Kenaf germplasm introductions and assessment of their adaptability

Transcription

C.C. Wong, M.D. Mat Daham, A.M. Abdul Aziz and O. Abdullah
J. Trop. Agric. and Fd. Sc. 36(1)(2008): 1–19
Kenaf germplasm introductions and assessment of their adaptability
in Malaysia
(Pengenalan janaplasma kenaf dan penilaian kesesuaiannya di Malaysia)
C.C. Wong*, M.D. Mat Daham*, A.M. Abdul Aziz** and O. Abdullah*
Key words: kenaf, germplasm evaluation, adaptability, flowering, Hibiscus cannabinus
Abstract
A major agronomic and technical study was initiated by the Malaysian
government to establish the practicality of growing kenaf under local farming
conditions. Agronomic performance of 30 accessions were evaluated at MARDI
Station, Serdang. Twelve accessions were studied for suitability as forage
crops. The earliest to flower was Sungkai 1 while the latest was HC 75-22. The
dry matter yields of stems were 2.2, 9.4 and 12.9 t/ha at 42, 86 and 127 days
after transplanting respectively. Khon Kaen 60 and Cuba 108 ranked top in
adaptability for forage production. Cumulative yield of forage for two harvest
cycles of 6 and 8-weekly intervals ranged from 3.4 to 4.7 t/ha. The nutritive
value of the accessions was comparable to that of alfalfa with high crude protein
percentage and calcium content. The best performing accessions rated for
fibre production were HC-117a and b, Cuba 108, HC 78 and HC 2032. Many
accessions were susceptible to phytophthora and fusarium wilt. Further work on
selection for disease and pest tolerance as well as photoperiod-insensitive kenaf
accessions should be undertaken for improved forage and fibre crop production.
Introduction
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is widely
recognized as a specialty fibre crop which
can substitute for wood in the production
of papermaking pulps and various woodbased products (Sellers et al. 1999). The two
distinct fibre fractions of kenaf offer unusual
versatility in the design of papermaking
pulps for specific end uses. The bark
constitutes 25–30% of the whole plant and
is made up of relatively long fibre while
the core (70–75%) contains relatively short
fibre. Also, the high protein content in the
leaves offers potential as a high protein
livestock feed (Killinger 1969; Swingle et
al. 1978; Webber 1990; Hollowell et al.
1996). In Malaysia, the import bill of animal
feeds has been increasing in recent years.
The Malaysian government is keen to assess
the suitability of kenaf production as a
non-wood fibre resource and an animal feed
alternative.
In 2000, a major agronomic and
technical study was initiated by the
Malaysian government to determine the
practicality of growing kenaf under local
farming conditions, and the economic
viability of establishing a kenaf processing
enterprise for fibre and animal feed
production.
*Rice and Industrial Crops Research Centre, MARDI Headquarters, Serdang, P.O. Box 12301, 50774 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
**MARDI Station Seberang Perai, Locked Bag No. 203, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Authors’ full names: Wong Choi Chee, Mat Daham Mohd Daud, Abdul Aziz Atta Mohammad and Abdullah Othman
E-mail: [email protected]
©Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute 2008
Kenaf germplasm and adaptability
As kenaf was a relatively new crop
in the country, the first approach was
through the selection of kenaf germplasm
accessions or varieties adapted to the
Malaysian environment. The objectives of
the germplasm evaluation project were:
• To evaluate and select kenaf accessions
for their adaptability and suitability as a
forage and fibre crop in the Malaysian
environment.
• To determine the promising accessions
for forage production potential.
Materials and methods
The project had two experiments.
Experiment 1 was to assess kenaf
germplasm accessions for their adaptability
to the Malaysian environment. This was
followed by Experiment 2, which evaluated
12 accessions under a defoliation regime
of two cutting frequencies, namely at 6 and
8 weekly intervals, for forage production.
Experiment 1
In the first experiment, 30 kenaf germplasm
accessions were obtained mainly from the
Australian Tropical Field Crops Genetic
Resource Centre, Biloela, Queensland,
Australia and the National Germplasm
Resources Laboratory USDA, ARS,
Beltsville, Maryland, USA for initial
agronomic screening (Table 1). Accession
Sungkai 1 and Tainung 2 (Local) were
obtained locally. The trial was implemented
on Serdang soil series at MARDI Research
Station, Serdang. Soil chemical properties
of the experimental site were as reported
by Zainal Abidin (2004). Seedlings were
germinated in nursery trays and transplanted
to the experimental plots after 21–30 days.
Planting distance adopted was 1 m between
rows and 0.25 m within rows. Each plot
measured 4 m x 6 m. A high rate of a
NPK Blue Special compound fertilizer
(12:12:17 + trace elements) was bandfertilized at 600 kg/ha after transplanting
was completed. A similar rate was applied
at the end of 6 weeks after planting.
Supplementary overhead sprinkler irrigation
for about 2 h per day was introduced at the
start of transplanting to overcome water
stress and on days without rainfall during
the growing period.
Data on leaf morphology, plant height
and stem girth at 5 cm above ground level
as well as scores for growth vigour, pest
damage, disease infestation and flowering
characteristics were recorded at a 2-weekly
frequency for adaptability ranking analysis.
A score of five was given to the best
growing accessions and a score of one to the
worst performance.
Destructive sampling of five plants for
each accession was done at 42 days after
planting (DAP) for harvest 1, 86 DAP for
harvest two and 127 DAP for harvest 3 to
quantify dry matter (DM) yield components.
The samples were weighed and separated
manually into leaves, flowers, capsules,
bark and stem core. These components were
weighed fresh and dried at 70 °C for 48 h
and their dry weights were recorded. As
analytical facilities were restricted, only the
dried leaf and stem fractions of replicate 2
in the first sampling were ground to pass
through a 1 mm screen, and analysed for
proximate chemical composition while
the leaf fraction which was considered an
important forage resource was determined
for nutritional mineral contents using the
official methods of AOAC (1990).
The experiment was a randomized
complete block design with three
replications. Plot-wise sampled data
were submitted to ANOVA. Subsequent
comparison of means was carried out using
DMRT.
An adaptability analysis, based on the
ranking order of the following characters:
DM yield, leaf/stem ratio, plant height, stem
diameter, pest and disease infestations, leaf
hopper damage, plant mortality and regrowth
potential upon defoliation was computed.
Ranking was computed with the highest or
best as 1 to the lowest or worst as 30 for
each of the nine agronomic characteristics of
the 30 accessions. The mean ranking score
known as the performance index across all
Table 1. Kenaf germplasm accessions obtained mainly from Australia and
USA together with their introduction numbers
MARDI
Introduction
Number
Accession
Country of origin/ introduction no.
MK1
MK2
MK3
MK4
MK5
MK6
MK7
MK8
MK9
MK10
MK11
MK12
MK13
MK14
MK15
MK16
MK17
MK18
MK19
MK20
MK21
MK22
MK23
MK24
MK25
MK26
MK27
MK28
MK29
MK30
HC 117a
CQ 3204
HC 75-22
HC 2032
Cuba 108
Tainung-1
Everglades 41
Everglades 71
Guatemala 45
Guatemala 51
Madras Blue
Guatemala 44
HC 583
BG 53-55P
BG 58-12
A 64-567 (sabdariffa)
BG 53-58-1
HC 178-5
HC 3258 x 3256
HC 75-37
HC 75-79
HC 117b
HC 78
HC 15
SF 459 (USA)
Everglades 41 (USA)
Tainung-2 (USA)
Tainung-2 (local)
Sungkai 1
Khon Kaen 60
Australia (AUSTRC NO. 301077)
Australia (AUSTRC NO. 584 01)
USA (USDA Beltsville)
USA (USDA Beltsville)
USA (USDA (Beltsville)
Local
Local
Thailand
AUSTRC = Australian Tropical Field Crops Genetic Resource Centre Plant
Introduction
these characteristics for each accession was
then computed (Clements and Cameron
1980). The best adaptable accessions are
those with the lowest ranking mean.
Experiment 2
From the preliminary assessment of the
germplasm introductions, 12 accessions
were selected for further testing on Serdang
series at MARDI Station, Serdang. Due to
the non-availability of seeds from some top
performing accessions, the selection of the
12 accessions came from a range of ranked
positions as shown in Table 2.
The objectives were to determine the
forage productivity of the 12 accessions for
their regrowth potential under the Malaysian
environment, and to select the most
promising accessions for further critical
management studies on forage production
potential.
The experiment was a split plot design
with accessions as the main plot. The
subplot treatment comprised two defoliation
frequencies at 6 and 8-weekly intervals.
Table 2. The 12 selected kenaf accessions for
forage production assessment
Accession
Ranked position
Cuba 108
2
Tainung-2 (USA)
7
Khon Kaen 601
BG 53-58-1
20
Tainung-117
HC 178-512
Everglades 71
9
Everglades 41 (USA)
27
BG 53-55P
28
HC 3258 x 325611
HC 15
8
Guatemala 5110
There were three replications and the plot
size was 2.5 m x 10 m. Fertilization and
management of the experimental plots were
as described in Experiment 1.
The trial started in December 2000
and the plants were established in January
2001. Direct sowing of three seeds to
one planting point at a planting distance
of 20 cm between rows and 5 cm within
row was carried out. After the third week,
seedlings were thinned to one plant/planting
point. The seedlings grew well from
direct seed sowing. The initial uniformity
harvest was undertaken when the stand
was about 6 weeks old. Subsequently the
accessions were harvested at 50 cm cutting
height in one half of each of the plots at
6 weekly intervals after discarding the
guard rows while the other half of plot was
harvested at 8 weeks after the initial cut.
The harvested samples were dried for DM
yield determination as reported in the first
experiment. Data on regrowth vigour, pest
damage and disease infestation were scored
for their adaptability as affected by the
defoliation treatments.
Plot-wise DM yield data for each
cutting frequency were submitted to
ANOVA. Subsequent comparison of means
was carried out using DMRT as in the first
experiment. An adaptability analysis based
on ranking order of the following characters:
mean DM yield, leaf/stem ratio, growth
vigour, pest and disease score, and regrowth
potential upon defoliation was computed as
described in Experiment 1.
Results and discussion
Experiment 1
A high seed germination percentage
(70– 90%) for all the kenaf germplasm
accessions was obtained. Seed emergence
and growth were rapid in the seed trays. The
young seedlings grew rapidly and had to
be transplanted within a month of sowing.
There was a certain amount of transplanting
shock to the young seedlings, resulting in
wilting of the kenaf plants and infestation by
soil-borne fungal diseases like fusarium and
phytophthora stem rot, possibly caused by
the excessive overhead sprinkler irrigation.
However, the plants recovered after two
sprays of radomil fungicide and grew
vigorously due to the intensive cultural
management of the kenaf plots.
A variety of morphological variations
were observed in the growth habit, leaf
morphology, flower structure and colour,
branching and maturity (Plate 1). The leaves
varied in both shape and colour among the
accessions. Some had strongly dissected
palmate leaves and green stems while others
had simple cordate leaves with red stem.
The shape of leaves varies considerably,
sometimes on the same plant. They could be
cordate at the lower stem, tri-lobular higher
up and then deeply dissected at the top of
the stem. In this collection, we had many
accessions that flowered early within two
months after sowing (Table 3). The flowers
also varied in size and colour (Plate 1).
Some varieties had smaller white flowers
while others had prominent red corolla or
yellow stamens. The overall agronomic
characteristics studied in this collection of
accessions are summarized in the Table 3.
Plant height Increments of plant height
among the kenaf accessions were similar
and hence the overall average plant height
of all the accessions over time is illustrated
in Figure 1. Analysis of variance of
Tainung-2 (USA)
Cuba 108
Khon Kaen 60
BG 53-58-1
CQ 3204
Tainung-2 (local)
HC 2032
HC 583
Everglades 41
(USA)
Guatemala 44
A 64-567
Guatemala 45
SF 459 (USA)
HC 178-5
HC 75-79
BG 58-12
Tainung-1
Everglades 71
HC 15
HC 117b
Everglades 41
HC 75-37
Guatemala 51
Madras Blue
HC 78
BG 53-55P
HC 117a
Early/med.
2.3
Early/med.
3.9
Early/med.1.9
Early/early
3.1
Early/med.
2.0
Early/med.
2.0
Late/late
2.0
Early/med.
2.6
Early/med.
2.1
Late/late
2.4
Early/med.1.5
Late/late
2.1
Early/med.1.6
Early/med.
3.1
Med./late1.7
Med./med. 1.3
Early/med.
2.4
Early/med.
2.7
Early/early
2.3
Late/late1.9
Early/med.
2.4
Early/early1.8
Med./late
2.4
Late/late1.9
Late/late1.6
Early/early
3.6
Late/med.1.5
Palmate
Palmate
Palmate
Palmate
Palmate
Palmate
Cordate Cordate
Cordate
Cordate
Palmate
Cordate
Palmate
Palmate
Palmate
Palmate
Palmate
Palmate
Palmate
Palmate
Cordate
Cordate
Palmate
Cordate Palmate
Palmate
Palmate
294.7
202.3
289.3
298.6
286.3
303.1
296.0
306.5
315.5
300.5
301.7
297.0
301.2
343.0
306.2
314.3
297.2
310.4
292.8
334.5
297.3
238.9
243.6
292.2
295.1
311.2
300.2
Leaf
hopper
damage
score
2.6
4.0
2.51.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
2.3
3.51.7
2.9
3.3
3.0
4.0
2.81.0
3.0
2.7
3.8
3.0
3.2
3.3
2.8
3.3
3.1
3.0
3.1
0.7
3.2
4.0
3.2
2.7
2.8
2.3
3.2
3.7
2.91.0
3.6
0.0
3.0
0.3
2.7
3.0
2.8
2.0
3.01.0
3.3
4.0
3.41.0
3.0
3.7
Accessions
Leaf.
*Flowering/ Phytophthora Plant
Stem
morph.
maturity
score
height
girth
character.113 DAP113 DAP (cm)
(cm)
95.8
0.1
75.6
0.3
63.9
0.4
93.2
2.0
74.71.6
76.51.0
83.3
0.8
88.4
4.0
82.7
2.7
96.2
0.9
61.9
0.0
92.3
2.0
73.2
3.3
92.9
2.9
91.7
0.7
68.5
0.3
78.31.9
73.2
0.0
2.8
33.0
0.85
4.0
77.01.15
2.7
32.0
0.56
3.7
35.3
0.98
2.3
29.0
0.96
3.7
39.3
0.87
4.3
48.0
0.93
3.0
33.31.25
3.2
45.3
0.69
2.7
32.31.13
2.5
41.51.01
3.0
31.31.06
4.0
32.3
0.70
3.315.01.03
4.0
35.3
0.82
3.7
52.71.02
2.8
20.71.38
2.8
51.01.11
37.0
0.69
45.31.11
49.0
0.91
23.3
0.73
31.3
0.72
55.0
0.90
32.3
0.85
52.01.03
37.71.03
Capsule Regrowth Branches Leaf/
yield/ vigour
no./
stem
plot
score
plant
ratio
(kg)
69.6
0.2
3.0
67.6
0.91.7
86.9
0.4
4.0
70.5
2.1
3.0
68.5
2.1
4.0
70.01.0
3.7
79.8
0.8
2.7
76.5
0.7
3.7
83.6
2.2
3.3
Plant
survival (%) at harvest 3
Table 3. Adaptability assessment of agronomic characteristics of the 30 kenaf accessions at Serdang
Harvest 2 Harvest 3
dry stem dry stem
86 DAP127 DAP
(g/plant)
(g/plant)
(cont.)
64.5
212.2
274.3
52.5
249.2
340.6
63.5128.9
301.3
49.4
234.9
258.6
82.2
284.4
371.7
48.6
202.2
225.8
49.6
213.6194.3
61.6
287.6
268.5
60.1
266.4
210.8
64.7
228.6
311.8
41.5164.6
258.1
50.6
238.1183.9
49.9167.2129.9
64.1
240.4
289.1
43.0176.4171.4
60.7192.4118.3
65.2
242.7120.3
38.2158.5
591.6
59.0
378.1
424.4
81.9
464.5
811.8
63.7
360.7
312.1
67.5
294.5
216.7
50.7
338.1
377.6
68.0
388.6
497.6
49.4195.2
370.2
54.9
294.9
396.2
54.6
252.8187.5
Harvest 1
dry stem 42 DAP
(g/plant)
322.1
57.1
235.1
Plant height (cm)
250
200
◆
150
◆
100
50
0
0.9
◆
◆
◆
◆
36
47
57
Days after planting
77
90
103
DAP = Days after planting in field, na = Not available
*100% flowering: Early = at <40 days DAP; Medium = >40 but <90 DAP; Late = >90 DAP
2.2
288.0
3.0
2.5
78.31.4
3.3
36.8
Figure 1. Mean plant height increment (cm) of
30 kenaf accessions
Mean
Palmate
Cordate Cordate/
palmate
Early/early1.1196.51.81.7
Early/med.
2.4
285.5
2.7
2.7
Late/late
8.2192.5
4.2
3.0
83.9
90.5
32.1
0.9
3.6
na
3.3
3.0
3.8
29.01.31
28.0
0.89
21.2
5.87
50.7106.1 98.1
75.6
233.1183.2
29.4
na
258.5
300
Sungkai 1
HC 3258 x 3256
HC 75-22
Accessions
Leaf.
*Flowering/ Phytophthora Plant
Stem
morph
maturity
score
height
girth
character.113 DAP113 DAP (cm)
(cm)
Table 3. (cont.)
Leaf
hopper
damage
score
Plant
survival (%) at harvest 3
Capsule Regrowth Branches Leaf/
yield/ vigour
no./
stem
plot
score
plant
ratio
(kg)
Harvest 1
dry stem 42 DAP
(g/plant)
Harvest 2 Harvest 3
dry stem dry stem
86 DAP127 DAP
(g/plant)
(g/plant)
plant height at the third harvest indicated
significant differences ( p <0.01) among the
30 accessions (Table 4). The tallest plant
accession was HC 75-22 followed by HC 15
and Cuba 108 at over 360 cm. The others
with height over 300 cm were HC 583,
HC 117 (a and b), HC 2032, Guatemala 45
and 51, Madras Blue, BG 58-12,
HC 178-5, HC 75-37, HC 78 and
Khon Kaen 60. Tainung-2 (USA) had a
height over 283 cm. Accession HC 75-22
was compact in shoot canopy initially, late
in flowering and had a short stature (Plate 1)
but increased rapidly at flowering to become
the tallest accession at 127 DAP (Table 4).
Sungkai 1 had the lowest height due to early
flowering and maturity.
Stem The growth response curves of
stem diameter among the 30 accessions
were fairly similar and hence the trend of
girth development is best illustrated using
the five best accessions and the means
of the 30 accessions (Figure 2). There
were significant differences (p <0.01) in
stem diameter among the 30 accessions at
harvest 3 (Table 4 ). The stem diameter at
5 cm from the ground ranged from 1.8 cm
to as high as 4.2 cm. The slower growing
accession HC 75-22 had the largest girth
diameter. This was followed by HC 15 and
Cuba 108. Sungkai 1 had the smallest stem
diameter due to early maturity. Accessions
with the high dry bark weight were HC 117
a and b, HC 75-22 and Cuba 108 (Table 4 )
a. Tainung-2 (USA) – palmate
leaves
b. Guatemala 44 – cordate
leaves and red stem
c. HC 75-22 – compact canopy
and late flowering
d. Guatemala 51 – late flowering e. Khon Kaen 60 – early
flowering
f. HC 3258 x 5256 – early
prolific flowering
g. HC 78 – late flowering with
red corolla
i. BG 53-55P – red stem
h. BG 58-12 – medium in
flowering with yellow
stamens
Plate 1. Morphological variations of some kenaf accessions under evaluation
Table 4. Means of stem diameter, plant height and dry weight of stem components of 30 kenaf
accessions at 127 days after transplanting in Serdang
Accessions/
Varieties Stem
diameter
(mm)
Plant
height
(cm)
Leaf dry
weight
(g/plant) Dry bark
weight
(g/plant)
Dry core
weight (g/plant)
Dry capsule
weight
(g/plant)
HC 117b
31.6bdec
316.7bdec 99.2a
220.4a
295.6bac 84.8ebdfc
CQ 3204
27.7de
276.7de
26.4bcde 31.4bdec163.6ebdcf 83.4ebdfc
HC 75-22
41.6a
420.0a13.4e137.5ab102.6edf 5.0f
HC 2032
32.9bdec
330.0bdec 34.1bcde107.1bedc162.4ebdcf 66.6ebdfc
Cuba 108
36.3bac
360.0bac
77.5abcd130.6bac
387.6a
216.1a
Tainung-1
28.2dec
283.3dec
23.6cde 16.2ed151.8ebdcf 76.9ebdfc
Everglades 41
27.5de
273.3de19.7cde 8.3ed102.6edf 53.3edfc
Everglades 71
30.2bdec
300.0bdec13.7e 22.6edc117.4edf 57.1edfc
Guatemala 45
30.4bdec
303.3bdec 37.5bcde 89.0bedc142.0ebdcf 32.7ef
Guatemala 51
30.8bdec
310.0bdec 25.2bcde 27.5edc148.1ebdcf 88.2ebdfc
Madras Blue 31.8bdec
316.7bdec17.1de 43.7bdc 88.7edf 21.9ef
Guatemala 44
26.4de
266.7de
38.6bcde 86.3bedc121.9edcf 27.4ef
HC 583
34.3bdac
346.7bdac 23.8cde 69.2bedc 207.2ebdcf 96.1ebdfc
BG 53-55P
27.9dec
276.7de 4.1e 2.4e 97.3edf 16.5ef
BG 58-12
30.2bdec
303.3bdec 8.4e 45.1bedc 94.8edf 46.0edf
A 64-567
25.2e
202.3def 8.8e 19.9ed168.3ebdcf 43.6bdac
BG 53-58-1
27.2de
273.3de 4.8e 31.2bedc 89.4edf 91.3ebdfc
HC 178-5
34.7bdac
346.7bdac 20.3cde 38.9bedc 91.0ebdcf121.5ebdac
HC 3258 x 3256 27.0de
270.0e14.1e 14.9ed
216.3edf 37.9edf
HC 75-37
31.3bdec
313.3bdec 9.2e 2.5e 78.1ef 40.1edf
HC 75-79
29.0dec
290.0dec
24.6cde 35.3bedc 97.2edf 68.7ebdfc
HC 117a
32.2bdec
320.0bdec 79.9abc
227.9a
312.4ba 53.5edfc
HC 78
31.5bdec
316.7bdec 42.9abcde113.9bdc
266.3bdac168.4ba
HC 15
38.1ba
380.0ba
85.3ab 49.0bedc141.7ebdcf 35.8edf
SF 459 (USA)
29.7dec
300.0bdec 23.6cde 25.9edc110.8edf 98.3ebdfc
Everglades 41
29.9bdec
296.7dec11.9e 16.9ed 96.6edf 62.1ebdfc
(USA)
Tainung-2 (USA) 28.6dec
283.3dec
28.4bcde 31.8bedc 241.9ebdacf122.3ebdac
Tainung-2 (local) 29.9bdec
300.0bdec 30.9cbde 54.1bedc 258.5ebdac155.2bac
Sungkai 118.2f180.0f16.9de na 75.1f 6.0f
Khon Kaen 60
30.2bdec
303.3bdec116.8de 37.3bedc147.7ebdcf110.6ebdfc
Mean
30.3
305
CV (%)13.813.59
32.7 59.9159.2 72.9
23.9 34.8 34.5 30.8
Within columns, means with the same letter are not significantly different at p <0.01
na = Not available
while those with low bark weight were BG
53-55P, HC 75-37, HC 3258 x 3256, BG 5812 and Everglades 41. High core weight was
obtained in Cuba 108, HC 117, HC 78 and
Tainung-2 (USA and local).
Flowering habit and maturity The
whole collection was observed to have
many accessions that were early to medium
maturing types under the Malaysian
environment (Table 3). All the high yielding
accessions were generally early in their
flowering but were medium to late in
maturity. Many had floral initiation as early
as 4 weeks after transplanting as shown by
Sungkai 1. The early maturing types were
usually susceptible to phytophthora and
fusarium stem rot. They tended to be heavy
seeders and seldom reached a height of more
than 2 m. Under the equatorial conditions,
4.0
3.5
3.0
◆
◆
●
▲
◆
■
Stem diameter (cm)
●
●
2.5
◆
●
▲
2.0
◆
1.5
▲
■
■
■
▲
■
●
◆
1.0
0.5
▲
●
▲
●
■
◆
◆
▲
●
■
■
▲
Cuba 108
HC 117b
HC 78
Khon Kaen 60
Tainung-2 USA
Mean
0.0
3
5
7
9
11
13
18
Weeks after planting
Figure 2. Stem diameter increment of the best
5 kenaf accessions and the means of the 30
accessions after transplanting
the early and medium maturing accessions
flowered fairly early (70–80 days) and
seldom reached good height before
flowering (Dempsey 1975). This could affect
stem yield.
However, in the case of Cuba 108,
Khon Kaen 60 and Tainung-2 (USA and
local), they continued to flower over a long
period prior to maturity. This prolonged
flowering habit had contributed to some
extent in stem yield as illustrated by their
ranked positions. Some of the late flowering
types were HC 117 (a and b), HC 75-22,
HC 032, Guatemala 44, Guatemala 51, HC
78 and Madras Blue. The late maturing
types required about 140 days or longer to
mature (Dempsey 1975). The Guatemala
accessions demonstrated such characteristics
in this experiment but their performance
indices could not match with those of the
top performers. Screening of more late
flowering Guatemala accessions are needed
to improve stem yield.
Dry matter yield Selection has a
great impact on the overall yield of stem
production through the influence on bast/
core ratio and whole stem yield per hectare.
At the harvest 1, DM yield of the kenaf
ranged from 29.4 g/plant in HC 75-22 to
a maximum of 81.9 g/plant in Cuba 108.
The overall mean of DM yield of the 30
accessions was 57.1 g/plant at harvest 1
but increased to 235.1 and 322.1 g/plant at
harvests 2 and 3 respectively. Best yielding
accessions were Cuba 108, Tainung-2 (USA
and local), Khon Kaen 60 and CQ 3204
in harvest 2 (Table 3). These high yielders
continued to perform well in harvest 3 with
the exception of HC 117a, HC 583 and
HC 178-5 which had marked DM yield
increase from harvest 2. These high yielding
accessions were among the highest in bark
and core dry weights (Table 4). HC 117a
produced the highest bark weight while
Cuba 108 had the highest core weight.
Generally Tainung-2 (USA and local) and
Khon Kaen 60 had higher core weight than
bark weight.
All these high yielding accessions
showed promise for further assessment.
Their selection will be based on seed
availability and other agronomic features.
The early flowering and maturing accessions
and those with poor survival were generally
poor in DM production as shown by
Sungkai 1, BG 53-55P and HC 75-37.
At maturity, the simple correlations
between biomass (stem) weight and plant
growth parameters (leaf, bark, core and
capsule weights) were highly significant
(Table 5). High bark yield is a major
contributory factor for enhancing the
economic advantage of kenaf cultivation
in Malaysia because of its high value. The
changes in plant part composition over time
are shown in Figure 3. At harvest 1, there
were more leaves than stems and capsules.
By the third harvest, the leaf component
had declined while the stem and capsule
component increased. These changes in
plant part composition have an economic
implication in the exploitation of kenaf
Table 5. Simple correlations between five stem parameters of the
30 kenaf accessions
Core weight Capsule weight Leaf weight
Stem
biomass
Bark weight
0.665**
0.095 ns
0.629**
Core weight
0.716**
0.644**
0.221ns
Capsule weight
Leaf weight
0.779**
0.976**
0.677**
0.685**
**Significant at p <0.01; ns = Not significant
240
220
Dry matter yield (g/plant)
200
250,000 plants/ha for stem production
(Nerill and Kurtz 1992). The adoption of the
low population density in this experiment
was attributed to the limited supply of
germplasm seed and preliminary nature of
the study. Nevertheless, the estimated yield
at harvest 3 in spite of the low population
density was comparable to the typical
yield of 10 t dry whole stem/ha under
rain-fed growing conditions in Australia
(Wong 1996).
Leaf
Stem
Capsule
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1
Harvest no.
2
3
Figure 3. Effect of harvest date on dry matter
partition of the kenaf shoot fractions averaged
over 30 accessions for 42 days in harvest 1,
86 days in harvest 2 and 127 days in harvest
3 after transplanting
for varied uses. For forage production,
an early harvest is recommended while a
late harvest would favour a higher stem
yield, particularly in the late flowering and
maturing accessions like HC 75-22 and
HC 117 a and b.
From the three harvests, the estimated
DM yield based on a population of 40,000
plants/ha (based on the planting density of
this experiment for harvest 1) was about
2.2 t/ha while harvest 2 gave an average
yield of 9.4 t/ha. By the third harvest,
the mean total DM yield was 12.9 t/ha.
However, under commercial practice, the
optimum plant density recommended was
10
Pests and diseases Several diseases and
pests were observed to severely limit the
growth and yield of kenaf if not properly
managed. Some of the common fungal
diseases observed in the experiment were
leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum capsici
and Cladosprium sp., root rot by Fusarium
oxysporum, black lesions on stem caused by
Phytophthora parasitica, collar rot caused
by Sclerotia rolfsii, and plant wilt by Ralstis
solanacearum (Plate 2).
Of these, Fusarium sp. caused dampoff in young seedlings of susceptible
accessions and infected older plants by
causing black or brown stem lesions near
the ground level, lodging and death of
infected plants. Phytophthora could cause
extensive damage if not detected early. Such
outbreaks were obvious in rainy periods or
under excessive irrigation. Early treatment
with Ridomil and avoiding planting in
waterlogged or very moist areas are critical
in preventing such diseases (Vijaysegaran
and Wong 2002).
Several insects were identified as
frequently occurring pests in the experiment.
The main sucking pests were Aphis gossypii
Glover (melon aphid) which attacked
young seedling, causing leaf distortion
and stunting, and Dysdercus cingulatus
Fabricius (cotton stainer) sucking young
seed pods (Plate 2). Leaf hopper (Chlorita
biguttata) infestation was a major constraint.
It was observed in a few plants initially,
but over a span of three months, it nearly
devastated the susceptible accessions,
especially those accessions with cordate
leaf shape. The severe infestation resulted
in foliar symptoms very similar to those of
a. Dysdercus cingulatus (cotton stainer)
feeding on seed pod
micronutrient deficiencies of manganese,
zinc or copper. The only accessions with
less damage were from those with palmitic
leaves, namely Tainung-1 and Tainung-2
(USA and local), Khon Kaen 60 and
A 64-567 and HC 583. Flea beetle
(Podagrica gamella) adults attacked young
shoots causing numerous foliar perforations.
Nevertheless, these pests were easily
controlled through spraying appropriate
pesticides. In this study, no incidence of
root-knot nematode infection was detected,
possibly due to the short term nature of the
experiment.
b. Phytophthora infection at basal stem
c. Leaf hopper burn caused by Chlorita biguttata in susceptible kenaf accessions with
cordate leaves.
Kenaf accessions with palmate leaves exhibiting tolerance (right)
Plate 2. Common pests and diseases of kenaf encountered in germplasm accession evaluation
11
12
Regrowth
vigour
score
Mean
(performance
Index)
Khon Kaen 601015111101
21814
9.11
Cuba 108
2
71
3
30
281
71210.11
HC 75-37
2212
2013
5
213
8
210.78
HC 781311
23
7
7
81610
911.56
A 64-56718
2
28
26
4
7
61
2312.78
HC 5831610
5
4
25
24
5171113.00
Tainung-2 (USA)15
2416
2219
4
713
313.67
HC 15
71313
51815
20
4
2813.67
Everglades 711414
711
20
201414
913.67
Guatemala 51
9
2210
21
2319
3
71214.00
HC 3258 x 3256
3
20
917
21
2315
91014.11
HC 178-51
30
3
5
28
5
9
25
2114.11
Guatemala 44
8
7
810
2411
29
5
2714.33
HC 2032
24
319
614
21
26
20
315.11
Tainung-2 (local)
4
26151515
25
8
28115.22
Guatemala 45 11
514
21718
27
21
2615.67
Tainung-112
2910
25
22
9
4151615.78
HC 75-22
301
30
301
271711
216.56
Madras Blue 27
6
21191112
28
3
2216.56
BG 53-58-1
5
25
4
24
27
618
301016.56
BG 58-12
23
4
2912
316
30161816.78
HC 75-79
26
8
2412
814
22
221516.78
CQ 3204191717
2613
301119
617.56
HC 117a
2916
25
271217
23
2
917.78
SF 459 (USA)
2419
26
9
9
2919
6
2017.89
HC 117b
28
9
22
27
610
24
241318.11
Everglades 41 USA17
2118161613
2512
2818.44
BG 53-55P
6
23
2
23
29
2612
26
2419.00
Everglades 41
211812
24
26
3
21
23
2919.67
Sungkai 119
28
27
29
2
2210
2914
20.00
Ranking for each characteristric: 1 = Best and 30 = Worst; DAP = Days after transplanting
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Rank Accessions
DM yield
Leaf/stem
Plant height Stem diameter
Disease
Pest
Leaf
Plant
at 42 DAP
ratio
at 42 DAP
at 42 DAP
score
score hopper mortality
Table 6. Rankings from highest (1) to lowest (30) of nine agronomic characteristics for forage production potential in 30 kenaf accessions grown at Serdang
Adaptability An adaptability analysis
was derived from computing the means of
ranking order of the following characters:
mean DM yield, leaf/stem ratio, plant height
and stem girth diameter, phytophthora
infestation, leaf hopper damage and
mortality, and regrowth potential upon
defoliation for each accession was
determined. The performance indices for
forage production potential in the accessions
are illustrated in Table 6. Ranking in top
position was Khon Kaen 60 followed by
Cuba 108, HC 75-37, and HC 78. Tainung-2
(USA) was seventh and Sungkai 1 was last
in ranking.
Likewise, the adaptability index for
fibre production in each accession was
computed from the ranking of the four stem
characteristics, namely bark, core and stem
dry weights, and bark/core ratio (Table 7).
The best performing accessions with good
fibre production potential were HC 117a,
Cuba 108 and HC 78. Interestingly, Cuba
108 emerged among the top performers in
the forage and fibre performance indices,
reflecting the versatility of this accession
Table 7. Rankings from highest (1) to lowest (30) of four stem characteristics for fibre production
potential in 30 kenaf accessions harvested at 127 DAP in Serdang
Rank Accessions
Bark Core
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Stem
dry weight
Bark/
core ratio
Mean
(performance index)
HC 117a1
3
2
2
2
Cuba 108
31113
4.5
HC 117b
4
2
4
9
4.8
HC 78
5
4
3
8
5
HC 2032
61110
4
7.8
HC 583
9
7
714
9.3
Tainung-2 (local)10
5
517
9.3
Guatemala 45
71514
510.3
HC 75-22
2
2219111
Guatemala 44
81716
311
HC 178-514
8
91812.3
HC 151116131213
Tainung-2 (USA)17
6
6
2313
Khon Kaen 601514121514
CQ 32041810
8
2014
BG 58-1212
26
23
717
A 64-5676
23
911
2517
Guatemala 51 201315
2117.3
HC 75-7916
24
201017.5
Madras Blue13
28
27
618.5
SF 459 (USA)
21
20181618.8
BG 53-58-119
27
211119.5
Tainung-1 251217
26
20
Everglades 71 2218
2219
20.3
Everglades 41 (USA) 24
25
24
22
23.8
HC 3258 x 3256
2619
26
24
23.8
Everglades 41
27
21
25
27
25
BG 53-55P
29
23
29
29
27.5
HC 75-37
28
29
28
28
28.3
Sungkai 1
30
30
30
30
30
Ranking for each characteristric: 1 = Best and 30 = Worst
DAP = Days after transplanting
13
for dual purpose uses. Cuba 108 had been
reported to be highly resistant to anthracnose
and nematodes, and high in fibre yield
(Dempsey 1975). The accessions HC 117
(a and b) were poor in forage production
potential but were top performers in
stem production. Crandall et al. (1961)
highlighted the photoinsensitive, diseaseresistant Guatemala kenaf types for the
tropics. In this study, the three Guatemala
accessions evaluated were average in their
performace compared to some of the top
performers. More Guatemala kenaf types are
needed for further evaluation.
Proximate analysis The chemical
composition and mineral profile of the leaf
and stem fractions from the 28 accessions
harvested at 42 days after transplanting
are illustrated in Tables 8–9. The major
differences were between leaf and stem
rather than among accessions or cultivars.
The leaf fractions of all the accessions
had high crude protein content, ranging
from 20–25%. The crude protein content
of the stem fractions was generally low
and ranged from 6.3–10.9% (Table 9).
Accession HC-583 has the highest crude
protein percentage (25.5%) while Cuba 108
and BG 53-58-1 had the lowest (20.4%).
Generally, the acid detergent fibre (ADF)
and the neutral detergent fibre (NDF)
concentrations of the leaf component were
lower that those of the stem. In contrast,
ether extract concentration (EE) of the leaf
fraction was higher than that of the stem.
The chemical composition and mineral
profile of young kenaf are comparable to
those of alfalfa crops as had been reported
by Vijaysegaran and Wong (2002). In this
context, the high nutritive quality of kenaf
forage cannot be denied as illustrated by the
high crude protein and calcium content in
the leaves of all the accessions evaluated.
Experiment 2
In this experiment, two cycles of 6 and
8-weekly harvests were undertaken after
the commencement of the initial uniformity
14
Plate 3. High mortality of kenaf plants after two
successive harvestings for forage production
defoliation at 6 weeks after sowing. Before
the third cycle of defoliation sampling could
be implemented, many of the treatment
plots had poor regrowth, low plant survival
percentage (Plate 3) and heavy weed
infestation. Consequently the experiment
was terminated due to the overall low
persistence of the accessions studied.
Dry matter yield The cumulative DM
yields of the 12 selected kenaf accessions
over two cycles of 6 and 8 -weekly cuts
are illustrated in Table 10. Harvest 2 in the
6-weekly cutting cycle gave higher forage
yield than harvest 1. In contrast, harvest 2
of the 8-weekly cutting gave lower forage
yield than harvest 1, indicating early
harvest could be beneficial to regrowth.
However, the yield of forage on per week
basis for 6 and 8-weekly cutting intervals
yielded no significant differences, 298.1
and 296.7 kg/ha/wk respectively. The mean
cumulative DM yields for 6 and 8-weekly
cutting were 3.4 and 4.7 t/ha respectively.
The best yielding accessions common in
both cutting intervals were Khon Kaen 60
and Guatemala 51. The other high yielding
accessions were Tainung-1, Everglades 71,
Cuba 108 and Tainung-2 (USA). There is a
need to undertake defoliation management
studies for kenaf forage production to ensure
selected kenaf accessions are persistent to
continual cutting.
Ca
(%)
31.091.20
41.711.05
32.291.34
38.041.39
38.291.45
30.791.09
36.021.05
31.33
0.91
26.411.10
30.91.32
30.961.35
32.551.05
32.391.28
25.621.10
27.431.21
23.941.09
41.711.15
23.531.51
24.00
0.82
27.301.33
28.761.12
21.491.06
25.521.41
30.591.35
36.401.28
31.831.23
41.081.23
28.851.11
30.751.3
NDF
(%)
0.19
0.23
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.15
0.21
0.19
0.20
0.17
0.20
0.21
0.23
0.15
0.23
0.16
0.22
0.18
0.15
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.25
0.23
0.24
P
(%)
K
(%)
B
(ppm)
0.431.62
25.2
0.521.47
23.6
0.451.43
33.0
0.551.66
21.2
0.421.58
30.6
0.501.32
26.6
0.441.37
41.2
0.441.67
28.8
0.451.61
24.2
0.491.28
24.6
0.461.96
28.4
0.351.48
24.8
0.431.70
20.6
0.421.80
33.0
0.461.51
33.4
0.391.14
22.8
0.341.67
23.6
0.401.37
23.8
0.391.56
21.8
0.461.64
35.8
0.381.81
23.2
0.451.7619.4
0.471.72
35.4
0.451.53
26.6
0.461.97
26.8
0.351.87
22.4
0.441.92
34.6
0.441.7117.8
0.421.74
26.4
Mg
(%)
CP= Crude protein; ADF = Acid detergent fibre; NDF = Neutral detergent fibre; EE = ether extract
22.24
4.10
EE
(%)
Mean17.35
CP
(%)
4.04
3.77
3.73
3.84
3.95
3.56
3.92
3.72
4.84
4.35
3.41
4.98
4.90
3.58
3.31
4.04
4.59
4.35
3.98
3.56
3.82
3.82
3.87
3.97
5.38
4.43
4.95
4.06
ADF
(%)
HC 117a17.48
25.36
CQ 3204
20.64
20.72
HC 203216.85
22.64
Cuba 108
20.34
20.79
Tainung-1
22.00
23.57
Everglades 41 (USA)19.67
22.12
Everglades 7116.96
21.96
Guatemala 4517.57
20.44
Guatemala 5116.94
23.99
Madras Blue17.92
21.98
Guatemala 4417.11
21.06
HC 58314.75
25.49
BG 58-1217.9618.85
A 64-56715.69
23.01
BG 53-58-118.52 20.52
HC 178-517.38
25.36
HC 3258 x 325617.13
21.37
HC 75-3715.3318.75
HC 75-7917.17
22.06
HC 117b17.71
22.48
HC 7814.86
21.92
HC 1516.65
21.58
SF 459 (USA)17.01
21.55
Everglades 7116.98
21.90
Tainung-2 (USA)16.21
23.12
Tainung-2 (local)17.5
23.49
Sungkai 114.23
23.11
Khon Kaen 6017.18
23.62
Mn
(ppm)
Zn
(ppm)
5.5104.9
36.1
6.4
83.6
31.4
6.8
88.0
28.0
6.2
78.4
29.0
6.8
89.2
31.2
7.4119.0
52.2
6.4
56.4
36.2
6.6127.4
30.6
5.4185.4
55.0
7.2157.2
48.6
5.8164.8
25.6
5.0
89.8
28.0
5.8144.4
44.8
4.8
91.018.8
6.8
76.0
29.8
5.8
59.6
26.2
6.4
83.6
31.4
4.4
66.8
27.6
5.8
61.6
23.8
5.2148.0
39.4
7.0164.6
82.6
5.4
95.2
75.8
4.6
83.4
37.8
5.6
72.8
30.6
5.0108.0
33.0
5.6
249.4
60.6
5.8107.8
45.6
6.0135.4
39.6
6.0162.2
39.2
Cu
(ppm)
Table 8. Chemical composition (% DM) and mineral contents of the leaf fractions from 28 kenaf accessions harvested at 42 days after
transplanting in MARDI Research Station, Serdang
15
Table 9. Chemical composition of stem fractions from 28 kenaf accessions harvested
at 42 days after transplanting in MARDI Research Station, Serdang
Accessions
CP
(%)
CF
(%)
NDF
(%)
ASH
(%)
ADF
(%)
HC 117a
7.53
CQ 3204
6.80
HC 203210.26
Cuba 108
6.54
Everglades 41 (USA)
7.71
Everglades 71 7.53
Guatemala 45
7.53
Guatemala 51
8.37
Madras Blue
6.81
Guatemala 44
9.65
HC 583
8.63
BG 53-55P
8.85
BG 53-58-12
6.45
A 64-567
9.42
BG 53-58-1
9.89
HC 178-5
7.53
HC 3258 x 3256
7.43
HC 75-37
7.19
HC 75-79
8.19
HC 117b10.89
HC 78
8.29
HC 15
7.92
SF 459 (USA)
7.61
Everglades 41 (USA)
7.55
Tainung-2 (USA)
6.84
Tainung-2 (local)
6.30
Sungkai 1
6.43
Khon Kaen 60
8.97
47.46
41.08
41.36
46.70
43.96
47.46
43.85
38.83
45.90
43.65
47.59
45.92
42.54
45.86
36.30
47.46
48.84
38.99
45.26
44.26
43.57
46.63
44.34
43.37
40.35
46.18
40.36
45.08
75.90
81.65
63.25
86.53
78.17
82.46
75.36
67.95
76.14
73.51
75.78
96.11
88.53
91.74
75.82
75.90
84.29
57.86
78.18
71.84
74.56
88.68
85.08
72.07
80.76
79.59
76.61
86.10
6.70
6.80
8.35
6.33
4.16
5.20
5.41
7.78
4.41
6.61
6.50
5.70
3.47
7.70
6.43
5.50
5.90
4.00
5.32
6.75
5.97
0.84
4.75
5.13
4.82
4.60
3.17
6.20
48.21
0.58
50.09
0.28
48.75
0.60
52.84
0.11
47.92
0.67
53.11
0.53
48.59
0.71
42.67
0.82
50.30
0.69
47.97
0.65
61.71
0.83
52.16
0.87
48.42
0.85
49.65
0.93
41.541.03
48.21
0.63
52.58
0.74
39.08
0.77
47.81
0.91
45.681.13
45.43
0.92
51.87
0.82
52.77
0.87
47.97
0.56
44.97
0.86
52.07
0.24
43.92
0.65
50.31
0.71
Mean
44.04
78.59
5.52
48.81
7.97
EE
(%)
0.71
CP = Crude protein; CF = Crude fibre; ADH = Acid detergent fibre; NDF = Neutral
detergent fibre; EE = Ether extract
Adaptability The performance indices for
the accessions in experiment 2 are illustrated
in Table 11. Ranking top in position was
Khon Kaen 60 followed by Tainung2 (USA). Everglades 71 and HC 178-5
ranked third and fourth while Guatemala
51 and Cuba 108 both ranked sixth and
seventh. Generally, kenaf plants being
annual in growth habit are not well suited
for ratooning as reflected in the general
decline in yield at subsequent harvests of
the 6 and 8-weekly cutting intervals. The
defoliated plants suffered from several
common fungal diseases like leaf spot
caused by Collectrichum capsici, black
16
lesions on stem caused by Phytophthora
parasitica in Guatemala 51, BG 53-55P
and Everglades 71 and collar rot caused by
Sclerotia rolfsii (Dempsey 1975).
Conclusion and recommendation
Results obtained from the two experiments
showed that the earliest and latest accessions
to flower were Sungkai 1 and HC 75-22
respectively. Average DM yield increased
from 2.2 t/ha at 42 DAP to 9.4 and 12.9 t/ha
at 98 and 127 DAP respectively. Khon Kaen
60 ranked first followed by Cuba 108 and
HC 78. Tainung-2 (USA) and SF 459 ranked
sixth and seventh respectively. However the
Table 10. Dry matter yield (kg/ha) of the 12 selected kenaf accessions defoliated at 6 and at
8-weekly intervals
Kenaf
accessions
6-week cut
Harv. 1
Harv. 2
Cumulative
DM
Khon Kaen 60
23571930
4292
Guatemala 511442
2879
4322
Cuba 108
21471793
3941
Tainung-1
3202
2945
6147
Tainung-2 (USA)18581842
3700
HC 151486
2187
3674
Everglades 711604
2473
4077
HC 178-517321809
3541
Everglades 41 (USA)12291541
2770
BG 53-58-113071690
2997
HC 3258 x 3256 57812571835
BG 53-55P 904 7181622
8-week cut
Harv. 1
Harv. 2
43701720
40131994
3599
2256
2865
2715
37261821
30281705
29431758
3260 936
29741184
25481388
2143 960
2131 622
Cumulative
DM
6091
6008
5856
5581
5548
4733
4701
4196
4159
3937
3103
2753
Mean16541922
3577
31331588
4722
LSD (0.05) 246 458 502 755 530 994
Table 11. Ranking score for best (1) to lowest (12) of six agronomic characteristics in 12 selected
accessions evaluated at Serdang. Values of the agronomic characters are in brackets
Rank Accessions
DM yield Leaf/stem Plant
Growth Regrowth
(t/ha)
ratio
survival vigour
vigour
(%)
score
score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Pest &
disease
resistance
score
Khon Kaen 60
3 (5.2)
2 (1.23) 1 (57.5) 3 (4) 3 (3.6) 5 (1.5)
Tainung-2 (USA)
6 (4.6)
8 (1.02) 2 (51.6) 8 (3.5) 1 (4) 1 (1)
Everglades 711 (6.7)1 (1.30) 8 (17.2) 3 (4) 9 (2.6) 6 (2)
HC 178-5
8 (3.9)
8 (1.02) 5 (19.4) 3 (4) 6 (3.3) 1 (1)
Tainung-1
2 (5.8)10 (0.93) 6 (19.3) 8 (3.5) 5 (3.4) 1 (1)
Guatemala 51
4 (5.2)12 (0.79) 7 (17.3) 1 (5) 3 (3.6) 6 (2)
Cuba 108
5 (4.9)11 (0.89) 3 (36.4) 2 (4.5) 6 (3.3) 6 (2)
HC 15
7 (4.2)
7 (1.03) 9 (14.7) 8 (3.5) 2 (3.7) 1 (1)
BG 53-58-1
9 (3.5)
6 (1.04) 4 (19.6)11 (3)10 (2.3) 6 (2)
Everglades 41 (USA)10 (3.5)
4 (1.14)11 (4.9) 3 (4) 8 (3)11 (3)
HC 3258 x 325611 (2.5)
3 (1.20)10 (10.7) 3 (4)10 (2.3)12 (4)
BG 53-55P12 (2.2)
5 (1.08)12 (1.6)11 (3)12 (2.0) 6 (2)
earliest flowering Sungkai 1 ranked last due
to early maturity. In the forage experiment,
Khon Kaen 60 continued to rank first
followed by Tainung-2 and Everglades 71.
Lack of persistence to defoliation in all
the 12 accessions was a major constraint
to high forage yield. The nutritive value of
kenaf was comparable to that of alfalfa with
high crude protein and calcium contents.
However under wet conditions, many
accessions introduced were susceptible to
Mean
(performance
index)
2.8
4.3
4.7
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.5
5.6
7.6
7.8
8.2
9.6
soil-borne diseases like phytophthora and
fusarium stem rot.
There is a need to select for late
flowering accessions that are resistant to
phytophthora and leaf hopper damages.
Further work on selection for disease and
pest resistance and photoperiod-insensitive
kenaf accessions should be undertaken for
the crop to be used as forage. The DM
production and high crude protein at early
harvest suggest that kenaf should continue
17
to be studied as a viable protein source for
livestock feed. Future research should focus
on the differences in crude protein between
accessions and on maximizing total protein
production per hectare.
Acknowledgement
The strong support from Dr S. Vijaysegaran,
Ms Mah Shook Ying, the late Mr Mohd
Ghawas Maarof and Mr Mohd. Nizam
in the conduct of the project is gratefully
appreciated. This study was funded by
a special grant from MTEN for Kenaf
Research and Development in Malaysia.
References
AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis.
Washington DC: Association of Official
Analytical Chemists
Clements, R.J. and Cameron, D.G. (1980).
Collecting and testing tropical forage plants.
Melbourne: CSIRO
Crandall, B.S., Utrera, A. and Summers, T.E.
(1961). Development of photoperiod
insensitive, disease resistant kenaf varieties
for the Caribbean area. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.
Caribbean Div. Proc. 5: 76–79
Dempsey, J.M. (1975). Fiber crops, p. 203–304.
Gainesville: The University of Florida Press
Hollowell, J.E., Baldwin, B.S. and Lang, D.J.
(1996). Evaluation of kenaf as a potential
forage for the southeastern United States.
International Kenaf Association Conference,
Proc. March 1996, p. 36 – 43. Albuquerque,
NM: American Kenaf Soc.
18
Killinger, G.B. (1969). Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus
L.), a multi-use crop. Agron. J. 61: 734–736
Nerill, S.W. and Kurtz, M.E. (1992). Row spacing
and kenaf yield in Mississippi. Proc. Fourth
Annual International Kenaf Asoc. Conf.
(Abstracts. Biloxi, M.S.) p. 34. Biloxi:
American Kenaf Society
Sellers, T.Jr., Reichert, N.A., Columbus, E.P.,
Fuller, M.J. and Williams, K. (1999).
Kenaf properties, processing and products.
Mississippi State University
Swingle, R.S., Urias, A.R., Doyle, J.C. and Voigt,
R.L. (1978). Chemical composition of kenaf
forage and its digestibility by lamb and in
vitro. J. Anim. Sci. 46: 1346 –1350
Vijaysegaran, S. and Wong, C.C. (2002). Kenaf
research and development in Malaysia.
(Occasional paper No. 4/2002). MARDI:
Serdang
Webber, C.L. 111 (1990). Kenaf protein and harvest
dates. Proc. First Annual Int. Conf. New
Industrial Crops and Products. Riverside,
CAL p. 19 (Abstract)
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production in Northern Territory, Australia.
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pulping and papermaking conference, CTAPI,
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Serdang: MARDI
Abstrak
Kerajaan Malaysia telah memulakan inisiatif untuk membuat kajian agronomi
dan teknikal bagi menentukan kesesuaian penanaman kenaf mengikut keadaan
pertanian tempatan. Prestasi agronomi 30 aksesi kenaf telah dikaji dan dinilai
di Stesen MARDI Serdang. Sebanyak 12 aksesi telah dikaji kesesuaiannya
sebagai tanaman untuk makanan ternakan. Aksesi yang paling awal berbunga
ialah Sungkai 1 manakala HC 75-22 yang paling lewat berbunga. Hasil berat
kering batang pada 42, 86 dan 127 hari selepas penanaman masing-masing ialah
2.2, 9.4 dan 12.9 t/ha. Khon Kaen 60 dan Cuba 108 menunjukkan kesesuaian
yang tinggi bagi penghasilan makanan ternakan. Hasil kumulatif bagi makanan
ternakan untuk dua kitaran penuaian iaitu pada minggu ke-6 dan ke-8 ialah
3.4 – 4.7 t/ha. Nilai pemakanan aksesi yang dikaji setanding dengan alfalfa, iaitu
mempunyai peratus protein kasar dan kandungan kalsium yang tinggi. Aksesi
yang menunjukkan prestasi tinggi bagi penghasilan serat ialah HC 117a dan b,
Cuba 108, HC 78 dan HC 2032. Kebanyakan aksesi rentan terhadap phytophthora
dan penyakit layu fusarium. Kajian lanjut perlu dijalankan bagi pemilihan aksesi
yang rintang terhadap penyakit dan serangga perosak serta tidak peka terhadap
jangka masa siang untuk tujuan mempertingkatkan penghasilan makanan ternakan
dan serat.
Accepted for publication on 19 October 2007
19

Kenaf germplasm introductions and assessment of their adaptability

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