatmanyphenotypesare usuallydemonstrated populationsamples [e.g., Stevensonand Schanfield(1981)]. However,Anabaptisthistoryis a chronicleof repeatedmigrationsand fissionsand in some cases fusionsof varioussubgroups. The Amishbecamereproductively isolatedfrommostMennonitesearly in Anabaptisthistory.This is forcefully demonstrated by theprincipalcomponentsanalyses,in whichthe Amish are clearlyisolated relativeto other populationsin thethree-dimensional plots.Theyare distinguished by thefirst and second factorsin Figures 3 and 4, respectively.The extremesin gene frequencies[includingrelativelyhigh frequenciesof ABO*A, MNS*N, and RH d and comparatively low frequenciesof AB0*0, ABO*B> MNS*N, and RH D notedby Juberget al. (1971)] do not obscuretheirorigins,however. Most oftheancestorsoftheAmisharederivedfromSwitzerlandand southern Germany.The haplotypefrequencyforIGHG*F B is second lowestforthe Anabaptistpopulationsof this studyand the haplotypeIGHG*A,Z G frequencyis relativelyhigh,but theselevels are similarto frequenciesin conSwiss and close to frequenciesfoundin contemporary residentsof temporary southernGermanyand theNetherlands. the Amish IGHG*A,X,Z By contrast, This content downloaded from 140.160.178.72 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 17:59:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ET AL. 58 /MARTIN residentsofSwitzerland, G frequenciesarehighevenrelativeto contemporary whichmaypartlybe due to thesmalland probablyunrepresentative founding population. of the Kansas and NebraskaMennonite Studyof the geneticstructure communitiesand congregationsalso suggestsparallels with history.The from foundinggroupforthe Nebraskacommunityincludedrepresentatives boththeRussianMolotschnaand Chortitzacolonies,butin generaltheethnic originsof bothgroupsare essentiallythe same. As expected,the GM haplotypefrequenciesforthe Kansas and Nebraskacommunitiesare similarto fromeach thefrequenciesforcentralEurope and are only slightlydifferent other. The Meridiancongregationis a melangeof Russian and Pennsylvania to be GermanMennonites,althoughone would expectits geneticstructure intermediate relativeto theAmishand otherKansas Mennonites.This is not in thehaplotypefrequenciesfortheGM system.The Meridianconreflected gregationdisplaysthethelowestIGHG*F B, thehighestIGHG*AyZG, and the second highestIGHG*A,X,ZG frequencies.This patternmay be due to samplebias butis also suggestiveof a uniquehistory. Overall,theseresultsare consistentwiththeanalysesof Crawfordet al. noted (1989) usingredcell antigensand blood proteins.The maindifference is theincreaseddistinctiveness of theMeridiancongregation'sgeneticstructurewhenGM is includedin theanalysis. Conclusions The presentation of immunoglobulin phenotypeand haplotypedistributionsforthe Anabaptistpopulationsamples do not reveal any surprises. The patternsin thephenotypicand genotypicfrequenciesare consistentwith expectationsbased on thecentraland westernEuropeanoriginsof thepopulationsinvolved.Theirrelativeisolationfromoutsidersis reflectedin the low numberof haplotypesand phenotypes. within Contingency chi-squareanalysesalso reveallittleheterogeneity the Kansas and NebraskaMennonitecommunities.By contrast,significant is evidentwhenthetwocommunities are partof a contingency heterogeneity chi-squareanalysisthatalso includestheAmishand Meridiansamples. Except forthe Meridiancongregation(whichhas a unique originand composition),the Kansas and NebraskaMennonitesgrouptogetherand are close to othercentralEuropeanpopulationsin graphicrepresentations of the resultssummarizing theprincipalcomponentsanalyses(Figures3 and4). The Meridianand Amishsamplesare outliersin bothfigures. This content downloaded from 140.160.178.72 on Wed, 22 Oct 2014 17:59:52 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Ig HaplotypeFrequenciesin Anabaptists/59 in partbytheNationalInstitutes was supported AcknowledgmentsThisresearch to thankDave Dentonof Western We wish AGO 1646-03. of Healththrough grant ofFigures1 and2, S. Hsia for media services preparation Washington University's Red Crossstaffat theNationalHeadfortheAmishbloodsamples,theAmerican thesamples,andtheAmishandMennonite forimmunoglobulin allotyping quarters withthe We thank RectorAryaforhisassistance in this who took study. part people for their our reviewers and helpful suggestions. analyses components principal 1995. received27 February Received22 December1993; revision Literature Cited inOldColony Mennonites. 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