Dutch Demeter Monitor

Biodynamic
quality
Featuring
:
YEAR
OF THE S
OILS
Biodynam
ic
farming a
nd soil
fertility
Dutch Demeter Monitor
Trends and developments in biodynamic agriculture
and trade in the Netherlands
2
Demeter
Since 1928 Demeter is
the international label for
produce from biodynamic
(BD) agriculture, in which
a holistic approach is key.
Biodynamic agriculture
takes ‘mainstream biological’
one step further. Therefore
Demeter standards and
guidelines are an addition
to European regulations
regarding biological
agriculture.
Demeter Foundation
CONTENTS
FOREWORD1
1 Demeter farming and horticulture in the Netherlands and Flanders
3
FACTS AND FIGURES
3
Demeter International
7
2 Demeter trade and processing in the Netherlands and Flanders
9
STORIES13
Biodynamics: source of inspiration and innovation
BIODIVERSITY Greenhouse jungle / BEES Bees strengthen the farm
13
SEED Local polder spinach / SOIL Phosphate mystery in the polder
14
3 Working together at BD and Demeter
15
4 BD and Demeter in the media in 2013
18
YEAR OF THE SOILS
21
Biodynamic farming and soil fertility
21
THE POWER OF LIVING SOIL
21
Demeter Foundation (Stichting Demeter) is
responsible for certification and promotion of
the Demeter label. The foundation interprets
standards and guidelines formulated by
Demeter International for the Netherlands
and Flanders and coordinates the inspection
of Demeter farms, thus guarding the label’s
quality.
www.stichtingdemeter.nl
ORGANIZATION: THE PEOPLE
24
BD-Society
The Society of Biodynamic Agriculture and
Food (BD-Vereniging) assembles farmers
and citizens with a passion for BD-agriculture.
They exchange knowledge, experience
and ideas via meetings, study groups, peerto-peer coaching (for farmers and retailers),
field trips and through the periodical
Dynamisch Perspectief.
www.bdvereniging.nl
Warmonderhof
Warmonderhof, part of Het Groenhorst
College, offers intermediate vocational
education on BD-agriculture and agriculture
and care. At the heart of the program is the
trinity of living, working and learning, which is
why a training farm and student lodgings are
part of the school.
www.warmonderhof.nl
This monitor is a special edition, put together
for BioFach 2015, where the Netherlands
will be Country of the Year. It gives an
impression of the position and development
of biodynamic agriculture and trade in the
Netherlands. As 2015 is the international Year
of Soils it has a special focus on soil fertility.
FOREWORD
Growth and relevance
In 2013 the areal of Demeter certified farms grew to 5.333 hectares, an
increase of almost 8 percent, making up about 10 percent of the total
organic agriculture in the Netherlands. In the same year sales of Demeter
products in organic stores – the part that can be measured – grew
with 15 percent, a significant increase as well. Taking the number of new
registrants into account – farms that went into transition because of the
increasing demand, both national and abroad – the monitor of 2014 will
also show an ongoing growth. This reveals a trend: since 2010, following
years of declining public interest, Demeter is clearly growing again.
Demeter Foundation has made an extra effort in communicating the
added value of Demeter through video clips and campaigns in shops,
using ‘Life starts with Demeter’ as slogan.
The results of these promotional efforts tie-in to a growing public interest
in produce from an agriculture that, from a holistic view, leads the way
when it comes to soil fertility, animal wellbeing, minimal use of
antibiotics, biodiversity and quality.
Nevertheless: economic expansion of the biodynamic movement is no
holy grail. What matters is our relevance to agricultural endeavor that
honors and promotes the wellbeing of man, animal and landscape.
Statistics and figures are limited when it comes to expressing that. In this
monitor therefore, we bring several stories of ways in which Demeter
farmers develop distinguished farm characteristics and innovate, based
upon that individuality. Furthermore, because of the International Year
of Soils, we pay extra attention to soil fertility and the way Dutch farmers
are working on improving that on their farms.
Demeter Foundation cooperates with the BD-Society and biodynamic
educational facility Warmonderhof, also in publishing this monitor.
Where it is Demeter Foundation’s job to facilitate certification and to
promote the Demeter label, the BD-Society focuses on development and
innovation of biodynamic agriculture and horticulture by facilitating
platforms for meeting and exchange. Warmonderhof takes care of the
education and training of professional and well-equipped workers in
the broad field of biodynamic enterprise, from farm to retail-industry,
where they are desperately needed. In 2013
all three institutions saw an increase in the
number of participants.
Bert van Ruitenbeek Director Dutch Demeter Foundation
1
118
Biodynamic agricultural
an horticultural enterprises
in the Netherlands and
Flanders
119
117
116
107
108
112
12
13
109
106
105
115
111
103
114
102
104
Certified Demeter
101
Switching to Demeter
11
16
8
15
18
17
99
91 88
85
86
89
87
90
92
94
82
1
4
2
28
30
124
72
38
36
34
39 37
66 67
64
43
55
56
45
46
47
48
62
51
50
49
68
65
41
44
27
70
71
93
40
42
26
29
69
125
24 25
73
33
35
74
84 83 110
31
32
3
22
21
20
23
76
75
5
6
77
79 80 78
97 96
7
19
81
113
95
9
14
100
98
10
61
58
52
60
57
53
123
54
120
59
63
122
121
1 De Stadshoeve, Amsterdam | 2 V.O.F. Ridammerhoeve, Amstelveen | 3 Land en Boschzigt, ‘s­G raveland | 4 De Stadsboerderij, Almere | 5 Sonnevanck, Beemster | 6 Schermereylandt,
De Rijp | 7 JW Rutte, Zaandam | 8 Ygdrasil zorgtuinderij, Sijbekarspel | 9 Boerderij Veelust, Hensbroek | 10 De Lepelaar, St. Maarten | 11 Buitenplaats, Eenigenburg | 12 Stichting Sint
Donatus, Den Burg | 13 Novalishoeve, Den Hoorn | 14 Natuurlijk Genoegen vof, Driehuizen | 15 De Noorderhoeve, Schoorl | 16 Raphaelstichting Scorlewald, Schoorl | 17 De Rodenburg­
hoeve, Uitgeest | 18 Wkg. De Klompenhoeve, Egmond a/d Hoef | 19 Druivenkwekerij Nieuw Tuinzight, Den Hoorn | 20 Van Paassen van Balkom vof, Oude Leede | 21 Hoeve Biesland,
Delfgauw | 22 Weleda Nederland N.V., Zoetermeer | 23 P. de Vogel, Rotterdam | 24 A. de Winter, Oostvoorne | 25 Tuinbouwbedrijf FJJ de Koning BV, Tinte | 26 A. Poldervaart, Vierpolders |
27 Mts. Nieuw Bonaventura, ‘s­G ravendeel | 28 Het Derde Erf, Soest | 29 Schoonderbeek, De Glind | 30 De Heerlijkheid Groot Weede, Hoogland | 31 De Korenbloem, Zeewolde |
32 De Zonnehoeve, Zeewolde | 33 Ruimzicht, Scherpenzeel | 34 A8, Doorn | 35 Landgoed Kraaybeekerhof, Driebergen | 36 Boerderij De Hondspol BV, Driebergen | 37 Nieuw Rijsenburg,
Driebergen | 38 Tuinderij Amelis’hof, Bunnik | 39 Groenland Biologische Groentekwekerij Schalkwijk BV, Schalkwijk | 40 Zorgboerderij Thedinghsweert, Tiel | 41 Fruitbedrijf Ruissen, Varik |
42 Hoeve Catherine Elisabeth, Noordeloos | 43 Groenland Biologische Groentekwekerij Andel BV, Andel | 44 Kraaiveld, Woudrichem | 45 De Muyehof, Nieuwerkerk | 46 C.V. Ter Linde,
Oostkapelle | 47 Boomgaard Ter Linde, Oostkapelle | 48 Eindelienge, Ritthem | 49 V.O.F. Fruitteeltbedrijf De Ring, Oud Sabbinge | 50 De Kromme Lepel, Bergen op Zoom | 51 Loverendale
Wilhelminahoeve CV, Anna Jacobapolder | 52 Stichting De Beukenhof, Breda | 53 De Groenen Hof, Hilvarenbeek | 54 De Kraanvogel, Esbeek | 55 De Sterregaard,Hedel | 56 De Boomgaard,
Zeeland | 57 J.A. Eijkelenburg, Gemert | 58 L.A.C.M van Kessel, Sint Oedenrode | 59 Saanenhof vof, Heeze | 60 Watertuin, Groeningen | 61 Zorgboerderij de Lindelaar, Oploo |
62 Mts. Slingenbergh Houtepen, Siebengewald | 63 De Hooge Weyer, Baexem | 64 Doornik Natuurakkers, Bemmel | 65 Veld en Beek, Doorwerth | 66 De Grote Kamp, Drempt | 67 De Pasop, Hummelo | 68 Boerderij Ruimzicht, Halle | 69 Fruitweelde, Eck en Wiel | 70 De Dennenkamp, Rekken | 71 De Vijfsprong, Vorden | 72 De Hooge Kamp, Beemte Broekland |
73 De Oosterwaarde, Diepenveen | 74 Het Groene Spoor, Rossum | 75 De Zonnehorst, Punthorst | 76 Het Willink, Ane | 77 ‘t Leeuweriksveld, Emmen | 78 Naoberhoeve, Echten | 79 Belle
Marie, Ruinerwold | 80 Het Blauwe Huis vof, Ruinerwold | 81 De Arnica Kwekerij, Dwingeloo | 82 Overesch Ecologische Landbouw, Raalte | 83 Overkempe, Olst | 84 De Bolster biologische
zaden, Epe | 85 Arenosa vof, Lelystad | 86 BD tuinderij De Stek, Lelystad | 87 De Zonneboog, Lelystad | 88 Mts. Warmonderhof Waleson, Dronten | 89 V.O.F. Warmonderhofstedebedrijf,
Dronten | 90 De Warmonderhofboomgaard, Dronten | 91 Gaos, Swifterbant | 92 H.J. Westers, Biddinghuizen | 93 Seaking Rotterdam BV, ophemert | 94 Sjaak Twisk, Biddinghuizen |
95 Zorgboerderij Stichting de Boerderij, Emmeloord | 96 Mts. Keij van den Dries, Ens | 97 Zonnegoed, Ens | 98 Buitenbant, Bant | 99 Maatschap Vos, Kraggenburg | 100 De Vrolijke Noot,
Wapserveen | 101 Villa Sterrebos, Frederiksoord | 102 Mts Lindediek, Boijl | 103 Burdineplaats, Nes gem. Boarnsterhim | 104 Mts. K. & J. Postma, Tjerkgaast | 105 H.N. Brandsma, Bolsward |
106 S.S. Hiemstra, Easterein | 107 Gerbranda State vof, Pietersbierum | 108 Harmannahoeve, Harlingen | 109 Koldaard, Grou | 110 Keizersrande, Diepenveen | 111 Obio, Drachten |
112 De Kompenije, Drachtstercompagnie | 113 Hansketien, Mantinge | 114 Pluimveebedrijf Speelman vof, Gasselternijveen | 115 Flobus, Kiel Windeweer | 116 van Zanten Biologisch
Graanbedrijf, Garmerwolde | 117 Nieuw Bromo, Hornhuizen | 118 De Eemstuin, Uithuizermeeden | 119 De Groote Ark, Oudeschip | 120 Widar Fonds VZW, Merksplas | 121 De Blauwe Spie,
Noordschote | 122 De Wassende Maan C.V., Deinze | 123 Meulwaeter, Kruiningen | 124 C.T.M. van Swieten, Stompwijk | 125 Kaasboerderij Noorderlicht, Noordeloos
2
FACTS AND FIGURES
1 Demeter farming and horticulture in
the Netherlands and Flanders
The Demeter Foundation affiliates agricultural
enterprises in both the Netherlands and
Flanders. In chapters 1.1 and 1.2 you will find
information about Demeter farming in the
Netherlands. In chapter 1.3 Flemish Demeter
farming will be addressed.
1.1 Farms and utilized
farmland in
the Netherlands
The size of individual Demeter farms increases:
since 2009 the average areal grew from
41,7 hectares to 43,7 hectares (fig. 1.2). This
average fluctuates as both big cattle farms
and small horticultural firms register with
Demeter. In 2012 for instance, seven firms
were in a process of transition with a combined
areal of 69 hectares whereas in 2013 there
were six farms in transition with a total of 345
hectares of land. These new farms made the
average areal go down in 2012 and up in 2013.
Since 2009 the number of Demeter farms
grew from 111 to 122, an increase of 9.9
percent (fig. 1.3). The diagram differentiates
between certified farms and farms in
transition to become Demeter certified.
These ‘transitors’ – always already certified
organic farmers – usually need about one
year to have their company meet all the
Demeter standards. Once that process is
completed, they may use the Demeter label.
Figure 1.1 Development areal (ha) of Demeter farms, including farms in transition
5.150
4.628
5.333
4.962
4.749
15,2%
Increase
between
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2009-2013
Figure 1.2 Development of average areal (ha) of Demeter farms, including farms in transition
41,7
42,0
43,7
42,9
41,7
4,8%
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Increase
between
2009-2013
3
FACTS AND FIGURES 1 Demeter farming and horticulture in the Netherlands and Flanders
6
7
13
9,9%
Increase
of total
116
112
107
109
Source: biological figures, Skal
122
119
4
Demeter farms work almost ten percent of
the total areal of organic agriculture in the
nation (fig. 1.5). The figure is lower when it
comes to the number of farms: 7.4 percent
of all organic farms is Demeter. However
Demeter farms are on average 29 percent
bigger than regular organic farms, namely
44 against 34 hectares, which explains the
difference.
The Demeter share of all organic agriculture
has slightly increased since 2012. That holds
true for the areal (from 9.2 to 9.5%) as well as
the number of farms (from 7.2 tot 7.4%).
120
113
111
108
Source: CBS/www.compendiumvoordeleefomgeving.nl
Figure 1.3 Development of the number of Demeter farms in the Netherlands
3
The largest part of Demeter farmland is found
in the province of Flevoland, where almost
thirty percent of all Demeter fields are
situated. (fig. 1.4). Provinces Gelderland,
Friesland and Noord-Holland follow.
Flevoland also has the greatest representation
of organic farming (all organic farmers,
including Demeter), in comparison to regular
agriculture. 9% of its utilized agricultural areal
is organic, whereas that is true for only
2.7 percent nationally.
number
between
2009
2010
2011
2012
2009-2013
2013
Number of certified Demeter farms
Number of farms in transition to Demeter
Figure 1.4 Areal of Demeter farms (ha) per province, including farms in transition
Flevoland (1.506)
28.2%
160
600
Gelderland (737)
13.8%
110
656
Noord-Holland (656)
12.3%
312
1.506
Friesland (600)
11.2%
1.2 Breakdown in
sectors
The ideal biodynamic farm is a mixed one.
Crops and cattle complement each other
and form a natural cycle. On farm-produced
feed and manure lend farms a distinguished
character, the farm individuality. Preferably
livestock and field crops are divers.
Diversity and multifaceted farming are not
always feasible. A number of biodynamical
farmers and horticulturists therefore choose
to specialize. But when a cattle farm
cooperates with a horticultural firm, the
natural cycle can be closed between them.
Examples of such a joint venture are
horticulture De Lepelaar and dairy farm
De Buitenplaats, north of Alkmaar. They
exchange manure, feed, straw and land
and make use of each other’s machinery.
Zuid-Holland (419)
7.9%
4
737
133
Zeeland (360)
6.8%
Overijssel (312)
5.9%
360
Noord-Brabant (301)
5.7%
301
37
Groningen (160)
3.0%
Utrecht (133)
2.5%
Drenthe (110)
2.1%
Areal (ha)
Limburg (37)
0.7%
Figure 1.5 Percentage of Demeter farms related to organic
Areal (ha)
Number of Demeter farms
55.938
53.782
Livestock
Figures show that, generally speaking,
biodynamic farms are quite divers. Of a total
of 122 farms, 76 have livestock in any variety
of numbers. Of those, 27 have a dairy branch
with 35 cows or more, 10 milk less than
35 cows (fig. 1.6). In the latter cows are not
core business but serve the rest of the farm
with manure, cheese making or as part of
a day-care program.
There are 8 farms that herd dairy goat; half
of those milk over 100 animals. Most of these
enterprises process their own milk produce.
419
1658
1647
Average areal (ha)
41,7
43,7
33,96
32,44
4.962
5.333
119
122
9,2%
9,5%
7,2%
7,4%
2012
Organic
2013
Demeter
2012
2013
2012
2013
1 Demeter farming and horticulture in the Netherlands and Flanders FACTS AND FIGURES
Besides 3 specialized laying hen farms with
over 4.500 chickens, there are 12 farms
with smaller flocks, often held for home
sale purposes. The Demeter Foundation
co-finances the development of a new
chicken breed that can be kept as broiler
chicken as well as laying hen. The money for
this project is taken from the BD-development
fund (a ‘fine’-fund). Then cock chicks can be
kept for meat, instead of being destroyed.
The Demeter meat sector is a modest one,
counting 160 chickens, 22 pigs, 516 cattle
and 503 sheep. The primary reason for this is
that sale channels are limited. Supermarkets
offer organic meat and the development of
the market through retailers of organic
products – spearheaded by meat specialist
Deli Harmony, among others – takes time.
Demeter meat is obtainable, however, via
farm shops and delivery services. The animals
are slaughtered at a local abattoir under
supervision of the farmer. Demeter demands
no supplementary measures when it comes
to slaughter.
In 2013 Demeter International has formulated
standards for aquaculture, but so far no Dutch
fish-farmers have considered Demeter.
Though there are beekeepers that work in a
biodynamic way, none has been Demeter
certified yet. In the Netherlands not even one
beekeeper has been able to obtain an organic
certificate of sorts. At present supervisory
body Skal is researching how to apply the
international standard of 3 kilometers of solely
organic agriculture or nature reserve
surrounding a beehive. In a densely populated
country like the Netherlands, landscape that
meets that criterion is very hard to find.
Crop
Almost half of the biodynamic areal consists
of grassland and fields for feed crop (fig. 1.7).
The main reason being the standard that
cattle farms must grow a minimum of 80%
of the needed feeding crops themselves.
So most feed comes from domestic soil,
very little is imported from abroad.
One fifth of the Demeter areal consists of land
designated for nature preservation. Mainly
tenant (grain) fields and grassland that belong
to nature reserve organizations such as
Staatsbosbeheer (the State Forest Alliance)
and Natuurmonumenten (Non-governmental
Nature Reserve Organization). Sometimes
these are used to graze cattle; sometimes
the mow from a reserve or straw from a little
grain field is fed to livestock. Wildlife
organizations seeking lessees like to work with
biodynamic farmers for their approach blends
well with nature reserve.
In 2013 Demeter International has issued a
new standard for biodiversity: 10 percent
of the farmed areal must consist of natural
habitat such as field rims full of flowers,
solitary trees, toad puddles or plots of land
Figure 1.6 Number of livestock on Demeter farms in the Netherlands, including farms in transition
Number of animals
Dairy cow
Number of farms
Farm average
1.837
37 a
50
516
26 b
20
Beef cattle
Sow
Fattening pigs
3
3
1
22
8
3
1.467
8c
183
Sheep
503
18 d
28
Horses
50
16
3
25.456
15 e
1697
160
1
160
Dairy goat
Laying hens
Broiler chickens
a
of which 27 farms with over 35 dairy cows
of which 4 farms with over 35 cows
c of which 4 farms with over 100 dairy goats
d of which 4 farms with over 35 sheep
e of which 3 farms with over 4.500 hens
b
Figure 1.7 Demeter areal (hectares) per crop (including farms in transition) in the Netherlands
2427 45,5%
Feed crops and pasturelands
1050 19,7%
Nature reserve
Agriculture
(grains, potatoes, onions, beets)
676 12,7%
299 5,6%
Industrial vegetables
Other gross vegetable
cultivation
Fine vegetable
cultivation
Fruit cultivation
Greenhouse
cultivation
Other
(courtyards,
water, forest)
209 3,9%
120 2,2%
83 1,6%
23 0,4%
447 8,4%
with ancient species. Dutch farmers are asked
to first make an inventory of the quality and
quantity of these kinds of nature values of
their own terrain. Demeter Foundation will
then interpret the new standard for the
Netherlands.
Greenhouse cultivation is an intensive form
of farming that represents 0.4 percent of the
total areal. This comes down to 5 firms, 4 of
which joined Demeter in 2011 and 2012. Mid
2013 growers, merchants, researchers and
certifiers took part in a conference to discuss
and interpret the valid standards at that time.
The intensive and specialized character of
glasshouse cultivation conflicts with the
extensive, mixed character of biodynamic
agriculture. Demeter greenhouse keepers
now work on innovative methods to work
according to BD tradition (see ‘Greenhouse
jungle’ on page 13).
Care farms
The merge between care and farming derived
from biodynamic agriculture and special
needs education (anthroposophical curative
education). Still a high percentage (28%,
34 of 122 firms) of Demeter farms have a
5
FACTS AND FIGURES 1 Demeter farming and horticulture in the Netherlands and Flanders
care program of sorts. There are quite a
variety of care farms: one is a family enterprise
with 3 clients, the other is part of a big
(anthroposophical) health care institution with
over 30 clients working on the farm.
Lievegoed Zorggroep for instance, owns
Nieuw Rijsenburg and De Hondspol in
Driebergen, De Beukenhof in Breda, Hoeve
Kraaiveld in Woudrichem and De Hoge Born
(the only not Demeter certified farm) in
Wageningen. Most farms facilitate the care
for disabled (17 farms), followed by
reintegration projects (13 farms), youth care
(7) and psychiatric care (3).
That sums up to a total of 40 care functions
on 34 farms. Consequently, a few farms offer
several different kinds of care.
Figure 1.8 The role and kind of care in all biodynamic farms
17
Care for the disabled
34 27,9%
13
Reintegration projects
88 72,1%
7 Youth care
40
3
Psychiatric care
Number of farms without care functions
Number of farms with care functions
1.3 Demeter
agriculture and
horticulture in
Flanders
At the end of 2013 3 certified Flemish farms
were affiliated with Demeter, with a total areal
of 55 hectares. There were no farms in
transition. In the course of the year, 2 farms
annulled their license (fig. 1.9). For them the
Demeter certificate had little added value
because they sell directly to consumers and
do not need to stand out in organic shops.
The 3 affiliated Flemish farms also focus on
direct sale through a shop on the property
or via vegetable subscriptions.
Stichting Widar is an agricultural community
that offers care for the disabled. Clients live
together with their family members and
caretakers. The foundation owns 38 hectares
of land, used for growing vegetables, fruit
and feeding crops and as nature reserve.
Furthermore they keep a few cows for dairy
and meat, pigs, turkeys and horses. They
process their own milk, vegetables and
fruit and run a bakery. Agricultural farm
De Blauwe Spie (2 hectares) focuses on
youth care, besides cultivating vegetables
and fruit. They sell their produce on two
local markets. De Wassende Maan is a 15
hectares farm growing vegetables and
breeding pigs.
Although peer–review (see page 15) was
developed as an instrument for Demeter
certifying, in Flanders also non-Demeter
farms partake. In 2013 farmers from six
different organic farms met to discuss and
review each other’s business operation.
Two of them were Demeter-certified.
The other four are interested in biodynamic
farming and are investigating how far they
would be able to take it.
6
Figure 1.9 Development of the number of farms in Flanders
5
5
4
5
2009
2010
2011
2012
3
-40%
2013
Decrease
of the total
number
Number of certified Demeter farms
from
2009-2013
Demeter internationale FACTS AND FIGURES
Demeter International
Demeter is an international label. In 2013 it
represented 4.800 biodynamic firms, located
in 48 nations worldwide (fig. 1.10). The total
areal amounted to 153.246 hectares. Demeter
farms are not neatly spread around the globe:
45% of the areal is located in Germany. With
over 5.000 hectares (3,3%), the Netherlands
holds the seventh position. In many countries
the biodynamic sector is still very small.
Sixteen countries only have 1 or 3 Demeter
enterprises.
18 countries are full-fledged members of
Demeter International and have their own
Demeter organization. Demeter International
mentors 5 ‘guest countries’. During annual
conferences all members gather to discuss
current issues and review standards. In 2013
this Assembly was held in England, where
Spain, guest country up until then, was
granted full membership. The certification
organization built in Spain acquired enough
confidence from the other nations present
to take over the certification process of farms
in Spain from Demeter International.
Demeter International contributes to the
development of biodynamic agriculture by
funding research, organizing meetings and
staging the exchange of information and
knowledge. An international research program
was launched to study the effects of different
BD-preparations from herbal and bestial
sources, used in biodynamic agriculture to
support life processes in soil and crop.
Demeter International also supports the work
of the Agricultural Section of the International
Anthroposophical Society. Since 1925 this
section annually organizes an international
biodynamic agricultural summit. This
conference takes place in the Goetheanum
in Dornach (Switzerland), the center for
anthroposophy that Rudolf Steiner initiated.
The theme for the 2013 summit was ‘Alliances
for the Earth’, animating a joined effort to
build a sustainable way of agriculture.
President of the Swiss National Council,
Maya Graf, organic farmer herself, opened
the summit with an inspiring message. She
initiated a successful campaign against gentech by pursuing alliances between farmers,
consumers, pension holders, environmental
and development organizations and
anthroposophical institutions. During the four
day conference 568 participants from 33
countries exchanged ideas, experiences and
plans to try and involve other organizations in
themes that are key to biodynamic farming,
like the importance of bees, agricultural
Figure 1.10 Top 10 of countries with Demeter agriculture (areal in hectares) mid 2013
These figures are slightly older than the ones used in chapter 1.1, which is why the figures for the
Netherlands differ somewhat. source: Demeter International
68.193
44.5%
1 Germany
2 Italy
3 France
4 Hungary
5 India
9.003
5.9%
8.500
5.5%
7.244
4.7%
5.824
3.8%
6 Austria
5.584
3.6%
7 The Netherlands
5.043
3.3%
8 Great Britain
4.384
2.9%
9 Switzerland
4.150
2.7%
10 United States
2.759
1.8%
153.246
Total areal
worldwide
(hectares)
nature reserve, soil fertility and the
preservation of seedfast (non-hybrid) races.
The cooperation of people from so many
different nations and backgrounds, lends the
biodynamic movement momentum and
strength.
7
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2 Demeter trade and processing in the Netherlands and Flanders FACTS AND FIGURES
2 Demeter trade and processing in
the Netherlands and Flanders
2.1 Number of license
holders
Figure 2.1 Number of license holders in the Netherlands and Flanders
43
47
58
85
84
76
72
54
73
43
27
30
29
29
30
Demeter Foundation certifies firms in the
Netherlands and Flanders that produce or
market Demeter products. Also BD-certified
farms with processing branches like cheese
making, herb drying or syrup distilling, need
to request an additional production license.
In 2013 the number of processors and
retailers increased from 54 to 58. Since 2013
all traders, not only those that repack
products, have to apply for a Demeter
license. The number of processing farmers
has decreased from 30 to 27 (fig. 2.1).
16,4%
2009
2010
2011
2012
Increase
2013
of the total
number
Number of processors and retailers
Number of farm processors
from
2009-2013
License holders Processors and retailers
Firm
Place
Firm
Place
Eleonas Sprl
Brussels (BE)
Frumarco BV
Reuver
Fritz Vanlerberghe
Passendale (BE)
The Go Foods Company
Tilburg
Thylbert bvba
Oedelem (BE)
"Zonnemaire" Biol. Bakkerij Ad van der Westen BV
Waspik
Ets. Mandy-Mapol
Brussel (BE)
Deli Harmony BV
Hedel
RCM P. Vermeieren en Partners nv
Bornem (BE)
Joannusmolen BV
Cuijk
Het Blauwe Huis
Ruinerwold
Sligro Food Group Nederland BV
Veghel
Green Organics BV
Dronten
De Halm B.V
Heeswijk-Dinther
Aaldering Bio ui
Biddinghuizen
Hermus B.V.
Made
Marc't
Emmeloord
Udea BV
Veghel
Organic Trade Company Holland B.V.
Lelystad
Green & White BV
Huissen
Carel Bouma
Biddinghuizen
Bio Kaas BV
Molenschot
De Traay BV
Lelystad
Maasoever Cold Store BV
Waspik
Stoker Holland
Biddinghuizen
Wessanen Benelux B.V
Amsterdam Zuid Oost
Agrico (afd Bioselect)
Emmeloord
Flevolof
Nieuw Niedorp
Het Zonnelied B.V.
Zeewolde
Tradin Organic Agriculture BV
Amsterdam
Cooperatie Nautilus u.a.
Dronten
Abattoir Noord-Holland bv
Oost-Graftdijk
Kaasmakerij Henri Willig BV
Heerenveen
Kroon Biologisch BV.
Amsterdam
Machandel BV Organic Foods
Haulerwijk
Hortica B.V.
Andijk
Deli XL
Ede
Ecomel BV
Limmen
Do-it BV
Barneveld
Texelse Milieuvr. Natuurprodukten B.V.
Den Burg
el Sauco
Wageningen
BioRey BV
Lelystad
Organic Flavour Company BV
Veenendaal
BD Graan B.V.
Middenmeer
Agrifirm Plant BV (biologische afdeling)
Apeldoorn
Mts. Klaas de Lange Weerribbenzuivel
Nederland
Estafette Odin BV
Geldermalsen
CZ. Rouveen u.a.
Rouveen
Natudis Nederland B.V.
Harderwijk
BD-Totaal
Houten
De Nieuwe Band
Marum
Eosta B.V.
Waddinxveen
De Commandeursmolen BV
Mechelen
Coenecoop Wine Traders B.V.
Waddinxveen
ODI "De Dageraad" B.V. (Aurora)
Ven-Zelderheide
B.V. Handelsonderneming E. Zann
Bergschenhoek
Oerlemans Foods Nederland BV
Venlo
Naturelle BV
Barendrecht
9
FACTS AND FIGURES 2 Demeter trade and processing in the Netherlands and Flanders
Lievegoed Zorggroep for instance, has
allocated the processing of dairy, which was
done on 3 of their care farms, to one of those:
De Hondspol. Consequently care farms De
Beukenhof and Nieuw Rijsenburg have given
up their license. During the last five years
there has been a constant fluctuation in farm
processors; some were closed, new ones
started. There is no decline.
The figures for retailers and processors do
show a growing trend. Since 2009 their
number has increased with 35%. In 2013 5 of
58 retailers and 2 of 27 farm processors where
located in Flanders. In 2013 the total number
of retailers, processors and farm processors
increased from 84 to 85.
In 2013 Skal Foundation (Stichting Skal)
represented 1954 firms that sell or process
organic products, farm processors included
(fig. 2.2; source: Stichting Skal). The number
of Dutch firms with a Skal license increased
with 189 this year, whilst the number of firms
with a Demeter license in the Netherlands
(Flanders excluded) decreased from 80 to 78.
The Demeter share in the number of retailers
and processing firms has consequently
decreased from 4.5 percent in 2012 to
4 percent in 2013.
License holders Farm processors
Firm
Place
Widar Fonds VZW
Merksplas (BE)
Hansketien
Mantinge
Maatschap Vos
Kraggenburg
Warmonderhof Boomgaard
Dronten
De Kompenije
Drachtstercompagnie
Harmannahoeve
Harlingen
De Vijfsprong
Vorden
Fruitbedrijf Ruissen
Varik
De Bolster
Epe
De Dennenkamp
Rekken
De Grote Kamp
Drempt
Flobus
Kiel Windeweer
De Lindelaar
Oploo
Saanenhof
Heeze
Buitenplaats
Eenigenburg
Novalishoeve
Den Hoorn
V.O.F. Ridammerhoeve
Amstelveen
WKG . De Klompenhoeve
Egmond a/d Hoef
De Noorderhoeve
Schoorl
De Naoberhoeve
Echten
Boerderij De Hondspol BV
Driebergen
CV Ter Linde
Oostkapelle
Boomgaard Ter Linde
Oostkapelle
De Muyehof
Nieuwerkerk
Vof Fruitteeltbedrijf De Ring
Oud Sabbinge
Mts. Nieuw Bonaventura
's Gravendeel
Kaasboerderij "Noorderlicht"
Noordeloos
Figure 2.2 The Demeter share in the total number of retailers and processors in the Netherlands
1.954
1.765
2012
10
Organic
Demeter
80
78
4.5%
4.0%
2013
2 Demeter trade and processing in the Netherlands and Flanders FACTS AND FIGURES
2.2 Sale and turnover
in retailing and
processing
Demeter products in the Netherlands are
mainly marketed through specialized organic
retailers (natuurvoedingswinkels). The number
of these kinds of stores has increased from
410 in 2012 to 452 in 2013 (source: Bionext).
In addition, many BD-farms aim for direct
contact with consumers through farm stores,
vegetable subscriptions, local farm markets,
web shops and delivery services. A few
products are sold at supermarkets or used by
caterers and in restaurants. In those cases
they are not always recognizable as Demeter
products.
License holders of Demeter Foundation report
on their turnover of Demeter products. This
turnover from both retailers and processors
(farm processors included) has substantially
grown in 2013, from 13 to 15 million Euros,
which amounts to an increase of 15 percent
(fig. 2.3). The Flemish share in this sum is very
small: 0.5 percent.
Not only trade- and processing firms realized
an increase (fig. 2.4), farm processors did the
same (fig. 2.5). Although the number of farm
processors decreased, their total turnover
increased, partly because of the merge of
dairy branches on several care farms.
Since 2009 the total turnover in sales and
processing grew with 28 percent. Over half
of this increase was realized in 2013. Stichting
Demeter, in conjunction with retailers and
other partners, has made several promotional
efforts in the last two years (see chapter 4).
As a result Demeter is more visible and
prominent, both on shop floors and in the
media. Given the increased turnover, it seems
these efforts have been fruitful.
Even so, not all products from Demeter farms
are marketed with the Demeter label, the
reason being that the demand is still limited.
Many products enter the mainstream of
‘regular’ organic products. For example,
if Demeter potatoes are bagged and sold
with the European organic label and without
the Demeter seal, they do not show in the
turnover figures we are presenting here.
Unpacked Dutch potatoes, vegetables and
fruit are left out of these figures as well.
Export of Demeter products does show in
the turnover figures, with the exception of
fresh products that have not been processed.
Imported products have been certified in the
land of origin. The part that is not processed
or repacked in the Netherlands does not
appear in the figures. Based on the figures
known to Demeter, a gross estimate would
be that the import value of Demeter products
equals the total value of turnover of products
Figure 2.3 Total turnover of Demeter retailers, processors and farm processors (in millions of Euros)
15,19
12,93
11,87
13,16
11,71
28%
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Increase
from
2009-2013
Figure 2.4 Turnover of Demeter retailers and processors (in millions of Euros)
12,15
9,39
9,30
10,15
10,38
29,4%
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Increase
from
2009-2013
Figure 2.5 Turnover of Demeter farm processors (in millions of Euros)
2,78
2,48
2,78
3,04
2,41
22,6%
Increase
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
from
2009-2013
that have been certified in the Netherlands,
which brings the turnover of Demeter
products to a sum total of approximately 30
million Euros.
These figures are not comparable to the
figures of the whole organic branch, as
published in the Monitor Sustainable Food
2013 (Monitor Duurzaam Voedsel 2013). The
monitor gives an account of consumer
expenditures in retail shops. This kind of
information about Demeter products is not
yet available.
The Monitor Sustainable Food shows that in
2013 consumers spent 984,2 million Euros on
organic food in supermarkets, specialized
retailers and in the food service industry.
That is an increase of 50 million Euros, or
5.4 percent from 2012. Although the growth
rate slowed down a bit, branch organization
Bionext concludes that the economic crisis
has had little impact on the sale of organic
products.
11
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Biodynamics: source of inspiration and innovation STORIES
BIODIVERSITY
Greenhouse jungle
BEES
Bees strengthen the farm
Rob van Paassen is a biodynamic greenhouse grower in Oude Leede.
He controls lice infestation of his paprika ever better. How?
By planting flowers, plants and leaves in and around his greenhouses.
In other words: by introducing biodiversity.
Bee mortality. While scientists bite each other’s heads off in
their pursuit of causes, Henk Bunskoek is solving the problem all
by himself. How? By increasing biodiversity at his horticulture
De Zonnehorst and thus reinforcing their immune system.
‘Almost every year cultivators of organic paprika are plagued by an
infestation of lice that can either be just really annoying or absolutely
disastrous. I am one of those cultivators and all too familiar with the
phenomenon of lice. I do not dare to say out loud that I’ve solved the
problem – lice seem to have ears and listen in before mercilessly
launching a new campaign – but in the past two years I have had no lice
infestation. I have asked myself this question: why do I have a problem
in my greenhouses, when in nature things go just fine? A glasshouse full
of newly planted paprika is pretty empty and lifeless. Just a single plant
here and there, hardly an ideal habitat for any natural enemy. On top of
that the habitat is surrounded by glass walls, which makes it almost
impossible to make use of the available flora and fauna outside. So by
using nature as a source of inspiration I concluded I should try to imitate
a jungle. Different flowers and vegetation and leaves would provide
shelter and food for useful insects.’
‘In 1980, when we started with De Zonnehorst, we wanted bees on our
farm. I enlisted for a beemaster’s course and started keeping bees in
the traditional manner. I stuck with that method for ten years, but never
really liked the way I had to treat the bees: creating artificial swarms,
breaking caps, keeping the honey for myself, feeding sugar to the bees.
It started to really bug me, so I stopped. I kept attending annual
meetings of biodynamic beekeepers, though. There I met beekeepers
that worked with their bees in a natural way. That inspired me; so much
so that five years ago I started again with two colonies. Last year I did a
course on biodynamic beekeeping. I have learned that a bee colony is
one single organism. I remodeled my conventional hive. It holds big
honeycombs so that the colony is actually able to behave as one body.
I let them swarm naturally and hibernate on their own honey. A colony
needs ten to fourteen kilos of honey to survive the winter. I only take
honey from the hive if the bees have enough for themselves. Last year
I was able to harvest four kilos of honey surplus from two hives.’
Mosaic weeding
‘First I created as many natural patches as possible in order to give
different forms of life a chance. Vegetation, animals, insects need each
other. I sowed flower borders surrounding the greenhouses; inside
I planted a cabbage species, Crambe Hispanica, whose little flowers’
nectar attracts hoverflies, the natural enemies of lice. In the past I used
to hire a group of students to weed the entire greenhouse complex
during their holiday in May. I stopped doing that, because this kind of
weeding removes the entire habitat of natural enemies as well. Now I just
weed every other lane, always leaving some weeds: mosaic weeding,
I call it. I also started growing beets and kohlrabi in between the paprika.
They provide a volume of leafs as long as the paprika is still very small
and tender. If I am able to harvest beets and kohlrabi, that is fine, but it is
of less importance. Interdependence is the main theme I keep coming
back at since I am a Demeter grower. I used to fight lice and weeds, now
I let them harmoniously work together. You will want to be sure there are
always some lice around, because then their natural enemies will stay as
well. The more you broaden this interdependence, the better you will do.
I see that now.’
Nectar and pollen
‘I let the bees be who they are by interfering as little as possible. I really
like that. The frustration I felt with conventional beekeeping has
changed into new enthusiasm. I find it difficult to put it into words, but
I sense that bees are an essential key to developing a stronger farm.
I try to broaden biodiversity on our natural patches of land. The
number of plants that produce nectar and pollen has increased. I am
no scientist, but I think bee mortality is a result of the unfriendly way
we keep them. Apiculture can handle the acarid varoa parasite as long
as bees are strong and have a sound immune system. One can
strengthen that immune system by keeping bees in a natural fashion;
provide them with a broad variety of flowers, do not expose them to
pesticides. I think this approach is not only a solution for apiculture but
for agriculture as a whole.’
13
STORIES Biodynamics: source of inspiration and innovation
SEED
Local polder spinach
SOIL
Phosphate mystery in the polder
Biodynamic farmers seem to be ever more interested in growing their
own seed. Tineke Alberts of Buitenbant in Bant is one of them. ‘There
is little point in fighting multinationals like Monsanto; it is much more
productive to try and counter them with something positive.’ That is
why she and her wife Herma Ronda focus more and more on growing
their own seed.
When he started De Zonnehoeve in 1982, Piet van IJzendoorn paid
no heed to advice to supplement the low level of phosphate in his
fields. Now, thirty years later, he still does not. He reaps plentiful.
How can that be?
‘About three years ago I watched the documentary ‘The World
according to Monsanto’. It shows how Monsanto gains control over
a growing number of cultivated plants and farmers by developing
hybrid seed. Consequently a growing number of seeds producing
local races disappear. I wondered how just one company is able to
wreak so much havoc. Herma and I spoke extensively about it and
we realized that campaigning against a company like that will have
little effect. But with our farm we would be able to produce vital and
strong seed and offer an alternative! So we increasingly set about the
cultivation of seed. The people affiliated with the Louis Bolk Instituut
and their seed network are a tremendous inspiration.’
Seed bank
‘We mainly produce for seed cultivation firm De Bolster, recently also
for the blends that Van Cruydt-hoeck produces for field borders and
bee flowers. We grow a lot of flowers: reseda, baby blue eyes, poppy’s
and sunflower, but also kale, savory and horse bean. We also improve
spinach. Our spinach was cultivated with seeds from the seed bank
in Wageningen. This particular race was last planted in the sixties;
I am trying to cultivate it into an organic spinach race that is perfectly
suited for polder-land. I made a first selection this spring. I especially
take note of the color, the stand and the shape of the leaves. Very
informative and exciting! Besides 3 hectares of seed cultivation we
have 5 hectares of oats and 2,5 hectares of lucerne for improvement
and green manure of the soil. Frequently I sow special seeds in little
patches of land where for a while nothing else will be cultivated. I love
variation and surprises. It’s my way of working on biodiversity.’
14
‘At the start of our farm, soil analyses showed that the levels of
phosphate were extremely low. The volume of water resolvable
phosphate, the Pw-value, was 12 milligrams per liter, where it should
have been between 25 and 30 milligrams. I was advised to add 550
pounds of phosphate per hectare to acquire the appropriate standard.
Crops only absorp around 55 pounds! I find it morally reprehensible
to delve a rare resource like phosphate and bring it onto farmland in a
form that crops can only partly absorb. Moreover I questioned the
need. Soil is a smart system we know very little about. I first wanted to
find out myself how my crops would do. So I just gave it a try: one lane
with phosphate next to a lane without. There was no difference. For
both the produce was fine.’
Positive spiral
‘Agriculture is nothing more and nothing less than optimizing the
power of the sun. Plants capture solar energy and generate organic
substances in and around their roots. Those feed the soil’s varied forms
of life. Good agriculture generates fertility and thus creates a virtuous
circle. Shortage of phosphate should not be solved by supplementing
this mineral, but by improving the soil fertility. We did that by applying
solid dung, by growing crops that improve the soil structure and by
a generous crop rotation. Farmers in the neighborhood of
De Zonnehoeve applied tons and tons of phosphate to their fields,
year after year. Their Pw-value shows a neat 25, ours still 10. But the
volume of phosphate that is bound to organic matter in our soil is four
times higher. A beautiful mystery, that asks for more research.’
14
3 Working together at BD and Demeter ORGANIZATION: FACTS AND FIGURES
3 Working together at BD and Demeter
3.1 Demeter
Foundation
Under which conditions are farmers,
cultivators, bakers or dairy factories allowed
to sell Demeter labeled products? That is
determined by the Demeter Foundation, the
organization for certification and promotion
of the Demeter label. All national Demeter
organizations are members of Demeter
International that develops general standards
and guidelines. Demeter Foundation
interprets those for the Netherlands and
Flanders.
Central to biodynamic agriculture is a holistic
worldview. The seed for this form of
agriculture was sown in 1924, when
anthroposophist Rudolf Steiner gave a series
of lectures about agriculture. Since then
farmers and growers from all over the world
have been experimenting to organize their
enterprises in such a way that soil, vegetation,
animals, men and habitat form a coherent
body. Ninety years later there are 4.800
BD-farmers, representing 48 nations.
Demeter core values
Living soil, is reflected in standards
such as:
• Fertilization based on balance;
112 kg N/ha
• A ban on the steaming of soil
• No use of slurry from non-organic
farms
• Ample crop rotation and use of
green manure
Integrity of animals, leads to the
following standards, among others:
• A ban on dehorning and clipping of
beaks and wings
• 2 roosters on every 100 hen
• The use of extreme meat races and
reproduction via embryo transfer are
prohibited
Animal welfare, for example:
• Obligatory grazing
• A max of 5 laying hens per square
meter living space
• Strewing of whole grains for chickens
Guidelines
From this holistic view – besides obligatory
standards – guidelines have been developed
that seek to stimulate Demeter farmers to
work on mixed and diverse farming,
protection of wildlife and landscape, on farmproduced seed and breeding and social and
economic reform. Dutch farmers are allowed
to choose their own focus, but do submit to
an annual self-audit along these guidelines.
A discussion with two colleagues, a so-called
peer-review, complements this audit. Working
in accordance with these guidelines boosts
the characteristics of the specific farm. It
evokes innovative initiatives that are beneficial
to the entire Dutch agri- and horticulture.
Standards
Demeter requirements are aimed at preserving
and maintaining optimal vitality of all
resources. As a consequence conditions are
stated for agriculture, but also on the
processing of produce further along the chain.
The standards that go with these requirements
ensure a minimum level and result from core
values based on the conviction that all things
co-exist in interdependent relationships and
need to be treated accordingly (see text box).
The Handboek Demeter Voorwaarden (Dutch
manual on Demeter conditions), that can be
downloaded from the website of Demeter
Foundation, provides a full overview of all
standards and guidelines.
Vitality, for example:
• Use of preparations
• A minimum of 10% biodiversity
• Use of 100% organic feed and of
organic straw
• On farm-produced feed and milk
• On farm-produced manure, or in
cooperation with a partner firm
• GGO free, including PPF improvement
techniques (cabbage / endive seed
and seedlings)
has kindled the interest of other Demeter
organizations as well and is being promoted
internationally as ‘farm talks’.
Demeter Foundation has the organizations that
are also responsible for the checks on organic
agriculture in the Netherlands execute the
inspections: Skal Foundation and Control
Union. In Flanders these are Integra and
Certisys. Demeter Foundation instructs the
inspectors how to monitor Demeter standards,
in addition to the criteria for organic farming.
If there is reason to do so, fines are imposed or
requirements for specifc parts of an enterprise
are waived.
Certifying and inspection
Annual figures 2013
Demeter Foundation works with two
committees: a criteria committee (Demeter
Voorwaarden Commissie – DVC) and a license
committee (Demeter Licentie Committee –
DLC). The DVC interprets international
standards and translates those to the Dutch
situation or formulates criteria for matters for
which there are no international standards yet.
The DLC assesses whether or not a firm attains
a Demeter license on the bases of reports of
inspectors and a self-evaluation of the specific
agricultural or horticultural enterprise.
In the future the peer review will be part of the
certification toolkit as well. The outcome of
current experiences with these discussions
between colleagues will determine how this
method will be incorporated. The peer-review
In 2013 financial reserves where used for
additional promotional activities in shops and
to support promotional projects such as
‘Sowing the Future’ ( see chapter 4), to fund
unforeseen extra personnel costs due to
sickness and to invest in the quality of the
certifying process.
Basic income of the foundation, provided by
contributions of license holders, increased
from 220.000 to 232.000 Euros. Total profits
amounted to 257.000 Euros. The biodynamic
farms carry most of the costs for inspection
and promotion themselves. Contributions of
farmers and growers are based on their areal,
the type of enterprise and number of animals.
Payments of retailers and processors are based
upon their turnover.
15
According to the United Nations every minute 30 soccer fields of soil are
lost, mostly due to irresponsible farming techniques. The good news,
is that all around the world millions of farmers are showing that organic
and biodynamic agriculture is the Soilution.
Throughout the International year of the Soil 2015 and in close
cooperation with the international organic sector, the Save our Soils
campaign is calling upon consumers to buy organic and biodynamic
products. Because a choice for organic is a choice for healthy soils.
Want to get
involved?
Warmonderhof in the Netherlands offers:
Four year fulltime course
Bio Dynamic Farming and
Gardening EU level 4
www.warmonderhof.nl/english
Vierjärige Grundausbildung und
Fachschule Biologisch Dynamische
Landwirtschaft EU Niveau 4
www.warmonderhof.nl/deutsch
3 Working together at BD and Demeter ORGANIZATION: FACTS AND FIGURES
3.2 BD-Society
(vereniging)
Figure 3.1 Number of members of the BD-Society in 2012 and 2013
BD-Society in figures
Kind of membership
At the end of 2103 the BD-Society consisted
of 1836 members (fig. 3.1). They receive
the magazine for members, Dynamisch
Perspectief, and are invited to meetings and
fieldtrips. Part of this membership consists
of professionals: 262, to be specific. They
are employed in the biodynamic branch as
farmers, retailers, researchers or organic
food specialists. Professionals pay a higher
membership fee but can partake in
development programs for professionals and
winter confer­ences without additional costs.
Main sources of income in 2013 were
membership fees (95.000 Euros) and donations
(80.000 Euros). Donations, consisting mostly
of legates, which explains why these show
substantial annual fluctuations, are deposited
into the Willy Schilthuisfonds. This fund enables
activities of the society in the field of research
and development and helps finance other
activities. In 2013 the Willy Schilthuisfonds
contributed to the evening course of the
Warmonderhof and contributed to travel
expenses for initiators of a BD-project in
Colombia, enabling them to join the summit
in Dornach. A full annual report can be
downloaded at www.bdvereniging.nl/dp.
Ordinary members, Netherlands
Activities of the BD-Society
In March 2013 the members’ magazine of the
BD-Society, Dynamisch Perspectief, published
this story about horticulturist Arie de Winter.
Years ago the BD-Society called for the
development of on farm-produced seed. Arie
enthusiastically lived up to the challenge and
made a first attempt to harvest his own
cauliflower seed. The harvest was quite pitiful,
though. He kept trying a few years more,
without making any progress. At the
Agricultural Course he learned that in nature
many things have a cycle of four years. Arie:
‘Suddenly the penny dropped: I should give
my cauliflower four years to develop good, on
farm-produced seed. So I sowed the little
seed that I harvested the next year and kept
doing that for several years. Produce
increased bit by bit. After four years I was able
to harvest a fair amount. Since then I have
been able to cultivate cauliflower from on
farm-produced seed.’
This is one of many experiences of farmers
and horticulturists. They experiment a lot.
Every day they check on their grass, their
cabbage and their cattle and get new bright
ideas. New insights arise when talking to
colleagues about bottlenecks and new
discoveries during one of the courses for
BD-branch development. The winter
conference, also attended by other
stakeholders – consumers, researchers,
Number 31-12-2012
Number 31-12-2013
Mutation 2013-2012
1443
1431
-12
Youth members
16
19
+3
Ordinary members from abroad
42
45
+3
Membership +
83
79
-4
243
262
+19
1827
1836
+9
Professional members
Total
Figure 3.2 Number of students at the Warmonderhof in 2012 and 2013
Educational program
Number 31-12-2012
Number 31-12-2013
Mutation 2012/2013
Fulltime students
88
95
+13
Part-time BD
75
112
+37
Part-time Agriculture & Care
21
12
-9
Part-time International
Total
retailers and food experts – contributes to
this exchange as well. All activities of the
BD-Society focus on develop­ment and
innovation, on exchanging know­ledge and
experiences and inspiring new ideas.
3.3 Warmonderhof
Warmonderhof in figures
There is a growing interest in the
Warmonderhof. Especially the part-time
educational program for adults (most aged
between 25 – 45) has really taken off. Last
year the number of students grew with 21
percent (fig. 3.2). Many have been inspired
by initiatives that operate on the edge of
urban culture and agriculture. Due to legal
changes the international training was forced
to close down in 2013.
There is a permanent lodging capacity for 85
students and 22 beds for visitors. Because of
the growing number of students, de
Warmonderhof is planning to add student
housing facilities.
14
-
-14
198
219
+21
Warmonderhof attaches great value to the
threefold of living, working and learning.
The school has an affiliated farm, the
Warmonderstede, where students receive
on-the-job-training from farmers and
growers. Many students live on the premises
of the school. Warmonderhof Foundation
(Stichting Warmonderhof) services the student
facilities and the big dining hall that is also up
for rent by third parties. In that event the
Warmonderhof also provides catering (2350
breakfasts, 7000 lunches, 4800 dinners in 2013).
What the Warmonderhof does
Warmonderhof provides a continuous influx
of young people, equipped with the basic
knowledge needed to start working in
biodynamic agriculture and horticulture and
care farming. Warmonderhof Training Centre
(opleidingen) is part of Het Groenhorst College
and offers intermediate vocational education in
two majors: organic-dynamic agriculture and
agriculture & care, both fulltime and part time.
17
ORGANIZATION: FACTS AND FIGURES 4 BD and Demeter in the media in 2013
4 BD and Demeter in the media in 2013
4.1 Demeter Foundation
PARTNERS
These activities have in part been made
possible by Stichting Zaaigoed, Estafette
Odin, BioBakker, Arzia, de Nieuwe Band,
EkoPlaza and Landwijzer. The Willy
Schilthuisfonds of the BD-Vereniging has
also contributed to activities that are
aimed at research and development of
BD-agriculture.
Demeter promotional campaign
4.2 BD-Vereniging
What makes Demeter products unique? In June an extensive campaign was
launched in 129 organic shops to communicate that to the public. Demeter
Foundation initiated it, in close cooperation with wholesaler Udea and multiple
store EkoPlaza. Little cards on the shelves of different product groups – like the
one printed here about eggs – explained what differentiates Demeter from other
products. Clients that wanted to know more could scan the QR-code on the card
and watch a video on internet about the farmer or grower, Wim Vredevoogd in
this example. Children up to 13 years did a quiz and competed for Demeter ice
cream for all their classmates.
‘Farm individuality’ trips
Dutch celebrity chef Pierre Wind: ‘BD is pure 2.0’
‘There is organic – that’s pure – and there is biodynamic; and that’s pure 2.0!’
This is how star chef Pierre Wind greeted the customers of De Groene Winkel
(the Green Shop) in Zeist, enthusiastically waving his arms. In September he and
biodynamic chef Olivier van Staal hosted a cook demo as kick off for the
distribution of Demeter recipe cards, of which 65.000 copies found their way to
the public through different shop chains. ‘The good thing with Demeter is,’
Pierre Wind said, ‘you take something out of the earth and you put something
back in as well. That is biodynamic: you make sure the soil remains fertile. Great,
isn’t it? Pure 2.0!’
18
‘We are taking a tour around BD-enterprise Gaos owned
by Jos Keuken and Ellen Krul. Right in the middle of a
barren field of harvested grain, a rectangle strip of land
with dried beans remains: a small island in an ocean of
space. We walk over. Jos tells us about sweet lupine; he
collaborates with the Louis Bolk Instituut, that is
researching different races and varieties. “We have a few
here that seem fit for consumption as an alternative for
soya, that is imported from all kinds of remote regions.”
Out of dozens of races, only few are picked.
Luc Ambagts of the BD-Society describes his experience
during one of the ‘farm individuality’ trips he organizes
once a month:’These visits clearly show that every
biodynamic farm has its own characteristics and dynamics.
It happens every time participants exchange their
impressions of their trip: the unique characteristics of the
visited enterprise surface, like pearls.’
4 BD and Demeter in the media in 2013 ORGANIZATION: FACTS AND FIGURES
The Evening Course
Good seed for the future
‘When you grow your crops with the intention to harvest
seed, you build a sustainable relationship with what you
plant. The bond with your crop becomes stronger,’ grower
Greet Lambrechts from De Akelei in Flanders explained
during the winter conference of the BD-Society. This year’s
theme was: The Future of Biodynamic Stock Material.
At De Akelei one in three crops comes from homegrown
seed. It lends both the farm and it’s products solid unique
characteristics. This practice of harvesting on farmproduced seed contrasts sharply with the uniform and
hybrid seeds used by multinationals – all over the world
identical seed is used – from which no useful new seed
can even be harvested.
The same applies to the breeding of cattle; the trade in
good seed is a million dollar business as well. A phone call
to arrange for AI (artificial insemination) is quickly made,
but what happens before the sperm leaves the straw?
Superovulation, ovum pick up (removal of egg cells from
cows), in vitro fertilization, embryo transplant. One cattle
farmer related the gains of taking cattle breeding in your
own hands. ‘Ten years ago we started breeding ourselves,
now we are reaping the benefits. We are one hundred
percent free of antibiotics.’ Farmers who do not like to see
bulls on their property or who would like to get some fresh
blood every now and then, can make use of an organic
way of AI, initiatied by Wytze Nauta.
4.3 Warmonderhof
A first in 2013 was the Warmonderhof Evening Course: a series of meetings in the
main hall of the school on a variety of subjects, enabling students, teachers, farmers
and other interested parties to acquire new knowledge and inspiration. Derk Klein
Bramel – board member of agricultural and health care organizations, former
student of the Warmonderhof and ex-farmer – shared the inspiration he finds in
anthropology to keep developing biodynamic agriculture. Cattle farmer Jan
Duijndam shared his growing conviction that BD-agriculture is only possible on
a mixed farm that is servant to it’s soil and harmonizes with society and nature.
Ed Taylor, author of a biography on Rudolf Steiner, took his audience – as he does
in his book – on a multifaceted journey through the life of an extraordinary man,
dedicated to the mission to connect the physical with the spiritual world and
vice versa.
4.4 Joint ventures
Sowing the Future (Toekomst Zaaien)
Walking in a vast row across the field. Swinging arms, hands that release grain
which graciously flies through the air – grain, the source of our daily bread.
Little children walk along, attentively and concentrated. This sowing is
somewhat magical and festive at the same time. Sowing together binds us to
the grain, the land, the farmer, each other, the bread that will be.
Sowing the Future gathered 650 people on 13 farms on the weekends of
October, sowing grain. Demeter Foundation, Stichting Zaaigoed, the
BD-Society and Warmonderhof worked closely together, supported by
commercial partners, to organize Sowing the Future. Estafette Odin combined
it’s 30th anniversary with Sowing the Future on farm Gaos in Swifterband, for
instance.
Sowing the Future was initiated by two Swiss BD-farmers in 2006, as a protest
against genetic manipulation and monopolization of international seed trade.
The initiative was picked up and grew. In 2013 several thousands participated
at over 100 locations in 14 different countries.
The New Farmer
The June edition of Onkruid (Dutch/Belgian magazine on
spirituality, personal development and health) featured a
ten-page article entitled The New Farmer, with four
portraits of female students at the Warmonderhof. First
year student Sarah de Ridder (22) tells: ‘My future will most
probably be in cattle farming: milking cows and making
cheese on a biodynamic farm. Not at a too large scale,
though. Making a start with a couple of other entre­
preneurs would be ideal as well. Then it could be a joint
venture of a cattle farmer, and a horticulturist for instance.
For me, that dream starts at the Warmonderhof. I hope
this experience will map out the future path, teach me a
lot and bring me in contact with other passionate people,
like myself. I find it really special to have so much in
common with fellow students.’
Demeter Square at BioVak
‘No future of BD-agriculture without successors.’ That was Jozien Vos’s heartcry during the New Year’s drink at the Demeter Square at BioVak (annual fair
for professionals in the Dutch organic sector in Zwolle). She is a BD-farmer and
member of the board of Demeter Foundation. Jozien Vos pleaded for working
diligently on tackling the difficulties surrounding succession in agriculture in
general and BD-agriculture especially. She told how pleased she was with the
results of the project: Wanted: Succession (Opvolging gezocht), an Ekolandspecial with lots of info on this theme and a website (landgilde.nl) that aims at
bringing potential successors and those looking for succession together.
This BD/Demeter Square at BioVak is effective because it provides a platform
for several organizations in the biodynamic field to present themselves and
serves as an inspiring meeting place. During the event some biological farmers
applied for the course ‘Converting to Demeter’.
19
“Groengilde” is the collective brand for Dutch biodynamic eggs.
The farmers all work together under the brand name of “Groengilde”,
which ensure the highest quality and animal welfare standards.
More info: [email protected]
Enjoy
the taste
of these
healthy
eggs
Biodynamic farming and soil fertility YEAR OF THE SOILS
YEAR OF THE SOILS
Biodynamic farming and soil fertility
How do soils change by biodynamic agriculture?
THE POWER OF LIVING SOIL
Worm holes, pores, ruptures, packed layers, worm feces… dig a hole
in the earth and you will find all kinds of interesting things below
the surface. Jan Bokhorst, soil researcher, takes us along six different
profiles and demonstrates what living soil means to a farmer. There
are major differences between regular and biodynamic soil.
In the winter of 2013/2014 the BD-Society and the agricultural branch
of the Anthroposophical Society (AVIN) hosted three seminars on
biodynamic agriculture and soil fertility. These meetings were held at
different BD-farms. Each time we studied a profile pit, dug into a plot
of land. All three plots where situated in sandy fibrous clay and clay
bottoms. Because real sand bottoms were not represented, we will
review the bottom of De Vijfsprong in Vorden in this article as well in
comparison. In order to pinpoint the differences between regular and
biodynamic soils, we will also review two regular bottoms.
33 years BD Mixed farm
Zonnehoeve, Zeewolde
Corns, grasses and papilionaceous flowers dominate crop rotation.
Deep litter manure is used.
84 years BD Fruit cultivation
Orchard ter Linde, Oostkapelle
Tree strips are fertilized with clipping of grass and clover from the
carriageway and deep litter manure.
30 years BD Horticulture
De Hondspol, Driebergen
Deep litter manure and mulch with crops and green manure during
wintertime.
30 years BD Mixed farm
De Vijfsprong, Vorden
Deep litter manure, corns and grasses.
Regular
De Peel
Cultivation of maize
Regular
Lelystad
Cultivation of wheat
21
YEAR OF THE SOILS Biodynamic farming and soil fertility
Zonnehoeve
Zeewolde, Flevopolder
De Hondspol
Driebergen
In the furrow we find lots of earthworms and wormholes; taking root
is easy in this soil. Underneath the earth is a bit more packed, but still
penetrable by roots, mainly because of vertical holes of migrating
worms. At the bottom, between 60 to 70 centimeters, the structure is
better again. This layer is littered with roots of grass and clover.
The bottom of De Hondspol has been used for many years for
horticulture. Beneath the furrow with an excellent crumbly structure,
the soil is a bit more packed, but this layer that reaches about 60
centimeters deep contains an extraordinary amount of pores, made by
worms. This makes it easy for plants to take root up until a depth of
about 70 centimeters.
Lump of dirt from 60-70 centimeters, penetrated by roots.
Worm corridors and pores at 50 centimeters depth.
Orchard Ter Linde
Oostkapelle, Walcheren
De Vijfsprong
Vorden, Gelderland
Beneath the furrow with a nice, loose structure we find a layer that is
easily penetrable by roots, especially because of the many wormholes,
containing a little compost.
Beneath the furrows of this parcel containing summer wheat we find
the layers of discharge that are usual to podzol profiles of heather
fields and the floor of birch and oak forests. Migrating worms have
penetrated this layer and made it accessible to the roots of wheat
plants. The walls of these worm corridors are covered with organic
material, forming mini-soils of sorts.
Wormholes, worm feces and roots at a depth of 50 centimeters.
Wheat roots grow in wormholes.
22
Biodynamic farming and soil fertility YEAR OF THE SOILS
A distinct find was that all three
groups of worms where present
at the four BD-farms.
In modern agriculture that is hardly
ever the case.
WHAT DO WE SEE?
Regular cultivation of maize
De Peel
The image above shows the bottom profile and rooting of maize on
peaty sand soil close to Vredepeel. The furrow has been plowed in
the spring but is completely packed now. The maize roots only directly
underneath the plant itself. Only a very small part of the furrow
contains rooting. At lower levels we find packed remnants of a podzol
profile. In the entire profile we find no earthworms. This profile is
characteristic for most sand bottoms underneath maize in the north,
east and south of the Netherlands.
What stands out at all four biodynamic farms? Before we start
answering that question, it is interesting to first take note of
Rudolf Steiner’s words, as related in the Agriculture Course.
According to Steiner plants should root in soil that is seething
with life, not in dead dirt. Soil needs to become vegetable. He
stated: ‘In certain regions in the world we will have to support
plant life with our fertilizing. Least the regions with so called
black earth. For this type of soil is such that nature itself provides
vitality, at least in some regions.’
Black earth is a bottom in which roots can easily penetrate, with
a thick layer of humus. The soil of De Hondspol resembles that
kind of soil most, although the level of organic matter in the layer
underneath the furrow is still a bit low. The soil of the plots of
Zonnehoeve and Ter Linde is less sophisticated, but is clearly
developing in that direction. Roots penetrate deep and will raise
the level of organic matter at deeper levels, a very time consuming
process.
De Vijfsprong is a completely different story. For thousands of
years, heather, birch and oak have left poor, acid humus. This
washed into the ground, creating several packed layers in the
bottom. Here, vegetation has been too prominent. The soil needs
to be revived with minerals like chalk. In the warren of worm
corridors, this is already happening.
Steiner’s definition of a living soil is not a soil that contains all
kinds of life forms, but one in which minerals are permeated
with life-processes. To accomplish that, living creatures within
the soil are important, though. Earthworms have a vital role in
this. We distinguish three separate groups here, each playing it’s
own part: worms that live in the top layer of the soil and digest
vegetation residue, those that live at deeper levels and loosen the
soil and worms that migrate, leaving long vertical corridors that
facilitate roots and the flow of water and oxygen. A distinct find
was that at the four BD-farms all three groups of worms where
present. In modern agriculture that is hardly ever the case.
Regular wheat cultivation
Lelystad, Flevopolder
The upper 10 centimeters are loosely structured and contain plenty
of roots. The rest of the dark colored furrow is packed and contains
very few roots. The furrow abruptly turns into a layer of soil that
contains very little to no humus and hardly any roots. Only in the
furrow a few earthworms are found. This profile is characteristic for
clay bottoms near the sea in the southwest, the west and the north
of the Netherlands.
Biodynamic agriculture makes young land older, more stable
and firm and old land ‘younger’, resulting in an interaction
between soil (sand/clay) and plant (formation of organic matter).
Some fields (Hondspol) already reached this balance; others
(Zonnehoeve, Ter Linde, Vijfsprong) are well on their way to
reaching it. The modus operandi followed on young soil is
opposite to the way old grounds are treated. These four different
companies demonstrate how biodynamic agriculture works
towards truly fertile land.
23
ORGANIZATION: THE PEOPLE
Demeter Foundation
BD-Society
Warmonderhof
BOARD Jozien Vos (chair ad interim as of
BOARD Albert de Vries (chair up until June
13-12-2013) – biodynamic farmer, Huib Bor
(chair up until 13-12-2013) – biodynamic dairy
farmer, Rudi Gerding (treasurer) – organic
shop owner, Walter Schneemann (secretary)
– consultant, Edwin Crombags – marketing
& sales Ecomel/Campina, Ina Eleveld
(candidate board member) – biodynamic
dairy goat farmer
2013), Piet van IJzendoorn (chair as of June
2013), Ruud Hendriks, Marijke Preller
(BD-Jong), Isabel Duinisveld (up until July
2013), Maria van Boxtel (candidate member),
Derk Klein Bramel (candidate member)
TEACHERS Ruud Hendriks (school leader
and soil fertility), Bart Willems (vegetable
cultivation, greenhouse cultivation, urban
agriculture), Meindert Bruinsma (planning,
economy, plant cultivation), Arjan Huese
(BD subjects, soil), Wiebe Cool (art,
agri­culture and care), Frens Schuring
(livestock farming), Joke Bloksma (fruit
cultivation, landscape, business development),
Theo Coolen (coordination internships,
engineering), Anna Veltman (PR),
Coos Lohman (languages), Anne Dijk
(director), Willeke de Lange (student
administration), Marieke Otter (financial
administration), Harry Boerkamp (ICT)
OFFICE Bert van Ruitenbeek (director &
pr), Petra Derkzen (coordinator certifying as
of 1-7-2013), Rienk ter Braake (resigned since
1-8-2013), Leen Janmaat (interim certifying
up until 31-7-2013), Joke Doorschodt
(finances, office manager), Loes van Loenen
(freelance, special projects)
DVC – DEMETER CRITERIA
COMMITTEE René Dijkstra (chair) –
consultant business operations, Jan de Wit
– senior researcher sustainable livestock
farming and market & economy,
Martijn Schieman – biodynamic farmer,
Hans Piet van Sprang – organic shop owner,
Huib Bor – biodynamic dairy farmer,
Marion Schoenmakers – Willem & Drees,
Sigrid Brandligt – consumer
DLC – DEMETER LICENSE
COMMITTEE Peter Jacobs (chair) –
independent entrepreneur and advisor
organic products, Yuri Blanken – manager
organic fresh foods Kroon/Wessanen,
Floris Guepin – lawyer, Servan Strijtveen
– background in inspection, employed in
youth care, Jaap de Vries – former director
Skal, Digni van den Vries – biodynamic farmer
VOLUNTEERS DEMETER
FOUNDATION AND BD-SOCIETY Gerda en Adri van der Wiel-Wiebenga,
Anja de Waard, Helène van Moorsel
24
OFFICE Bram Gordijn (secretariat and
accountancy), Luc Ambagts (policy worker)
EDITORIAL STAFF DYNAMISCH
PERSPECTIEF Ellen Winkel (chief editor),
Luc Ambagts, Andries Palmboom, Wim Goris,
Gineke de Graaf
PREPARATION STUDY GROUP Adrie Maas, Jola Meijer, Willem Bonger
In the summer of 2013 Gineke de Graaf took
over the work of the study group.
BD-YOUNG, ORGANIZATION
YOUTH WEEKEND Marijke Preller,
Caren Krul, Klarien Klingen
BD PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT Project leadership: Joke Bloksma,
Jaap Vermuë
Coaches: Joke van den Ban, Sander
Bernaerts, Joke Bloksma, Sonja Copijn,
Petra Derkzen, Isabel Duinisveld,
Dirk Govaerts, Ruud Hendriks,
Christoffel den Herder, Geert Iserbyt,
Leen Janmaat, Inno Kock, Irene Kuyters,
Frans Romeijn, Caro van Roon,
Christel Vandermaelen, Jaap Vermuë,
Leen Verwimp, Antoine Verwimp, Jozien Vos,
Jan de Wit
REGULAR VISITING LECTURERS Hanneke Gordijn (vegetable cultivation),
Annemieke Grimbergen (nutrition),
Hendrik de Kuijper (horse traction),
Victor Couzy (agriculture and care),
Fenneke Janssen (agriculture and care)
PARTNER FIRMS Johan Verheye (cattle
farm), Thieu Verdonschot (agriculture),
Reg Waleson (horticultur), partnership with
De Sturkenboomgaard (fruit cultivation)
DIRECTORATE OF THE
FOUNDATION Rosemarie Slobbe and
Leon Veltman
STUDENT HOUSING AND SHOP
Do Veltman
CATERING Nelleke Gordijn and
Maarten Roelofs
The Demeter Monitor 2013 is a publication of
Demeter Foundation, BD-Society and Warmonderhof
February 2015
Translation
Ernst Bergboer
Project leader
Loes van Loenen
Chief editors
Bert van Ruitenbeek and Jeanne Roefs
Texts
Ellen Winkel, Jan Bokhorst, Annelijn Steenbruggen and
Petra Essink
Research data
Eric Brendel (IBISsoft)
Photography
Frederik Bosch, Olav Kaspers, Warmonderhof,
Annelijn Steenbruggen, Dick Boschloo, Johan Risseeuw,
Ruud Hendriks, Jan Bokhorst
Artwork
Ontwerpwerk, Den Haag
Print
BuroLaga
Copyrights
When copying anything from this publication, please
refer to the source: Demeter Monitor, Special Edition
BioFach 2015.
Demeter label
Dutch organic label
European logo for
organic produce
Sources and disclaimer
The figures in chapters 1 and 2 of this Demeter Monitor
are compiled with the greatest of care from the database
of Demeter Foundation, in which the information of
license holders of the last years has been stored, and the
database of Demeter International.
Other sources: BD-Society, Warmonderhof, Skal, Bionext,
CBS/www.compendiumvoordeleefomgeving.nl. No rights
can be derived from the figures in this Demeter Monitor.
The text of ‘Biodynamic farming and soil fertility’ on page
21-23 is taken from the special edition on the subject of
Dynamisch Perspectief in 2014.
Stichting Demeter
Diederichslaan 25d
3971 PA Driebergen
+31 (0)343 52 23 55
[email protected]
www.stichtingdemeter.nl
BD-Vereniging
Wisentweg 12
8251 PC Dronten
+31 (0)321 31 59 37
[email protected]
www.bdvereniging.nl
Warmonderhof
Wisentweg 10
8251 PC Dronten
+31 (0)88 020 51 30
[email protected]
www.warmonderhof.nl
1