Palm oil and Fractions - Properties and Characteristics

Palm oil and Fractions - Properties and Characteristics

Palm oil and fractions
WAI-LIN, SIEW
and JOHARI MINAL
MPOB
OFI Middle East 2007
PALM OIL INDUSTRY-RM31.8b,
PLANTED AREA 0F 4.17m hectares,
production of 15.9 m tonnes oil.
Oil Palm Bunch
Fruit spiklets
Oil per bunch
20-30%
Bunch weight 20-30 kg
Kernels
The PALM OIL option
!
"
PALM OIL- A BALANCED
OIL
•
• 50% UNSATURATED
50% SATURATED
Fractionation of palm oil
PO
PO
Ol 62
St 40
St 33
Ol 56
Sp ol
64-65
Soft pmf
45
Hard
Pmf 36
st25
PO
St 30-45
Mid ol
54
pmf48
Hard st
15-25
Hard pmf
34-42
Ol 56-64
Soft pmf
42-50
Sp ol
63-70
Mid ol
54-56
Source:Kellen, M,
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF PALM
OIL PRODUCTS
Fame
Palm
Oil
Palm
Olein
C12:0
C14:0
C16:0
C18:0
C18:1
C18:2
C18:3
C20:0
0.2
1.1
44.0
4.5
39.2
10.1
0.4
0.4
0.2
1.1
40.9
4.2
41.5
11.6
0.3
0.2
Super
Olein
0.3
1.0
35.4
3.8
45.1
13.4
0.3
0.3
Palm
Stearin
0.1-0.3
1.1-1.7
49.8-68.1
3.9-5.6
20.4-34.4
5.0-8.9
0.1-0.5
0.3-0.6
Positional distribution of fatty acids in
palm oil and palm olein
Palm oil
sn -2
Position 1,3
Palm olein
sn-2
Position1,3
Sat FA
oleic
linoleic
20.6
70.5
61.9
25.2
17.5
4.3
13.7
72.9
66.3
23.8
19.9
3.3
Total and positional distribution of
fatty acids in PMF
*
(
*+
#
( !
)%
&
'$ '
%# #
#
%
# #
$
content of FA
, -
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
olive oil
palm olein
palm oil
sat FA
monounsaturated polyunsaturataed
type of fatty acids in sn2 postion
Triacylglycerol composition of palm oil
TAG wt% TAG wt% TAG wt% TAG wt% TAG wt%
All 0 db
7.4 All 1 db 36.8 All 2 db
34 All 3 db 16.1 All>3 db 5.6
PPP
5.1 MOP
0.9 POO
20.3 OOO
4.4 LOO
1.8
PPSt
1.2 POP
23.7 StOO
2.4 POL
4.1 OLO
1.2
PStP
0.3 POSt
5.7 OPO
1 PLO
5.6
PPO
4.4 PLP
6.5
PStO
0.2 StLP
1.6
TRIGLYCERIDES OF PALM OIL
PRODUCTS(C No.)
C. No
Palm
Oil
Palm
Olein
Super
Olein
C46
C48
C50
C52
C54
C56
0.8
7.4
42.6
40.5
8.8
-
0.8
3.3
39.5
42.7
12.8
0.7
0.2
1.9
30.8
53.4
13.6
0.2
Palm
Stearin
3.1
23.7
40.3
25.3
6.9
0.5
Two important physical
properties of palm oil
( ./0 * + 1
.3 4
" 1 2" 1 (
5 6 /( 4
Solid fat contents of palm oil products
90
Hard stearin
Hpo(43)
70
50
30
Palm oil
stearin
shortening
olein
10
5
15
25
35 T/C
Morphology of Crystals
α
Small
β’
Small, ≈5 µm, needle-like
β
large, course, as large as 50 µm or
more, dense, flat
β’ TENDING
TWO TYPES
• IV 56 – 60
• IV >60
Fatty acid composition(wt%) of
palm olein
IV
C14 C16 C18 C18-1 C18-2
<60
1.0
37.9 4.1
43.4
12.5
60-64 1.0
34.8 3.8
45.5
14.2
>65
30.8 3.6
47.9
15.4
1.0
CLOUD PT (C)
6
Super olein
4
2
58
60
62
64
IODINE VALUES
66
68
SFC AT 2.5 AND 5C
60
Super olein
40
20
0
58
60
62
64
IODINE VALUE
66
68
SFC of palm oil and oleins
SFC of palm oil and olein
60
SFC %
50
40
palm oil
30
palm olein
20
super olein
10
0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
temperature C
Typical specifications of palm
olein for snack food frying
FFA
PV
M&I
COLOUR
FLAVOUR
SMOKE POINT
<0.05%
<1
<0.1%
<3R
BLAND
220-240C
Fatty Acid Composition of
Palm Stearins
Fatty acids
Range(wt%)
16:0
47 - 74
18:0
4-6
18:1
15 - 37
18:2
3 - 10
5
(
/
4
°
$$ !
! $
#
SFC of palm stearins
SFC of palm stearins
120
SF C %
100
Palm stearin
80
PMF hard
60
PMF soft
40
Hard Stearin
20
0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
temperature C
PROPERTIES OF PALM MID FRACTION
Fatty Acid Composition (%)
C12
C14
C16
C18
C18:1
C18:2
C20
0.1
0.8
56.6
4.1
34.4
3.7
0.3
TRIGLYCERIDE COMPOSITION OF
PMF
C NO
%
C46
C48
C50
C52
C54
1.1
5.5
76.1
16.4
1.0
PROPERTIES OF PALM MID FRACTION
Iodine value
Slip melting point
Solid fat content °C
10 90
15 85
20 80
25 63
30 42
35 3
40 0
34.6
33.5°C
TOCOPHEROLS/ TOCOTRIENOLS
IN OILS
TOCOPHEROL
- RICHED
TOCOTRIENOLRICHED
SOY, CORN
COTTONSEED,
SUNFLOWER,
RAPESEED
PALM,
WHEATGERM,
RICEBRAN
1
6 2 5 .( 71
1 5 /2 " .(
/" + .4
/. 5 0 8 1 (
1
79
#
!
&
!
5
%
! #%
5
$#& ! #'%
:
5
;
)
-
)
Scavengers of free radicals
α-tocopherol
β-tocopherol
γ -tocopherol
δ-tocopherol
21.5
3.7
3.2
1.6
α -tocotrienol
β-tocotrienol
γ -tocotrienol
δ-tocotrienol
7.3
7.3
43.7
11.7
CAROTENOID COMPOSITION IN
CRUDE PALM OIL
+
TYPE
%
PHYTOENE
β CAROTENE
α CAROTENE
LYCOPENE
OTHERS
1.3
56
35
1.3
6.4
Novel palm products-nutrolein
+
9
) <
=
-
**+
/
#$
$
(4
#
$
&
400
525
800
Why choose palm oil?
Price consideration
Functionality
Trans-free formulations
Stability
Consistent supply
Healthy, natural oil
Contains vitamin E, sterols,
Unique in composition
Variety of products