Chapter 1: John Fowles and the masculinity myth.

N otes
Chapter 1: John Fowles and the masculinity myth.
1.
2.
3.
S. Alien (tlll/.). Conditions of lllumm: Papers from till WQmm'j MOIJtfnZ1!I
(Leeds.: Feminist Books, 1974), p.I09.
John Fowles, Dalli41 Marlin (SI Albans: Triad/ Panther, 1978), p.7. All
further references to J ohn Fowles's book-length works are given in
abbreviated [ann as in the Preface.
1 owe the fannu la tion of this point to Beatrix CampbdJ in a discussion
which she led at Hull Unive~i ly in 1982. See A. CoOteand B. Campbell,
Swtel Freedom: The Slrugglefor Wamt'II's Lihoalion (London: Pan, 1982),
p.240.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
J I.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
A. Toison, TIu Limits of Mascu1inily (London: Tavislock, 1977), pp. 13,
51.
ibid. p.24.
ibid. p.25.
Jeffrcy Weeks, Sex, Politics and Sot:itry (London: Longmans, 1981), p.7.
S. Benton, 'Adam and Eve' in New Socialist, 11 (May-June 1983), p.19.
ibid. p.19.
D. Hall, 'J ohn Fowles's garden' in &quire, 98 (October 1982), p.96.
R. Boston, 'John Fowles, alone but nOI lonely' in New Tork TiTIW BooA
Rwiew (9 Novembe r 1969), p.2.
R. Huffaker, John Fowlts (Boston, Mass.: G.K. H all, 1980), p.22.
S. Benlon, 'Adam and Eve' in New Soa4/isJ, ]I (May-J une 1983), p. 18.
R. K. Singh, 'An encounter wit h J ohn Fowles' in Joumal of MiXWn
Li~rtllu.re 8, 2 (1980), p.195.
J. Campbell, ' An interview with John Fowles' in ConkmPOrtlry LiteraJure,
17,4 (1976), p.467.
R. Boslon, 'J ohn Fowles, alone but not lonely' in New Tork TiTIW Book
Rtview (9 November 1969), p.2.
J. Campbdl, 'An interview wilhJohn Fowles' in Conkmporary Litera/we,
17,4 (1976), p.467.
S. Benton, 'Adam and Eve' in New SocialisJ, I I (May-J une 1983), p. 18.
ibid. p.19.
.
165
NOTES TO PAGES 11·21
P. Conradi, John FowUs (London: Meth uen, 19B2), p.9L
john Fowles, 'Notes on an unfinished novel' in The Noutl Today, ed. M.
Bradbury, (London: Fontana, 1982), p.146.
22. J Campbdl, 'An interview with J ohn Fowles' in Umumporary LiI"ature,
17,4 (1976), p.465.
23.
For some infonnation on the Zen influences on Fowles see R. H uIfaker,
JOOn FowJu (Boston, Mass.: G. K . Hall, 1980), p.17, where H uffa ker
quotes a let ter from Fowles about his reading of Alan Watt's The Wayof
Zrn during the 19505. See also Fowles's essay, 'Seeing na ture whole' in
Harptr's Maga~int, 259 (November 1979), pp.49·68.
24.
A. Carter, The Sadtian Woman (London , Virago, 1979), p.5.
25.
E. Trudgill, Madonnas and Magdalms (New York: Holmes and Meier,
1976), p.28.
26.
R. K. Singh, 'An encounter wi th john Fowles' in Joumnl of Mod"n
LiUTatIJ.re, 8, 2 (1980), pp.I89-90.
27.
S. Benton, 'Adam and Eve' in New SociIJlist, 11 (May-J une 1983), p.18.
28,
ibid. p.19.
29.
N. Frye, The &rulDrScriptIJ.re (Cambr idge, Mass.: H arvard, 1976), p.I04.
30.
R. Huffaker, John FowUs (Boston, Mass.: G. K . Hall, 1980), p.26.
31.
L. Sage, 'John Fowles' in The New Rzuitw, (I October 1974), p.37.
32.
R. H uffaker, John FowUs (Boston, Mass.: G. K . Hall, 1980), p.117.
33. ibid. pp.24-5.
E. Reynaud, Holy VirililJ: The Social Construction of Maswlinity (London:
34.
Pluto, 1983), p.77.
35.
S. H eath, The SaUQI Fix (London: Macmillan, 1982), p. 126.
36.
ibid. p.89.
37,
M. Bragg, 'In terview with john Fowlcs' from 'The South Bank Show'
London Weekend T elevision, transcript P/NO 801 03, 1982, p.3.
38.
In his interview with Raman Singh, Fowlesdescribesan 'assistant professor
of psychiatry at H arvard [who] wrote a very interesting article about The
Frrnch Lirotenant's WOI7UIn. Hetreated it asapatient and analyzedthe book. I
don't go all the way wi th his analysis, but I go totally with his theory that
novelists are genetically made; and then by CirCUTnSlancesover which you
have no control in the first fewyearsof your life.' f-I e laterreturnstothe topic
of Rose's essay and says that all writing'is therapy, isn't i!? All writers must
have a tremendous fIX; they're obsessive. This is what'ssomarvellousabout
this psychiatrist's... analysis of why people write. Why is it that you're
never satisfied? Why do you go on trying, trying, trying again? Obviously
what you're trying to do is-this is my theory-trying to achieve some
primal state ofperiection and total happiness, which you're doomed never
to experience because you'll never beone year old again... You'redoomed
to be on an eternal hunt.' See R. K . Singh, 'An encounter with J ohn Fowles'
inJoumal of Modem Liltralure, 8, 2 (1980), pp.184·5 and pp.I99·2QO.
39.
G . Rose, 'The FreflCh LieuunanJ'S Woman: The uncon5Cious significanceofa
novel to its author' in American Imago, 29 (Summer 1972), p.171
20.
21.
166
I
NOTES T O PAGES 21·25
40.
41.
42.
43.
H.
45.
16.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
ibid. pp.I69-70.
J ohn Fowlt$, ' Hardy and the H ag' in TIunnas HardyAfw Fifty r tars, ed. L.
Stjohn Butle r, (London: Macmi!Jan, 1977), p.3 1.
ibid. p.31.
ibid. pAl.
ibid. p.28.
ibid. p.29.
ibid. p.33.
L. Sage, 'J ohn Fowles' in TheNfw Reui~ (1 October 1974), p.35.
John Fowles, ' Hardy and the Hag' in Thomas HardyAft"Fifty rears, ed. L.
Stjohn Butler, (London: M acmillan, 1977), pp.37-8.
ibid, p.35.
ibid. p.40.
ibid, p.36.
ibid. p.40.
D. HaJpern, 'A sort of exile in Lyme Regis' in London Magozirv: (10 M arch
1971), p.36.
Barry Olshen, for exa mple, says that Fowles 'wasan avowed feminist before
it was fashionable 10 be so, and somc:ofhis non·fiction pieces illustrate wi th
equal clarity his concern for the harmonious relations between the sexes',
which, in addition to its unquestion ingassumption thata mancan becalled
a feminist, seems to imply that the feminist project is aimed at achieving
'harmon ious relations between the sexes', which is tomiss its political edge
altogether. See B. Olmen, John FowUs (New York: Ungar, 1978), p. 14.
More questionable still is the approach taken by Peter Wolfe, who nOt only
seems unquestioningly to accept Fowles's views of the female principle: but
also puts his own view that 'v.umen's greate r capacity for faith and
imagination' is 'explainable biologically'. See P. Wolfe,John Fowlt.s, Magus
and Moralist (London: Associa ted University Press, 1979), p.40. Even Peter
Conradi, though hecommentson Fowles's 'oddlycomplacem' feminismas
we have seen, tends to leave that allegia nce and Fowles's notion of the
feminine principle unproblematic; a nd he goes so far as implicitly to
endorse Fowles's anxiety over radical feminism in this quotation from the
Singh interview: '''It always worrie5 me when 1 see the feminine principle
itself being attackc:d by women," he has understandably said.' See P.
Conradi, John FowUs (London: Methuen, 1982), p.91.
C. H ieatt, 'Elidut; revisited: John Fowles and Made de France' in English
Studie in Canada, 3 (Fall 1977), p.357.
j. Culler, On DtamSlfUClWn (London: Routle:dge and Kegan Paul, 1983),
p.55.
M . Bragg, ' Interview with J ohn Fowles' from 'The 50mh Bank Show'
London Weekend Television, transcript PINO 80 103, 1982, p.6.
B. Obhen and T. Olshen, John Fowlts; A Rtfmna GWk (Boston, M ass.:
G. K. H all, 1980), p''''iii.
L Sage, 'John Fowles' in The New RziMw, (I October 1974), p.35.
167
NOTES TO PAGES 27-46
NOTES TO PAGES '17·78
Clulpltr 2: Bll.Ubeard and the ooyeurs.
I.
2.
3.
••
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
I •.
IS.
16.
17.
18.
J. CampbeU, 'An interview with John Fowk:s' in ConlmlfXJrD'Y Liltralurt,
17, 'I ( 1976), pA57.
R. Newquist, 'J ohn Fowlcs' in COlmltrpuinl cd R. Newquist, (C hicago,
Ill.: Rand McNally, 1964), p.2 19.
M . Bragg, ' Imerview with John Fowles' from 'The South Bank Show'
London Weekend Television, transcript P/NO S0103, 1982: 'I thi nk I
know that aspect of Freud quite well. Tcan't thinkof anyclearcaseofone
saying, well this couldn't have happened. 1t'5 simply bccauscofthe way
it's described of course. Tt's C5SCntially in fICtional narrative temu
ahhough they were true: cases.'
Sce Phyllis Chcslcr, About Men (The Women's Press, 1978); Andrea
Dworkin, Portll)grapiry: Men POJ.UJSing W(lmtn (The WOlTII!n's Press, 1981 ),
chapter 2; Paul Hoch, Whit, Ht'fO Black &a1I: Racitm, Serimt and tk MQJk
(Ij Masculinity (London: Pluto, 1979), pp.7l, 75.
Sce chapter 5, p.W3.
Peter Wolfe, la/m Fowlts, M (lgu.r and MOTalisl (Lond on: Associated
U niversity Press, 1976), p.66.
ibid. p.72.
John Fowles, 'For the dark' in NewStal4man ( 18 Februal)' 1977), p .222.
SceJulict Mitc;hell and Jacqueline RO$C (o:Is), FnninwStnuUi!>,: Jacquu
Lacan and /he fule Frtud~nnt (London: Macmillan, 1982), pp.6, 32, 38.
Andrea Dworkin, PorwJgrapiry: Mm Ansasing W(lmtn (London: The
Women'5 Press, 1981 ), p.47.
Paul Hoch, Whiu Ht'fO BJack ikaJl: Racitm, Sexism and tk MQ.Jk ~
Masculinity (London: Pluto, 1979), p.74 qUOtes Malraux to this effect.
P. Conradi, John F(}W/u (London: Methuen, 1982), p.3i.
ibid. p.3S.
Olshen, J(lhn Fowlu (New York: Unger, 1978), p.W.
ibid. p.25.
J ohn Fowles, ' Hardy and the Hag' ill Tho1l14sHaTdyAjltrFif!>' rear1ed L.
St John Butlef (London: Macmillan. 1977), p.38.
R. Boston, 'John Fowlcs, alone but not lonelv' in Nw' rork Timts Book
Rtt'im. (9 November 1969). p.2.
.
Michel Foucault, TM Hut0'Y oJ Stxu4lilJ: An lnJ.rOOuclWn, If. R. Hurley
(Hannondswofth: Penguin, 1981 ), pp.62.3.
a.
2.
3.
••5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
I •.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Chapltr 3: Masculinily on trial.
21.
22.
23.
I.
I have. ch?SCn t'? use.the ~ rigjnal version of The Magus as the primary text
for thLs dLscusslOn sLIlce Lt allows a sense of t he historical shift between
168
24.
25.
Fowlcs's views of men in the 19505 and 196<b (when he conceived and
wrote the book) and his views in the later novels. The revised version is
referred to at points when the changes are of particular interest.
B. Olshen, John F(}WUs (New York: U ngar, 1978), p.S3.
R. Binns, ' A new version of The Magus' in Cril.it:al Qp.arltrry, 19, 'I (1977),
p.83.
J ohn Fowles, 'The trouble with starlets' in Holid4y, 39 Uune 1966), p.17 .
J. Campbell, 'An interview with J ohn Fowlcs' in Conlmlporary Literalurt,
17,4 ( 1976), pA66.
ibid. pASS. Sce L. Sage, 'Joh n Fowles' in TM NW! Reuitw (I October
1974), p.33 for the same vW:w.
Sce the summary of Tolson's views given in chapter 5, footnote 5, on
p. 172.
R. Huffaker, JrJrn F(I(l}Us (Boston, MMS.: G.K. Hall, 1980), p.47.
D. Halpem, 'A sort of exile in Lymc Regis' in LotuJon Maga.r.in4 (IO Mareh
1971 ), p.46; J. Campbcll, 'An interview with J ohn Fowlcs' in
ConltmptJra'Y Liltralurt, 17,4 (1976), p.463.
John Fowles, 'Notes on an unfinished novel' in The Novel TrxJay, cd M.
Bradbury (London: Fontana, 1982), pp.I46.7.
R. Singh, 'An encoun ter with J oh n Fowles' inJ(lumaioj MlHItrn Liltralure,
8,2 (1980), p.197.
John Fowles, 'The Falklands and a death foretold' in The GuDrdi4n (\4
August 1982), p.7.
L.R.Edwards, 'Changing OUf imaginations' in MassodwseltJ Reuiew, 11
(Summer 1970), p.607.
D. Halpem, 'A sort ofexile in LymeRcgis' in LondLJnMa~ ( IOMarch
1971 ), p.3S.
R. Singh, 'An encoun ter with John Fowles' inJ(lumaioj MIHItrn LiteralLllt,
8,2 (1980), p.186.
See A. Tolson, TM Limilsoj M Q.Jtulinil) (London: Tavistock, 1977), p.IIS:
'Men hang on 10 th is instilU tion, 1I0t simply fOf chauvinist motives, Of
because they do not posst.'SS the personal courage to change, but because
they cannot foresee a future beyond its delenn ina tion.'
P. Wolfc, John Fowles, Magus and M(lraiul (London: Associa ted
University Press, 1976). p.116.
R. Huffaker, John F(I(l}Ies (Boston, Mass.: G.K. Hall, 1980), p.67.
O. H alpem, 'A sort ofexile in Lyme Regis' in London Maga6N ( IO March
1971 ), p.3S.
J. Campbcll, ' An interview with John Fowlcs' in ConlDnporary LittroJurt,
17,4 (1976), pp.457, 458.
J ohn Fowles, ' For the dark' in NttiJ SlaJe.mUln, (18 February 1977), p.222.
J ohn Fowlcs, PI)t77U (New York: Ecco P ress, 1973), p.2.
R. Huffakef, John FowUs (Boston, Mass.: C.K. Hall, 1980). p.286.
ibid. p.28.
C. Hicau, 'Eliduc revisi ted: J ohn FowlC$ and Marie de France' in English
169
NOTES TO PAGES 78-91
26.
27.
28.
Studies in CaMda, 3 (Fall, 1977), p.35i. I have neglected the relevant
stOries from T/w Ebony T _ for reasons of space, but David Williams's
guilty nination with imaginary infidelily makes him a slightly more •
sympathetic $Iudy of the: same duplicity as Urfe'" while Breasky is a
cruder and more overtly patriarchal Conchi,.
R. Huffaker,]oJm Fowlu (Boston, Mass.: G. K . H all, 1980), p.44.
R . Robi nson, 'Giving the reader a choice- a conversation wi th John
Fowlcs' in TIw Lulmn (3 1 October 1974), p.58i.
John Fowlcs. Poems (New York: £CCo Press, 1973), pp.viii-ix..
NOTES TO PAGES92-1 16
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Chapter 4: Tht figurt in the uncQnscious.
I.
2.
3.
i.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11 .
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
M. Bragg, ' Interview wi th John Fowles' from 'The South Bank Show',
London Weekc:nd Television, transcript P/NO 80103, 1982, p.3.
ibid. p.lO.
ibid. p. 7.
ibid. pA.
J ohn Fowlcs, 'Notes on an unfi nished nove::I' in TIw Nuvel Today ed M .
Bradbury (London: Fomana, 1982), p. 138.
E. Trudgill, ModorInas and Magdalms (New York: Holma and Me::ic::r,
1976), p. IO!.
B. Ha lTison, &paroU Spltms (London: Croom He::lm, 1978), pp.97-8.
R . Tannahill, So: in Hut()ry (London: H amish Hamilton, 1980), p.353.
See espc::cially Michel Foucauit, The History of SUUlIli!J: An Introduction
(HannondSWQnh: Pc::nguin, 198 1), passim.
F. Harrison, Tk Dark. AngeL· Asptas of Victorian Sexuo1i!J (London:
Fontana, 1979), p.8.
J. Weeks, Stx, Politics and SocUty (London: Longmans, 198 1), p.38.
ibid. p.39.
ibid. p.W.
R .L. Stc::vc::nson, Or ]tkyll and Mr Hyde (London: Collins. 1958), p.62.
M. Bragg, 'Intervic:w with J ohn Fowlcs' from 'The Soul h Bank Show',
London Weekc:nd Te::levision, transcript P/NO 80103, 1982, p.33.
Sa-chapte::r I, pp.1 2-14.
Z. Fairbaims, Stand Wt AI Lasl (London: Virago, 1983), p.230.
John Fowles, 'Notes on an unfUl ished novel' in TIu Novel Today ed M .
Bradbury (London: Fontana, 1982), p.li l.
John Fowles, ' Hardy and the H ag' in TMmas HardyAjkrFifty rtOrsed L
StJohn Butle::r (London: Macmillan, 1977), p.28.
John Fow1es, 'NolCS on an unfUlished novel' in TIu Novel Today ed M.
Brad bury (London: Fontana, 1982), p.l i2.
P. Conradi, ]uhn Fowlts (London: Me::lhue::n, 1982), p.67.
E. Mansfltld, 'A seq uence of e::nd ings: the:: manuscripts of TIw Frul£h
Lindtnt11l1'S Wtmlan' in Journal of Modern Lillra/urt, 8, 2 (1980-1), p.28i.
170
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
S. Bc::nton, 'Adam and Eve::' in New SonaJut, 11 (M ay-June:: 1983), p.1 9.
R. Tannahill, Su: in History (London: H amish HamiltOn, 1980), p.356,
quotes from Lc::opold Ocslandes. Manhood: Tilt Qzusu of its Pmnturm
Dtdilll wilh Dir«tiansfrn Pnj«I/Wt()mJion (18i3) to the effeet that sex with
a prostitute was 'gene::rally attended with 1essderangc::ment' than sex wi th
a wife.
John Fowlcs, 'NolCS on a n unfinished novel' in TIw .NoUlI T od4y ed M.
Bradbury (London: Fontana, 1982), pp. I W- 1.
E. Mansfidd, A sequence of endings: the:: manUS(:riplS of Tilt Frendl
Lieullnant's Woman' in ]oumaJ of Modem. LiuraJurt, 8, 2 (1980-1 ), p.281.
M. Bragg, ' Intc::rvic:w with JOM Fowles' from 'The South Bank Show',
London We:e:kc: nd Tdevision, transcript P/ NO 80 103, 1982, pp.3, 26.
L R. Edwa rds, 'Changing our imaginations', Massachustl/s Review, 11
(S umme::r 1970), p.G07.
E. Mansfl(:ki, A sc::que::ncc of e::ndings.: the:: manuscripu of Till Frtmh
LiMnrDnl's Woman' in ]oumal. of Modem. LileraJurt, 8, 2 (1980- 1), p.281.
John Fowles, 'Notes on an unfmishcd novel' in Tilt Noud Todayed M.
Bradbury (London: Fontana, 1982), p. l i7.
M . Bragg, ' Inte::rvie::w wit h John Fowles' from 'The: Soulh Ba nk Show',
b.<Jndon We:e::ke::nd Tde::vision, transcript P/NO 80103, 1982, p.16.
StJe chapte::r I, pp.20--3.
P. Wolfe::, ]oIui FowUs, Magus and Mrnalist (London: Associated
Univenity Prc::u, 1976), p. 153.
F. H arrison, Tht /Ja,k AngeL· Aspects of IIict0ri6n Stxualily (London:
Fomana, 1979), pp.31-2.
R . Tannahill, £Ox in Hut()ry (London: H amish Hamil ton, 1980), p.383.
ibid. p.38i.
. ibid. p.38i, foolnoce::.
John Fowlcs. ' Hardy and lhe H ag' in TIttmras HardyAfllr Fif!J rtOTJcd L
SI John Bulle: r (London: Macmillan, 1977), p.36.
ibid. p.i I.
ibid. p.35.
G. Rose, 'T", FTtru.h !..UuUnanl'S Woman: the:: unconsc iouuigniflCanceofa
novel to its author' in American Imago, 29 (Summer 1972), p.175.
John Fowles, 'Notes on an unfinished novel' in TIre.Novel Todayed M.
8 radbury (London: Fontana, 1982), p.l36.
M . Bragg, ' Inte::rvic:w wi th John Fowlc:s' from 'The: Soulh Bank Show',
London We::ekc:nd Tde::vision, transcript P/ NO 80103, 1982, p.3.
Olapter 5: Escaping tk script- the politics
I.
2.
3.
DJ change
A Gor-t, FarWJtJJ 10 till Wrnking Cla.u (London: Pluto, 1982), p.85.
ibid. p.85.
ibid. p.85.
171
NOT ES TO PAGES 116-128
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
S. Rento n, 'Adam and Eve' in New.'iocialisl, I1 (May-J une 1983) p.19.
&e A. Tolson, The Limits of Mllfcuiiniry(London: Tavistock, 1977). In this
study, Tolson examines what he sees as a post-war 'crisis' in masculinit y
among middle-dass professiona l men in tenns very simila r to those
employed by Fowles in Daniel Marlin. What Tolson calls 'the defensive
insecurity of men in post·war society' (p.16), is seen as the result of
tensions within contemporary society and capitalism which have
undenn ined the masculine 'presence'. With middle-class men, T olson
argues, the imperialistic, public-school values on which their notions of
male identity had been constructed we re severc:ly eroded by the
exper ie nce of tWO world waI'J and the in tensifying of capitalistic
attitudes. Those values, which included a n acceptance of hierarchy,
duty, privilege, competitiveness, success and emotional repression, have
inte nsified the demands of male roles to a degr-ee that a 'crisis of
confidence' (p.86) has set in. Tolson comments: 'At work, the crisis has
been met, in typ ical masculine fashion, by a withdrawal into cynicism
covering up a sense of disill usionment.' The young male careerist's
experience of the work world 'slowly compromises a man's heroic
visions', and the disillusioned professional, trapped in a world he has
helped create and from which he benefits in terms of powe r and money,
has only two recourses-either pUI'Jue his career with 'overtly cynical
calculation' or retreat back 'to the focus of all his patriarchal attitudes:
the home and the family' (pp.88-91).
One point to notice about T oison's fonnulation, as he points out, is
that 'the alienation of middle-class men, being due less to direct
exploitation and more to complex ideological contradictions, is
psychological in character. It is, as I have described, a crisis in personal
identifICation.' T he point is important, [or to ta lk of a 'crisis' in middledass masculin ity is obviously to beg a lot of questions. Men still wield and
benefi t from social and economic dominance and privilege. Their
experie nce, \hereforc:, of the contradictions and distortions of the social
orde r from which they be nefit is felt, if at all, as a psychological
dissatiriaction rathe r than an economic oppression. It is this that, in
Toison's view, leads the middle-class male to an identity crisis whose
resolutio n is often pUI'Jued through sexual relationships (p.lOO). Of
course, Tolson's ana lysis needs reframing for the 198Ds given the
experience of unemployment among middle-class men.
M . C USS/M, 'T alk with John Fowles' in Nw; rOTA: Timts &ok. Review (13
November 1977), p.84.
P. Conradi, John Ff)Wies (London: Methuen, 1982), p.9S.
D. H all, 'John Fowles's garden' in Esquirt, 98 (October 1982), p.~.
Set J . Mitchell and J Rose, Fffllinine Sexualiry: J~qVtS Loam and IM Ecoie
Frtudienne (London: Mac m illan, 1982), pp.6, 13, 32, 38. In J uliet
Mitchell's words, the castration com plex is 'the focal point of the
acquisition of cult ure; it operates as a law whereby men and women
172
NOT ES TO PAGES 137-147
10.
i I.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
assume the ir humanity and, inextricably bou nd up with this, it gives the
human meaning of the dist inc tion between the sexes.' (ibid. p. 13) T his
'human meaning' is the organisation of the infant into the category of
either male or female and the acquisition of power by the male through a
den ial of the potential for being 'not male'.
&e A. Tolson, The Limits of Mllfcu/inity (London: Tavistock, 1917,
pp.IIS-16: T olson describes the 'socio-sexual contradiction' that the 'crisis
of middle-class masculi nity is counterposed to the emancipation of
middle-dass women. As insecure careerisrs, as drop-outs, for the
historical reasons I have outlined, middle-class men have been growing
more and more dependent on images of domesticity; j ust as women
themselves have been breaking these images apa n . And this socio-sexual
contradiction has inev itably been experienced, especially by women, asa
bitter struggle. Women have only been ab le to assert their independence
at the expense of me n, who were, so to speak, moving in the opposite
direction. '
M. Gussow, 'Talk with John Fowles' in New rOTA: Tima &ok Review (13
November 1977), p.3.
D. H all, 'Joh n Fowles's garden' in Esquirt, 98 (October 1982), p.94.
M. Gussow, 'Talk with Joh n Fowles' in New rork Times Book Review( 13
November 1977), p.84.
ibid. p.3.
R. K. Singh, 'An encounter with John Fowles' in Journal of Modem
Literature, 8, 2 (1980), p.187.
M. Gu5SOW, 'T alk wi th John Fowks' in New rorA: Times &ok Review (13
November 1917), p_M.
John Fowles, 'I write therefore I am' in El)t1green Review, 8
(August-Septembe r 1964), p.89.
J ohn Fowles, 'The Falklands a nd a death foretold' in The GUllTdian (14
August 1982), p.7.
M . C ussow, 'Talk with John Fowles' in Nw; rOtA: Times &ok Review (13
November 1977), p.BS.
S. Benton , 'Adam and Eve' in New Socialist, II (M ay-J une 1983), p. 18.
J. CampbeU, 'An interview with John Fowles' in Contemporary Literature,
17,4 (1976), pp.468-9.
M. Gussow, 'Talk with J oh n Fowles' in Nw; rOtA: Timts Book Review (13
November 1977), p.8S.
R. H uffaker, John Fowles (Boston, Mass.: C. K. Hall, 1980), p.3S.
D. H alpem, 'A SOrt of exile in Lyme Regis' in London Magazint (10 March
197 1), p.36.
Chapter 6: M en, will they ever grow up?
l.
D. Lodge, 'Bibliosexuality' in The Swulay Times (10 October 1982).
173
NOT ES T O PAGES 153-175
NOT ES TO PAGES 148-153
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
~5.
See S. Freud, Jokes and Tmir Relation to tk Unconscious, eel J Slrachey
(H annondsworth: Penguin, 1981).
S. Bem on, 'Adam and Eve' in New Sl'Xialist, 11 (May-J une 1983), p.19.
D. H alpem, 'A sort of exile in Lyme Regis' in London Magat.ine(I O March
1971), pp.39-40.
D. Hall, 'John Fowles's garden' in Esquirt, 98 (October 1982), p.92.
Set C.G. J ung, Aion: Restardlts into tJu Pknotntlwiogy oJ tJu Self (Dlllttltd
Works oJG.G. ]W/g, vol.9, part 11), Ir. R _F.C. Hull (London: Roulledge
and Kegan Paul, 1959), pp. 12-20.
O. H all, 'John Fowles's garden' in Esquirt, 98 (October 1982), p.92.
S. Benton, 'Adam and Eve' in Ntw Socwlisl, 11 (May-June 1983), p.J8.
D. H all, 'J ohn Fowles's garden' in Esquirt, 98 (October 1982), p.92.
S. Benton, 'Adam and Eve' in New Socialist, 11 (May-Ju ne 1983), p.19.
ibid. p.19.
The tenn is employed by M. C hamey, Sexutli Fietion (London: Melhuen,
1981) as a generic lenn whose limits arc apparent in me absence of any
real sexual politics in Chamey's argu me nts.
R. Stolley, 'The Fre nch Lieutenant's Woman's Ma n' in LiJe. 29 (May
1970), p.58.
ibid. p.58.
S. Ben ton, ' Adam and Eve' in New &idaiist. II (May-J une 1983), p.19.
A. Carler, TJu SadeiClI/ Woman (London: Virago, 1979), p.19.
ibid. p.17.
ibid. p.19.
See for exampleJ. Seaton, ' Private Lives, Public D isplay' inNew Socialist,
8 (November-December 1982), pp.24-5; and, for the re plies to SealOn,
New SrxitJiisl, 9 Vanuary- Febroary 1983), pp.S-6, and 10{March-April,
1983), p.41.
B. Brow n, 'A feminist interest in pornography: some modest proposals' in
m1J5-6 (1981), p.7.
ibid. pp.6-7.
S. Sontag, 'T he pornographic imagination' in Tm SloryoJIJu E)'l, by G.
Bataille (Hannondswo rth: Penguin, 1982), pp.96, 98.
.
J. M ilchell a oo j Rose, Feminine Sexuality: }tuquzs Lacan and tJu &olt
Frwditnne (Londo n: M acmillan, 1982), p.47: as J acqueline Rose puts it,
Laca n's view is tha t within me process or language, 'woman is
COnstructed as an absolute category (excluded and elevated at one and
the same time), a category which serves to guarantee that unity [of the
subject] on the side of the man. The ma n places the woman at the basis of
his fantasy, or constitutes fan tasy through the woman.' It is the
'construction of woman as a category within language' that both
difTe rentiau:s and valida tes male prerogatives.
T. EaglelOn, Liltlary Tkory: An Introduction (Oxford: Blackwdl, 19B3),
p.48.
In his 1977 review of Morris Fraser's rm £kaJh oJ Narcissus, Fowles
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
suggests the significance of the cuckoo-dock motif he later uses in
MlUIlissa. Speaking ironically, supposedly on behalf of what he calls the
'mandarin line' of the literary establishment, he berates 'these crude
psychiatrist fellows' like Fraser for meddling with the sources or
creativity: ' How dare Ihey suggest m a t dead write~ migh t once have
been living, fallible a nd as crammed with repe titive ha ng-ups as a room
full of cuckoo-clocks?' Fowles himself, on the other hand, finds 'studies
like Or Fraser's worth a Ion of traditional criticism', since, because of
them, '\ Ve [modem novelists] may know our own cuckoo-clocks or
psychic mechanisms better now.' See John Fowles, ' For the dark' in New
Sklltsman, (18 February 1977), pp.221-2.
J ohn Fowles, 'The trouble with starlets' in HolUkly, 39 Vune 1966), p.17.
ibid. pp. IS, 18.
See John Ellis, 'On Pornography' in &reen, 21, I (1980), pp.8 1-IOO, and
Paul WiHeman, 'Letter to John' in Smell, 21, 2 ( 1980), pp.53-56.
John Fowles, 'T he trouble wim Starlets' in HoiicUJy, 39 Vune 1966), p.18.
E. Wilson, Whal Is To & Dom About Viok/ICt Against Womtn?
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983), pp.I66.
W. Holloway, ' Heterosexual seX! power and desire for the other' in .&X
and LoIJ(: New ThoughLs on Oid DlnlTadiclions, cd SueCartlcdge andJoanna
Ryan (Londo n: The Women's Press, 19B3), p. 136.
ibid. pp. 138-9.
E. W ilson, What Is To & Jfimt AbQu/ Violt/ICt Agains/ Women?
(H annondsworth: Penguin, 1983), pp.J67-8.
l75