progress and challenges of producing super yielding hybrid basmati

PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES OF
PRODUCING SUPER YIELDING HYBRID
BASMATI RICE IN KENYA
• DR. PAUL NJIRUH NTHAKANIO
• FUNDED / COLLABORATORS
• NCST, TUK, UoN, NIB, KARI
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background : rice production in Kenya
• In Kenya rice is mainly grown in Mwea, Ahero,
Bunyala, West Kano, Yala Swamp (MoA, 2011)
• About 98% of Mwea rice is Basmati.
• By year 2030 Kenya population is expected to
be 60.0million.
1.2 Rice Situation in Kenya
Table1. Source: NCPB and Department of Land, Crops Development and
Management, USDA
Year
2006
2030
2050
Kenya Population
38m
60m
??
Production (Tones)
64,840
??
??
Area (ha)
23,106
??
??
1.3 Food security is a major Problem
• High yielding varieties (HYV) dwarf rice
varieties have reached breeding plateau
(Kropff et al., 1994).
• Green revolution technology now need reinnovation.
• Low yield per hectare of Basmati rice (4.1ha)
(Ministry of Agriculture, 2010).
1.4 Heterosis and Food Security
Hybridization has been used to increase rice yield per
hectare (Jinks, 1983; Zhang, 2010 ; Yuan, 1994).
To make a cross Male and female parents are needed.
a) Female need to have non-viable male gametes so that
they can be crossed with another variety.
b) Male parent: need to have viable pollen.
1.4 Male emasculation
• Main methods include genetic emasculation
using
a) Cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines
b) EGMS (PGMS and TGMS)
PGMS – photoperiod sensitive genic male
sterile lines.
TGMS - thermosentive genic male sterile lines
1.5 Objective
• Use hybrid rice technology to raise yield
i) Introduce EGMS in Kenya and test for
their adaptability
ii) Develop Basmati with EGMS gene
iii) Produce hybrid by crossing EGMS-Basmati
with conventional Basmati.
2. MATERIALS
• EGMS included; Photoperiod sensitive male sterile
(PGMS) rice and Thermosentive genic male sterile
lines.
PGMS Rice
i) V1 - IR-73827-23-76-15-7S
ii) V3 - IR-75589-31-27-8-33S
• TGMS Rice
i) V2 - IR-77271-42-5-4-36S
•
Basmati370
3. METHODS
3.1 Test for EGMS adaptability
• Sowing of EGMS
• Growth at Sterility and assess spikelet fertility
• Growth under fertility inducing conditions and
assess spikelet fertility
3.1.1 Sowing of EGMS in greenhouse
a
b
Fig. 1 EGMS growing in a greenhouse. Fig. a and b show
EGMS and the greenhouse respectively
3.1.2 Complete male sterile EGMS
a
b
c
Fig. 2 EGMS under sterility inducing conditions. Fig a shows EGMS
growing in paddy trough, Fig.b is a sterile panicle while Fig.c is pollen from
sterile panicle.
3.1.3 Reversion of EGMS to fertility
a
b
Fig. 3. EGMS grown in fertility inducing conditions . Fig. a,b&c
shows EGMS rice plant, panicles and pollen from plants grown
under fertility inducing conditions respectively with grains.
3.2 Evaluation of spikelet fertility
Table. 1. Pollen and seed set rate of EGMS under SIC and FIC. LDL, HT, NDL and NT
refer to long day-light length, High temperature, Normal day-light length and normal
temperature respectively.
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Rice line
Treatment
V1PGMS
V2TGMS
V3PGMS
Average
V1PGMS
V2TGMS
V3 PGMS
Average
V1PGMS
V2TGMS
V3PGMS
Average
LDL + HT
LDL + HT
LDL + HT
HT +NDL
HT +NDL
HT +NDL
NT +NDL
NT+NDL
NT+NDL
Fertile Pollen (blue black
staining pollen) %
0
1
0
0.33
0
0
0
0
64
60
55
59.67
Average
Seed set per panicle %
0
3
0
1
0
2
0
0.67
45
30
26
33.67
3.3 Production of hybrid seeds.
a
b
c
Fig. 4 Hybrid rice. Fig. a show hybrid rice. Fig. a and c shows hybrid rice
plants with deep anthocyanin at the base of the plant.
3.4 Doubled haploid
Fig. 5 Calli from anthers of hybrid plants.
Challenges
• Quality traits in Basmati are under recessive
gene control
• Daylength in the tropics 12hours, not long
enough to induce sterility gene particularly in
PGMS
• Temperature fluctuation : may not completely
induce complete sterility.
• Incompatibility of Basmati male restorer lines
with EGMS
Challenges continues
• Recalcitrance in regenerating plants from F1
between EGMS and Basmati calli
• Albinism in regenerants
Summary of achievements
• EGMS - were very adaptable in Kenya
• First hybrids have been realized
• Recombinant inbreed aimed at developing
EGMS genes in Basmati background is at 3rd
forth generation
• Very good response anthers to callusing
Conclusion
• Production of hybrid using EGMS has been
very success in greenhouse. Thus use of hybrid
rice seeds is very promising
Acknowledgement
• National Council for Science and Technology
• Collaborating institutions (TUK, UoN, NIB,
KARI)
THANK YOU