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Our Common Bond – Kirundi - Department of Immigration and
Igice ca 4 Australiya ya none Australiya n’imwe musi zishaje cane. N’ igihugu kigira 6 mu bunini kw’isi. 38 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Australiya ya none Muri izi mpapuro uraja kwiga igitumye Australiya iba igihugu kidasanzwe. Uraza kwiga ivyerekeye umuco w’iki gihugu cacu, ubuhinga bwo gutora ibintu bishasha, nibuturanga. Tugereranije kw’isi yose, Australiya n’igihugu gikerebutse cane mu rudandaza no mu gukomeza ubucuti n’abandi badandaza kandi kikaba igihugu gifise icubahiro kw’isi. Turashima cane ibikorwa vy’iterambere abimukira bashasha bazana mu gihugu cacu c’iterambere. Isi Australiya irisa mu nzira nyishi. Mu bihugu bininibini (continents) 7 bigize isi, Australiya niyo yonyene yabaye mu bukoloni bw’igihugu kimwe. Dufise abantu bake cane mw’isi nzima, abantu 2 gusa ku kilometerokare. Australiya ni imwe mu si zishaje cane. Ni igihugu kigira 6 mu bunini mw’isi yose. Irafise kandi igice kinini cumye kitabamwo abantu, mu bice vyinshi vya Australiya amazi aragoye kuboneka canke arazimvye cane. Igice kinini c’isi gifise ivu ridafise uburyohe ku biterwa, ibice 6% nivyo vyonyene bifise isi irimwo intabira kama. Ivyo bice vyumye cane bavyita “outback”. Abantu baba kandi bakorera muri ivyo bice barubahwa cane. Benshi muri bo babaye nkaho bobagize akaranga ka Australiya. Kubera Australiya ari igihugu kinini, ibihe birahindagurika cane bivanye n’igice umuntu aba mwo. Mu majaruguru haruma ariko atari cane n’ubugaragwa hagati. Mu bumanuko, ibipimo birahindagurika urushana rurimwo urubura mu mitumba hamwe rero n’ubushuhe bwinshi cane muci. Turetse za ntara zitandatu n’ibice bikukira intara bibiri, Leta ya Australiya irongoye kandi izi ntara ntoyi zikwirikira: Ashmore na Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Jervis Bay Territory, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island na McDonald Islands muri Antarctic Territory ya Australiya hamwe n’izinga bita “Norfolk Island”. Igice ca 4 - Australiya ya none 39 Ibibanza vy’isi birimwo iragi ry’abasokuru Ibabanza birenga 11kw’ijana mu isi bikingiwe n’Abasangwabutaka, ibibira canke amashamba cimeza bibungwabungwa hakurikijwe amategeko mpuza makungu akingira ibibira n’amashamaba cimeza. Ibibanza cumi n’indwi vya Australiya biri ku rutonde rwa akahise bakingira vy’ ishirahamwe ry’isi bita “the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)”. 40 Australian Fossil Mammal Sites muri South Australia na Queensland Gondwana Rainforests yo muri New South Wales na Queensland Kakadu National Park muri Northern Territory Fraser Island yo mu nkengera ya mu bumanuko bwa Queensland Great Barrier Reef muri Queensland Lord Howe Island mu nkengera of New South Wales Greater Blue Mountains mu burengero bwa Sydney Heard Island na McDonald Islands muri Australian Antarctic Territory Macquarie Island yo muri Tasmania yo mu bumanuko Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Purnululu National Park muri Western Australia Inzu ya Sydney Opera House Wet Tropics ya Queensland Royal Exhibition Building na Carlton Gardens muri Melbourne Tasmanian Wilderness Willandra Lakes muri New South Wales Turaguhimiriza ko wotomoza neza Australiya mugutemberera izo ntara n’ ibindi bimenyetso biteye imbere. Urashobora gutembera mu bugaragwa, ku nkengera y’amazi, mu misozi, amashamba cimeza. Intambwe yose utera igutuma wegera cane kuri ubu butaka bunini cane kandi irimwo ibintu vyinshi. Shark Bay muri Western Australia Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park muri bice vya Northern Territory Igice ca 4 - Australiya ya none 41 Igihugu cagutse cane Ubwaguke bwa Australiya bwatumye batora ibintu bishasha. Mumisi yambere, abantu baja hagati y’igihugu, kenshi bategerezwa kumara iminsi kugira babone umuganga. Abana benshi bo mu mashamba baba kure cane y’amashule. Vyari bigoye cane ku bantu baba hagati y’igihugu. Amafereme yashobora kuba angina n’ibirometero vyinshi. Abagore n’abana bahaba bashobora kumara iminsi myinshi batabonye uwundi muntu. Nta telephone zariho, abantu rero babona ko bari mugahinga kandi atamahoro. Ingorane nyinshi zaratorewe umuti n’abanya australiya b’icabwenge kandi bibihangange mu gutora ibintu bishasha. Ico bita “The pedal radio” Mu mwaka was 1929, Alfred Traegar, wo muri Adelaide, ni ho yakora iradiyo yambere ikoreshwa n’amaguru kugira ironke umuriro wokuvuga. Bene ayo maradiyo bashobora kuguma bayumviriza mu kunyonga n’amuguru yabo amapedale. Ubwo buryo bushasha bwarafashije imihana yibana, amashirahamwe akorera hagati y’igihugu n’abanyagihugu b’Abasangwabutaka (Aborigenes). Iyo radiyo yatumye abakenyezi bibana bonyenye bashobora kuronka abagenzi. Ishirahamwe ryitwa “The School of the Air” Gushika mu myaka ya 1950, abana baba ahagoye gushika bategerezwa kuba ku mashule afise uburaro canke bakiga biciye mu buryo bw’amakete. Adelaide Miethke, Icegera ca President (Vice President) wa Royal Flying Doctor Service mu ntara ya Australiya yo mu bumanuko (South Australia), yasanze ishirahamwe bita “Flying Doctor radio service“ ryofasha abana kuganira kw’iradiyo n’ abigisha babo i muhira. Ishirahamwe ryitwa Alice Springs service batanguye gukoresha iyo radiyo mu nyigisho guhera mu mwaka wa 1948. Ishule bise School of the Air ryaciye ritangura kama gukora mu myaka mike yakwirikiye. Ishule rya Australiya bita “School of he Air” yarafashije kandi ibindi bihugu vyinshi gutanguza amaporogarumu nkayo. Ya radiyo yakera ubu yasubiriwe n’amaradiyo tuzi, ariko amashirahamwe “Royal Flying Doctor Service” ya Australiya na ”the School of the Air“ arabandanya afasha abantu baba mu ntara zo hagati y’Australia. Iyo radio bise ”Pedal radio” yatumye habona amashirahamwe abiri akomeye cane ya Australiya, ariyo bita “the Royal Flying Doctor Service“ na “the School of the Air”. Ishihirahamwe ryitwa “The Royal Flying Doctor Service” Reverend John Flynn yaba kandi yakorana n’amakominoti yo hagati y’igihugu. Ico yashaka kwari ukuzana abaganga mu ndege hagati mu gihugu kuvura abasinzikaye. Yararonse imfashanyo ya Leta, ya ishirahamwe Qantas n’ayandi mashirahamwe afasha. Ishirahamwe “Royal Flying Doctor Service” ryatanguye mu 1928 ariko hari hakiri abantu mu gihugu hagati batashobora kuyihamagara. Umuzo w’iyo radio yatumye abantu bari mu birere vyakure bashobora guhamagara umuganga bitabanje guteba. 42 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Hari abana bagikoresha ya radiyo bita “School of the Air” mu ntara ya New South Wales Akaranga ka Australiya Akaranga k’Australiya kagizwe n’iragi twisangije, imico yacu, n’ubukerebutsi bw’abanyagihugu bacu. Inkino zo kunonora imitsi n’ukwinereza Abanyaustraliya nka bose barakunda inkino zo kunonora imitsi kandi benshi barabaye rurangiranwa kw’isi. Turahimbazwa cane n’ukuntu turi igihugu two kwita “good sports” (inkino nziza). Abanyaustraliya b’abagabo n’abakenyezi barateye igomwe baka bafatwa nk’abaserukira igihugu cacu mu makungu kubera umwete wabo, umutima bakinana n’ingene bakorera hamwe. Twihweje kahise kacu, inkino zaratumye Abanya Australiya bamenyekana kandi vyarafashije kwunga ubumwe bwacu. Kuva abantu batanguye kwimuka, inkono zarafashije kwibagira ibihe bigoye. No mu ntambara, abasirikare barategura inkino kugira biyibagize ivyo babona k’urugamba. Inkino kandi n’ikuntu abakinyi n’abarorezi bahurirako bakiyumvamwo ko hari co basangiye kandi gihambaye cane k’ubizima bwa Australiya. Abanyaustraliya benshi baritaba inkino. Izizwi cane nazo ni nka “Cricket, basketball, netball, hockey na football”. Ian Thorpe, yaronse umudari w’inzahabu incuro zitanu mu mahiganwa y’isi bita “Olympic” Kwoga, Tenis, athletics, golf n’ukunyonga ikinga biri mu nkino zizwi cane. Hari n’inkino Abanyaustraliya baba mu bambere kw’isi yose. Izindi nkino zo kunonora imitsi zizwi neza n’izobita “bushwalking, surfing na skiing”. Abanyaustraliya barakunda gukina no kurorera urukino rw’amaguru Football (ariyo bita soccer), “rugby league, rugby union na Australian Rules football.” Ico bita Aussie Rules n’urukino ruzwi gusa muri Australiya. Australiya irahimbawe cane n’ingene yamenyekanye kw’isi yose mu rukino bita “Cricket”. Abakinyi ba “cricket” b’Abanyaustraliya be n’Abongereza bamye bahiganwa bikomeye kuva mu kinjana ca 19. Igikombe bita “The Melbourne Cup” “Urukino ruhagarika igihugu” iri mu nkino zishemeye kandi zihambaye z’ugusiganwa kw’amafarasi zo kw’isi yosi. Urukino rwa mbere rwa “Melbourne Cup” rwabaye mu mwaka wa 1861. Umusi wa kabiri utangura w’ukwezi kwa Munyonyo, umunsi wahariwe “Melbourne Cup” wabaye umunsi w’akaruhuko mu ntara ya Victoriya kuva muri 1877. Umunywanyi w’umurwi bita “Australian Women’s National Football” Igice ca 4 - Australiya ya none 43 Sir Donald Bradman (1908 – 2001) Sir Donald Bradman niwe mu kinyi wambere wa ‘cricket’ gushika uno munsi kandi yabaye Umunyaustraliya rurangiranwa mu nkino. Donald Bradman yakuriye I Bowral, New South Wales, hanyuma akina ubwa mbere muri murwi w’Abanyaustraliya mu mwaka wa 1928. Yari mutomuto ariko akabanguka bitangaje. Aho yaja mu bw’Ubwongereza ubwambere muri 1930, yatsinze amahiganwa nka yosi. Ku myaka 21 yaramaze kuba Umunyaustraliya rurangiranwa. Mu rukinwo rwa nyuma umwaka 1948, umurwi wiwe waciye umenyekana bawutazira “Rudatsindwa” (The Invincibles), kubera batigeze batsindwa m’urukino na rumwe bakinye n’Ubwongereza. Sir Donald Bradman, batazira ‘The Don’, azwi nk’umukinyi wa mbere wo kwisi. Amanota yaronka yari 99.94. Ubuhinga Australiya irafise ubuhinga buhimbaye cane burimwo akaranga k’igihugu k’Abasangwabutaka n’ imico itandukanye y’abimukira. Ubuhinga bwose turabisha amaso canke bakina, haba ivyerekeye amasinema, ubuhinga, amateyatere, indirimbo n’intambo tubikesha ababa aha no mu bihugu vyo hanze. Inyandiko Australiya irafise akaranga gakomeye mu nyandiko n’uguhana inkuru bika ba vyatanguranye n’imigani yacibwa n’Abansangwabuta ba Australiya, ivyo vyarabandanijwe n’inkuru abanyororo baza barashikiriza mu gihe bashika mu mpera z’ikinjana ca 18. Inyandiko za mbere z’Abanyaustraliya zerekeye ishamba n’amagorwa baboneye muri ico gihe. Abanditsi nka Henry Lawson na Miles Franklin banditse ivyivugo n’imigani yerekeye ishamba n’ubizima bw’ Umunyaustraliya. Patrick White, umwanditsi w’Umunyaustraliya, yaronse agashimwe kitiriwe bita ”Nobel Prize” mu kwandika ibitabo mu mwaka wa 1973. Abandi banditsi b’Abanyaustralia nkuwo ni Peter Carey, Colleen McCullough na Tim Winton. 44 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Judith Wright (1915 – 2000) Judith Wright yari umwanditsi ahambaye cane, aharanirira uburenganzira bw’Abasangwabutaka (Aboriginal rights). Niwe mwanditsi akundwa cane w’Umunyaustraliya. Arerekana urukundo afitiye Australiya n’abanyagihugu mu nyandiko ziwe. Yarahawe udushimwe twinshi harimwo n’utwo bita ”Encyclopaedia Britannica Prize” mu kwandika na ”the Queen’s Gold Medal” ku vyose yanditse. Yari mu murwi w’amakomite yitwa ”the Australian Conservation Committee” na “the Aboriginal Treaty Committee”. Judith bamwibukira k’ubukerebutsi bwiwe ka mwanditsi w’ibitabo n’ingene yateje imbere ibintu vy’ibitabo, ibidukikije n’amategeko mashasha araba imibano. Amateyatere n’amasinema Umunyaustraliya arakina, agafotora ibijanye n’amasinema kandi abakora amasinema barahabwa agateka kandi bagakundwa n’abaha canke abo hanze. Abakinyi b’isinema b’Abanyaustraliya nk’akarorero Cate Blanchett na Geoffrey Rush, hamwe n’abategura amasinema nk’uwitwa Peter Weir bararonse udushimwe twisi yose kubera ubudasa bw’amasinema yabo. Ubuhinga Ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga vyemewe vya Australia ni ibishushanyo vyerekana Abanyabutaka hamwe n’ibishusho vyerekana ivyabereye mu mashamba mu kinjana ca 19 vy’abahinga nka Tom Roberts, Frederick McCubbin na Arthur Streeton. Mugice c’ikinjana ca 20, abahinga Russell Drysdale na Sidney Nolan barashushanije mw’irangi rizize ryirabura ubugome bwo mu ntara zibamwo abantu bake. Ubu bwa vuba, Brett Whiteley yarakomewe amashi n’amakungu kubera ubuhinga yisangije kandi bukora ku mutima. Umuziki n’intambo Abanyaustraliya barasanganiye kandi barigaragaje mu bice vyose vy’umuziki kandi barazwi mu makungu kubera intererano yabo mu muziki wa kera, umuziki w’ivyino z’ikinyamerika hamwe n’umuziki wa roke. Umuziki wemewe ningoga, w’agahogo k’ikinyaustralia, ni urya wa didgeridoo, igicurarangisho ca kera ca Benagataka ba Australia. Intambo y’Australiya yarateyimbere bishemeye bivuye kw’ishaka ry’abatamvyi bakomeye n’abandi nkabo akarorero koba nk’abashingantahe Sir Robert Helpmann, Meryl Tankard na Stephen Page. Ubuhinga bwatwowe mu bumenyi bwa none n’ugutora ibintu bishasha Abanyaustraliya barafise ibintu bikomeye vyinshi mu bumenyi kandi bari imbere mu vyerekeye ubuvuzi, ubuhinga bwa none, uburimyi, ukwimba ubutare hamwe n’uguhingura. Abanyaustraliya cumi barahawe agashimwe kitiriwe Nobel mu vy’ubumenyi bwa none hamwe no mu gutora ivy’ubuvuzi bishasha. Abagize ivyo bashikako mu vy’ubumenyi bwa none barongeye bararonka ishimwe ryitwa Umunyaustraliya w’umwaka. Muri 2005, agashimwe kahawe Professor Fiona Wood we yateje imbere umuti w’uguhuhera ku mibiri y’abantu bahiye. Muri 2006, agashimwe kahawe Professor Ian Frazer we yateje imbere urukingo rwa kanseri yo mu mutwe. Muri 2007, agashimwe kahawe Professor Tim Flannery, umuhinga ahambaye mu vy’ibidukikije. Uyobora abaririmbyi aherutse kuronka ubunyagihugu ariwe Vladimir Verbitsky hamwe na orkestre yitwa ”Western Australian Symphony Orchestra”. Professor Fred Hollows (1929 – 1993) Professor Fred Hollows yari umuganga yihebeye ivyo kuvura amaso (eye doctor), we yafashije abantu barenga umuliyoni umwe muri Australia no mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajambere gusubira kubona neza. Fred Hollows yavukiye muri New Zealand. Mu 1965, yimukiye muri Australia, munyuma aba umukuru w’igisata c’amaso mu bitaro vyo muri Sydney. Yaremera cane ubungane bw’abantu kandi yarafashije gushiraho urwego rwo kubungabunga amagara y’Abasangwabutaka.Ubu hari ibigo 60 muri Australia. Gushika mu 1980, Fred Hollows yatembera isi yose gufasha gushiraho programu y’amaso mu bihugu bitaratera imbere. Yabaye umwenegihugu wa Australia muri Ndamukiza 1989. Igikorwa ciza ca Professor Hollows kibandanywa n’umukenyezi wiwe Gabi hamwe n’ishirahamwe rya Fred Hollows (Fred Hollows foundation). Professor Wood na Professor Frazer bose bimukiye muri Australia bavuye mu Bwongereza. Uwafatanije na Professor Frazer mu kwiyumvira ibintu yari umuhisi Dr Jian Zhou yimutse ava mu Bushinwa kandi yaciye aba umwengihugu wa Australia. Igice ca 4 - Australiya ya none 45 Abanyaustraliya b’Umwaka. Kuva mu 1960, agashimwe k’Umunyaustralia w’umwaka gahimbaza ivyashitsweko hamwe n’uruhara rwagizwe n’abarongoye Australia. Uw’ari we wese arashobora kugena Umunyaustralia mu rwego urw’ari rwo rwose rw’ubuzima kugirango aronke ishimwe. Abanyaustralia b’umwaka ni abantu bigaragaje mu bikorwa vyabo kandi bakoreye igihugu. Muri 2009Professor Michael Dodson AM yabaye Umurongozi w’Abasangwabutaka Mu 1995 yabaye Arthur Boyd AC OBE Umunyamyuga Muri 2008 Lee Kernaghan OAM yabaye Umuririmvyi, umunyamuziki n’uwanditse ururirimbo ”Pass the Hat Around” Tours Mu 1994 yabaye Ian Kiernan OAM Uwahimirije gusukura Australia “Clean Up Australia” Mu 1992 yabaye Mandawuy Yunupingu Umurongozi w’Abasangwabutaka Mu 1991 yabaye Archbishop Peter Hollingworth AO OBE Uwuburanira abantu mu butungane bujanye n’ivy’imibano Mu 1990 yabaye Professor Fred Hollows AC Umuhinga mu vy’amaso Mu 1989 yabaye Allan Border AO Umukuru w’urukino rwa Cricket Muri 2004 Steve Waugh yabaye Umukuru w’urukino rwa Cricket akaba n’uwitaho agateka ka muntu Mu 1988 yabaye Kay Cottee AO Umugore wa mbere mu gusoza ubwato Muri 2003 Professor Fiona Stanley AC yabaye Umuganga w ‘abana akaba n’umuhinga mu vy’indwara z’ikiza Mu 1987 yabaye John Farnham Umuririmvyi n’umwanditsi w’indirimbo Muri 2002 Patrick Rafter yabaye Umunyamerika yabaye uwambere mu rukino rwa Tennis akaba n’uwashinze ishirahamwe ryitaho abana ‘Cherish the Children Foundation’ Mu 1986 yabaye Dick Smith Umushakashatsi kandi agafashisha abandi amahera Mu 1985 yabaye Paul Hogan AM Umukinyi w’isenema Mu 1984 yabaye Lowitja O’Donoghue CBE AM Uwurongoye Abasangwabutaka Mu 1983 yabaye Robert de Castella MBE Uwambere kw’isi mu kwiruka ico bita “Marathon” Mu1982 yabaye Sir Edward Williams KCMG KBE Komiseri w’umurwi w’icami wa Australia Komiseri atohoza ibiyovyabwenge Mu 1981 yabaye Sir John Crawford AC CBE Uwujejwe ivy’ubwubatsi mu co bise ”Australia’s Post-War Growth” Mu 1980 yabaye Manning Clark AC Umuhinga mu vy’akahise Muri 2007 Professor Tim Flannery yabaye Umuhinga, Umwanditsi w’ibitabu kandi ari mu mugwi w’abantu batifuza ko ibintu vyohinduka Muri 2006 Professor Ian Frazer yabaye Uwutanga incandago mu mavuriro Muri 2005 Professor Fiona Wood AM yabaye Umuganga atera inyama ahakomeretse akaba ari n’umuhinga mu vy’ubushe Muri 2001 Liyetena Jenerali Peter Cosgrove AC MC yabaye Umukuru w’ingabo za Australia muri 2000-2002 Muri2000 yabaye Sir Gustav Nossal AC CBE FAA FRS Umushakashatsi mu vy’ubuzima Muri 1999 Mark Taylor yabaye Umukuru w’urukino rwa Cricket Muri 1998 Cathy Freeman yabaye Umunonotsi wa mbere wo mu nkino z’isi yose akaba n’ uwuserukira Abasangwabutaka 46 Mu 1997 yabaye Professor Peter Doherty Uwaronse agashimwe kitiriwe Nobel mu vy’ubuvuzi Mu 1996 yabaye Doctor John Yu AM Umuganga w’abana Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Ivyo bashitse ko bidutuma twiyumvira ibindi twoshobora gukora kugira ngo tugire ico duterereye igihugu cacu kinini. Muri iki gihe ubushimwe bujamwo n’urwaruka rwa Australia rw’umwaka, Abahumura ba Australia b’umwaka hamwe n’intwari za Australia z’aho uherereye. Mu 1979* Senator Neville Bonner AO yabaye Umukenguzamateka wa mbere w’Umusangwabutaka Mu 1979* Harry Butler CBE yabaye Uwo mu mugambwe w’abadashaka ko ibintu bihinduka kandi yitaho amashamba n’ibirimwo Mu 1978* Alan Bond yabaye Umugwizatunga Mu 1978* Galarrwuy Yunupingu AM yabaye Uwurongoye Abasangwabutaka Mu1977* yabaye Sir Murray Tyrrell KCVO CBE Umunyamabanga mu biro kwa Bulamatari Mukuru Mu 1977* Dame Raigh Roe DBE yabaye Umurongozi w’urunani rw’abagore bo mu gihugu hagati Mu 1976 yabaye Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop AC CMG OBE Muganga abaga mu gisirikare Mu 1975* Sir John Cornforth AC CBE yabaye Uwaronse agashimwe kitiriwe Nobel mu cigwa bita Chemistry Mu 1975* Major General Alan Stretton AO CBE yabaye Komanda wa Darwin mu gikorwa co kuzana agahengwe inyuma y’igihuhusi bise “Tracy” Mu 1974 yabaye Sir Bernard Heinze AC Umuyobozi w’indirimbo n’umuririmvyi Mu 1973 yabaye Patrick White Uwaronse agashimwe kitiriwe Nobel mu vy’indimi Mu 1972 yabaye Shane Gould MBE Igihangange mu nkino z’isi yose mu kwoga Mu 1971 yabaye Evonne Goolagong Cawley AO MBE Uwambere kw’isi mu vyo bita “Wimbledon na French Open Tennis Champion” Mu 1970 yabaye Nyen’icubahiro Cardinal Sir Norman Gilroy KBE Umukardinali wa mbere w’imvukira yo muri Australia Mu 1969 yabaye The Rt Hon Richard Gardiner Casey Baron wa Berwick, Victoria n’uwo mu gisagara ca Westminister KG GCMG CH Bulamatari Mukuru wa Australia mu 1965-69 Mu 1968 yabaye Lionel Rose MBE Umukubitanyi wa mbere w’ingumu kw’isi Mu 1967 yabaye The Seekers Umurwi w’umuziki Mu 1966 yabaye Sir Jack Brabham OBE Uwa mbere kw’isi mu gusiganwa kw’ipikipiki Mu 1965 yabaye Sir Robert Helpmann CBE Umukinyi w’ivyese, umutamvyi n’umu Mu 1964 yabaye Dawn Fraser MBE Uwa mbere mu nkino z’isi yose mu vyo kwoga Mu 1963 yabaye Sir John Eccles AC Uwaronse agashimwe kitiriwe Nobel mu vy’ubuvuzi Mu 1962 yabaye Alexander ‘Jock’ Sturrock MBE Uwatwaye igikombe ca Amerika mu vyo gusimbagurika umugozi Mu1961 yabaye Dame Joan Sutherland OM AC DBE Soprano Mu 1960 yabaye Sir MacFarlane Burnet OM AK KBE Uwatwaye agashimwe kitiriwe Nobel mu vy’ubuvuzi *Hagati ya 1975 na 1979, inama nkuru ya Canberra Australia Day Council nayo yemeye Umunyaustralia w’Umwaka. Amazina yanditswe inyuma yo kuronka agashimwe. Igice ca 4 - Australiya ya none 47 Amahera ya Australia Amahera yacu ashira ahabona abantu n’amashusho ngirakamaro kuri Australiya. Abanyaustraliya rurangiranwa batowe kugira ngo baboneke ku mahera yacu ni abantu berekanye akigoro hamwe n’ubukerebutsi mw’ihindagurika ry’imibano, politike, ivyaranguwe mu gisirikare no mu myuga. 48 Inyubakwa ya kera y’inama nshingamateka be n’iy’ubu Umwamikazi Elizabeth II (yavutse 1926) Amadolari 5 yerekana inyubakwa zose z’ inama nshingamateka z’I Canberra, iya kera n’iy’ubu. Umwamikazi Elizabeth II ni umukuru wa leta ya Australia. Ni umwamikazi wa Australia n’uw’Ubwongereza. Yamanye ingoga, umutima umwe ku ntwaro yiwe rurangiranwa kandi y’umwanya muremure. Dame Mary Gilmore (1865 – 1962) AB ‘Banjo’ Paterson (1864 – 1941) Dame Mary Gilmore yari umwanditsi w’ibitabu, umumenyeshamakuru, umwanditsi w’ivyivugo n’uwamamaza kugira ngo habe inagurwa mu vy’imibano. Yibukwa ku nyandiko ziwe hamwe n’ukuvuga kw’izina ry’abakenyezi, Abasangwabutaka ba Australia hamwe n’aboro. Andrew Barton Paterson yari umwanditsi, umwanditsi w’indirimbo n’umumenyeshamakuru. Yanditse kw’izina rya ‘Banjo’ Paterson kandi yibukirwa ‘Waltzing Matilda’, ururirimbo rurangiranwa muri Australia. Reverend John Flynn (1880 – 1951) Mary Reibey (1777 – 1855) Reverend John Flynn yatanguje igikorwa ca mbere kw’isi co gufasha abavukira mu kirere, bita ”Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia”. Yibukirwa ukurokora ubuzima bw’abantu mu gushinga ibigo vy’amagara mu turere twa kure y’ibisagara two muri Australia. Mary Reibey yari imboneza y’umugore yikorera utwiwe muri New South Wales. Amaze gushika muri Australia nk’inkumi y’inyimukira y’imyaka cumi n’iyindi yaciye aba umurongozi yubahwa muri kominote. Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Edith Cowan (1861 – 1932) David Unaipon (1872 – 1967) Edith Cowan yari umukozi wo mu mibano, umunyapolitike n’uwitaho ivy’igitsina gore. Yabaye umukenyezi wambere atowe mu nama nshingamateka iy’ari yo yose muri Australia. David Unaipon yari umwanditsi, umuvugizi w’abantu n’uwiyumvira ibintu akanabihingura.Yibukirwa intererano ziwe mu vy’ubumenyi bwa none no mu ndimi, hamwe no mu gutez’imbere imibereho y’Abasangwabutaka. Sir John Monash (1865 – 1931) Dame Nellie Melba (1861 – 1931) Sir John Monash yari umuhinga, umuyobozi,n’umwe mu bakomanda bakuru ba Australiya. Yibukirwa uburongozi bwiwe, ubwenge n’ugushiruka amazinda. Dame Nellie yari umuririmvyi wa “soprano” rurangiranwa kw’isi. Isi yose yamufataka nk’Umwamikazi w’Ururirimbo (Queen of Song), niwe yabaye umuririmvyi wa mbere w’Umunya Australiya abaye rurangiranwa kw’isi yose. Igice ca 4 - Australiya ya none 49 Iminsi mikuru y’igihugu n’ibindi bihimbazwa Iminsi mikuru y’igihugu ca Australiya ijanye n’akahise dusangiye n’idini ry’abakristu (Judeo- Christian) kandi ikaba ihimbaza ibihe bikuru vyahaye akaranga Australiya kuva abanyabulaya bimukiye hano. Amatariki yagenywe Amataliki atandukanye Umunsi w’umwaka mushasha italiki 1 Nzero Duhimbaza umwaka mushasha. Umunsi mukuru w’abakozi canke umunsi w’ amasaha 8 Uhimbaza itsinzi abakozi b’Abanyaustraliya baronse yo gukora amasaha 8 k’umunsi- Akataboneka mw’isi. Umunsi mukuru wa Australiya italiki 26 Nzero Duhimbaza ibitwibutsa ico bita kuba umunya Australiya kandi tukibuka igihe umurwi wa mbere w’ubwato washitse muri Sydney Cove mu mwaka wa 1788. Pasika Uhimbaza iyibukwa ry’Abakristu ry’urufu n’izuka rya Yezu Kristu. Umunsi mukuru bita Anzac italiki 25 z’ukwezi Ndamukiza Twibuka igihe intwaramiheto za Australiya na Nuvele Zelande (ANZAC) bashika i Gallipoli mu ngwano ya I y’isi yose. Turatera iteka kandi Abanyaustraliya bose bitanze canke baguye mu ntambara. Umunsi mukuru w’ivuka ry’umwamikazi Uhimbaza ivuka ry’umukuru w’igihugu caAustraliya, Umwamikazi Elizabeth wa II. Iri himbazwa riba umunsi wa mbere ugira kabiri mu kwezi kwa Ruheshi mu ntara zose, ibice vy’intara vya Australiya kiretse mu ntara ya Australiya yo mu burengero bw’izuba (Western Australia). Umunsi mukuru wa Noel Italiki 25 Ukwezi kwa Kigarama N’umunsi w’ukwibuka abandi bisunze kw’ ihimbazwa ry’abakristu ry’ivuka ry’akana Yezu. Iyindi minsi mikuru y’igihugi Umunsi bita Boxing Day Italiki 26 ukwezi kwa Kigarama Igice c’umunsi mukuru wa Noel. Iyindi minsi mikuru y’igihugi ibera mu zindi ntara, ibice vy’intara n’imiji itanye. Akarorero, intara bita “Australian Capital Territory” irafise umusi mukuru bita “Canberra Day”, intara bita “South Australia” irafise umunsi mukuru bita “Volunteers Day” (umusi w’abantu bitanga) hanyuma intara ya “Western Australia” ifise umusi mukuru witwa “Foundation Day”. Umusi wa bonane wo kwatsa imiriro ku gitarurwa ca Sydney Harbour 2005 50 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Abanyagihugu b’Australiya Australiya ifise abantu bashika hafi imilioni 22 kandi kiri mu bihugu vya mbere bifisi abantu bava mu moko menshi atandukanye. Imvukira za Australiya zingana n’ibice 2.5% vy’abantu bose baba mu gihugu. ibirenga igice ca kane vy’ababa mu gihugu avukiye hanze, bakaba bimutse bava mu bihugu birenga 200. Ayo moko atandukanye y’abantu yatumye Australiya ironka indimi nyinshi, amadini menshi, akaranga, n’imico ihimbaye. Imigenderanire ya Australiya n’igihugu c’Ubwongereza yaragabanutse, ariko Ubwongereza buracafise ico buvuze mu ntwaro y’Australiya. Ivyo bikabonekera mu bintu vyinshi bituranga, cane cane, muri rwacu. Naho mungo no mu makominote havurwa indimi zirenga 200, Icongereza kirafise uruhara rukomeye ku bituranga. Umutungo wa Australiya Australiya ifise umutungo mwiza kandi uhimbaye. Turemera umwete n’ubuhinga bw’ abakozi bacu. Abanyagihugu b’Australiya bari mu bantu bafise ubuzima bwiza bwa mbere kw’ isi. Isoko Ugutsimbatara n’uburyo bugezweko vy’amashirahamwe arangura ivy’ubutunzi vy’australiya, hamwe n’uburyo butomoye bw’’inzego z’amakori n’amategeko atomoye y’ubucuruzi bituma ibikorwa vy’ubucuruzi birangurwa neza. Amashirahamwe bita “service industry”, ariyo arimwo ibiranga ingenzi, uburezi, n’amashirahamwe y’ubutunzi, afise uruhara hafi ibice 70% vy’ubutunzi bwose bw’Australiya “Gross Domestic Product” (GDP). Ubutunzi bukomeye bw’Australiya butuma abantu bahirukira ngo bahakorere. Ico bita “stock market” y’Australiya igira kabiri k’Ubuyapani mu gice bita “Asia Pacific region”. Ubucuruzi Ibihugu bikuru bihanahana ibidandazwa n’Australiya ni Ubuyapani, Ubushinwa, Leta Zunzubumwe z’Amerika, Koreya yo mubumanuko, Nyuzelande n’Ubwongereza. Dushora hanze cane cane ingano, ubwoya bw’intama, ivyuma bita “iron”, ubutaka, n’inzahabu. Turashora kandi hanze umuyagankuba ugenda bwa mwuka canke amakara. Ubutunzi bwacu bugendera k’umateko atomoye, kandi ubucuruzi bwamye buri mubigize itunga ryacu. Mu minsi yahera Australiya yashoye hanze ibiguzi biciye imiliyara $200. Gucukura ubutare Dick Smith (yavutse muri 1944) Umuntu yitwa Dick Smith n’umucuruza w’umunya Australiya, agerageza buri kimwe cose kandi afasha abantu. Australiya ifise ubutunzi buturuka mu bidukikije harimwo amakara, umujumbu, imyuka n’ubucukuzi bita “mineral sands”. Ibi biri mu bintu bironderwa, cane cane n’ibihugu bikiri mw’iterembere muri Aziya. Dick Smith yatungishijwe n’urudandazwa bw’ivyuma vy’ubuhinga (electronic). Itunga ryiwe ryarafashije guteza imbere Australiya. Yatanguje urudandazwa rw’ibifungurwa gusa hanyuma akoresha imilioni y’amadolori kugira afashe amashirahamye y’Abanyaustraliya. Mu mwaka wa 1986 yararonse umudari bita ”Australian of the Year” kandi aronka umudari w’abantu bitaho ubumenyi n’ivyerekeye ibidukikije. Yabaye uwa mbere agendera mu mupira ushushe wamutwaye mu ntara zose za Australiya no mu kiyaga ca Tasmania. Nirurangiranwa muvyerekeye kurinda, mu rundandazwa ruhimbaye n’ingene akunda cane Australiya. Igice gikuru ca Australiya gishora ibiguzi hanze n’ubucukuzi hamwe n’ibitoro Igice ca 4 - Australiya ya none 51 Australiya umunyagihugu w’isi yose Australiya irahimbazwa n’uruhara ifise mugushira imbere ubunyagihugu bwo mu makungu. Ibi turavyerekana mugufasha abatishoboye aho bari hose mu makungu. Intererano ya Australiya n’akigore mugufasha abashikiwe n’ivyago Programa y’intererano ya Leta ya Australiya ifasha ibihugu bikiri mw’iterambere kugabanya ubukene hamwe n’ugukora kugira bagire iterambere riramba. Turatanganya iyi mfashanyo mu ntara yacu no kwisi yose mugufasha abantu na Leta. Abanya Australiya baboneka ko bitaho abandi iyo hateye ikiza mu gihugu hagati canke mu mahanga. Ntiduhengeshanya kandi gutanga infashanyo ku bihugu biriko biraca mu ngorane. Ivyo Australiya yiyemeje kuvyerekeye integuro y’infashnyo birerekana imigenzo iranga Australiya. Mu 1971 Australia niho yinjiye burundu mw’ishirahamwe ry’uguhanahana ubutunzi n’iterambere (OECD). OECD ryifuza gutez’ imbere ubutunzi, kubaho kw’abantu n’ivy’akazi mu bihugu 30 bigize iryo shirahamwe, hamwe rero n’ibindi bihugu bikiri mw’iterambere. OECD ryifuza kandi kwagura urudandazwa kw’isi. Australiya irafasha cane ibihugu bicuditse vyo mu karere ka Aziya-Pasifike. Australiya ni kimwe mu bihugu bigize ishirahamwe ryo gufashanya muvy’utunzi rya Aziya-Pasifike (APEC), ishirahamwe rya Aziya yo mu buseruko (EAS), ASEAN Regional forum (ARF) na Pacific Islands Forum (PIF). Muganga Catherine Hamlin AC (yavutse muri 1924) Catherine Hamlin n’umuganga mubuhinga z’ingwara z’abakenyezi, azwi cane kuko yatabaye abakenyezi bo muri Etiyopiya bari babayeho nabi cane. Kuva muri 1959, Umuphasoni Catherine Hamlin yakora ahitwa Addis Ababa muri Etiyopiya aho yafasha abakenyezi basinzikaye mu kwibaruka. Umukenyezi bigenze gutyo rero hariho ibice bimwe vy’umubiri ataba agitegeka, bagaca rero baba ibicibwa mu bandi. Australiya yaratabaye muri Indoneziya inyuma y’icaduka citwa Tsunami cateye muri 2004 Uruhara rukomeye rwa’Australiya mu manama mpuza makungu Australiya yamye ifise uruhara runini mu nama mpuzamakungu (UN) kuva igishingwa muri 1945. Yisunze amasezerano y’inama mpuzamakungu ijejwe impunzi (UN Refugee Convention) yo muri 1951 Australiya iratanga ubuhungiro ku bantu babonetse ko arimpunzi hakurikijwe amasezerano y’inama mpuza makungu yo muri 1951 (UN Refugee Convention). Turafasha kandi mu mugambi wo kubungabunga umutekano w’inama mpuzamakungu, no mugutabara mw’iterambere ry’ibihugu, turafise kandi uruhara rukomeye n’ishirahamwe ry’inama mpuzamakungu riraba indero ubumenyi n’imico (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). 52 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Catherine we n’umugabo wiwe nibo bashinze ibitaro vyitwa “The Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital”. Ivyo bakoze rero vyatumye ibihumbi n’ibihumbi vy’abakenyezi bashobora gutaha iwabo bakomeye, bafise amagara meza. Mu 1995, Dr Catherine niho yaronka umudari bita ”Companion of the Order of Australia”, umudari wa mbere muri Australiya. Aracabandanya rero gukora afasha abakenyezi muri Etiyopiya. Australiya uyu munsi n’igihugu kinini kandi giter’imbere, gishimishwa n’ivyo kimaze gushikako muvyo kunonora imitsi, ubuhinga n’ubumenyi. Turashima ukubaho kw’abanyagihugu bacu ariko twama twifuza ko biguma biter’imbere. Biciye munfashanyo mu makungu no mw’iterambere, Australiya yarashoboye kwerekana ububasha bwayo burengeye ivy’inkino n’ivyo mu makungu. Abanya Australiya baronse ibikombe vy’ubuhizi bita Nobel Australiya irazwi cane mu vy’uburondezi mu vy’ubumenyi n’ubuvuzi. Muri ivyo bisata hari abanya Australiya cumi(10) bamaze kuronka iyo midari muri ubwo buhinga. Professor William Bragg (1862 – 1942) na Lawrence Bragg (1890 – 1971) abahinga bita “Physicists”. William Bragg (se) na Lawrence Bragg (umuhungu) barasangijwe gutsindira umudari “Nobel” mu gisata ca “Physics” muri 1915, ‘Kubere ibikorwa vyabo mu kwihweza ibikoze “crystal” bakoresheje ubuhinga bw’amaradiyo. Sir Howard Walter Florey (1898 – 1968) umuhinga bita “Pathologist.” Howard Florey yavukiye muri Adelaide, South Australia, yaronse umudari (rusangi) witwa “Nobel” muri Physiology canke ubuganga mu 1945 mu vyerekeye kwubura umuti witwa penicillin n’ivyo ishobora kuvura mu ngwara zitandukanye. Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1899 – 1985) umuhinga bita “Medical Scientist na Biologist”. Frank Burnet yavukiye muri Victoria, yararonse umudari (rusangi) “Nobel” muri “physiology” canke ubuganga. muri 1960 mukwubura “acquired immunological tolerance”. Sir John Carew Eccles (1903 – 1997) umuhinga bita “Physiologist”. John Eccles yavukiye muri Melbourne kandi yararonse umudari (rusangi) “Nobel” muri “physiology canke ubuganga muri 1963 muvyerekeye kwubura “the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane”. Professor John Warcup Cornforth (1917 – 2007) umuhinga bita “Chemist”. John Cornforth yavukiye i Sydney hanyuma aronka agashimwe kitiriwe Nobel Prize mu vyirwa bita ”Chemistry“ muri 1975 (hamwe n’uwundi) ‘ku gikora ciwe mu vyirwa bita ‘the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions’. Professor Peter Doherty (yavutse muri 1940) n’umuhinga bita “Immunologist”. Peter Doherty yavuiye muri Queensland hanyuma aronka agashimwe kitiriwe Nobel Prize mu vyirwa vya “Physiology“ n’ubuganga 1996 (hamwe n’uwundi) ‘ku vyoyatohoje biraba ‘immune defence’. Professor Barry Marshall (yavutse muri 1951) umuhinga mu vyo bita “Gastroenterology” hamwe na Doctor Robin Warren (yavutse muri 1937) umuhinga mu vyo bita “Pathology”. Barry Marshall hamwe na Robin Warren bose baronkeye rimwe agashimwe kitiriwe Nobel Prize mu buhinga bita “Physiology” canke: no mu vy’Ubuganga muri 2005 kubera batoye ico bita ‘the bacterium Helicobacter pylori’ n’umumaro wavyo mu ndwara z’igifu bita ‘gastritis and peptic ulcer disease’. Professor Elizabeth Helen Blackburn (yavutse muri 1948) umuhinga bita “Biologist”. Elizabeth Blackburn yavukiye Hobart hanyuma aronka agashimwe kitiriwe Nobel Prize mu buhinga bita “Physiology“ no m’Ubuganga muri 2009 (hamwe n’uwundi) kubera ivyo yatoye bita ‘how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase’. Australia irafise kandi umuntu yaronse agashimwe bitiriye Nobel Laureate mu vyerekeye indimi. Patrick White (1912 – 1990) Umwanditsi bita Novelist na Playwright. Yavukiye i London kubavyeyi b’Abanyaustraliya, Patrick White yararonse agashimwe kitiriwe Nobel Prize mu vyerekeye ubuhinga mu ndimi muri 1973 k’ubuhunga bushemeye kandi bishikira umutima bwo kwandika bikaba vyaramenyekanishije iki gihugu gishasha mu buhinga bwerekeye indimi n’ukwandika. Igice ca 4 - Australiya ya none 53 Igice ca 5 Akahise ka Australiya yacu Imico y’Abasangwabutaka ba Australiya niyo mico imaze igihe kirekire gusumba iyindi mico yose kw’isi. 54 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Akahise ka Australiya yacu Iyi ncamake ya kahise ka Australiya ntitanga urukurikirane rwose rwa kahise ariko iratanga iciyumciro kubintu vyabaye arivyo bigize igihugu cacu n’imico yacu. Imyaka ibihumbi vyishi, ubu butaka bwari butuwe kandi bwitaweho n’, abanyabutaka nibo babukorera. Aho ubwato bwambere bushikiye muri 1788 vyasiguye ko isi yabo ihindutse burundu. Mu myaka 200 iheze, igihugu ca Australiya carize vyinshi mu kungana kw’abantu, muvy’agateka ka zina muntu muzira yagishikanye kumico itandukanye no gusubiza hamwe. Ivyo twagiye turahindura bisigura yuko abanya Australiya ugiye kwinjiramwo ari bamwe, kwari ahantu umutu wese yumva ko arimwo kandi ahafise icubahiro. Abasangwabutaka ba Australiya Imico y’Abanyabutaka ba Australiya niyo mico bagiye barahanahana kumara igihe kirekire mw’isi yose. Abanyabutaka ba Australiya babaye ngaha kumara imyaka hagati ya 40 000 na 60 000. Imico y’aba “Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander” iratandukanye. Bafise ururimi rwabo n’imigenzo yabo. Uko bivugwa muri kahise, Abanyabutaka “Aboriginal” bamuka kw’isi ya Australia na Tasmania. Abitwa Torres Strait Islander nabo bavuye mu mazinga hagati ya Queensland na Papua New guinea, n’ayandi mazinga yo mu nyanja Pacific. Abitwa “Torres Strait Islanders” basangiye imico myinshi n’abantu bo muri Papua New Guinea n’abandi bo mu mazinga ya Pacific. Indimi Imbere y’uko Abongereza bashika muri kino gihugu, indimi n’imicanganyo birenga 700 nivyo vyakoreshwa n’abantu bitwa “Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander”. Gushika ubu muri iki gihe haracakoreshwa indimi zishika kuri 145. Izo ndimi ntibazandika. Umuco w’Abasangwabutaka wo kubwirabwirana kahise k’igihugu yari ikomeye. Bavuga kahise k’ubwoko bwabo n’igihugu cabo. Nk’akarorero ivyo bavuga ku mwuzure wabaye ku kivuko Phillip Bay muri Victoria bafatiye kuvyabaye mu nyuma y’imyaka 10 000 yaheze. Indoto n’imyuga vy’Abasangwabutaka Ubwoko butandukanye bw’Abasangwabutaka bufise amazina yabo bwite y’ico twita mu rurimi rw’icongereza “Dreaming”(Indoto). Indoto canke umwanya w’indoto, n’imigenzo y’ubumenyi, ukwizera n’inyimenyerezo ngenderwako mu buzima bw’Abasangwabutaka. Vyereka abantu uko babwurizwa kubaho n’uko babwirizwa kwigenza. Abatubahirije ayo mategeko barahanwa. Ubuhinga bwitwa “Kakadu Aboriginal Art” Amakuru y’indoto abana bayabwirwa n’abavyeyi be n’inararibonye. Ayo makuru yigisha abana uko amatongo yo kubamwo yagabugwa n’uko bigenza n’igituma. Ayo makuru yaha abana inyigisho ngirakamaro nk’akarorero aho bashobora gukura ivyo kurya. Ivyino, indirimbo n’intabo bivuga amakuru y’ivyifuzo vy’ Abasangwabutaka mu buzima bwa misi yose. Iyo Abanyabutaka baririmba bakavyina biyumvamwo ikintu kibahuza na ba sekuruza. Ibicapu vya mbere vy’ubuhinga bw’Abanyabutaka vyari kwandika kumabuye, gucapa no kwandika hasi. Bimwe bimwe bimaze imyaka ishika ku 30 000. Abantu bo muri Australiya yo hagati bacapisha utuntu dusongoye imirongo y’imizingi isigura ivyerekeye isi n’amakuru y’ivyifuzo. Abo muri Australiya ya ruguru bacapa amasanamu y’abantu y’ibikoko n’imizimu. Indoto z’ivyifuzo ziguma zihambaye Abasangwabutaka gushika n’ubu. Igice ca 5 - Akahise ka Australiya yacu 55 Abanyaburaya bashitse muri Australiya ubwambere Ugutata kwa kare kw’abanyaburaya Mu kinjana ca 17, abatasi b’abanyaburaya barubuye ico bise “Terra Australis Incognita”, igihugu kitazwi co mu bumanuko. Muri 1606, umunya Holande Willem Janszoon yaracapuye igice co muburengero bwa “Cape York Peninsula” mu maja ruguru ya Australiya. Muri ico gihe ubwato bwo muri Espanye bwari burongowe n’uwitwa Luis Vaez de Torres yasoza atumbereye mumaja ruguru y’iki gihugu. Mu gihe canyuma co mu myaka 1600, abatasi b’Abanyaholande bubuye inkengera z’ uburengero bwa Australiya (Western Australia). Abanyaholande baca baha iyo ntara izina ryitwa Ubu Holande Bushasha ‘New Holland’. Mu 1642, Abel Tasman yubuye imbibe z’igihugu gishasha agitazira “Van Diemen’s Land” (arico Tasmania ubu). Yaracapuye n’ibihumbi vy’ibilometero vy’imbibe za Australia. Ibicapu vyiwe atahejeje vya Holande nshasha vyerekana ko yiyumvira ko ico gihugu cari gifatanye na “Papua New Guinea” mu gice ca ruguru. Ingendo z’Abagirwa n’ivyaha (abanyororo) Australia niyo yonyene abanyaburaya bahagereye ubwambere bari abantu bagirwa n’ivyaha. Inyuma yaho Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zikukiriye, Ubwongereza ntibwabaye bugishobora kurungikayo abagirwa n’ivyaha. Iminyororo yo mu Bwongereza nayo harimwo abantu benshi cane. Bamaze kuba umurengera, bategerezwa kuronka ahandi babashira. Mu 1786, Ubwongereza bushinga ko abagirwa n’ivyaha barungikwa muri “New South Wales”. Ivyo bavyise ‘Transportation’. Intara ya mbere y’abimuka. Bulamatari wa mbere w’intaraya New South Wales yari Kapiteni Arthur Phillip. Yaje azanye umurwi wambere w’amato 11 kuva mu Bwongereza gushika murundi ruhande rw’isi. Yafashe neza abo banyororo muvyerekeye ibifungurwa n’ibindi bakenera, kandi muri urwo rugendo hapfuye bake cane. Kapiteni Phillip rero yashikanye uwo murwi w’amato mu kigobe ca Sydney itariki 26 Nzero 1788. Ni kuri iyo tariki twama twibukirako umunsi wa Australia igihe cose umwaka uheze. William Dampier niwe mwongereza wambere yahonyoje ikirenge muri Australia Mu 1684, niho yashika buraruko bushira ubuseruko bw’inkengera. Igihugu cari cumye, kirimwo ivumbi, vyatumye atiyumvira ko coba ciza ku budandaji canke kubamwo. Kapiteni James Cook Imbibe zo mu buseruko bwa Australiya nta batasi babanyaburaya bazishitseko gushika aho umwongereza James Cook yazishitseko mu 1770 ari mubwato bwiwe bwitwa “Endeavour”. Cook yari yarungitswe na Leta y’Ubwongereza murugendo rwo kwubura ibiri mu bumanuko bwa “Pacific“. Yacapuye imbibe zo mu buseruko ashika kuri Botany Bay, ahatumbereye ubumanuko bwa Sydney. James Cook ico gice yaciye acita “New South Wales” yaciye avuga ko cegukira umwami George wa III. Amato ya mbere yavuye mu Bwongereza ashika mu kigobe ca Sydney muri 1788 Imyaka ya mbere na mbere Imyaka yambere y’umugerero yari igoye cane. Bulamatari Phillip rero yagerageza kuraba ko abantu baticwa n’inzara mugushira abantu bose ku rugero rumwe rw’infungurwa harimwo ivyegera vyiwe nawe nyene ubwiwe. Ubuntu bwiwe n’ishaka vyarafashije gushobora kurengana ayo makuba yo mu myaka ya mbere. Ikarata y’ubuholande bushasha yacapuwe na Abel Tasman muri 1644 56 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Ico gikorwa gihambaye co kugerera kwa mbere cashobotse kubera gukoreshwa kunguvu kw’abagirwa n’ivyaha. Mugihe batakoze cane, canke iyo birutse bagahunga canke iyo baborewe, barabakubita. Iyo naho bakoze ivyaha bikomeye cane baca babarungika kugerera kure cane canke bakabamanika. Abakoze ivyaha iyo bahejeje ivyo baciriwe bahinduka abantu bidegemvya, bagaca baja gukora no gutunga imiryango yabo mu bandi banyagihugu. Amahirwe mashasha Bulamatari aciye ubwenge Abanyaburaya ba mbere muri Australiya bari bagizwe n’Abongereza, abanya Ekose, abanya Galles n’abanya Irlande. Abanya Ekose, Galles na Irlande kera bama barwana n’Abongereza, ariko muri Australiya, ubwo bwoko bune bwose bwarabana bugakorana bufatanye munda. Co kimwe na Bulamatari Phillip, Bulamatari Lachlan Macquarie afise ikibanza gihambaye mugihe ca mbere ca kahise kacu. Yatwaye intara yitwa New South Wales hagati ya 1810 na 1821. Yateje imbere iyo ntara ayigira iyigenga aho kuba iyabanyororo. Yatej’imbere ivy’uburimyi no kwubaka amabarabara n’izindi nyubakwa zo gufasha abanyagihugu. Yarahimiriza cane ivyo kwubura izindi ntara za Australiya. Abanyororo n’abahora ar’abanyororo batangura kuronka uburyo bushasha bwo kubaho. Abakuru mu basoda bakoresha imyanya yabo mukurondera amahera mukudandaza, bagakoresha abanyororo canke abahora ar’abanyororo. Bidatevye, bamwe mubahora ar’abanyororo batangura kudandaza kugiti cabo. Abandi mubahora ari abanyororo baratey’imbere muvy’uburimyi n’ubworozi, mu bucuruzi be no mu bunywero. Abakenyezi bahora ari abanyororo baratey’ imbere mu buryo butandukanye no muvyo kwishira no kwizana no gusumba abakenyezi bo mu Bwongereza. Caroline Chisholm (1808 – 1877) Caroline Chisholm niwe yar’arongoye umurwi w’abagomba guhindura ibintu, niwe yatumye agateka k’umugore atubatse gater’imbere muri izo ntara z’abimuka. Caroline yaje muri Australiya azananye n’umugabo wiwe yari intwazangabo, n’abana batanu muri 1838. Yarafashije cane abagore b’abimuka bo muri Sydney baba mw’ibarabara. Mu myaka mikeya yari amaze gushinga amazu 16 bita “hostels” yakira abagore b’abimuka. Caroline yarakoze cane kugira ubuzima bw’abantu bagendagenda n’ubwato hagati y’intara n’iyindi buter’imbere. Niwe yatanguje ivy’ingurane kugira abantu bibeko barwanye ubukene, bareke kwama bazer’inze. Mur’iki gihe, amashule menshi muri Australiya yitirirwa Caroline Chisholm. Yarazwi ko “ar’umugenzi w’abimuka” kandi bamwibuka cane kubera ataruha mugufasha abantu batanguye ubuzima bushasha. Macquarie yashize amafranga menshi muvy’indero kandi yarubahiriza uburenganzira bw’abahora ar’abanyororo. Bamwe mu banyororo yabahaye ubuzi bwo guca imanza, canke gukora nka abakozi ba Leta. Bulamatari Macquarie afise icubahiro muri kahise kubera ivyiza yakoze mu ntara. Muri New South Wales bamwitiriye ishule kaminuza: ”The Macquarie University”. Iragi riva ku bagirwa n’ivyaha Inyuma y’igihe Macquarie yatwaye, biyumviriye ko kuba Bulamatari ari ububasha buhambaye rwose ku muntu umwe, nico gituma mu 1823 hashinzwe inama Legislative Council ya New South Wales kugira yunganire Bulamatari azokurikira. Inamanshingamateka ica rero igerageza guhindura ivyerekeye ayo makoloni kugira bahane mu mategeko abagirizwa n’ivyaha ariko ntibabafate neza birengeye urugero. Ariko, ntibaciye babuza abo bagome kugira ico bimarira mu ntara ya New South Wales no mu yandi makoloni ari muri Australiya mu myaka yambere y’ikijana ca 19. Bose hamwe abanyororo bazanywe muri Australiya bangana 160 000. Ubwongereza bwahagaritse kuzana abanyororo muri New South Wales muri 1840; muri Tasmana muri 1852; muri Western Australia 1868. Abana b’abanyororo bamye bigenga nico gituma amacakubiri hagati y’abahora ari abanyororo n’abandi bimuka yagiye arazimangana bukebuke. Kuva mu 1850, intara zatwarwa n’abakoloni (colonist) kandi bari bafise ishaka ryo kwubaka igihugu c’iteka. Baciye bategwa isoni na kahise kabo k’ubunyororo, ntibasubira no kubivuga. Ariko haheze nk’ikinjana izo soni zarahindutse. Abanya Australiya ubu baranezerwa no kumenya ko batanguye ari abanyororo. Ubu n’iteka kuri benshi kumenya ko sekuruza yari umunyororo. Mur’uko kwemera kahise, abanya Australiya babaye abantu batitaho cane kahise k’umuntu mu muryango w’amamuka, canke mu ngeso. Dufata abantu uko tubabonye kandi tukabafata ko “bose barangana”. Igice ca 5 - Akahise ka Australiya yacu 57 Abasangwabutaka bo mu gihe c’ inyuma yaho Abanyabulaya baziye Biyumvira ko hoba hariho Abasangwabutaka “Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander” bari hagati ya 750 000 na 1 400 000 igihe abanyaburaya batangura kuza kugerera muri Australiya. Muri ico gitigiri harimwo ico two kwita intara zigenga zishika ku 250 n’indimi zirenga 700. Igihe haza abantu bambere kugerera muri Australiya, Leta y’Ubwongereza nta masezerano yagiranye n’Abasangwabutaka “Aboriginal”. Abasangwabutaka baribafise umutungo wabo n’ibintu vya kera bibahuza n’isi. Leta rero ntiyashobora kuvyemeza kuko nta migenzo nkiyo canke ukwemera nk’ukwo kwariho Iburaya. Aba Aboriginal ntibarima canke ngo bubake amazu ngo baguma mu kibanza kimwe nk’Abongereza, vyatumye Leta yiyumvira ko ata kintu batunga. Leta yaciye yumva ifise uburenganzira bwo gufata amatongo. Ingaruka mbi Bari barabwiye ba Bulamatari ba mbere ko badakwiye kugirira nabi aba Aboriginal, ariko abimuka b’Abongereza baciye bafata amatongo yabo kandi aba Aboriginal benshi barishwe. Abo bimuka mu bisanzwe ntibahanirwa ivyo vyaha bakoze. Aba Aboriginal bamwe bamwe barashoboye kubana n’abimuka b’Abanyabulaya mu mahoro. Abimuka bamwe bamwe barakoresha aba Aboriginal mu mararo yabo y’intama n’inka. Bulamatari Macquarie yarahaye aba Aboriginal amatongo yabo bwite kugira borore, hanyuma aca atanguza ishule ry’abana babo. Ariko rero ni bake bashimye kubaho nk’abo bimuka. Ntibagomba gutakaza imigenzo yabo. Ibimenyetso bihambaye vyo muri kahise Kugendura igihugu uja hagati Muri New South Wales, abimuka ba mbere baragize ingorane zikomeye. Australiya ifise igice gitoya cane kimera. Aba Aboriginal bari barize ingene bahaba hameze uko, naho nabonyene bamerewe nabi mu bihe vy’uruzuba. Intambamyi iyambere ku bimuka bariko bagendura Sydney yabaye urukurikirane rw’imisozi rw’ibilimetero 50 amaja mu burengero bwa Sydney, imisozi ya Bururu (Greater Blue Mountains). Mu 1813, abagabo batatu Blaxland, Wentworth na Lawson, niho bashoboye kujabuka iyo misozi. Ibarabara, n’inzira ya train biracakurikira inzira baciyemwo. Kurundi ruhande rw’iyo misozi, abo bagenduzi bubuye igihugu gishashe kibereye kwororerwa mwo intama n’inka. Ukomeje uja mu gihugu hagati basanze ar’ahantu h’ubugaragwa atakihamera. Vyarabagora kuronka amazi no gutwara ivyo kurya kugira babeho. Umugenduzi w’Umudagi, Ludwig Leichhardt, baramubuze irengero igihe yariko agerageza kujabuka igihugu kuva mu buseruko uja mu burengero mu 1848. Mu 1860 Burke na Wills biyemeje kuva Melbourne bakajabuka Australiya kuva mu bumanuko gushika mu buraruko. bagiye barongoye umurwi munini ariko urugendo rwabo ntirwari rworoshe. Burke na Wills ntibari bamenyereye amashamba. Baronse ababafasha babimenyereye umu Aboriginal Yandruwandha, ariko abo bagenduzi bompi bapfuye bariko basubira inyuma. Naho Burke na Wills bananiwe guheza urugendo rwabo, kahise kabo karibukwa muvy’ubuhinga n’indimi. N’akarorero kababaje nk’ingene iki gihugu cacu cari kigoye. Ntituzi neza igitigiri c’Abasangwabutaka bishwe mu ngwano z’amatongo, ariko turaziko ibihumbi amajana vy’aba Aboriginal vyapfuye. Ikintu cishe cane cane aba Aboriginal n’ingwara zazanywe n’abanyaburaya mur’iki gihugu. Urupfu rw’aba Aboriginal kari akaga. Mu 1830, muri Victoria aba Aboriginal bashika ku bantu 10 000. Mu 1853 hari hasigaye abashika ku 1907 gusa. Urugendo rwa Burke na Wills rwo gutohoza intara zose z’ Australiya muri 1860 58 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Abimuka n’imboneza Naho rero Abimuka bari bafise amatongo meza, ukubaho kwabo kwari kugoye. Inyuma y’ibihe vy’umwuzure n’ivy’ukwuma, abirimyi n’aborozi kenshi barinda gusubira gutangura. Mu 1838, ubwoya bw’intama nibwo bwari ikidandazwa njabukamazi ca mbere. Iyo rero habayeho kwuma canke ibiciro vyo mumakungu vy’ubwoya bw’itama bigakoroka, abimuka baba batakaje cane. Ariko abantu barifashe barirwanira. ”Aussie battler” n’akazina baha abantu bashoboye kurengana ingorane zihambaye. Aussie battler aserukira abanya Australiya mukurwana n’umutima no kurinda. Abagabo n’abagore b’imboneza bose barahabwa icubahiro k’ukwihangana bagize muri ivyo bihe bigoye. Kenshi abagore nibo basigarana urudandazwa canke amararo mugihe abagabo atariho bari canke bapfuye. Abakozi ba leta barahambara cane iyo baje gutoza ikori ryo kwimba inzahabu. Itariki 11 Munyonyo 1854, abantu 10 000 bakoraniye ku musozi Bakery, Ballarat, kugira bashinge amategeko ngenderwako ya demokarasi. Bagomba ko boshobora kwimba inzahabu batarinze kuriha ikori rizimvye cane. Bagomba kandi gutora abantu babaserukira mu nama nshingamateka yo muri Victoria. Umurwi mutoya warubatse ahitwa Eureka bimba inzahabu, baca bahashinga ibendera y’abagumutsi iriko umusaraba wo mu bumanuko. Leta yaciye irungika abasirikare ngo baje kubarwanya mu gitondo c’itariki 3 Kigarama 1854. Abo bimba inzahabu baneshejwe mukanya gato, hapfamwo abashika 30. Muri ico gihe kigoye c’imyaka ya mbere niho umutima w’ubugenzi w’Abanyaustraliya watanguye. War’ukomeye cane mu bagabo bagenda baca ku misozi itagirako abantu. Abimuka barafashanya mubihe vy’ingorane. Uwo mugenzo uracakomeye mu buzima bw’Abanyaustraliya, nk’akarorero, hari ibihumbi n’ibihumbi vy’abantu baza gufasha kurwanya imiriro itwika amashamba uko umwaka utashe. Ukwirukira inzahabu Iyuburwa ry’inzahabu muri NSW mu ntango za 1851, ryavuzwe ko ari “iyubura ryahinduye igihugu”. Haheze igihe gito barubuye inzahabu muri Victoria, niho yari ikironka ubwigenge. Mu mpera za 1852, abantu 90 000 barafashe ingendo baja muri Victoria bavuye mu mihingo yose ya Australiya no kw’isi yose baje kurondera inzahabu. Ibendera Eureka Igihe abaserukira abagumutsi bagiye gucirwa imanza kuko bahemutse, nta bacamanza bashoboye kwemeza ko bagirwa n’icaha. Umurwi userukira ubwami wasanze ko Leta ifise amakosa, hanyuma vyinshi muvyo abimba inzahabu basaba barabironswa. Icifuzo cabo co kugira uwubaserukira muri politike naco baracemeye. Mu mwaka umwe Peter Lalor, uwaserukira abagumutsi, yabaye umwe mubagize inama nshingamateka ya Victoria. Kumara imyaka myinshi, abo bagumutsi bo muri Eureka babaye ikimenyetso c’imyiyamirizo n’ivyizigiro ko ibintu biter’imbere. Inzahabu yubuwe mu ntara za New South Wales na Victoria muri 1851 Abagumutsi bo muri Eureka bibukwa nk’igihe gihambaye ca demokarasi muri kahise ka Australiya. Muri 1854, i Ballarat ahantu bakura inzahabu, abimba inzahabu bariyamirije uburyo abategetsi bo muri leta batwaza igitugu ako karere bimbamwo inzahabu. Igihe co kwirukira inzahabu carahinduye Australiya mu buryo bwinshi. Mu gihe c’inzahabu igitigiri c’abanya Ausatraliya cariyongereye kuva kuri 43 000 mu 1851 gushika kuri 1 700 000 mu 1870. ”Railways” zambere na “telegraphs” zubatswe muri1850 kugira abantu bariko baragwira bashobore gushikirana. Harubuwe inzahabu nyinshi mu bice vyose vya Australiya ukuyemwo Australiya yo mu bumanuko. Umutungo warateye imbere kandi inzahabu yaciye ija imbere y’ubwoya bw’intama iba urudandazwa njabukamazi rw’agaciro. Vyoshoboka ko nko muri 1890 Australiya ari co ca mbere cari gifise ubuzima bw’agaciro kw’isi yose. Igice ca 5 - Akahise ka Australiya yacu 59 Abo bise ”Squatters” n’abarimyi n’aborozi Mu gihe cambere c’umugerero, abantu bari bazwi nk’aba “squatters” bari bafashe amatongo manini manini yo kurima. Kandi kenshi ntibayagura kuko aba squatters babona ko isi ari iyabo. Inyuma y’aho igihe co kwirukira inzahabu gihereye, vyari bigoye cane kugira bake amatongo abo ba squatters. Muri 1860, Leta yagomvye kugurisha amatongo yaba squatters ku bagabo n’imiryango yabo ngo bayakorere. Ariko aba Squatters bagerageje kugumya amatongo bashoboye mukwaka igiciro kinini mu gukodesha, cane cane ku matongo ari ahameze neza. Abo barimyi bashasha baragize ingorane mu bibakikije, kandi gushika bubake railways, bari kure cane y’amasoko. Iyo bishobotse hose, barashima kuronka imishahara minini mu bisagara, gusumba akazi ko mu mirima gatanga impembo nto. Kuva muri 1860 abantu bava muri Irani, Egiputa na Turikiya baciye baza kugira bakorere ingamiya ’trains’ zari mu misozi itaragererwa yo muri Australiya. Abahindi batunze ingamiya babitiranije n’abanya Afganistani kubera bambara impuzu nk’izabasangiye ukwizera muki Islamu. Abo banyengamiya rero bari nk’imboneza mugushika hagati mu gihugu. Hagati y’abahindi 4000 na 6000 bo mu mazinga ya Pasifique baje gukora mu mahinguriro y’isukari n’ibitoki muri Queensland. Kuva muri 1880, abakozi bava muri Lebanoni niho bashika muri Australiya. Abanya Lebanoni benshi bashima gukora mu mahinguriro y’impuzu. Imiryango myishi y’abanya Lebanoni niyo yari itunze amahinguriro y’impuzu muri Australia kandi vyarakomeje gushika n’ubu. Abarimyi baratey’imbere muri Australiya yo mu bumanuko, kandi umugenzo South Australia wo kwubura imashini kugira umurimyi yoroherwe ni ho watanguriye. Imashini ya ”The stump-jump plough“ (1870), akarorero yatumye isi igumye yoroha, bikorohereza abarimyi kwimbura. Kwimuka kwo mu myaka ya 1800 Mu ntango y’imyaka ya 1800, Abongereza, abanya Ekose abanya Galles n’abanya Irlande. nibo baribagize igice kinini c’abimuka. Iragi ryabo niryo ryari akarorero k’igihugu cose gishasha. Imyanya yo kwinezereza, ivy’imico n’ukwemera vyari co kimwe n’ivyomu Bwongereza. Ariko harimwo n’imigwi mitomito y’abimukabava I buraya no muri Aziya. Abanyaburaya baje muri 1800 harimwo Abataliyano, Abagiriki, muri Poles, abo muri Malte n’ Abarusiya nyene. Abimuka b’abafaransa bakora muvy’imivinyu cane cane baba ari abantu bakiri bato barondera akazi n’itunga, canke abantu bakora kumato batorotse. Abashinwa b’abimuka batanguye gushika muri Australiya inyuma ya 1842. Igitigiri cabo ciyongeye inyuma y’aho buburiye inzahabu, kandi hari kutunvikana kw’amoko aho bimba inzahabu. Ivyo vyarashobora umudugararo barwanya aba shinwa, nk’ivyabaye muri Bendigo muri1854. Ukwo kutumvikana kw’amoko kwatumye haba guhagarika abimuka kwambere muri Victoria muri1855, muri New South Wales naho muri 1861. Inyuma y’ukwirukira inzahabu kwo muri 1850, aba shinwa benshi baciye basubira iwabo. Mu bagumye ngaha baciye baja muvy’uburimyi bw’ivyamwa n’imboga kuko vyari bikenewe cane, mubirere bikenye amazi. 60 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Abanya Afganistani batunze ingamiya mu misozi itarageregwa ya Australiya Amatongo manini manini ya Abasangwabutaka Inyuma y’aho ingwano z’aba Aboriginal n’abimuka bapfa amatongo zihereye, aba Aboriginal baciye bibera kumbibe. Bamwe bamwe bakora mu mararo y’intama n’inka bafise imishahara mito cane. Leta y’abimuka yarashinze ibibanza aba Aboriginal bashobora kubamwo, ariko aho hantu ntibashobora kuhakorera ivy’imigenzo yabo. Ntibashobora guhiga canke kuja hamwe nkuko bavyifuza. Mu mpera za 1800, Leta y’abimuka yaciye yaka aba Aboriginal uburenganzira bwabo. Baba aho baberetse. Barongora uwo bababwiye, abana benshi b’aba Aboriginal barabatse abavyeyi babo. Abo bana baca babajana mu miryango y’abazungu, canke mu marerero y’impfuvyi ya Leta. Ivyo rero ubu ntibikigirwa ariko vyatumye hagumaho agahinda kuba Aboriginal n’abanya Australiya benshi. Amatora ‘Suffragettes’ ryari ijambo bakoresha kw’isi yose bavuga abagore baharanira uburenganzira bw’abagore ngo bashobore gutora. Hagati ya 1880 na 1890, intara yose y’abimuka yategerezwa kugira amatora. Abo ba ‘Suffragettes’ begeranije ibikumu ibihumbi n’ibihumbi kubirego bajanye mu nama nshingamateka y’abimuka. Abagore bo muri Australiya yo mu Bumanuko baratsindiye uburenganzira bwo gutora baca barondera kwitoza mu nama nshingamateka muri 1895. Abagore bo muri Australiya yo mu Burengero batsindiye uburenganzira bwo gutora muri 1899. Mu 1902, Australiya nico cabaye igihugu cambere cahaye abagore uburenganzira bwo gutora no gushobora kwitoza mu nama nshingamateka. Abasangwabutaka b’abagore (n’abagabo) ntibaronse ubwo burenganzira bwo gutora gushika muri 1962. Edith Cowan niwe yabaye umushingamateka w’umugore wambere, yatowe mu nama nshingamateka ya Australiya yo mu Burengero muri 1923. Gushika muri 1943, niho umugore wambere, Enid Lyons, yatowe mu nama nshingamateka ya Australiya. Ishirahamwe ry’intara zihuriza ubutegetsi hamwe Intara z’abimuka zagiye ziratera imbere imwe imwe ukwayo, mu mpera z’ikinjana ca 19, haciye haboneka ikintu bahuriyeko c’ubwene gihugu kirater’imbere. Vyerekamywe mu m’amajambo y’indirimbo ”Advance Australia Fair”. Iyi ndirimbo yanditswe na Peter Dodds McCormick ica iririmbwa ubwa mbere i Sydney muri 1878. Ubu niyo ndirimbo yo kuninahaza igihugu cacu. Mu mpera z’ikinjana ca 19, harabaye amageragezwa abiri kugira intara amakoloni aje hamwe. Mu 1889, Sir Henry Parkes yarasavye ko hoshingwa igihugu kimwe gikomeye. Inama nkuru y’amashirahamwe y Australiya na Aziya yagizwe muri 1890 kugira baharire ku ciyumviro c’ishirahamwe rya Australiya. Naho vyatevye vyahavuye vyihuta bigenda kw’ishirahamwe mu 1893. Abatora baratora abazotegura ibikorwa bikwirikira vy’ibwirizwanshingiro. Abatora batoye incuro zibiri kugira bemeze ibwirizwanshingiro. Ukuri nuko umugambi w’ama leta yunze ubumwe wari ushimikiye ku gushaka kw’abanyagihugu n’ukuntu Australiya yagenda itera imbere. Catherine Spence (1825 – 1910) Catherine Spence yari umwanditsi, umuvugabutumwa, yarwanira agateka k’abagore kandi yari ‘suffragette’. Catherine Spence yimukiye muri Australiya avuye mu gihugu ca Galles. Yaranditse ibitabo vyinshi vyerekeye ukubaho kw’abanya Australiya biraronka amashimwe, hamwe rero n’ibitabo bakoresha mu mashule. Yarafashije gutanguza ishirahamwe rifasha abana batagira aho baba n’ibigo bishasha vyigisha abana batoya n’amashule ya Leta yisumbuye yakira abakobwa gusa. Niwe yabaye umugore wambere yitoje kuja mu nama nshingamateka, kandi yaronse amajwi menshi ariko ntiyashoboye gutsindira ico cicaro. Mu 1891 yabaye icegera c’umukuru w’ishirahamwe ry’abagore mu matora yo muri Australiya yo mu Bumanuko. Catherine Spence n’ikimenyetso c’ivyo umugore ashobora kurangura, no mu bihe batari bemerewe vyinshi. Umunsi witiriwe Ishirahamwe ry’intara zihuriza ubutegetsi hamwe (Federation) muri Brisbane, mu 1901 Igice ca 5 - Akahise ka Australiya yacu 61 Leta y’Ubwongereza yaremeje ko Australiya yoshobora kwikukira hanyuma Leta ya mbere ica irashingwa imbere y’isinzi ry’abantu muri Sydney itariki ya mbere Nzero 1901. Umushikiranganji wa mbere w’igihugu gishasha yari Edmund Barton, yahoze arongoye umugwi uharanira gushirahamwe muri New South Wales. Australiya cari kimaze kuba i gihugu ariko kiri mu bwami bw’Abongereza. Nticari gifise ubwigenge muvyo kwigwanira no muvy’imigenderanire n’amakungu gushika muri 1931. Naho kwiyumvamwo ubwene gihugu bwaguma bugwira, kwumva ko ari abongereza navyo vyari igikomeye. Nk’uko umugambwe w’abakozi wagumye uter’imbere, iyindi migambwe yose yaciye yiyunga ihurira mu mugambwe witwa umugambwe w’abigenga ”Liberal Party” muri 1910. Uyo mugambwe wagiye urahindagura amazina. Mugihe c’ingwano wahindutse Umugambwe w’abanyagihugu, hanyuma witwa Umugambwe w’ubumwe bwa Australiya ’United Australia Party’. Muri 1944 umugambwe w’abigenga tuzi ubu, niho washingwa. Ivyo vyatumye habaho ikoraniro ryatunganijwe na Robert Menzies, rihurikiyemwo benshi mubatari mumigambwe w’abakozi. Sir Robert Menzies niwe yabaye rurangiranwa mu bashikiranganji bambere batwaye Australiya umwanya muremure. Inyuma y’ingwano ya mbere y’isi yose, umugambwe w’Igihugu warashinzwe kugira uharanire agateka k’abarimyi n’aborozi. Muri iki gihe witwa umugambwe w’abanyagihugu ukaba wama wifatanya n’umugambwe w’abigenga. Itegeko ryo muri 1901 rigabanya ivy’abimuka Ico bise ingingo ya Australiya Yera ‘White Australia’ cahindutse itegeko aho mu kwezi kwa Kigarama 1901 hatowe itegeko bise “Immigration Restrictions Act 1901”. Iryo tegeko ryagabanya uburenganzira bwo gukora muri Australiya ku bimuka, rikabuza n’abantu batera (Non white people) kwimukira muri Australiya. Sir Edmund Barton Ivuka ry’imigambwe Nko mu 1880, abakozi bo muri Australiya bashinze amashirahamwe y’urudandazwa akomeye cane. Mu bihe bigoye vy’isubiranyuma ry’ubutunzi n’uruzuba, ayo mashirahamwe yaja aratera imidugararo (greves) kugira akingire imishahara n’imibereho yabo. Abakozi baciye rero binjira mu vya Politike. Mu 1891 baca bashinga umugambwe w’abakozi ”Labor Party”. Igikorwa ca mbere c’uwo mugambwe w’abakozi cabaye kurwanira iduzwa ry’imishahara n’uko babaho. Abantu babayabaye babaho neza kurusha abakozi ariko baratahura ingorane abakozi barimwo. Haciye hashingwa amashirahamwe ya Leta yo gushinga imishahara no gukingira imidugararo ngo ntibe. Mu 1907, Sentare ya Leta nkuru ijejwe kwihweza no kwuzuriza abakozi (Commonwealth Court of Conciliation) ishinga umushahara wo hasi kuburyo umugabo akora, umugore wiwe n’abana batatu bashobora kubaho neza. 62 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Umuntu wese atarafise amamuko y’Ibulaya yahabwa ikibazo co kwandika amajambo 50 mu rurimi rw’iburaya. Abanywanyi b’ishirahamwe ry’abadandaza b’abashinwa, umushingwamanza William Ah Ket n’abakuru mu badandaza b’abashinwa, bariyamirije iryo tegeko kumugaragaro ariko ntaco bashoboye kurihindura ko. Abashinwa, abahindi, abanyamazinga ya Pasifike n’abava mu bihugu bishira ubuseruko (Middle East) baciye basubirirwa cane cane n’abava mu Bumanuko bwa buraya muri iryo shirahamwe rya Australiya, ariko imico yabo yari yaramaze gutsimbatara mu mibano no mu karanga ka Austarliya. Ingwano y’isi yose yambere,1914 -1918 Uretse ingwano nto nto zaba hagati y’abimuka n’aba Aboriginal Australiya camye ari igihugu kirimwo umutekano. Nta ngwano hagati y’abanyagihugu canke zo kurondera kwikukira zabayeho. Abimuka ba mbere bari abizigirwa ku bwami bw’Ubwongereza. Ariko uko Abanyabulaya babarwirirana mu ntara zegereye Asia, Abanyaustraliya n’abo niko batangura kugira ubwoba cane cane aho baboneye ko Ubuyapani bubaye igihugu gikomeye, baca rero batangura kwisunga Ubwongereza n’igisirikare mu muzi gikomeye kugira batukingire. Abasoda babanya Australiya binjiye mu ngwano y’isi yose muri 1915 mu gitero cabo kuri Turukiya yari icuditse n’Abadagi. Abanyaustraliya n’aba nya New Zealand bari bahawe igice cabo ngo batere ahitwa Gallipoli. Babashikanye mu kibanza kitari ciza kuko bategerezwa kwurira imisozi ihanitse, bariko bararaswa n’abasoda bo muri turukiya. N’aho benshi bahasize ubuzima, barashoboye kurengera iyo misozi, bayimba. Abanya Australiya mu gihugu baranezerejwe cane n’uwo mutima wo gushirahamwe kw’aba Anzacs. Itariki bashikiyeko muri Gallipoli (ni 25 Ndamukiza) ubu n’umunsi mukuru w’igihugu. Witwa umunsi Anzac kubasoda ba Australiya na New Zealand. Inyuma ya Gallipoli, Abanyaustraliya bagwaniye mugice co mu Burengero c’Ubufaransa. Aho niho baronkeye akazina ko ari “Abimvyi” (diggers) kuko bamaze igihe kirekire bimba ibinogo n’imikobeko. Barongowe na kizigenza General John Monash, abo bimvyi b’Abanyaustraliya baratsinze ingwano zitari nke bagwanya Abadagi. Abasoda b’abagabo n’abagore b’Abanyaustraliya baragwanye no mu bihugu vy’abarabu, aho bafashije mugukingira umugomero Suez no gufata Sinai. Simpson n’indogobwa yiwe – John Simpson Kirkpatrick (1892 – 1915) John Simpson Kirkpatrick yari umusoda kandi n’umunya Australiya adasanzwe. Nk’uwigenga, John Simpson yarakoze muri Gallipoli mugice c’imiduga yunguruza indembe, atwara inderuzo. Vyari bigoye gutwara inderuzo uca mu misozi n’ibiyaya. Ntiyakurikije amategeko y’igisoda mugukoresha indogobwa yitwa Duffy, mugufasha gutwara abasoda bakomeretse kubashikana ahatari ingwano. Kumara iminsi n’amajoro, amasaha n’amasaha, baraheba amagara yabo bagendagenda hagati y’ahari ingwano naho bari bacumbitse ku nkengera z’ikiyaga. Uwigenga John Simpson yashitse i Gallipoli itariki 25 Ndamukiza 1915. Yishwe n’abansi n’inkoho haheze amayinga ane gusa. Abasoda bari aho ku kiyaga barabonye umubabaro wa Duffy naho itavuga, kandi yakomeje kujana uwari yakomeretse yihuta gushika ku kiyaga, naho shebuja atari kumwe nayo. Gallipoli mu gihe c’ingwano y’isi yose ya mbere Igice ca 5 - Akahise ka Australiya yacu 63 Umugani wa Anzac Umugenzo wa Anzac watanguye itariki 25 Ndamukiza 1915 aho ingabo za Australiya n’iza New Zealand (arizo ANZAC) zashika i Gallipoli muri Turukiya. Werekana intango yo guhimiriza yamaze amezi munani ikavamwo urupfu rw’abantu bashika 25 000 ushizemwo 8700 bishwe n’ibikomere canke n’izindi ndwara. Ubutwari n’umutima abagwaniye i Gallipoli bari bafise nivyo vyashizeho uyo mugani none ‘Anzac’ yahindutse igice c’imvugo y’abanya Australiya n’abanya New Zealand. Mu 1916, haheze umwaka bashitse i Gallipoli, uyo munsi warahimbajwe muri Australiya, New Zealand n’Ubwongereza, mbere n’abasoda bari bacumbitse muri Egiputa. Muri uyo mwaka itariki 25 Ndamukiza niho bayise ‘Umunsi wa ANZAC’. Mu 1920, ibirori vyo guhimbaza umunsi wa Anzac vyabaye muri Australiya yose, intara zica zishinga ko uba umunsi mukuru w’igihugu. Ivyibutso vy’ingwano vyarubatswe kumirwa mikuru y’intara, ibindi mu bisagara bikuru na bitoya mu gihugu cose ngo bibuke imikangara y’abagabo n’abagore bishwe muri izo ngwano no muzakurikiye. Muri iki gihe Anzac n’umunsi wo guter’iteka abo bose bakoze mu ngwano no muvyo gucungera umutekano. Muvy’ukuri s’umunsi mukuru w’igisoda. S’iteka ry’intsinzi-I Gallipoli baratsinzwe-Uter’iteka abasoda basanzwe n’abagore: Gushirahamwe, kwihangana, n’ukworosha ibintu imbere y’umwansi. Ubu umunsi ‘ANZAC Day’ ihimbazwa muri Australiya no kw’isi yose. Abagabo n’abagore b’abanya Australiya bagarutse bavuye mu ngwano y’isi yose n’izindi ngwano, n’abafasha gucungera amahoro, n’abakukurutse bo mu bihugu vyafatanije, bose bahimbaza “Anzac day” babinezererewe. Anzac Day Dawn Service i Gallipoli 64 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Isubiranyuma ry’ubutunzi, 1929-1932 Isubiranyuma ry’ubutunzi cari igihe kigoye cane kubanya Australiya. Catanguriye rimwe n’isenyuka ry’ikigega c’amafranga co muri Leta Zunz’Ubumwe za Amerika, ariko hariho n’ibindi vyatumye haba iryo subiranyuma. Ivyo navyo ni nko gutakaza agaciro k’ibidandazwa njabukamazi, kugabanuka kw’ingurane zo mu mahanga n’ivyo Leta ikoresha n’ukugabanuka kw’ivy’ubwubatsi. Nko hagati mu mwaka wa 1932, ibice 32 kw’ijana vy’abantu ntibagira akazi. Ingaruka y’iryo subiranyuma kuri Australiya yar’iteye agahinda. Nt’akazi kariho canke amahera yama yinjira vyatumye benshi batakaza amazu yabo. Baba mu mazu akozwe mu mahema, hakanye kandi badafise n’ibikoresho vy’isuku bikwiye. Abagabo benshi barata ingo zabo bakaja mu nzoga. Abana batangura kuva mu mashule bagatangura gukora bafise imyaka 13-14. Abagore bakora ubuzi bwo hasi cane, bagafatanya no kurera abana no gukorera ingo bonyene. Mu gihe gishira isubiranyuma ry’ubutunzi, Leta ya Australiya ntiyari ifise integuro ifasha abadafise akazi. Uretse ibiva mu nfashanyo n’ayandi mashirahamwe yigenga, abakene ntakindi bikorako atari ubuzi buri mu migambi ya Leta. Ubutunzi bwatanguye guter’imbere muri 1932, mugabo ivyononekaye mu miryango mu buryo butari bumwe, ntivyashora gukira. Muri ico gihe, akaranga k’abanya Australiya ko gufashanya no kwitanga vyararushirije gukomera. Ico bise “isupu yo mu gikono” mu gihe c’isubirinyuma ry’ubutunzi (Great depression) Sir Charles Kingsford Smith (1897 – 1935) Sir Charles Kingsford Smith yari umushoferi w’indege aciye ubwenge, imboneza mu batwar’indege n’incungu y’abanya Australiya. Mu ngwano y’isi yose yambere, Charles Kingsford Smith yagwaniye I Gallpoli atwara indege z’ingabo z’ubwami bw’Ubwongereza. Ikintu cambere gihambaye yakoze kwabaye kujabuka inyanja Pasifike kuva ahitwa Kaliforniya muri Amerika gushika muri Queensland muri 1928. Igihe indege yar’atwaye ya ‘Southern Cross’ yashika muri Australiya, abantu bashika 25 000 bari baje gushengerera no gukeza imboneza yabo ‘Smithy’. Yarahawe icubahiro muri 1932 ku bw’ivyo yakoreye igihugu mu vyo gutwara indege. Muri 1935 habaye umubabaro ukomeye, igihe yaguruka ava mu Bwongereza aza muri Australiya, agakoroka ntibigere bamenya irengero ryiwe. Sir Charles Kingsford Smith bamwise umushoferi w’indege wa mbere kw’isi yose, baramwibuka cane kuko yatumye abanya Australiya baronka incungu nyakuri mu bihe bigoye muvy’ubutunzi. Igice ca 5 - Akahise ka Australiya yacu 65 Ingwano ya kabiri y’isi yose 1939-1945 Mu ngwano y’isi yose ya kabiri, abanya Australiya bagwaniye mu bugararwa bwo muri Africa yo mu buraruko no mu bindi bibanza, kuruhande rw’ibihugu bifatanije urugamba. Muri Africa yo mu Buraruko, bamaze igihe barwana barikumwe n’Abadagi n’Abataliano mu gisagara citwa Tobruk. Abo babansi babo bari babise ”imbeba zo muri Tobruk” (Rats of Tobruk) kubera badya ico babonye cose kugirango babeho. Abanyaustraliya barashoboye kubandanya ingwano no mur’ico gihe kigoye, baca bariyemeza gufata iryo zina. Muri iyo ngwano vyabonetse ko abo bagwanyi baronse ubutwari bukwiye kuva mu ngwano y’isi yose yambere igihe babita “abimvyi”. Abo basoda rero kabaye akaranga bazosiga. Ikintu gikomeye Abanyaustraliya bibukirako iyo ngwano n’ingene Abayapani babafata nabi cane. Naho izo mbohe z’Australiya zo mungwano zagerageje gufashanya, intwazangabo zigafata abantu bose ko bangana, ntivyabujije ko hapfa benshi. Umunsi wo kwibuka (abitanze mu rugamba) Co kimwe n’umunsi wa ‘Anzac’, umunsi wo kwibuka n’umunsi Abanyaustraliya bibukirako abo bose bagwanye bakagwa ku rugamba. Itariki 11 Munyonyo (Ukwezi kw’11) uko umwaka utashe, isaha zitanu zo mu gitondo, Abanyaustraliya barahagarika vyose bakibuka kwitanga kw’abagabo n’abagore baguye ku rugamba canke bacumukuriyeyo, n’abo bose bagize uruhara. Kuri uyo munsi twambara udutambara dutukura. Aho Abayapani batereye mu mazinga ya Pasifike, inteko za Australiya zaciye zitaha. Ariko imbere yo gushika babanje kuja gutabara amazinga ya Papua and New Guinea. Ico gikorwa gihambaye cahawe abasoda batamenyereye ingwano. Barwanije umwansi mu mashamba no mu bidimbagu vyitwa “the Kokoda Track”. Barashoboye guhagarika igitero c’aba Yapani ari naco gituma the Kokoda Track yaciye yifatanya na Anzac Cove i Gallipoli nk’ahantu h’icibutso. Umusirikare yakomeretse mu nzira ya Kokoda afashijwe n’umwikorizi w’Umupapwuwani” Aho Aba Yapani bafatiye ikambi y’Abongereza muri Singapore mu 1942, Abanyaustraliya 15 000 bari mu bagizwe imbohe, baca bajanwa gukora aho bubaka inzira ya galiyamoshi bita ”Thai-Burma“. Igihe bubaka iyonzira ”Thai-Burma” barongowe n’aba Yapani mu ngwano ya kabiri y’isi yose, ibihumbi n’ibihumbi vy’Anyaustraliya n’Abongereza barahasize ubuzima. 66 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Udutambara dutukura dukoreshwa nk’ikimenyetso co kwibuka, kuva ingwano ya mbere y’isi yose ibaye Ingabo zo kwivuna abansi za Australiya ziheruka kuja mu ngwano muri East Timor, Iraki, Sudani na Afganistani, kandi zirakorana na UN (ishirahamwe ry’ama Leta yunze ubumwe) muvyo gucungera umutekano mu bice vyinshi vy’isi, ushizemwo Afrika, intara bita “Middle East” na “Asia-Pacific”. Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop (1907 – 1993) Bamaze igihe gitoya mu makambi ariko bahigiye vyinshi ku bijanye n’igihugu n’abakibamwo. Inyuma y’ingwano, benshi bagarutse muri Australiya nk’abimuka. Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop yari umuganga abaga arinda kandi yitaho abandi kandi akaba incungu ya Australiya. Mu rwano ya 2 y’isi yose, Weary, yari umuganga abaga w’umusoda. Hamwe n’abagenzibe yarafashwe n’abasoda b’Abayapani babatwra muri Burma gukora kw’ibarabara ry’indarayi rya Thai-Burma Railway. Iki cari igikorwa kirikire kandi kitoroshe. Ka bukomanda na muganga, Weary yategerezwa guserukira abantu biwe kandi yamara amasaha menshi. Muri iyo kampi bara mukubita cane ariko akabandanya afasha. Yarahimbajwe cane muri 1969 kubera ibikorwa vyiwevy’ubuganga. Aho yapfa, abantu 10 000 bariyandagaje mu mabarabara ya Melbourne bamuherekeje kumaziko w’uwo bise incunga yataziriwe ‘The Surgeon of the Railway’. Ukwimuka mu ntango za 1900 Hagati y’ingwano yambere y’isi yose n’iya kabiri, amategeko yagabanya ivy’abimuka yagumyeho. Ariko hariho igwirirana ry’abimuka cane cane abagabo bava mu Bumanuko bwa Bulaya. Baza bazanye ubumenyi, indero n’imico yabo. Baratereye agacumu k’ubumwe mw’iterambere ry’amahinguriro yo mugihugu hagati, barubaka amabarabara, n’amwe ya gari ya moshi. Abahinga mu kubaza amabuye b’Abataliyano bagize uruhara rumwe ruboneka mu kwubaka anyubakwa za Leta n’ayandi mazu yo kubamwo. Mu mpera za 1930, impunzi z’abayahudi niho zatanguye kuza ziva i Bulaya. Baba bahunze aba “Nazi “ b’Abadagi kuko babagirira nabi. Baza bavuye mu Budagi, Austriya, Cekoslovakiya, Hungariya na Polonye. N’impunzi zari zarize cane kandi zafashije cane mw’iterambere ry’imico muri Australiya. Ibihumbi cumi n’indwi vy’abasoda b’Abataliyano bagizwe imbohe mu ngwano y’isi yose ya kabiri, bari bapfungiwe mu mabohero y’abagizwe imbohe mu ngwano muri Australiya. Bari bafashwe neza. Umwimuka w’Umunyabulaya ashitse muri Australiya Impunzi z’inyuma y’ingwano Inyuma y’ingwano, Australiya yazanye abimuka b’Abanyabulaya kugira bongereze igitigiri c’abantu. Amamiliyoni y’abantu yarahunze aba ‘Nazi’ b’Abadagi, canke badashobora gusubira mu bihugu vyabo kuko vyari mu minwe y’Abarusiya. Abantu bashika 170 000 b’impunzi baremerewe kuza muri Ausatraliya ngo batangure ubuzima bushasha. Cari igihe Australiya ikenye abakozi. Leta ya Australiya yari yizeye ko ukugwirirana kw’abantu ari nkenerwa kuri kazoza k’igihugu. Abimuka bakuze, bafise amagara meza bari munsi y’imyaka 45 barashobora kuza muri Australiya barishe amafranga 10 y’Ubwongereza(£), abana babo nabo babatwara ku buntu. Ariko no muri ico gihe hari hemerewe kuza abava mu bihugu bigize Ubwami bw’Ubwongereza n’i Bulaya. Kugira Australiya iter’imbere, Leta yaciye itanguza ibikorwa mu mugambi ukomeye muri 1949, wo gutega amazi ava mu ruzi rw’ibarafu (Snowy River) imbere yuko atemba aja mu nyanja mu Buseruko bwa Victoria. Ayo mazi barayakevya agatemba aja mu gihugu hagati kugira bavomere imirima no kugira bayakoreshe mugukora umuyaga nkuba. Wari umugambi uhambaye cane vyafashe inyaka 25 kugira uranguke. Abantu 70 kw’ijana bakora kur’uwo mugambi bari abimuka. Igice ca 5 - Akahise ka Australiya yacu 67 Imisozi y’Urubura n’Umugambi w’Umuyaga Nkuba Utangwa n’Amazi Umugambi wo mu misozi y’ibarafu wabaye ikimenyetso c’akaranga ka Australiya nk’igihugu cigenga c’imico itandukanye kandi gifise ubutunzi. Niwo mugambi munini cane muri Australiya. N’umwe mu migambi minini kw’isi yose y’umuyaga nkuba utangwa n’amazi. Uwo mugambi utanga amazi akenewe cane ku mahinguriro y’uburimyi n’ubworozi vyo hagati mu gihugu muri New South Wales na Victoria. Utanga 10 kw’ijana vy’umuyaga nkuba wose ukoreshwa muri New South Wales. Ibice bibiri gusa kw’ijana z’uwo mugambi w’imisozi y’ibarafu niyo iboneka hejuru kw’isi. Ugizwe n’ingomero zikuru16, imashini z’umuyaga nkuba 7, ipompo n’ibilometero 225 vy’imiringoti. Ibikorwa vy’uwo mugambi vyatanguye muri 1949 bihera muri 1974. Abantu barenga 100 000 baturuka mu bihugu birenga 30 ni bo bakoze kur’uwo mugambi. 70 kw’ijana vy’abakoze kur’uwo mugambi bari abimuka. Uwo mugambi uheze, benshimu bakozi baturuka i Bulaya baciye baguma ngaha muri Australiya batanga intererano ikomeye mu vy’imico. Imisozi y’Ibarafu iri muri “Kosciuszko National Park”, New South Wales. Ingaruka z’uyo mugambi kubidukikije baravyihweje cane. Uwo mugambi watumye mubice bimwe bimwe vy’urwo ruzi rw’ibarafu hasigayemwo igice 1 kw’ijana c’amazi rwari rufise kera. Kuneza y’ibidukikije, Leta za Victoria na New South Wales zarumvikanye gusubiza urwo ruzi amazi rwahorana gushika ku bice 28 kw’ijana. Abakozi bo ku mugambi w’uruzi rw’ibarafu (Snowy Mountains scheme) 68 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Uko Abasangwabutaka bafatwa Mu myaka ya 1940 na 1950 amategeko ya Leta ya Australiya ku ba Aboriginal yarahindutse avuga ko bamera nk’abandi. Ivyo vyasigura ko Abasangwabutaka bakwiye kubaho nkuko abatari abasangwabutaka babaho. Ivyo rero ntivyashobotse kuko abasangwabutaka ntibagomba guheba imico yabo ya kera. Mu myaka ya 1960, amategeko yarahindutse. Abagabo benshi muri Australiya bararonse uburenganzira bwo gutora muri1850, ariko gushika muri 1962, Leta Nkuru ntiyahaye abasangwabutaka bose uburenganzira bwo gutora. Mu kubakira, Aba Aboriginal bararonse ukwishira n’ukwizana ariko bari bakibasaba kwimenyereza imico nk’iyabandi banya Australiya. Vyahavuye bihinduka muri 1967, aho Abanyaustraliya barenga 90 kw’ijana batora “ego” kugira bemerere aba aboriginal guharurwa muri rusansuma. Ayo matora yabaye rurangiranwa mu makungu. Yerekanye ko Abanyaustraliya benshi bifuza ko abasangwabutaka baronka uburenganzira nkubw’abandi bose. Iryo terambere ry’Abanyaustraliya mungeso n’imyiyamirizo ikomeye y’Abasangwabutaka muri ico gihe, vyabashikanye kw’itegeko ry’ubwigenge bw’Abasangwabutaka muri 1970. Leta ya Australiya yahavuye yemeza yuko abasangwabutaka bo Australiya bazoronka ijambo mu vya Politike, ivy’ubutunzi, ivy’imibano n’iterambere. Kwimuka-Uko vyagiye birahinduka Muri 1950 na 1960, amashirahamwe y’abanya Aziya, amashengero n’iyindi mirwi, vyariyamirijje itegeko rya ‘White Australian”(Abanya Australiya bera). Mu 1958, Leta ya Australiya niho yahevye gutanga ikibazo co kwandika, muri 1966, bemeye ko haba abimuka ‘batowe’ mu banya Aziya bafise ubumenyi, n’abatari Abanyabulaya. Mu nyuma bahavuye bemera gushiramwo abantu bava mu bihugu vyose mu mugambi w’abimuka. Itegeko rya ‘White Australia’ ryavuyeho mu 1973, igihugu cari cinjiye mu nzira y’imico rusangi. Benshi mur’abo bari abanya Vietnam, ariko aba Shinwa n’Abahindi baciye batangura kuza ari benshi. Kuva muri 1975, Australiya yarakiriye impunzi zivuye mubihugu biri mungwano, harimwo Bosniya na Herzegovine, mu bihugu vy’abarabu no muri Afrika. Ubu abimuka turonka bava kw’isi yose. Australiya yabaye igihugu kigizwe n’ibihugu vyose; yabaye intsinzi mw’iterambere. Kuva 1945, hamaze kuza abantu bashika imiriyoni 6.5 muri Australiya. Abarenga ¼ bavukiya mu mahanga. Abimuka baratoye kuza muri Australiya kugira dusangire ivyiza dufise. Barongereje ubutunzi bw’ubuzima bw’Abanyaustraliya. Ihuriro Ubu Australiya n’igihugu c’imico itandukanye, aho umuntu wese afise uburenganzira bwo gukora ibijanye n’ivyo yemera no gukurikiza imico kama atarenze amategeko, akubahwa kandi agakingigwa. Australiya uyu munsi gifise itegeko rya ‘inclusion’, aho umuntu wese wo mu bwoko ubwaribwo bwose yiyunvamwo igihugu ciwe. Iryo tegeko rifata ibice vyose vy’umuco wa Australiya. Riri mubigize integuro zacu zo kwigisha kuva mubwana gushika muri kaminuza, kandi turikoresha mu buzi no mu mahinguriro. Uburenganzira bw’uburinganire bw’abantu ata gukumirana buhagarikirwa n’ishirahamwe ry’ubahiriza agateka ka zina muntu bo n’ibisata vya Leta bibuza gukumirana mu ntara zose z’igihugu. Gukumirana bifatiye kumoko birahanwa icese kandi n’icaha imbere y’amategeko. Australiya rero yabaye ihuriro ry’imico mu mahoro no kwihanganirana. N’igihugu abimuka, Abasangwabutaka n’abandi b’imvukira, bumva ko bafise uburenganzira bwo imigambi yabo mu mahoro. N’ahantu ivyahora bitandukanya abantu, bashobora kubisiga inyuma. Muri 1973, Leta ya Australiya yarakuyeho inzitiro zose z’amoko ku bimuka. Muri1975, inyuma y’ingwano ya Vietnam, Australiya yarakiriye igitigiri kinini cane c’impunzi n’abimuka baturuka muri Aziya. Igice ca 5 - Akahise ka Australiya yacu 69 Dr Victor Chang (1936 – 1991) Dr Victor Chang yar’umwe mu baganga bahambaye babaga umutima. Victor Peter Chang Yam Him yavukiye mu Bushinwa mu 1936, yaje muri Australiya afise imyaka 15. Yakoze mu bitaro ‘St. Vincent’ i Sydney aho yatanguza mu 1984 ikigo ca mbere muri Australiya gikora ivyo guha umuntu umutima wundi. Mu 1986 Victor Chang yahawe impano yo hejuru cane ‘Companion of the Order of Australia’. Victor yaratanguye gutegwa n’ubwoba ko hazokena abemera gutanga imitima, aca atangura gucapa umutima. Yariko arawuheraheza igihe yicwa muri 1991. Baciye bashinga ikigo c’abarondezi bamwibukirako Yibukwa kubera ubumenyi bwiwe, kwizera no guhimba. Albert Namatjira (1902 – 1959) Eddie Mabo (1936 – 1992) Albert Namatjira n’umwe mu banya australiya babahinga bahanitse yatanguje ishure ryo gushushanya tukigenderako n’ubu. Eddie Mabo yari inshigwarimenetse n’umuvugizi w’uburenganzira bw’aba Aboriginal ku butaka. Nk’umusore w’umu Arrernte, Albert yarerekanye impano mu gucapa akoresheje irangi. Ntamyimenyerezo yemewe yari yaragize, ariko amasanamu yiwe y’igihugu ca Australiya akoresheje amabara y’amazi’yari rurangiranwa kandi yagugwa ningoga cane. Be n’umugore wiwe babaye aba Aboriginal bambere muri Australiya boronse ubwenegihugu. Vyasobanurwa ko bashobora gutora, kwinjira mu mahoteri no kwubaka inzu aho bagomvye hose. Ubwenegihugu bwa Albert bwaragaragaje ingene abandi ba Aboriginal badafise ubwo burenganzira. Ubuzima bwiwe bweretse abatari Abasangwabutaka ba Australiya agahotoro n’amacakubiri vyaranga amategeko, kandi vyarafashije mw’ihindurwa ry’amategeko ku ba Aboriginal. 70 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Eddie Koiki Mabo yavukiye mw’izinga rya Murray, mu ntara kavukire y’umuryango w’aba Mabo. Kuva mu buto bwiwe baramwigishije ibiti n’ibitandara vy’amabuye vyerekana imbibe z’itongo ry’umuryango wiwe. Haheze igihe kirekire, Eddie niho yamenye ko intara yabo igengwa n’amategeko ya Australiya, ko itacegukira umuryango wiwe. Ishavu ryiwe yaciye arishira mu ngiro, aritwara muri Sentare aserukiye abanyagihugu bo mw’izinga Murray. Muri 1992, inyuma y’imyaka myinshi, Eddie yaratsinze urubanza muri Sentare ntahinyuzwa. Intahe ya Mabo itegeka yuko namba Abasangwabutaka bafise ivyemeza vyo muri kahise vyerekana ko hari imigenzo ibafatanya n’isi, bashobora gusaba gukomorerwa iyo ntara nimba ata bandi iregukira. Iyo ngingo yatumye igice kinini c’intara gisubizwa beneco bambere. Eddie Mabo bamwibukira ku butwari bwiwe mu gutsindira uburenganzira ku ntara z’Abasangwabutaka ba Australiya. Abasangwabutaka - Ivyahindutse mu myaka 20 Imyiyamirizo y’aba Aboriginal kuvyerekeye uburenganzira k’ubutaka yagiye kuja ahabona muri 1960 ihereye kumyiyerekano yitiriwe Gurindji ku ruhongore rwitwa “Wave Hill” mu bice vy’intara za “Northern Territory”. Abungere b’aba Aboriginal, barongowe na Vincent Lingiari, barahagaritse akazi. Ivyo biyamiriza vyari vyerekeye imishahara n’uburyo bakoreshwa, ariko vyahavuye bihindukamwo gusaba uburenganzira ku matongo. Iyo migumuko yaciriye inzira Eddie Mabo n’abandi, mukugwanira uburenganzira bw’Abasangwabuta ka ku matongo. Uyu munsi uruhara ruhambaye rw’abasangwabutaka mu karanga ka Australiya rwaremejwe kandi rurahimbazwa. Aba Aboriginal n’aba Torres Strait Islander bafise ibibanza bikomeye mu bakora akazi k’inguvu, harimwo no mu butungane, politike imyuga n’inkino. Integuro “MARVIN” yatangujwe n’aba Aboriginal muvya “digital animation” yaratsindiye impano nyinshi kandi irakoreshwa mu nyigisho no mu budandaza mu bihugu birenga 20 vyo kw’isi. Hakurikijwe ingingo z’Uburenganzira ku Matongo y’abitwa “Aboriginal” (Northern Territory) yashinzwe n’itegeko rya 1976, abitwa ‘Aboriginal people’ barakomorewe intara nini zo hagati muri Australiya. Mu ntango za 1990, ingingo Mabo ya Sentare Ntahinyuzwa n’iitegeko ry’amatongo y’iragi (Native Title Act) ryo muri 1993 yemeza ko Abasangwabutaka batarira busema mugusaba gukomorerwa amatongo yabo bisunze amategeko y’akaranga kabo. Ibice 10 kw’ijana vy’ubutaka bwa Australiya ubu bibamwo imvukira. Aho haracariho akaranga n’imico vya kera. Imico y’Abasangwabutaka ikomeza iter’imbere kandi benshi barayishima. Muri Rusama 1997, raporo yiswe ”the Bringing them home“ n’ukuvuga “kugarukanwa muhira” yarizwe mu nama nshingama - teka ya Australiya. Iyo raporo yari inyishu ku cegeranyo c’itohozwa ryagizwe ku gitigiri kinini c’abana bab’Aboriginal n’aba Torres Strait Islander bakuwe mu miryango yabo. Abo bana bazwi nk “Urwaruka rwibwe” (Stolen generations). Inyishu kuri iyo raporo, yabaye yuko abanya Australiya ibihumbi bashigikiye benewabo b’Abasangwabutaka mu rugendo bagize ku munsi wambere mu igihugu cose w’ ‘imbabazi’ (Sorry Day) mu 1998. Imbabazi ku rwaruka rwibwe, 2008 Itariki 13 Ruhuhuma 2008, Umushikiranganji wa mbere yarasavye imbabazi z’igihugu cose ku rwaruka rwibwe mu nama nshingamateka ya Australia. Yavuze mu kibanza c’abanya Australiya bose. Yasavye imbabazi k’uburyo Abasangwabutaka ba Australiya bafashwe nabi aho hambere na cane cane kugene abana b’Abasangwabutaka bonkorwa ku bavyeyi babo. Iryo jambo yarishikirije ku ma radiyo n’amateleviziyo vyose. Isinzi ry’Abanyaustraliya bari bakoraniye hamwe mu bibanza rusangi abandi aho bakorera kugira bumvirize ijambo ryo gusaba ikigongwe ‘Sorry speech’. Iryo jambo ryaratonda akarenganyo kabaye mu gihe giheze, rigatako rigasabako ikigongwe. Iyo yari intambwe ikomeye mugukira kw’Abasangwabutaka no kwiyemeza ko akarenganyo nk’ako katazosubira. Ijambo ry’ikigongwe ryabaye intambwe ikomeye kw’iterambere rya Australiya. Umwanditsi wo mu bicu yanditse “Mbabarira” (Sorry) hejuru ya Sydney Mu gusozera Izi nyigisho zabahaye agace gatoya kuri kahise k’abanya Australiya. Mushobora gusanga ubumenyi muhakuye bubuguruye amaso ku bibakikije. Mushobora gutangura muza muraraba amatariki yanditse ku nyubakwa za kera mugashobora kuyiyumvira muri kahise, igihe yubatswe. Ni mwahabwa agatambara ko kwambara itariki 11 Munyonyo, muzomenya ko ari icibutso c’abagabo n’abagore baguye ku rugamba. Muhuye n’Abasangwabutaka, uzomenya ko hari imigenzo y’akaranga ka kera bisunga. Turabahamiriza rero kwongereza ubumenyi bwanyu mukoresheje uburyo buriho no mugutembera. Uko mumenya vyinshi ni ko mubona vyinshi. Turaguhay’ikaze ku bwenegihugu bwa Australiya, kandi turagutumiye kwitanga mu kwubaka igihugu c’amahoro na demokarasi. Igice ca 5 - Akahise ka Australiya yacu 71 Insiguro y’ibice batabaza uwuserukira abantu canke igihugu umuntu aserukira canke ashirimbere igihugu canke akazi kiwe umurwi w’abantu umurwi w’abantu batowe kugira bafate ingingo, nk’arorero zerekeye ukuntu ishirahamwe ryo tunganywa ishure rifise indaro ishure aho abanyeshure baba kw’ishule kandi ntibashobore gusubira i muhira igice c’icirwa cose ishamba intara zo hagati y’Australiya ziraca nshaha amararo y’inka ifereme nini aho inka ziragirwa kugira bazozirwize ico bita “Charter” inyadiko zitomora uburenganzira n’ivyo umuntu wese ashinzwe umuryango akagwi k’abantu, bafitaniye ubucuti bw’amaraso canke bw’abubatse, basangiye intara ico abantu bahurujeko ahantu banama rimwe abasoda bita “conscript” umusoda atatoye kuja mu gisirikare, ariko akaba yategetswe kuja mu gisirikare mu gihe c’intambara Intara y’umwami intara ya leta ico bita “curriculum” ibiri mu vyirwa Umukene Kutagira amahera canke ntugire uburyo bwo kuronka amahera didgeridoo igicurarangisho c’abantu bita “Aborigene” b’Aba Australiya gikozwe mu muroha w’igiti ico bita “fair go“ uburyo buhagije canke bukwiye baha umuntu uwariwe wese kugira agire nawe ico amara gukorera hamwe gukorera hamwe mwese, ariko ukaraba ko bose bamerewe neza, bagakorera hamwe bose abapfasoni n’abashingantahe baguye k’urugamba abapfasoni n’abashingantahe baguye mu rwano canke k’urugamba guhingura gukora canke kurema Ico bita “Gross Domestic Product” igiciro biguzi vyosi n’ibindi bidandazwa vyo mu gihugu cose mu mwaka intuguta ikomeye igihe hashushe cane birenga iminsi ibiri vyikwirikirana ukumenja amakosa akomeye cane biba bitegekanijwe gutembagaza intwaro ya leta 72 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu ikimenyetso cerekana ibicapo vy’Abasangwabutaka ubuhinga bwisangijwe kandi bwerekana uko Abasangwabutaka bameze isi ikirere c’isi ibimenyetso bikomeye urubanza ruhambaye muri kahise k’igihugu itongo ry’iragi uburengenzira Abasangwabutaka bafitiye amatongo n’amazi vyemejwe muri mategeko y’Australiya akahise bamenyesha mu majambo akahise k’abantu kerekana ivyabaye kera umwimuka w’imboneza umwe mu bimuka bambere, uwagerereye rukaguma mu minsi ya mbere y’ubukoloni uguserukirwa n’abandi mu vya politike uguserekirwa mu namanshingamateka n’umuntu ari mu vya politike ico bita “reserve” igice c’amatongo Leta yabikiye Abasangwabuta ngo babemwo igihano iminsi yaciriwe umunyakibi kugira yishure akabi yakoze kugena imishara gufata ingingo yerekeye amahera abakozi bofata bijanye n’akazi uguhindura ubuzima bw’abanyagihugu uguhindura bukebuke ivyerekeye ubuzima bw’abanyagihugu, utabanje gusenya leta amaziko yarishwe na leta amaziko ahagarariwe na Leta kugira bashimire umunyagihugu yakoreye bikomeye igihugu urugo rwo kwikingira urugo rwo kwikingira rwubatswe mu b’ikingi n’ibirindi vy’ibiti abungere abantu bahawe akazi kukuragira inka uguhagarika akazi igihe abanyakazi bahagaritse gukora, akarorero, iyo bagomba guhakana ivyategetswe n’umukoresha amatora yo k’umugaragazo uburengenzira bwo gutora k’umugaragazo kurahira kwemererwa gukora mu kazi ka leta biciye mu birori kwemererwa ko ikintu kizoskikirizwa mu nama kwemererwa ko ikintu kizoskikirizwa mu nama canke mu nama nshingwamateka ngo cemerwe, akarorero iraporo yarashikirijwe ngo yemerwe amamuko umuryango w’umuntu, amamuko, akazi, ikibanza Insiguro y’igice batabaza 73 Wifuza izindi nyigisho Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya Kugira uronke izindi nyigisho zerekeye ingene ushobora kuba umunyagihugu wa Australiya, ca kuri website y’ Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya kuri www.citizenship.gov.au. Australiya Urashobora kuronka izindi nyigisho kuvyerekeye Australiya mu kibanza basomeramwo ibitabo c’ahuherereye. Izi website zikwirikira zirashobora nazo nyene kuguha izindi nyigisho: • Australia mu nca make www.dfat.gov.au/aib • Umuco n’ibibanza bakiniramwo www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au Imigambi n’ibisata vya Leta ya Australiya Urashobora kuronka izindi nyigisho ku vyerekeye amaprogramu n’amashirahamwe ya Leta y’Australiya www.australia.gov.au. Umushingamateka canke Umukenguzamateka wa Leta nkuru Umushingamateka canke Umukenguzamateka wa Leta y’intara canke igice c’intara yawe barafise. Urashobora kuronka amazina yose y’Abashingamateka n’abakenguzamateka ahakurikira www.aph.gov.au. Amashirahamwe ya Leta ya Australiya Urashobora kuronka izindi nyigisho ku vyerekeye amashirahamwe ya Leta: • Igisirikare ca Australiya (Australian Defence Force) www.defence.gov.au • Komisiyo ijejwe amatora ya Australiya (Australian Electoral Commission) www.aec.gov.au • Polisi ya Leta nkuru ya Australiya (Australian Federal Police) www.afp.gov.au • Komisiyo ijejwe uburengezira bw’abantu (Australian Human Rights Commission) www.humanrights.gov.au • Komisiyo ijejwe ivy’ubunonozi muri Australiya (Australian Sports Commission) 74 www.ausport.gov.au • Ibiro vy’ikoro vy’ Australiya (Australian Taxation Office) www.ato.gov.au • Icibutso c’ingwano ca Australiya (Australian War Memorial) www.awm.gov.au • Ibanki nkuru ya Australiya (Reserve Bank of Australia) www.rba.gov.au Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu Amashirahamwe ategamiye Leta Urashobora kuronka izindi nyigisho ku vyerekeye amashirahamwe ategamiye Leta ziri muri kano gatabo muiye kuri aya mawebsite: • Bradman Foundation Australia www.bradman.com.au • Hamlin Fistula International www.fistulatrust.org • Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia www.flyingdoctor.net • School of the Air www.schoolair-p.schools.nsw.edu.au • Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Authority www.snowyhydro.com.au • The Fred Hollows Foundation www.hollows.org.au • UNESCO World Heritage Centre whc.unesco.org • Ishirahamwe Nkuzamakungu (United Nations) www.un.org • Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute www.victorchang.edu.au • Volunteering Australia www.volunteeringaustralia.org Ibindi Raba izi website zikwirikira nimba mwifuza izindi nyigisho zijanye n’ivyirwa bikwirikira: • Australian Constitution (amategeko ya Australiya)www.aph.gov.au/senate/general/constitution • Australian of the Year Awards (Agashimwe kitiriwe umunya Australiya) www.australianoftheyear.org.au • ‘Bringing them home’ report Raporo bise ”Bringing them home” www.humanrights.gov.au/social_justice/ bth_report/index.html • Amashamba n’ayandi matongo yabitswe ya Australiya www.environment.gov.au/parks/index.html • Famous Australians: The Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Edition http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/adbonline.htm • Urutondo rw’amategeko bashikirije Inamanshingamateka www.aph.gov.au/bills/index.htm • Inamashingamateka ya Australiya www.aph.gov.au • Ibiro vy’inamashingamateka bijejwe inigisho www.peo.gov.au • Iminsi yo kuruhuka yagenywenaLetawww.australia.gov.au/topics/australianfacts-andfigures/public-holidays • Ico bise “Apology to the Stolen Generations” (Ugusaba ikigongwe ku Bantu bibwe) www.abc.net.au/news/events/apology/text. htm Wifuza Izindi nyigisho 75 Abashimiwe Izi sanamu zaratanzwe k’ubuntu na National Archives of Australia: p42 – Abana bari aho baragiye intama NSW – School of the Air, ifoto yafashwe muri 1962 (ref: A1200:L42511) p51 – Abategetsi – Dick Smith, Chairman of Civil Aviation Authority, 1991(ref: A6135:K23/5/91/1) p56 – ikarata ya Tasman ya Australia, 1644 (ref: A1200:L13381) p59 – Amafoto y’akataraboneka y’igihe c’ukwirukira inzahabu muri Australiya muri 1851 (ref: A1200:L84868) p60 – ‘Abanyafuganistani’ n’ingamiya zabo bariko batembera mu ntara hagati ya Australia (ref: A6180:25/5/78/62) p67 – Abategetsi – Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop mu biro vyiwe, 1986 (ref: A6180:1/9/86/12) p67 – Ukwimuka – Abimuka bashitse muri Australiya – Italian Abakozi bo mu mirima y’imisigati k’ubwato bwitwa Flaminia mu ri Cairns, 1955 (ref: A12111:1/1955/4/97) Izi sanamu zaratanzwe k’ubuntu na “National Library of Australia”: p18 – Abantu bari biyamamaje bakoranye ngo bumvirize umuvugizi w’Inamashingamateka aho biyamiriza ingwano ahitwa i Garema Place, Civic, Canberra, 15 ukwezi kwa Ruhuhuma, 2003, ifoto yafashwe na Greg Power (ref: nla.pic-vn3063592) p44 – Isanamu ya Judith Wright, yatangajwe muri 1940s (ref: nla.pic-an29529596) p52 – Abakenyezi b’Abanyaustraliya bariko bararamukanya n’intwaramiheto mu gihe bari bararuhuka mu ntara yitwa Aceh, muri Indoneziya inyuma y’ikiza bise “tsunami”, itariki 30 ukwezi kwa Kigarama 2004, ifoto yafashwe na Dan Hunt (ref: nla.pic-vn3510861) p56 – Umurwi w’ubwato bwa mbere muri Sydney Cove, itariki 27 y’ukwezi kwa Nzero, 1788, vyasubiwemwo John Allcot 1888 – 1973 (ref: nla.pic-an7891482) p57 – Igicapo ca Caroline Chisholm, casohowe na Thomas Fairland 1804 – 1852 (ref: nla.pic-an9193363) p58 – Aho Burke na Wills basubira ahitwa Coopers Creek, vyasubiwemwo na Nicholas Chevalier 1828 – 1902 hanyuma bisohorwa muri 1868 (ref: nla.pic-an2265463) p61 – Igicapo ca Catherine Helen Spence, casohowe muri 1890s (ref: nla.pic-an14617296) p63 – John Simpson Kirkpatrick ni indogobwa yiwe, Gallipoli, 1915 (ref: nla.pic-an24601465) p65 – Igicapo ca Sir Charles Edward Kingsford Smith, casohowe hagati ya 1919 na 1927 (ref: nla.pic-vn3302805) p70 – Igicapo ca Albert Namatjira ku misiyoni ya Hermannsburg, Northern Territory, casohowe muri 1946 canke muri 1947 na Arthur Groom (ref: nla.pic-an23165034) Amasanamu cumi nane y’ibibanza vyerekana akahise mw’isi yosi yatanzwe n’ubushikiranganji bujejwe ibidukingiriye, Amazi, Akahise n’Ubuhinga n’abandi bantu bakwirikira: p40 – Ifoto y’ivyo bita “Australian Fossil Mammal Sites” yafashwe na Colin Totterdell p40 – Ifoto y’amashamba bita “Blue Mountains National Park“ yafashwe na Mark Mohell p40 – Ifoto ya Fraser Island yafashwe na Shannon Muir p40 – Ifoto ya Gondwana Rainforests of Australiya yafashwe na Paul Candlin p40 – Ifoto ya Kakadu National Park yafashwe na Sally Greenaway p40 – Ifoto ya Lord Howe Island yafashwe na Melinda Brouwer 76 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu p40 – Ifoto ya Macquarie Island yafashwe na Melinda Brouwer p41 – Ifoto ya Purnululu National Park yafashwe na Rod Hartvigsen p41 – Ifoto ya Royal Exhibition Building na Carlton Gardens yafashwe na Michelle McAulay p41 – Ifoto ya Shark Bay photograph yafashwe na Kelly Mullen p41 – Ifoto ya Tasmanian Wilderness yafashwe na Nicola Bryden p41 – Ifoto ya Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park yafashwe na Andrew Hutchinson p41 – Ifoto ya hitwa “Wet Tropics” ya Queensland yafashwe na Colin Totterdell p41 - Ifoto ya Willandra Lakes Region yafashwe na Mark Mohell Amafoto akwirikira yatanzwe k’ubuntu na iStockphoto: Urupapuro rutangura – Wattle, ©iStockphoto.com/Ressy (ref: 3322510) p14 – Ico bita “Australian black opal”, ©iStockphoto.com/Alicat (ref: 8323912) p22 – Inyubakwa y’inamanshingamateka, ©iStockphoto.com/Tim Starkey (ref: 2256743) p22 – Ico bita “Gavel na book”, ©iStockphoto.com/Dem10 (ref: 2397687) p27 – Ibiceri ku mapuro zerekeye umutungo, ©iStockphoto.com/Robyn Mackenzie (ref: 2335549) p27 – Inyandiko za muganga, ©iStockphoto.com/Carlos Arranz (ref: 6498434) p38 – Ikengera z’ikiyaga bita “Bondi Beach”, ©iStockphoto.com/Edd Westmacott (ref: 3048786) P38 – Ico bita Kings Canyon, @istockphoto.com/Francois Marclay (ref:5733853) p51 – Gusaba amatongo y’ivyuma n’ubundi butaka, ©iStockphoto.com/Christian Uhrig (ref: 9819736) p54 – Didgeridoos, ©iStockphoto.com/Adam Booth (ref: 834207) p55 – ubuhinga bw’amabuye y’Aborigene – Saratoga fish, ©iStockphoto.com/Alpen Gluehen (ref: 2761924) Ayandi masanamu yose yatanzwe k’ubuntu n’amashirahamwe/abantu bakwirikira: p8 – U burembo bw’ amabara berekana hasi hacafye ibigazi vya Burrawang, Murramarang National Park, NSW, ifoto yafashwe na Dario Postai p20 – ifoto y’umuntu berekana ariko aratora yatanzwe na “Australian Electoral Commission” yo muri p24 – Itegeko ryo muri 1900 ryemeza amategeko ngenderwako ya Leta ya Australiya: ikopi yivyafashwe ahabona, amafoto yafashwe na Gifts Ivyatunganijwe n’ico bita “Parliament House Art Collection”, Ubushikiranganji bujejwe ivyerekeye ibikorwa vy’inamashigamateka, Canberra ACT p27 – Ifoto y’abana bicaye k’umurongo ya Getty, amafoto yafashwe na Mel Yates p28 – Isanamu ya “High Court” (Sentare ntahinyuzwa) yatanzwe na “High Court ya Australiya p40 – Isanamu ya Big Ben Heard Island yatanzwe “Australia Antarctic Division © Commonwealth of Australia, yafashwe na L. E. Large (ref:1892A2) p40 – Isanamu ya Great Barrier Reef yatanzwe na Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority p41 – Isanamu ya Sydney Opera House yatanzwe na City of Sydney, yafashwe na Patrick Bingham-Hall Abashimiwe 77 Abashimiwe p43 – Abakinyi ba ekipe yumurwi w’umupira w’amaguru w’abakenyezi wa Australiya (Matildas) amasanamu yatanzwe na Komisiyo y’inkino ya Australiya p44 – Isanamu ya Sir Donald Bradman yatanzwe na Bradman Museum ya Cricket. Sir Donald Bradman yambaye ikofero ya “Australian Test” yafashwe mu nkino zabaye muri 1931-32 p45 – Isanamu ya Professor Fred Hollows yatanzwe na Fred Hollows Foundation, yafashwe na Frank Violi p50 – Ibirori vy’umwaka musha i Sydney Harbour ifota yatanzwe n’umuji mukuru wa Sydney p52 – Isanamu ya Dr Catherine Hamlin AC yatanzwe na n’icobita Hamlin Fistula Relief na Aid Fund.” p61 – Lord Lamington ashikiriza ijambo itsinzi y’abantu k’umunsi bitiriye “Federation Day”, Brisbane, 1901, ifoto yatanzwe na Inzu basomeramwo y’intara ya Queensland, photograph yatanzwe na H.W. Mobsby (ref: 47417) p65 – Ifoto yerekeye aho bafata isupu mu gikoni yatanzwe n’ Inzu basomeramwo y’intara ya New South Wales (Mitchell Library). Abana bo kw’ishule batonze umurongo ngo baronke isupu n’umukate, Belmore North Public School, NSW, Itariki 2 Ukwezi kwa Myandagaro 1934, yafashwe na Sam Hood (ref: H&A 4368) p66 – Ifoto ya Kokoda Track yatanzwe na “Australian War Memorial” (ref: 014028) p66 – Ico bita “Red poppies” muri ”Australian War Memorial”, ifoto yafashwe na Torie Brims p70 – Ifoto ya Dr Victor Chang yatanzwe na “Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute” p70 – Isanamu ya Eddie Mabo yasiwemwo bahawe uruhusha na Bernita na Gail Mabo 78 Ubwenegihugu bwa Australiya: Igihuza abanyagihugu
