Observed sea level rise

NW
NE
MIM
W
April 2009
SW
Observed
sea level
rise
Phenomena
SE
S
Monsterous waves
Best ship 2008
Ship in the
spotlight!
Holland Klipper
2
••••• MIM April 2009 • ••
Build: 1989, Owner: Seatrade Groningen B.V., VOS: since March 1998, OBS: 1667.
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From the editors desk
Phenomena
The PMO-Office announces
Back to the shore: Winter
Sea level rise
And the certificates go to
Results
Best ship 2008
Dutch PMO-Office 030-22 06 851/678
René Rozeboom
PMO
Publicationyear 22, number 80
ISSN: 0925-2991
Adress:
KNMI, Sector I-WIS
PMO- Office
Postbus 201
3730 AE De Bilt
[email protected]
Red.Telephone:
030 - 220 68 36
Bert de Vries
PMO
Colophon *
MIM is a quarteredition from the Department “WaarneemInfrastructuur” of the KNMI. This magazine is ment for those
who take part on board of ships and platforms, which accomplisch and release meteorological observations.
Using articles is permitted when the source is mentioned
and an example of the publication is forwarded to the KNMI.
Peter Westenbrink
Assistent PMO
Editing:
P.M. Westenbrink
Colleagues De Bilt:
R.J. Rozeboom/A.A. de Vries
Corrector English text:
D. Suri (Met Office)
Fotographs (unless different): KNMI
Satellite images:
Meteosat and Goes: NERC Satellite
Receiving Station, Dundee University,
Scotland
http://www.sat.dundee.ac.uk
Terra and Aqua: Image courtesy of
MODIS Rapid Response Project at
NASA/GSFC
http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov
Lay-out and printing:
Studio/Printcentre KNMI
• • MIM April 2009 ••••••
3
From the editors desk
•••••
Peter Westenbrink
Ik weet niet hoe de stemming bij u aan boord is, wel-
I don’t know what your state of mind on board is like,
licht is dat afhankelijk van uw scheepspositie, maar
perhaps it depends on the ship’s position, but here
hier op 52°6’N 5°11’O heerst de ‘winterblues’. Alhoe-
at 52°6’N 5°11’E the ‘winter blues’ rule. Although I’ve
wel ik genoten heb van een winter waarin sinds twaalf
enjoyed this winter and had the chance to skate on
jaar weer op natuurijs geschaatst kon worden, is het
natural ice for the first time in twelve years enough
nu genoeg geweest. Als gevolg van te weinig zonlicht,
is enough now. Because of a lack of sunlight I feel
voel ik mij neerslachtig, slaperig en landerig. Om de
dejected, sleepy and listless. To control the resulting
daaruit voortvloeiende verveling te beteugelen, prop
boredom I stuff myself with sweets to get at least
ik mij vol met zoetigheid, zodat ik tenminste een
some energy.
beetje energie binnen krijg.
And so I drift along towards spring thumbing the
Zo sleep ik mij voort richting lente, af en toe blade-
KNMI-newspaper collection now and again. This
rend in de KNMI-knipselkrant, waar ik ook al niet
doesn’t cheer me up either: snow storms, floods,
vrolijker van word: sneeuwstormen, overstromingen,
forest fires, tornado’s, Snow Food… Snow Food? Yes,
bosbranden, tornado’s, Snow Food… Snow Food?
indeed. The world’s first winter sports cookery book.
Jazeker. Het eerste wintersportkookboek ter wereld.
Instead of taking some extra carbohydrates,
Behalve het innemen van wat extra koolhydraten, kun
according to the book reviewer, you can fight your
je volgens de recensent van het boek ook je winter-
winter blues with a week of winter sports as well.
dip bestrijden met een weekje wintersport. Goed en
Good, delicious food is, of course, a given and
lekker eten is daarbij wel een voorwaarde, afgewisseld
washed down with like the ‘snow caprioska made
met een drankje zoals de ‘snow caprioska met echte
with real snow’, an après-ski-fruit cocktail on a vodka
sneeuw’, een après-ski-fruitcocktail op wodka-basis.
base.
Ondanks de opsomming van de soms stevige
In spite of the review’s substantial meals and handy
maaltijden en handige meeneemlunches, glijdt mijn
takeaway lunches, my eye is almost automatically
oog bijna automatisch naar het geciteerde zoetige
drawn to the sweetish recipe of chocolate chilli bites.
recept voor chocolate chilli bites. Dat zijn chocolade-
These are chocolate muffins with chilli and espresso.
muffins met chilipeper en espresso. Misschien iets
Something for the ship’s cook to put himself in spot-
voor de scheepskok om zichzelf mee in het zonnetje
light with? See next page.
te zetten? Zie de volgende pagina.
4
••••• MIM April 2009 • ••
The editors picture
•••••
The blues and brownies
Chocolate chilli bites
200 g butter
200 g chocolate
175 g sugar
4 eggs
1 tablespoon flour
1 ½ teaspoons of chilli powder
1 cup strong espresso
Preheat the oven to 200 degrees Celsius. Melt the
butter and chocolate ‘au bain marie’ in a saucepan. Add the sugar. Let the mixture a little cool
down then stir the eggs in. Add the flour, chilli
powder and the espresso and give it all a good mix
round. Pour it into a muffin tray (makes about 12
buns) and put it into the oven for 12-15 minutes…
…then the spring’ll be back in your step
Read in NRC Next 6 February 2009.
• • MIM April 2009 ••••••
5
Peter Westenbrink
Phenomena 2007/2008
In the Mariners Observers Log on the E-Surfmar
website we’ve registered your observed phenomena
from the past year. Below are some of the highlights:
Meteorological
sea smoke
The Elandsgracht on the way from
Eastport to Flushing ended up in a
thick fog last year. Officer Boutsma:
‘Today we passed the grand banks
“tail of the bank”. In the past hour
the seawater temperature has risen
from 8 to 12 degrees. The ships
speed has increased from 13.9
to 15.0. We are now in the slope
water current or gulfstream, or a
combination of the two. However the
outside air temperature remains 12.1
(wet and dry) and the dense fog is still
surrounding the vessel as it has for
the last 26 hours. Visibility is about
150 metres and has never been more
than 200 since we entered the fog.’
•••• The Coral Carbonic shortly before it disappeared in the fog near Swedish Skanssundet. ••••
Master Vorstius Kruijf had sent us
a picture from the Coral Carbonic
shortly before it disappeared in the fog
near Swedish Skanssundet. ‘As you
notice without excellent working radar
the passage to port can’t be seen.’
waterspouts
Master IJssel de Schepper and officer
van der Bent on board the Nedlloyd
Barentsz to Port Said thought
they dealt with an ordinary cold
front: ‘When adrift and waiting for
Bosporus passage, a front passed. At
first all seemed normal. Then there were
these waterspouts around the ship. We
counted six of them. When the front
passed, the wind turned 180 degrees
6
••••• MIM April 2009 • ••
••• The Fairpartner waterspouts in the Street of Malaga on 14 November 2006. ••••••••
very quickly and the visibility reduced
rapidly. The spouts disappeared with the
same speed as they appeared. A wind
gust of 25 m/s came along with the
passage of the front.’
It reminds me of the 2006
Fairpartner waterspouts
photographed in the Street of
Malaga.
Time UTC Wind
Pressure
07.00 10.00 10.30 11.00 S-7 SSW-8 WNW to NW-8 WNW-8 997.1
988.0
990.0
995.5
••••The unselfishly handed over Holland KLipper barograph paper.••••••••
rapidly falling air pressure
‘I don’t think sailing through the
centre of a low in 30 minutes time
and observing all the corresponding
types of weather according to the
book is an everyday thing of life’,
master Hagendoorn reports on board
the Holland Klipper sailing from
Gemlik to Taranto 4 December 2008.
‘At the lowest pressure around
10.00 UTC there almost was no
wind for about 5 minutes. The main
weather was intermittent cloud with
occasional showers and rainbows
above the horizon. All in all it wasn’t
comfortable but an interesting
phenomenon’, he said. For evidence
he unselfishly has handed over the
barograph paper.
rapid cloud change
On board of the Saimaagracht
officer Rijnveld witnessed a very
fast developing phenomenon: ‘On
a beautiful Saturday morning 12
April 2008 at 10.45 local time (13.45
UTC) the Atlantic sky was covered
with 3 oktas cumulus type CL1.
When I kept the watch an hour later
the sky suddenly had 5 oktas cirrus
type CH4 and 1 okta CL1 left. This
spectacle held on for about little
hour whereupon the cirrus noticeably
“vanished”. This phenomenon
was remarkably seen by all the
crewmembers. Our question is
how something we’ve observed can
appear “out of the blue” within such
a very short space of time?’
Meteorologist Geuko Boog has
analysed that days 00.00 UTC
weather chart. Near Saimaagracht
position 19-41.8N 041-10.8W he
analyses a weak cold front passing
over rapidly followed by an occlusion.
The cold front caused the cumulus
which vanished by the descending
air movement. The cirrus belonged
to the occlusion moving up but the
possibility of fanning out contrail
caused by planes can’t be ruled out.
•••• The Bracknell 00.00 UTC weather chart
and satellite picture with Saimaagracht
position 19-41.8N 041-10.8W. •••
• • MIM April 2009 ••••••
7
Astronomical
‘Comet’
In the South Chinese Sea on board of
the Happy Ranger officer van Vuuren
and an apprentice were enjoying the
star-spangled sky. It is Thursday 13
March 2008: ‘Just after sunset in the
western sky we observed a dim spot
with what looked like a tail, making
it appear just like a comet. As dusk
progressed and it started to get darker
moonlight started to dominate so
we weren’t able to see the little spot
properly any more. Of course this is
more of an astronomical question
than a meteorological one, but in the
nautical almanac we couldn’t find
anything about whether a comet is
visible with the eye, so we thought
maybe the KNMI would know?’
‘It’s out of the question that they’ve
seen a comet’, meteorologist Jacob
Kuiper says but he has no alternative
for what they really might have seen:
‘It could have been (the stage of ) a
rocket dumping wasted fuel. It sometimes gives these kind of ‘clouds’.
Many potential and recently launched
missiles could have done this.’
‘Stone’
According to Jacob it’s also out of
the question that the next observed
phenomenon could be associated
with the Sudanese Fireball, an
asteroid approximately 2 metres in
diameter which broke up in the sky
over Sudan on 7 October 2008. A
pity it wasn’t because it was the first
time an asteroid was observed by
watchers before it entered the earth’s
atmosphere. It would have been nice if
this Alexandergracht phenomenon two
days later took ‘part’ of it somehow.
On 9 October 2008 the ship was
sailing in the Mediterranean Sea off
Tunisia and Sardinia direction 305
8
••••• MIM April 2009 • ••
degrees. Officer Fleumer reports:
‘We just saw something big crossing
the sky burning, much bigger than
the “falling stars” we usually see at
night. This “stone” coming down
was broken into many big pieces.
Like a little “train”, it crossed the
sky west to east about 20 degrees
above the horizon. It all started about
30 degrees at port. The pieces were
coloured orange-yellowish and could
be observed for more than 90 degrees
crossing the sky. Near the easterly
horizon it got out of sight but I think
it was because of the clouds instead
of being burnt out. As far as we could
see it didn’t look like the pieces had
burnt out. The whole scene must have
taken place for six to eight seconds.
It was a magnificent sight but I hope
somebody can tell us it was just a
piece of “rock” coming down and not
something with people in it.’
a similar experience at the Atlantic:
‘Because of the almost full moon,
could see a rainbow at night. Colours
were slightly observable.’
Green flash
Master Krombeen and the officers
Truffel and Williams on board of the
ms Rotterdam near the Brazil coast:
‘During sunset a clear green flash
has been observed.‘
Light column
Master de Vos and officer
Mykhalevsky on board of the Coral
Millepora in the Bay of Biscay: ‘Light
column going up from sun to the
sky. Was visible from 18.00 to 18.32.’
Aurora borealis
Just one report. In circumstances
which cannot be described as noteworthy, observed by the observers
Misonzhnyk and Yani on board of the
Hedwig Oldendorff 4 October 2008.
Optical
observations
The ship at that moment was sailing
off Newfoundland.
Maritieme
(lunar) Rainbow
Master Nowee and officer
Meulenbroeks on board of the
Bioluminescence
Fairmast sailing the Indian Ocean
Master Piscaer and the officers
east of Madagascar: ‘In the evening
Brink and Veldhuizen on board of
at 20.35 local time a rainbow created
the Happy Buccaneer: ‘Arabian sea.
by a low sky moon was clearly visible.
Wind: south 2 to 3 bft, sea: small
We could see a complete semicircle.
wavelets, sea temperature: 24º C,
At the time of the observation it was
clear sky, good visibility. Nice
full moon and there was some slight
bow wave lit by bioluminescence.
rain. The rainbow was visible for about
Dolphins are lit like a big meteor in
10 minutes until it disappeared.’
sea, with a tail of light. Large groups
of fish are lit like a circle of light,
On board of the Jo Spruce master
Grootjans and officer Fillekes had
approximate diameter 5 meters.’
Same ship, two days later: ‘Strong
luminescence of bow wave and
Marine life
wind waves. Many dolphins sighted,
turtles floating around. Density
approximate 1 turtle/hectare in
course of yesterday and today.’
making luminescent tracks in the
water. Also observed groups of
Whales and dolphins
fish and flying fish off the bow, all
Master Krombeen, officer Williams
clearly visible. Luminescence varies
and apprentice Talm on board of the
in strength, sometimes weak and at
ms Rotterdam in the Barentsz Sea
other times almost like a fluorescent
17 June 2008: ‘Whale and dolphins
lamp is lit. Has been visible for a few
feeding together. Catching fish by
hours on end.’
swimming in a circle, which is getting
smaller and smaller. Spotted 3 killer
Master Otte and officer Stol on
whales and about 6 dolphins. Lasted
board of the Iver Excel sailing off
about 8 minutes.’
Shanghai: ‘During the whole evening
the sea gives varying degrees of light.
The Benguela Stream was treated to
In combination with fluorescence,
a ‘white Christmas’. Master Buijs:
breaking waves caused by a southerly
‘Approximate 15 dolphins “white belly”
wind 7 to 8 bft from the storm
black stripes coming from the west.
Kalmeagi gave a magnificent and
First Xmas greeting from inhabitants
magic luminous view. Sometimes it
of the sea.’ A few days earlier they
is more like a nightclub dance floor
were surprised by a similar kind of
instead of a turbulent sea.’
whale: ‘Young “white belly” whale
jumping close to the ship and waved
Freak wave
with his fin. The almost square fin is
And what else can happen on this
better than an Ambient HD full ready
dance floor? Master van Calcar on
Plasma or LCD.’
board of the Maersk Palermo has
(sea) Birds
The Anjeliersgracht on the Pacific
with on the bridge master Vink and
officer Meijer: ‘Bird travelling with
us on the wires of the ships crane.
Description: grey-brown wings, white
breast and neck and specific brown
area around the eyes. Bill about 3 cm
long. Bird is not looking very pleased
with himself.’
Miscellaneous
Volcanism
In the Banda Sea master Honig on
board on the Alblasgracht witnessed
some volcanic activity 29 January
2008: ‘Volcano activity on island
of Komba/Batu Tara, 10nm North
of our present position. Volcano
erupting with periods of clouds of
smoke.’(More volcanism on p.19)
the answer: ‘We had a freak wave
The Coral Millepora with on board
between a swell of about 2 meters.
master de Vos and the officers
Nothing going on and then suddenly,
Novianto, Shvets and Purwanto got
through a sad moment: ‘During
sailing in the bay of Biscay, captain
was seeing a floating object that he
thought it was a boat, but after a look
in the binocular it was a dead whale.
Thanks to a good look out, everybody
could see the whale in close range.
Hope next time we see phenomena it
won’t be bad news.’
Avalance
Something totally different was the
‘avalanche seen 3 miles west of
position 64-38.4S 062-53.6W.’ This
was possibly the effects of climate
change near the Antarctic Peninsula
and was observed 16 January 2008
by master Krombeen and the officers
Williams and van den Hoff on board
of the ms Rotterdam.
Other (marine)
animals
More phenomena on http://esurfmar.
meteo.fr?wikilog/index.php/Main_Page
the ship fell into a deep wave, about
6 meters deep. Luckily, no damage
and no water on deck. When I felt
that happening, I went to the bridge
wing and you could see two tipped
waves i.s.o round waves with a deep
valley between it.
The wave was about 6 meters
high and about 1000 meters wide,
perpendicular of the direction of
the wave. The direction of the swell
was about 030 degrees, our course
was 062 true and the speed was 16.1
miles per hour. There was no time
to make a picture. Things like this
happen too quickly.’
Like the Hedwig Oldendorff three
weeks before the ship was sailing off
Newfoundland.
Turtle
Master Osephius on board of the
Fairload on the Indian Ocean:
‘An enormous population of sea• • MIM April 2009 ••••••
9
Bert de Vries
The PMO Office
announces
Non-Standard Hourly
your provider. When a company makes
makes preliminary corrections.
Observations
a request to send in OBS by email we
When possible, the OBS are corrected,
have to make the sending addressee,
add = at the end of the OBS, or to split
Last month in my monthly mail, I
such as globe email, known to this
up one group of 10 digits in two groups
requested that you do not send non-
program.
of 5, and sent on to an application called
MSS (Message Switching System)
standard hourly observations from
outside the North Atlantic region. I
So both mails from Burum and from
would like to explain in more detail why
known vessels are detected by this
I made this request.
program and sent to a JAVA application.
Now here’s the clue:
This application screens the message
MSS recognizes, based on position
When you send us your OBS by SatCom-
for BBXX and in this way recognizes
groups in your OBS, in which WMO Geo-
C to Burum (AOE-AOW or IOR), they
your OBS.
graphical Area your OBS were made.
(Stratos) forward your OBS to the KNMI
When no BBXX is detected or BBXX is
WMO (World Meteorological Organisati-
by email to our mailbox. We recognize
found in the subject-field of the email,
on) recognizes 7 different Geographical
these mails from the sender - Stratos.
the message is not recognized as OBS
Areas worldwide. All SM (SYNOP Main
When you use email to [email protected],
and is rejected. Hence our request to
hour UTC) and SI (SYNOP Intermediate
your provider sends these mails to us.
not use BBXX in the subject field of
Hour UTC) OBS made worldwide and
The next steps are performed by an
your email message. Better still: leave it
sent to Station 12 or our mailbox are
application called AOW. This is a multi-
blank!
then put into bulletin form and distri-
tasking platform which takes care of the
When detected by BBXX as Ships Ob-
buted worldwide (GTS).
correct sequence that follows.
servation FM13, the OBS are screened for
So are all SN (SYNOP Non-standard hour
errors such as: Position format errors
UTC) observations from within the North
We have a program called Opalis that
(no 99 in the latitude group) or Time/
Atlantic Region. All SN OBS outside the
scans our KNMI mailbox from mails
date errors (09241 instead of 10001), etc,
North Atlantic Region are not put into
send by Burum and mails sent from
etc… TurboWin detects such errors and
bulletin form and not distributed world-
10
••••• MIM April 2009 • ••
wide. This conforms to regulations
bulletin form SI or SN, others distribute
make a SI or SN observation please be
made long ago in the TELEX era.
all SM, SI and SN OBS they receive in Bul-
careful how and where you send it to.
letin form.
Goonhilly is probably best in this case,
but we would prefer it if you stick to
When we count your observations we
intercept these bulletins. All LES con-
To make things easier I therefore
the SM observations, not just because of
nected National Meteorological Centres
request that you make only Main Hour
distribution errors but mainly because
(NMC) have their own regime of dis-
UTC observations. All LES’s and NMC
computer models basically run using
tributing the OBS they receive. Some
accept and distribute these observati-
the Main Hour UTC observations.
never distribute the OBS they receive in
ons. If however you are in a position to
The areas and the bulletins FROM DE BILT EHDB:
SMVB = SYNOP Mainhour Vessel B(geographical area)
SYNOP Main hours UTC:
SHIP/NAVIRE; AREA BETWEEN/ZONE ENTRE: 30N-60S, 35W-70E
SMVB10 EHDB FM13-XI 00,06,12,18 SHIP/NAVIRE; AREA BETWEEN/ZONE ENTRE: 90N-05N, 70E-180E
SMVC10 EHDB FM13-XI 00,06,12,18 SHIP/NAVIRE; AREA BETWEEN/ZONE ENTRE: 05N-60S, 120W-35W
SMVD10 EHDB FM13-XI 00,06,12,18 SHIP/NAVIRE; AREA BETWEEN/ZONE ENTRE: 90N-05N, 180W-35W
SMVE10 EHDB FM13-XI 00,06,12,18 SHIP/NAVIRE; AREA BETWEEN/ZONE ENTRE: 05N-60S, 70E-120W
SMVF10 EHDB FM13-XI 00,06,12,18 SHIP/NAVIRE; AREA BETWEEN/ZONE ENTRE: 90N-30N, 35W-70E
SYNOP Intermediate Hours UTC:
SHIP/NAVIRE; AREA BETWEEN/ZONE ENTRE: 30N-60S, 35W-70E
SIVB10 EHDB FM13-XI 03, 09, 15, 21 SHIP/NAVIRE; AREA BETWEEN/ZONE ENTRE: 90N-05N, 70E-180E
SIVC10 EHDB FM13-XI 03, 09, 15, 21 SHIP/NAVIRE; AREA BETWEEN/ZONE ENTRE: 05N-60S, 120W-35W
SIVD10 EHDB FM13-XI 03, 09, 15, 21 SHIP/NAVIRE; AREA BETWEEN/ZONE ENTRE: 90N-05N, 180W-35W
SIVE10 EHDB FM13-XI 03, 09, 15, 21 SHIP/NAVIRE; AREA BETWEEN/ZONE ENTRE: 05N-60S, 70E-120W
SIVF10 EHDB FM13-XI 03, 09, 15, 21 SHIP/NAVIRE; AREA BETWEEN/ZONE ENTRE: 90N-30N, 35W-70E
SYNOP Non-Standard Hours UTC:
SHIP/NAVIRE; AREA BETWEEN/ZONE ENTRE: 90N-05N, 180W-35W
SHIP/NAVIRE; AREA BETWEEN/ZONE ENTRE: 90N-30N, 35W-70E
SNVF20 EHDB FM13-XI
01, 02, 04, 05, 07,
08, 10, 11, 13, 14,
16, 17, 19, 20, 22,
23
• • MIM April 2009 ••••••
11
Koud, zeer zonnig en droog
Rob Sluijter
Klimaatdata en advies, KNMI
Winter 2008/2009
Koudste winter in
twaalf jaar
•••••••• De Slotergracht voor de kust van Newfoundland (Grand Banks),
gefotografeerd door eerste stuurman Bert Boutsma, 23 februari 2009. ••••••••
Met in De Bilt een gemiddelde tempe-
peratuur lager dan 0,0 °C) genoteerd
met 52 mm maar weinig af van het
ratuur van 2,2 °C tegen normaal 3,3 °C
en zeven ijsdagen (dagen met een
langjarig gemiddelde van 47 mm.
was de afgelopen winter de koudste in
maximumtemperatuur lager dan
De meeste neerslag viel langs de
twaalf jaar. Vaak lag de temperatuur
0,0 °C) tegen respectievelijk 38 en
westkust met op het KNMI-station
wat onder het langjarig gemiddelde
acht normaal.
Valkenburg 189 mm. Nieuw Beerta in
en echt zacht winterweer ontbrak
De afwijking van de gemiddelde
Groningen was het droogste station
vrijwel geheel. Toch telde de winter
temperatuur was in het noorden van
met 85 mm. In De Bilt werd 133 mm
slechts één echte vorstperiode; van
het land beduidend kleiner dan in
afgetapt tegen 191 mm normaal.
26 december tot en met 11 januari. Op
het zuidoosten. Zo was in Eelde de
Alhoewel de neerslag zeer regelmatig
6 januari daalde de temperatuur in het
gemiddelde temperatuur 1,9 °C tegen
in de vorm van sneeuw viel, waren
Limburgse Ell zelfs tot -20,8 °C; de
2,4 °C normaal, in Maastricht
de hoeveelheden meestal klein en het
landelijk laagste temperatuur deze
1,6 °C tegen normaal 3,1 °C. Het aan-
aantal dagen met een sneeuwdek was
winter. Tijdens deze periode kon
tal vorstdagen varieerde van 27 lokaal
gering. Alleen in de nacht van 4 op 5
eindelijk ook weer eens op uitgebreide
in het Waddengebied tot plaatselijk
januari viel in de zuidoostelijke helft
schaal worden geschaatst.
52 in het zuidoosten van het land. In
van het land veel sneeuw, waarbij een
het Waddengebied werd maar één
sneeuwdek ontstond van 1 tot lokaal
temperatuur
ijsdag genoteerd, in het zuidoosten
ca. 12 cm dik. Dit sneeuwdek kon zich
Van de afzonderlijke maanden waren
op enkele plaatsen 11.
plaatselijk tot 11 januari handhaven.
december en januari koud met een
12
Veel regen viel op 23 januari met
gemiddelde temperatuur 2,4 °C,
neerslag
gemiddeld over het land 15 mm. Op
respectievelijk 0,8 °C, tegen 4,0 en
Met gemiddeld over het land 136 mm
die dag trok een depressie precies
2,8 °C normaal. In februari week de
neerslag tegen normaal 194 mm was
over ons land. Enkele weerstations
temperatuur in De Bilt met
de winter droog. Zowel december als
noteerden daarbij de op twee na laag-
3,3 °C maar weinig af van het lang-
januari waren droge maanden met 37,
ste luchtdruk in zeker honderd jaar
jarig gemiddelde van 3,0 °C.
respectievelijk 47 mm tegen
en de laagste ooit in januari gemeten.
In De Bilt werden in totaal 44 vorst-
75 mm en 69 mm normaal. In fe-
De laagste luchtdruk werd gemeten
dagen (dagen met een minimumtem-
bruari week de hoeveelheid neerslag
in Hoek van Holland: 961,0 hPa.
••••• MIM April 2009 • ••
zonneschijn
Landelijk gemiddeld scheen de zon
229 uren tegen 172 uren normaal.
Daarmee was de winter zeer zonnig.
Op Terschelling scheen de zon het
meest, maar liefst 261 uren. Het somberste KNMI-station lag daar niet ver
vandaan. In Eelde werden niet meer
dan 198 uren geregistreerd. In De Bilt
werden 233 zonuren gemeten tegen
175 normaal.
Met name januari was een zeer zonnige maand met landelijk gemiddeld
95 zonuren tegen normaal 52. Ook in
december liet de zon zich vaak zien
met 81 zonuren tegen 43 normaal.
Februari was duidelijk te somber met
gemiddeld over het land 51 zonuren
tegen een langjarig gemiddelde van
78 uren.
Vorig jaar winter bedroeg in De Bilt
de gemiddelde temperatuur 5,1 °C,
de hoeveelheid neerslag 212 mm en
het aantal zonuren 249. Normaal=het
langjarig gemiddelde over het tijdvak
1971-2000.
• • MIM April 2009 ••••••
13
Sea level rise
Arie Kattenberg
Climate Services, KNMI
For people living below the sea level, like many of the Dutch, the topic of
“sea level rise” has had a special significance through the ages! Today the
prospect of (human induced) climate warming is giving the topic new
importance: rising sea level may soon threaten millions all over the world.
Is the sea level rising? Everywhere? How fast? Will it continue to rise? What
do we know and understand about sea level and sea level rise?
At KNMI we have already for years been studying to answer such questions.
As national research institute for weather and climate ánd as a part of the
Ministry of Traffic and Water Management it has been one of our tasks to
gather the necessary knowledge and develop the necessary understanding
to help the government to keep the Netherlands safe and dry.
Figure 1 shows observations of sea
level change at the Dutch coast in
the past and projections of sea level
change to the end of this century. In
this article we will look at the science
of sea level rise that is behind the
‘predictions’ or projections of future
sea level that are made e.g. by IPCC
and KNMI.
First we will look at the observations
of sea level and sea level rise.
What does the past show? Do we
understand what has happened with
the sea level in the past? Only when
we understand the past to some
extend can we hope to say something
about the sea level of the future.
Then we will look at the projections
of future sea level. How are these
projections made, and why is there
so much uncertainty in them?
In the last part of this article we
will look at the sea level near the
Netherlands. Are there local
effects, that will make the situation
for the Netherlands better or worse?
14
••••• MIM April 2009 • ••
••• Figure 1, observed and projected sea level at the Dutch coast. ••••••
Observed sea level rise
Sea level is being observed with
measuring sticks at coastal stations
and harbors all over the world
already for hundreds of years. In
the past decades, satellites have
become a new tool to observe
sea level. Using radar altimeters,
satellites can map the sea surface
topography almost everywhere with
cm precision. Comparing all these
observations, scientists conclude
that the average level of the world
oceans is rising and that it has been
rising for about 18 cm during the
past century. As can bee seen in the
figure 1, we measure a similar value
at the Dutch coast alone.
The origins of observed sea level rise
There are two main causes for global
sea level rise:
- Thermal expansion of sea water as the climate warms. Like most fluids, water expands as it is warmed.
- More water enters the oceans.
In practice only large glaciers and land based ice sheets like on Greenland and in the Antarctic contain enough water to influence the global sea level.
We would like to know what is
causing the current sea level rise.
Climate scientists have been
measuring the temperature of the
seas and the thickness and length of
glaciers all over the world. They have
struggled to estimate how much
ice Greenland and the Antarctic
loose each year (by calving and
melting) and how much snow and
ice accumulates (by precipitation and
freezing).
sea level rise during the 20th century.
The observed rate of sea level rise
during the 20th century was 1,8 mm/yr.
There is some uncertainty in this
number and in figure 2 the open
dark blue box, indicating the
‘observations’ it is presented to
be between 1,3 and 2,3 mm/yr. The
climate scientists reckon that 0,3
– 0,6 mm/yr of the 20th century
sea level rise can be explained by
expanding seawater (orange box).
Melting glaciers contributed between
3 and 7 cm of the 18 cm rise in the
last century (green box). Greenland
and the Antarctic? The scientists
don’t really know! There may have
been more snow accumulation on
these ice masses than that ice is
lost by calving at the edges and by
melting. But it is more likely that
they are shrinking and that they
contributed a few cm’s to the sea
level rise in the 20th century.
The total sum of the scientific
•••• Figure 2, observed globally averaged sea level and the way scientists attribute that rise to
various sources. The open boxes indicate the understanding that we have from all measurements
during the last century. The closed boxes, which include satellite observations, show the same
breakdown for recent decades. ••
Figure 2 presents some of their
results. The open boxes present
estimates for (contributions to) the
explanations for the 20th century sea
level rise (dark red box) is somewhat
less that what we have observed.
But if we look at the uncertainties
involved, we may conclude that the
scientists roughly understand the sea
level rise during the 20th century.
Thermal expansion and melting
glaciers on land contributed most
and both about the same amount. A
little bit of the 20th century rise may
have come from the ice sheets on
Greenland or the Antarctic.
Is the rate of sea level rise increasing?
The solid boxes in figure 2 give the
observed and estimated sea level
numbers of the past decades. With
the rapid warming of the world
climate in the past decades, thermal
expansion of sea water has become
much more important, it explains
more than 70% of the observed sea
level rise. Land based glaciers are
disappearing in an accelerated rate
and the doubts whether Greenland is
really shrinking are gone.
We should give a warning that
these latter observations are from
a relatively short period of time
and were measured and estimated
in different ways than before
(using satellites and models, e.g.).
Therefore the differences between
the old and the new period in the
figure may be a bit exaggerated. But
the suggestion that sea level rise
may be accelerating, that thermal
expansion is responsible for most
of the current sea level rise and that
contributions from Greenland and
the Antarctic may be on the increase
are robust!
Scientists conclude from exercises
as shown in figure 2, that they more
or less understand where the current
rising of the sea level originates. The
sea level rise in the past century was
part of a much longer episode of sea
level rise that begun 18000 years ago
after the ending of the last ice age.
Land ice, which covered large parts
of the northern hemisphere, began to
melt. This caused rapid sea level rise
• • MIM April 2009 ••••••
15
of several meters in a few thousand
years. The last thousand years most
land ice in the northern hemisphere
is gone (except a large mass on
Greenland!) and the sea level rise
has become less and less rapid.
Until the last decades, when we
see maybe an acceleration of sea
level rise. Due to rapid climate
warming most glaciers on land
are disappearing rapidly. The extra
heat in the climate system is partly
taken up by the oceans, causing
rapid thermal expansion. The
mass balance of the Antarctic and
Greenland ice sheets is moving
towards net ice loss.
Projections of sea level rise
We don’t have to explain why we
would like to know how the sea level
will develop in the future. Will it
start to rise even quicker? Could it
stop rising? When? How high might
the water come? Given the fact
that more than half of the world’s
human population lives on or near
coasts and river estuaries and deltas,
these questions carry more than an
academic interest.
So the scientists, encouraged by their
moderate success in explaining the
sea level of the past century, make
projections of future sea level. And
they tell the governments and policy
makers how high the dikes have to
be for safety in the coming century!
How do they do that?
Modeling! To estimate future sea
level, we have to make estimates
for thermal expansion of seawater,
melting of glaciers and melting and
disintegration of land ice masses on
Greenland and in the West Antarctic
somewhere in the future.
Thermal expansion
To estimate the thermal expansion
of sea water you have to know how
and where the oceans are heated (or
cooled) and how fast. Heating of the
16
••••• MIM April 2009 • ••
oceans occurs from above, via air-sea
interaction. Figure 3 shows a northsouth section through the waters
of the Atlantic Ocean. The colors
indicate the salinity or salt content of
the water.
the water mass formation and to
estimate where and how the oceans
will be heated and thus how they
expand.
•••••• Figure 3, the salinity of various water masses in the Atlantic Ocean. ••••
The oceans are layered with various
‘water masses’, that have different
salinity and temperature, because
they have different origins. These
water masses are formed by mixing
and cooling of (near) surface waters.
The cooling makes the water denser,
so it sinks and creeps under the
lighter surface waters (NADW, North
Atlantic Deep Water) or even over
the bottom (AABW, AntArctic Bottom
Water). The black oval indicates
the Mediterranean water with high
salinity and high temperature, which
enters the North Atlantic Ocean via
the Strait of Gibraltar and spreads
out over the Atlantic at 1000 m
depth.
If the climate at the surface changes,
the water masses will get different
properties and locations and the
oceans will slowly acquire a different
structure. Air sea interaction at
high latitudes (where the ocean’s
waters are cooled) will determine the
changes in the deep ocean.
Climate researchers have to make
computer models in which an
atmosphere model and an ocean
model are coupled to simulate
Glaciers and ice sheets
The disintegration and melting of
ice masses can be modeled too. Ice
is an elastic and viscous medium,
which flows and slides, deforms and
breaks etc. according to the known
laws of physics. The ‘behavior’
of glaciers and ice sheets can be
modeled and used for prediction.
Using various scenarios for climate
change, with global warming in de
21st century ranging between 2 and
4 degrees Celsius, the researchers
make projections for the sea level
rise between 1990 and the end of the
21st century as shown in figure 4.
In 2001, the third IPCC assessment
report (TAR), gave a range for
global sea level rise during the 21st
century between 10 and 90 cm. In
2007, the fourth IPCC assessment
report (4AR), had less uncertainty:
between 18 and 58 cm! But the 4AR
mentioned explicitly, that there
were no good models for the rapid
ice disintegration at the margins of
ice sheets as it has been observed
in the Antarctic Peninsula and in
With the ice sheets and glaciers we
have comparable problems: You
have to know a lot of detail about an
ice mass that you want to simulate
in the computer. And we just
don’t have enough measurements
concerning those ice sheets to be
able to simulate them very reliably!
So the uncertainties in the sea level
projections reflect the uncertainties
in the details of our knowledge about
the oceans and ice sheets that we try
to model and simulate.
•••• Figure 4, projections of sea level rise during the 21st century. Global rise projected by IPCC in
2001 and in 2007, and local sea level rise at the Dutch coast projected by KNMI in 2006.
Greenland. Such rapid processes
might contribute between 10 and 20
cm sea level rise this century. The
blue box in figure 4 shows the 4AR
sea level estimates with those 20 cm
added on, to demonstrate that this
range is very similar to the range
of regional or local sea level rise
that KNMI gave for the 2006 KNMI
climate scenarios (green box).
By estimating contributions from
expanding sea water, melting glaciers
and disintegrating ice sheets, the
climate scientists make projections
of future sea level. The uncertainty
in these projections is slowly getting
better, but still rather large.
Estimating thermal expansion of sea
water is not an easy thing either. The
density of sea water depends both
from its temperature and its salinity.
The figure 5 shows the differences
that may arise:
•••••• Figure 5, illustration of thermal
expansion of sea water. The warm water (right)
expands much more than the cold water (left)
when both are warmed by one degree. •••
Figure 5 shows how a 100 meter
Why so much uncertainty?
column of cold 10 degree water
A range of 18 – 58 cm is not a very
accurate projection! There is almost
a factor of three between the lowest
and the highest estimate. Why so
much uncertainty?
The main reason for the uncertainty
is the uncertainty about how much
the global climate will warm during
the 21st century. Between 2 and 4
degrees Celsius, depending on social
and economic developments in the
world, is what IPCC guesses, but that
is a huge range of possible future
temperatures.
expands only 1,4 cm when it is
heated one degree, while a warmer
column expands more than double
that amount. Differences in salinity
give also rise to differences in
expansion. This means that we have
to know in very great detail which
type of water is heated by how much.
Unfortunately, we do not have that
many measurements of temperatures
and salinities in the world oceans.
We cannot simulate ‘reality’ very
well, because we do not precisely
know what that reality is!
Local sea level
For defending our own Dutch coast
against the rising sea, we are not
so much interested in the globally
averaged sea level rise, but we have
to know how much the sea will rise
here! Local sea level rise can be
more or less (or the same) as the
global average. One reason that the
sea level rise may be different are the
effects of winds and currents. The
climate system shows that there are
prevailing winds on many locations.
A prevailing wind can push the
seawater to one side of an ocean
basin and create meters of sea level
difference between one side and the
other. During an El Nino episode in
the equatorial Pacific, which is really
a slackening of the prevailing trade
winds, the sea level drops meters
at the west side of the Pacific basin.
Surface currents in the oceans, such
as the well known Gulf Stream, also
give rise to height differences, e.g
when such a current is forced to
change its direction of flow because
a continent is in the way.
Another local effect may be the
sinking or rising of the land in its
own right. The Netherlands, e.g.,
has very extensive peat soils, that
are prone to shrinking, especially
in dry conditions. This sinking land
may add centimeters per century to
the (apparent!) sea level rise in the
Netherlands.
• • MIM April 2009 ••••••
17
think that the chances for such
extremes are extremely low – but that
is precisely the point: this approach
might lead to the kind of over
dimensioning that you want for the
sea defence of a densely populated
country!
Gravitation effect
Local gravity effects can also give rise
to different sea level rise in different
places. This sounds a bit mysterious,
but figure 6 illustrate this:
The first panel shows a mass of
ice with the surrounding sea being
attracted slightly towards it due to
the gravity of the ice. The sea level
is not flat, but it creeps up for many
meters towards the ice mass.
The second panel shows what we
would naively expect when part
(dotted) of the ice melts: everywhere
the sea level rises by the same
amount because of the melt water.
The third panel shows with the
red line, that the diminished mass
of ice has less gravity, so the sea
level becomes flatter than before,
especially near the mass of ice. For
a few thousand kilometers around
the melting ice mass, the sea level
will actually drop as a result of
the melting! Up to six thousand
kilometers away, the sea level rise
is not as high as naively expected.
Farther away the sea level rises more
than the global average. The figure 7
shows a computer calculation of the
gravity effect around Greenland. The
color indicates the fraction of the
global average rise that is realized
at that location, when a piece of
the Greenland ice melts. The dark
blue area is where the sea level will
drop, when parts of the Greenland
ice melts. We in the Netherlands get
only 25% of the globally averaged sea
level rise coming from Greenland!
Before you think that this is very
good news, remember that ice near
the Antarctic is also melting and
from that ice we get more that the
average sea level rise here!
Sea defence in the Netherlands
When we think about the safety of
the Netherlands against the rising
18
••••• MIM April 2009 • ••
Conclusions
•• Figure 6, schematic explanation of the
gravity effect around melting ice sheets. ••••
The science of sea level rise is
complicated and, mainly due to lack
of data, not very accurate! Yet with
the help of satellite observations and
computer modelling we do have a
grip on what is happening and what
might happen in the future with the
level of the sea near our low lying
country.
•••• Figure 7, calculation of the gravity effect around the Greenland Ice sheet. The color in a
location indicates which fraction of the globally averaged sea level rise will take
place at that location.••••••
sea, we are not only interested in
an average sea level rise in the
coming decades. Might the sea level
fluctuate and occasionally come
even higher, e.g. due to the wind?
How high will the waves be when the
sea is warmer and higher and the
wind is different? Could something
happen that suddenly makes the
sea rise bigger and faster? It is for
such reasons, that the Dutch delta
commission recently mentioned a
possible sea level rise of more than
a meter, this century. Most scientists
Vulcanism
On her voyage from Pohang
to Picton the Erasmusgracht
passed the crater peninsula
on the island of New
Britain and took pictures
of Vulcan Point, still active
just behind the so-called
mountains ‘Mother and her
two daughters’.
The picture below was taken
on 21 March 2009 by master
J.A.M. van Zadel.
• • MIM April 2009 ••••••
19
During the past period were 39 M.H. Jansen Certificates awarded for 50 OBS, 15 for 250 and 4 for
500 OBS. Together with the 250 and 500 certificates a set of pens and a coat of arms were awarded
respectively as well. The PMO-Office would like to congratulate the officers and apprentices who
have received a certificate from us this time.
NIN
KLI
JK
.E
DE
R
LAN
D
S-
ETE
ORO
LOG
ISCH
)NS
TITU
LANDS
UT
EDER
-ETEO
ROLOGISCH
)NSTITUUT
Spliethoff Beheer B.V.
50 OBS:
Abe M.
Beekhuizen S.
Bykov K.
Hernandez A.R.B.
Inozemtsev D
Jong de W.
Kolosov V.I.
Lagusay D.
Overduin G.
Petrykov V.
Roz R.R.J.
Seeleman G.
Shova D.D.
Sinkov S.
Tabri M.
Tolibao G.
250 OBS:
Dijk van B.
Peters J.C.
Sokolov V.
Versteegh F.M
500 OBS:
Bergman D.R.
Lee van der F.J.J.
Meijnen R.F.G.
Ojakann A.
Wagenborg Scheepvaart B.V.
50 OBS:
Dulk den M.W.
+ONINKLIJK
••••• MIM April 2009 • ••
IJK.
20
INKL
Jo Tankers B.V.
50 OBS:
Stark J.K.
Seatrade Groningen B.V.
50 OBS:
Aguilar R.
Bugas R.S.
Eufre M.
Pasay H.
Solov’yev S.
Villafuerte J.
+ON
Flinter Groningen B.V.
50 OBS:
Gorsse K.J.A.
Oldendorff Carriers
50 OBS:
Misonzhnyk K.A.
Osea Y.
Tsaryov S.G.
T
250 OBS:
Bruin de G.M.
500 OBS:
Haven van der R.D.
STITUU
Stichting ‘Het zeilend
Zeeschip’ de Eendracht
50 OBS:
Kampen van M.
Maersk Ship Management
50 OBS:
Barros S.
Calicoy J.S.
Geerlings R.M.A.
Greep R.F.
Jonge de M.
Moortgat L.R.
Sarabia B.G.J.G.
SCH)N
500 OBS:
Frerichs S.W.T.
Maersk
250 OBS:
Hansen S.J.
OROLOGI
Broere Shipping Services B.V.
50 OBS:
Dooper B.B.C.
Konijn A.W.J.
Scheurwater R.
Wolde ten A.
250 OBS:
Orobala J.P.
+ONINK LIJK.EDERLANDS-ETE
Anthony Veder Rederijzaken
50 OBS:
Kraan C.P.W.
Majazi M.
Triadhi D.N.
+O
+ONINKLIJK +ONINKLIJK.ED
UT
ITUUT
. E D E R L A N D S - EET RELOARNODL SOG-I SECTHE O) N
R OS LTOI TGUI S C H ) N S T
M.H. Jansen
Certificates
.
RESULTS
AALSMEERGRACHT
ACHTERGRACHT
ADMIRALENGRACHT
ADRIATIC
AFRICABORG
ALBLASGRACHT
ALEXANDERGRACHT
AMERICABORG
AMSTELGRACHT
ANJELIERSGRACHT
ANKERGRACHT
ANTILLA
APOLLOGRACHT
ARCHANGELGRACHT
ARNEBORG
ARTISGRACHT
ARUBA
ASIABORG
ASIATIC
ATLANTICBORG
ATLASGRACHT
AVATAQ
BASTIAAN BROERE
BENGUELA STREAM
BERGE PACIFIC
BERGE STAHL
BUZZARD BAY
COLD STREAM
COMOROS STREAM
COOL EXPRESS
CORAL CARBONIC
CORAL FAVIA
CORAL MEANDRA
CORAL MILLEPORA
CORAL OBELIA
CORAL PALMATA
CORAL PAVONA
CORAL RIGIDA
CORAL RUBRUM
DANIELLA
DOCK EXPRESS 10
DUTCH AQUAMARINE
DUTCH EMERALD
DUTCH FAITH
DUTCH MARINER
DUTCH MATE
DUTCH NAVIGATOR
DUTCH PILOT
DUTCH PROGRESS
DUTCH SPIRIT
EAGLE BAY
EDAMGRACHT
EDISONGRACHT EDITH MAERSK
EEMSGRACHT
EENDRACHT
EGELANTIERSGRACHT
EGMONDGRACHT
ELANDSGRACHT
ELLY MAERSK
ELSEBETH
ELVIRA
EMERALD
EMMAGRACHT
EMMA MAERSK
ERASMUSGRACHT
The list always refers to the past 12 months.
2008
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Juli
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Sum Dec
PCAM
13
17
14
10
2
27
34
24
PCCL
74
59
52
29
29
46
53
59
PCDE
67
16
35
23
38
6
61
51
PJHB
53
50
31
0
8
18
8
33
PHMH
48
78
41
PCIG
48
12
69
22
6
29
21
27
PCKU
18
27
18
44
35
32
31
24
PHKT
16
39
68
16
36
43
27
57
PCPR
38
21
23
18
26
11
17
8
PCGQ
21
31
38
37
18
79
25
23
PCQL
44
32
28
0
33
21
21
130
PJJI
23
3
40
51
12
3
5
3
PCSV
35
11
31
59
19
63
73
53
PCTG
2
5
1
14
28
0
18
57
PHHD
15
20
46
22
34
31
31
42
PCUI
3
6
2
31
78
31
34
43
PJJH
28
16
55
46
75
8
72
84
PHIW
8
5
0
11
7
13
8
C6KE3
1
7
31
51
47
67
53
68
PHNG
12
88
81
52
64
53
PCVX
4
21
5
0
12
24
26
17
PFPT
30
17
28
30
0
0
0
0
PCZM
0
0
1
15
0
5
4
1
PENR
72
77
89
87
104
150
129
150
LAIK5
LATO2
22
46
51
52
61
45
35
61
A8JH8
71
75
55
51
46
42
27
31
PJRH
25
5
15
35
17
27
9
24
A8IP4
16
19
12
6
15
17
21
21
PDKK
25
48
50
48
60
30
19
15
TBWA05 44
66
10
56
68
52
38
23
TBWA08 92
80
39
45
2
0
31
59
TBWA09 0
46
39
57
9
27
32
24
TBWA10 42
21
2
27
27
4
69
146
TBWA06 0
53
83
104
107
71
49
90
TBWA16 50
46
76
61
37
92
77
41
ELXG9
29
24
17
9
9
6
22
42
TBW15
297
76
29
9
17
11
13
7
TBWA13 18
38
60
15
20
29
12
0
PDNN
56
43
61
22
45
14
50
42
PJNP
56
39
37
0
47
63
54
13
PCHS
28
6
42
58
31
7
42
32
PCIP
23
21
71
29
36
42
34
36
PDTM
0
0
5
0
0
15
4
0
PDTT
9
33
14
27
11
18
28
10
PDTQ
2
13
29
10
0
5
0
37
PDTP
4
19
13
24
43
28
48
54
PDTU
0
0
0
11
4
1
40
32
PDTV
0
0
0
24
22
16
2
6
PDTO
0
0
44
69
2
19
54
14
A8JH7
1
7
31
17
28
20
4
13
PDWZ
83
44
60
46
61
66
47
48
PDUJ
69
56
55
69
0
0
0
0
OXOR2
PDXQ
46
27
4
6
3
1
27
12
PDVN
36
11
3
0
14
12
1
9
PDWT
70
69
49
46
79
49
30
19
PDWG
58
41
47
16
32
28
32
34
PDYI
57
91
50
46
18
5
0
0
OXHY2
A8IO2
34
35
39
21
7
29
60
63
A8IP2
33
33
40
40
38
22
23
7
A8IP3
14
15
16
13
17
31
22
12
PDYX
54
27
10
0
0
0
0
1
OYGR2
PDYV
24
25
26
37
11
13
10
29
24
34
23
13
29
27
50
1
28
24
90
21
71
32
38
46
19
15
63
34
42
0
0
137
73
46
27
55
8
20
46
51
5
98
80
37
37
3
12
69
0
18
100
0
2
24
33
25
1
11
31
66
0
8
37
35
4
19
0
47
25
21
23
8
0
25
33
22
26
37
14
10
26
47
12
7
106
24
27
0
46
28
36
40
45
43
53
0
19
118
24
55
0
59
21
27
58
20
2
88
87
24
32
4
11
45
24
75
31
2
4
0
26
12
0
43
62
60
0
39
59
9
2
46
1
65
43
24
0
13
27
21
30
34
47
29
39
29
18
29
8
36
110
18
22
28
59
13
43
34
44
43
82
21
11
48
64
29
10
48
10
17
31
4
0
57
54
31
22
16
9
47
14
40
93
5
10
24
27
17
0
5
51
86
37
25
58
0
49
55
80
51
45
40
52
22
23
7
2009
Jan
Feb
18
24
30
26
63
33
80
19
14
3
8
1
9
8
54
32
9
26
25
29
43
34
27
38
62
68
35
25
43
21
37
0
2
121
51
25
25
28
8
56
0
45
25
0
2
14
33
13
15
2
31
96
35
27
39
14
59
29
58
32
23
51
23
8
34
23
246
515
423
306
312
333
403
398
224
342
623
204
473
193
438
347
491
167
502
499
329
160
83
1199
223
571
470
344
209
380
529
423
243
702
829
597
274
510
232
550
347
424
541
31
168
158
352
155
86
263
296
763
321
99
319
144
525
437
406
195
424
372
238
143
84
251
• • MIM April 2009 ••••••
21
ESMERALDA
EUROGRACHT
EUROPA
EVA N
EVELYN MAERSK
FAIRLANE
FAIRLIFT
FAIRLOAD
FAIRMAST
FAIRPARTNER
FALCON BAY
FLINTERDUIN
HAPPY BUCCANEER
HAPPY RANGER
HAPPY RIVER
HAPPY ROVER
HAWK BAY
HEDWIG OLDENDORFF
HOLLAND KLIPPER
IVER EXACT
IVER EXCEL
IVER EXPERIENCE
IVER EXPERT
IVER EXPORTER
JACOBUS BROERE
JO CEDAR
JO SELJE
JO SPRUCE
JO SYCAMORE
JO SYPRESS
JOHANNES MAERSK
JOINT FROST
JUMBO CHALLENGER
JUMBO JAVELIN
JUMBO SPIRIT
KARLA-OMAYRA
KLIPPER STREAM
LICA MAERSK
LOMBOK STRAIT
LONDON
LUZON STRAIT
MAERSK INNOSHIMA
MAERSK INVERNESS
MAERSL IZMIR
MAERSK KALMAR
MAERSK KAMPALA
MAERSK KIMI
MAERSK KLAIPEDA
MAERSK PALERMO
MAERSK PEMBROKE
MAERSK PENANG
MAERSK SALALAH
MAERSK SALINA
MAERSK SAVANNAH
MAERSK STEPNICA
MAERSK STOCKHOLM
MAGDALENA GREEN MAKIRI GREEN
MARINUS GREEN
MARISSA GREEN
MARLENE GREEN
MERINO EXPRESS MIGHTY SERVANT 1
NASSAUBORG
NICKERIE
NLL BARENTSZ
NLL MERCATOR
NOVA CALEDONIA NOVA FRIESIA
NOVA TERRA
NOVA ZEELANDIA
ORANJEBORG
PACIFIC
22
2008
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Juli
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Sum Dec
A8IN8
71
43
43
47
53
39
37
58
60
61
83
PDZR
25
51
15
0
64
42
51
28
72
53
29
PDZS
86
63
0
0
0
0
50
56
51
65
67
A8Q J7
91
50
60
46
28
10
28
48
50
42
35
OXHV2
19
53
47
PBFW
1
13
20
14
41
31
32
12
6
22
17
PEBM
36
33
62
18
0
19
12
18
4
17
48
PEBP
72
53
65
25
13
0
15
43
52
86
65
PHEB
0
15
30
56
45
57
48
50
33
9
9
PHEC
4
2
2
0
0
2
60
14
6
11
27
A8JI2
47
41
17
56
59
70
17
17
19
9
23
PEBT
65
42
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
49
PEND
24
38
33
28
36
30
44
20
41
23
19
PCER
24
74
24
39
37
36
7
2
18
6
13
PCAW
1
1
145
64
210
216
25
99
74
42
55
PCBZ
73
60
60
61
69
47
61
39
63
35
33
A8JH9
0
1
26
42
36
50
39
46
47
37
6
A8FZS
75
49
38
46
47
36
18
65
58
PESF
38
32
6
51
11
23
63
15
52
37
15
PHJV
5
60
33
35
38
22
45
74
PCBU
2
24
47
53
54
35
35
63
73
77
51
PECF
25
31
22
12
12
2
10
5
7
7
68
PCEX
24
42
36
34
47
45
40
44
20
38
15
PFBF
33
59
69
52
67
55
32
34
11
47
54
PEYU
21
2
10
5
17
16
11
19
1
29
0
PFDI
30
42
0
20
15
28
37
5
60
2
18
PFEI
30
2
42
70
39
13
90
13
8
35
44
PFAS
12
42
32
19
23
17
53
51
4
27
77
LAOO5
63
50
74
20
31
36
49
48
27
38
43
PFSK
17
51
5
0
35
33
53
0
37
34
4
OWFDZ 9
16
21
15
37
26
14
41
17
31
55
PJOJ
54
34
26
23
11
30
19
39
0
0
0
PHED
54
32
24
4
9
19
32
3
16
12
15
PHEG
18
17
12
0
0
0
28
37
57
36
11
PFFH
6
5
0
0
0
6
31
39
28
0
0
PJUO
11
13
10
13
4
0
3
0
0
0
0
PHBO
0
189
199
OWAY2 53
64
79
12
26
71
53
43
85
65
58
A8IO3
0
0
3
0
0
40
32
3
0
0
0
PCBI
11
82
95
0
32
67
0
69
92
9
0
A81O4
39
25
8
0
2
20
21
7
15
10
16
PHPP
0
0
34
79
PBDH
0
1
0
0
62
82
64
34
54
58
PHOB
0
0
69
56
65
21
PDHP
11
16
9
43
24
38
52
50
36
37
15
PFDH
21
32
23
26
43
50
49
8
33
65
32
PDHO
70
36
12
42
26
40
16
21
14
39
51
PBAS
7
27
48
54
23
40
35
34
39
20
23
PHDW
20
48
64
62
16
54
65
77
49
41
60
PDHY
0
29
64
51
58
50
51
63
71
74
74
TBWAA01 30
52
58
60
53
53
49
60
49
50
53
PHPG
23
29
29
16
28
PHPR
PHPS
7
30
20
PHNH
0
12
22
20
32
33
35
41
39
23
25
PHPQ
39
14
18
37
18
PBCK
17
44
0
69
90
0
6
10
5
4
23
C6VX8 15
16
24
19
41
46
40
50
7
22
5
PECS
13
8
1
23
4
2
53
26
51
38
51
PBAG
36
59
43
61
20
8
7
47
58
75
6
PBCJ
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
DYKY
47
56
60
32
54
85
50
64
42
36
43
PJVZ
64
26
29
30
102
100
0
0
19
35
41
PHDU
22
0
7
28
53
66
65
76
73
71
76
PJJL
7
0
0
0
13
7
31
21
17
83
16
PHKL
19
53
29
11
16
27
23
32
20
30
38
PCIM
18
39
48
22
40
25
38
28
20
27
25
9HIH5
24
45
25
33
6
22
31
44
0
96
108
A8OA7
0
4
0
1
4
11
28
32
24
68
16
C6IZ7
0
47
34
34
38
10
0
54
11
20
11
PJHA
0
18
74
54
56
1
26
35
18
0
0
PIAG
73
43
24
25
9
30
34
39
48
23
10
PGQI
42
53
17
23
11
15
46
41
74
44
58
••••• MIM April 2009 • ••
2009
Jan
Feb
51
35
49
23
13
1
31
54
12
39
9
56
39
4
62
57
11
35
17
80
52
64
23
40
7
48
25
43
45
37
32
48
5
9
0
0
177
62
0
0
18
13
60
40
36
18
34
23
62
49
35
26
53
13
20
19
48
13
27
56
17
23
6
115
38
23
30
19
7
4
0
0
88
646
465
487
511
132
210
298
543
364
167
384
237
375
284
994
658
341
467
360
392
566
265
408
553
138
305
411
400
524
306
314
284
225
225
115
54
565
671
78
457
181
126
415
251
367
400
401
373
618
634
602
151
53
70
302
145
316
298
297
476
17
592
452
652
233
321
360
453
195
263
282
358
512
PELAGIA
POLARSTREAM
PRINCE OF SEAS
PRINSENBORG
PRINS J. W. FRISO
RHONEBORG
ROTTERDAM
ROTTERDAM (smitwijs)
ROYAL KLIPPER
RUHR NEU
SAIMAAGRACHT
SAMPOGRACHT
SANTA LUCIA
SANTA MARIA
SCHELDEGRACHT
SCHIPPERSGRACHT
SINGAPORE
SINGELGRACHT
SLOTERGRACHT
SLUISGRACHT
SNOEKGRACHT
SPAARNEGRACHT
SPIEGELGRACHT
SPRING BOB
SPRING BOK
SPRING DELI
SPRING PANDA
SPRING TIGER
SPUIGRACHT
STAD AMSTERDAM
STADIONGRACHT
STATENGRACHT
STELLA NOVA
STELLA PRIMA
STELLA WEGA
SUOMIGRACHT
SUPER SERVANT 3
SUPER SERVANT 4
TIMCA
TRACER
TRAMPER
TRANSPORTER
TRAVELLER
UAL ABERDEEN
UAL TEXAS
UMIA VUT 2008
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Juli
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Sum Dec
PGRQ
27
27
0
37
110
101
93
DDBR2 54
31
1
7
7
9
0
A8JI5
10
36
36
73
75
15
15
PBJF
48
26
18
22
62
16
2
TBWA07 36
34
37
43
28
23
36
PEDS
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
PDGS
11
66
148
96
16
64
144
PHPO
44
85
106
0
76
63
20
PCIH
67
54
46
93
81
82
80
A8KU7
PHCQ
54
52
43
33
51
49
73
PHDL
41
34
53
41
42
47
33
A8IP5
72
47
41
65
39
38
45
A8IN7
27
19
39
16
19
39
66
PFAQ
17
29
9
15
6
14
14
PCGR
29
73
40
75
30
36
7
PHHB
27
0
0
33
49
16
5
PCGM
21
15
24
35
38
7
20
PDBP
11
4
7
6
30
27
37
PFBE
11
22
16
23
54
55
56
PCHF
4
16
22
15
7
42
44
PDBO
31
14
14
10
32
35
33
PCEO
30
28
27
14
31
20
48
PCBT
38
0
62
42
61
56
20
PBFM
36
30
29
53
33
46
46
PJFF
34
18
26
45
30
14
40
PHQX
74
55
56
43
58
59
51
PCBV
41
39
74
24
76
56
49
PBBB
28
43
34
59
49
32
53
PECA
13
46
30
11
22
25
2
PDBY
82
54
20
54
42
20
35
PHAQ
8
17
2
17
24
26
38
PHQW
18
25
58
25
50
29
38
PHEA
19
0
0
1
0
0
79
PHHQ
0
2
16
12
27
43
12
PHBT
12
6
13
32
28
21
7
PJPN
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PJPO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PHFL
33
39
31
27
53
57
45
PHAC
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
PHAA
7
0
29
102
68
3
11
PHAL
40
23
16
0
0
0
45
PHAM
65
73
63
53
32
69
7
PBHZ
1
0
22
6
51
35
15
PBEN
18
17
15
1
0
35
58
PFQE
11
59
3
43
0
0
0
Totaal
5431
5311
5573
5340
5664
5580
5946
2009
Jan
Feb
170
35
35
107
17
0
143
42
73
49
109
34
46
8
42
4
0
31
55
40
39
1
41
54
52
0
33
56
41
13
19
47
3
7
0
70
0
0
38
9
57
6
18
26
31
48
1183
320
378
398
418
86
1206
619
912
129
597
446
559
368
322
327
323
318
336
471
349
287
367
495
508
320
504
534
618
224
377
309
340
263
198
317
0
0
520
31
490
283
543
303
211
262
135
48
7
18
52
16
154
60
76
18
12
32
53
62
31
0
87
20
37
58
77
37
21
49
44
31
33
33
68
5
28
19
47
68
28
30
0
0
36
0
6
32
0
30
22
0
163
73
14
44
46
33
114
58
99
19
35
15
34
56
26
0
11
46
13
37
32
21
49
32
48
15
25
19
72
17
10
21
5
33
52
11
0
0
54
0
49
24
26
8
3
1
195
55
27
16
37
14
118
14
85
15
37
41
27
13
42
2
70
26
62
47
17
14
36
36
40
44
0
30
76
32
11
18
11
26
6
49
0
0
58
0
59
52
54
35
1
47
125
0
35
19
29
8
132
51
76
28
49
33
52
4
77
31
25
35
47
52
34
45
22
45
51
23
17
37
63
8
2
72
31
30
0
38
0
0
49
0
99
45
83
74
10
50
6262
5882
6420
6660 6168
68802
ROYAL NAVY - From the participating navy vessels 248 observations were received by GTS.
The Fleet
During the first quarter of 2009 four ships stopped making observations: the Coral Isis, the Dutch
Engineer, the UAL Africa and the Dock Express 10.
We would like to welcome two new ships: the Maersk Salina and the Timor Stream.
Change of names: none.
The Dutch VOS-fleet is made up of 184 Selected Ships and 31 Royal Navy ships.
• • MIM April 2009 ••••••
23
10
TOP
RANKING
2009
The Top 10 list looks at the calander year.
There will always be a difference in number of OBS’s with the list of results.
January Sum
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
KLIPPER STREAM
ROTTERDAM PELAGIA
ANKERGRACHT
NOVA CALEDONIA TRAMPER
DUTCH EMERALD
EDAMGRACHT
TRAVELLER
ATLASGRACHT
196
134
122
103
101
95
92
83
81
79
March
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24
KLIPPER STREAM
PELAGIA ROTTERDAM
NASSAUBORG
DUTCH AQUAMARINE EDAMGRACHT
SAIMAAGRACHT
DUTCH EMERALD
IVER EXACT
LICA MEARSK
••••• MIM April 2009 • ••
128
99
71
85
173
75
96
113
77
107
196
134
122
103
101
95
92
83
81
79
Sum
501
391
348
276
256
254
253
230
228
225
Febuary Sum
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
KLIPPER STREAM
PELAGIA
ROTTERDAM
NASSAUBORG
EDAMGRACHT
CORAL MILLEPORA
SAIMAAGRACHT
TRAMPER
IVER EXACT
ROYAL KLIPPER
?
177
170
143
115
96
121
109
57
80
73
373
292
277
191
179
175
157
152
151
144
April
Sum
Best ship
2008
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
BENGUELA STREAM
PELAGIA
ms ROTTERDAM
HAPPY RIVER
ROYAL KLIPPER
EDAMGRACHT
CORAL OBELIA CORAL RIGIDA
ROTTERDAM HAPPY ROVER
LICA MAERSK
MERINO EXPRESS EVA N
ESMERALDA
ACHTERGRACHT
SAMAAIGRACHT
CORAL CARBONIC
CORAL PALMATA
MIGHTY SERVANT 1
SPRING TIGER
SPUIGRACHT
BUZZARD BAY
SPRING PANDA
MARISSA GREEN
MAERSK PENANG
MAERSK PALERMO
IVER EXPORTER
CORAL MILLEPORA
SPRING BOB
ANKERGRACHT
MAERSK PEMBROKE
LONDON
SANTA LUCIA
IVER EXCEL
CORAL FAVIA
DANIELLA
APOLLOGRACHT
BERGE STAHL
DUTCH EMERALD
EGELANTIERSGRACHT
TRAVELLER
STADIONGRACHT
FAIRLOAD
ADMIRALENGRACHT
EUROPA
NASSAUBORG
DOCK EXPRESS 10
ARUBA
TIMCA
JO SYCAMORE
ASIATIC
ATLANTICBORG
SPRING BOK
IVER EXPERT
EUROGRACHT
AMERICABORG
ORANJEBORG
ELSEBETH
SLUISGRACHT
ARNEBORG
1303
1085
1058
882
876
732
729
688
666
653
642
626
580
569
561
561
556
555
555
555
554
553
547
542
539
535
534
532
525
522
522
515
511
510
509
501
499
488
485
484
482
479
478
474
472
469
467
464
462
453
433
427
423
419
417
409
405
399
394
392
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
PRINSENBORG
HOLLAND KLIPPER
SAMPOGRACHT
MAERSK KAMPALA
PACIFIC
HAWK BAY
JO SELJE
HAPPY BUCCANEER
ELVIRA
COOL EXPRESS
FALCON BAY
DUTCH AQUAMARINE
MAERSK KIMI
ALEXANDERGRACHT
MAERSK KALMAR
ANJELIERSGRACHT
SINGAPORE
TRAMPER
SANTA MARIA
SPIEGELGRACHT
EGMONDGRACHT
FAIRMAST
MAERSK KLAIPEDA
SPRING DELI
NOVA CALEDONIA JO SPRUCE
ALBLASGRACHT
H. OLDENDORFF
CORAL PAVONA
EDISONGRACHT
NLL MERCATOR
ERASMUSGRACHT
ARTISGRACHT
PRINCE OF SEAS
SNOEKGRACHT
STELLA NOVA
TRANSPORTER
SCHIPPERSGRACHT
PRINS J. W. FRISO
COLD STREAM
JO SYPRESS
MAERSK INVERNESS
SPAARNEGRACHT
ADRIATIC
FAIRLIFT
DUTCH NAVIGATOR
HAPPY RANGER
POLAR STREAM
AMSTELGRACHT
NOVA ZEELANDIA
MAKIRI GREEN
JOINT FROST
ELANDSGRACHT
DUTCH SPIRIT
SINGELGRACHT
STELLA PRIMA
NOVA TERRA
CORAL RUBRUM
MAERSK STEPNICA
CORAL MEANDRA
391
385
383
377
377
375
374
373
369
368
368
366
364
363
361
360
357
357
356
356
354
343
342
334
326
324
323
323
316
313
312
311
309
308
308
306
305
304
303
297
297
297
297
295
295
292
286
285
283
282
280
279
271
265
264
262
261
257
257
251
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
JOHANNES MAERSK
JO CEDAR
MARINUS GREEN
EEMSGRACHT
MAGDALENA GREEN
JUM. CHALLENGER
STATENGRACHT
IVER EXACT
SLOTERGRACHT
AALSMEERGRACHT
EMERALD
SCHELDEGRACHT
EAGLE BAY
SUOMIGRACHT
STAD AMSTERDAM
JUMBO JAVELIN
UAL TEXAS AFRICABORG
ATLASGRACHT
EENDRACHT
UAL ABERDEEN
STELLA WEGA
FLINTERDUIN
FAIRLANE
MAERSK IZMIR
KLIPPER STREAM
CORAL ISIS
IVER EXPERIENCE
NICKERIE
ANTILLA
UMIA VUT NOVA FRIESIA
AVATAQ
ARCHANGELGRACHT
EMMAGRACHT
COMOROS STREAM
DUTCH MARINER
LUZON STRAIT
JACOBUS BROERE
JUMBO SPIRIT
DUTCH MATE
UAL AFRICA
DUTCH PILOT
ELLY MAERSK
MAERSK STOCKHOLM
ASIABORG
BERGE PACIFIC
MAERSK SALALAH
DUTCH ENGINEER
LOMBOK STRAIT
RHONEBORG
TRACER
EVELYN MAERSK
DUTCH PROGRESS
KARLA-OMAYRA
RHUR NEU
EDITH MAERSK
BASTIAAN BROERE
MAERSK SAVANNAH
MAERSK IMOSHIMA
EMMA MAERSK
DUTCH FAITH
MARLENE GREEN
NLL BARENTSZ
SUPER SERVANT 3
SUPER SERVANT 4
• • MIM April 2009 ••••••
251
250
246
245
245
240
239
238
238
233
227
224
220
220
217
216
214
210
206
205
203
198
194
193
190
189
188
188
186
185
176
172
169
163
160
159
159
158
155
145
143
127
125
112
108
107
97
97
81
80
78
75
72
71
54
52
47
45
37
34
27
26
2
0
0
0
25
Monstrous
waves
26
••••• MIM April 2009 • ••
•• Source: Stony Brook University, New York ••••
It was a stormy night in the Bay of
Biscay on 23/24 January 2009 and the
Egmondgracht was caught right in the
middle of it. Master De Boon reports:
We all watched the barometer with
astonishment: will this pressure falling
ever stop? It did near 960 hpa and
immediately rose like a rocket. Of
course we’d had an extraordinarily
unpleasant night. The ship was in
ballast and the wind, sea and swell
got straight in. The ship’s time of
oscillation was 6 seconds, and we
had swings of more than 50 degrees.
Visibility was zero.
The next morning, at dawn, it was a
spectacular sight to watch these giant
big waves. We estimated the height
of the westerly swell to be about 12
metres. Occasionally waves around
18 to 20 metres hit us, covering
the deck in water, something I’ve
never experienced before with a ship
in ballast. I daresay we witnessed
some monstrous waves, and it
was absolutely impossible to make
weather observations during this
storm.
• • MIM April 2009 ••••••
27
Snowfall in southeast En-
ATTENTIE * ATTENTION!
gland, 4 February 2009.
LES EIK (Noorwegen) en ARVI (India)
Heavy snowfalls brought
We vragen jullie vriendelijk doch nadrukkelijk om
chaos to the UK in late
January and early February. According to the UK
weerwaarnemingen NIET via EIK (AORE: 104) te versturen en ARVI (IOR: 306) alleen binnen METAREA 8
(NOORD) te gebruiken. Zo wordt voorkomen dat de
rederijen voor de verzendkosten opdraaien.
Met Office this was the
most widespread snowfall
as a whole since Febru-
We kindly but expressly ask you NOT to send any
weather observations through EIK (AORE: 104) and
ary 1991, with 15-30cm
to use ARVI (IOR: 306) only within METAREA 8
accumulating in parts of
(NORTH). This will help shipping companies avoid
southeastern England and
London .
28
LES EIK (Norway) and ARVI (India)
••••• MIM April 2009 • ••
being invoiced for these transmission costs.