Sailing - ANZ Ship Register

I
J
197
SAILING;
CENTRE OF LATERAL RESISTANCE.
Tltli cent'l"e of lateralnsistanc~ is the centre of application <i
resistance of the water; and as this varies in position with ~lit
spee<;l of the ship, &c., it is not determinate, but a -POint_is
gene.rally taken at the centre of the immersed longitudinal
verHcal middle plane of the vessel as sufficiently accurate.
CENTRE OF EFFORT.
The point in the longitudinal vertical middle plane of a vessa
which is traversed by the resultant of the pressure of the wind
on the sails is termed the centre of effort; its position varies
according to the quantity of sail spread, &c., but its position is
determined approximately for purposes connected with design·
ing the sails, all plain sail only being taken- that is, the sail•
that are more commonly used, and which can be carried with
safety in a fresh breeze (see table, p. 200). They are a.;
follows : In square-rigged vessels : the fore and main courses, fore,
main, and mizen topsails, fore, main, and mizen topgallaol
11ails, driver, jib, and sometimes the fore topmast staysail. ! <
In fore and aft rig-ged vessels : the main sail, fore sail, and
sometimes the second or third jib.
·
In calculating the position of the centre of effort by'tlte
following rules the sails are taken braced right fore and aft.
To fi·n d the JI~)JC!uiimtlan- lteigltt of the Cfmtre of ejfm-t aborl
tlte r.ent'l"tl of late'l"al remtance.
RULE.-Multiply the area of each sail by the height of its
centre of gravity above the centre of lateral resistance; take
the sum of those products (or moments) and divide it by tlte '
total area of sail: the quotient will be the required result.
To find the lateral po$ition flj' the cent1•e of tfforl Telat!'l!ely fl
tlte cent'l"e oflat~al ?'eristance.
·':,
RULE I.-Multiply the area of eaeh sail whose centre lies~
one side of a vertical axis passin~ through the centre of lateral
resistance by the perpendicular distance of its centre from thai
axis, and add the products (or moments) together.
RuLE 2.-Treat the other sails whose centres lie to tilt
other side· of the axis of moments in the same way as before.
and add their products together.
.
,
The difference between the two sums added together, and
divided by the total are;~o of sail, will give the perpendicu!JI
distance of· the centre of effort from the given axis.
";
Note.-The centre of effort will lie to that side which ill'
the greatest moment of sai!:
~
. The following tahle shows the method in which the centle
of effort is calculated.
·
noo
TABLE'SHOWING METHOD OF CALCULATING THE POSITION
OF THE CENTRE OF EFFORT RELATIVELY TO THE CENTRE
OF LATERAL RESISTANCE.
.:1
Distances
Moments
ot Centre
Areas
Name of Sail
of Sa.il
""'
eB
c..;
~..;a
Vertical
Moments
BeforelAbaft Before
Abaft ~ ~
- ; - - -1- - - -1- - - - - - - f - - - - - 1
Jib
2040
0
Fore course
"
• 4050
• 4330
t opsail
" topgallant
sail
•
1
llain course
" topsail .
" top(!:allant
sail
•
Driver
,
lli.zen top•ail .
1500
5488
544 0
78
117000
12·5
14·0
67600
76160
15·5
100·5
78·0
1881
2831·5
2646
topgollant
sail
87·3 178092
5G·O 226800
109·5 474185
281520
315900
837840
1S8 1 78 ° 78
158·8 288200
68•3; 815:!86·4
117·31 638112
29155·5 172·01 324532
2845G5·71 62·5: 176968·7
206310 99·!i,26<Hii·5
79·5-=- -~~~-}36·0 122672
902
3102i'5
12951975•
105226·y35500·21 .
;
5.
Hght. of Centre ofEtrortabove}
Centre of Lateral Resistance
moment 2957975~ = 9 3•
Dist. of Centre of Effort before}
CCI)tr& of Lateral Resistance
moments 1052260-735500·2
&rea
81027·5
area.
31027·5
10.2.
1'.
ARDENCY.
Ardency is the tendency a ship has to fly up to th~ wind, thus
showing that the position of her centre of_ ~~ott__ 1s abaft the
C61ltre of lateral resistance.
;:·
SLACKNESS.
q
:
-
·~
Slackness is the tendency a ship has to fall off from the wind,
thus showing that the position of het centre of effort is before
the centre of lateral resistance,
_ I
SAILING;
~AILING~
"I
,REL.oi.TIVE POSITION. OF .CEN.T RE OF. EFFOll.T AND . CENTmt...ol
LATERAL ltESISTANCE.
I
r
un.tf
of centre of efforu before centre of lateral re.
'1
'· · D=dis~ance
.T • • •
•
s1stance.
•
.
!_Dt =distance .of ..centre of effort
l
sistance.
l .. ,L~length of load water-line.
•
-
·
JG
above. centre.of JateiJil...Je,
I
.A=area of load water-line.
"
I.
h~m•Jf
d=distance of cent re of buoyancy of ship below load watell
line.
·
.,
d 1 =distance of centre of lateral resistance abaft the mid
of the load water-line.
.lit
d2 =distance of centre of buoyancy before the middle of
load water-line. · ·
· ··• ·
· r .,
I
.,
D = ~.±.!-.) for squa.re-ri"'ued vessels. ·
IQ(d,+dJ
oo
•
,
..
1
1
L
,
-
·-
j1
,4
•
•
l
tf'
{ltJ
.,. i
,.
" ...
r
T
4
triAll
,.
= - - - for cutter and fore and aft rigged yesse
•
10(d,+d2 )
1. .
•.
·
4A
-~ I .
•.
1'1·/·
D, = 5{i'
~ . ""
,,_•si!
D
"
•
ut.lh'J<t l
,
1
Noto.-The centre of effort of the sails, to produce the
'
.effect, must be higher or lower according as the ship is more ot
less full at the load water-line compared with the fulness of th4
body at the extremities below the water. Ships that are full
a t the load water-line and clean below at the extremities req~·
·
the higher masts• ., '
.
:1 ,
;'i
.
I
i
.
'
.
REAL AND APPARENT MOTION OF THE WIND.
.
";a
. By the real mot.ion of the wind is meant its motion ~elati~el
to. the. earth, and. b.)<- its apparent. motion its. motion relati:WI
to the ship when she is sailing.
.
.
The apparent motion being the Iesulta.nt of the real motion
of the wind and of a motion equal and directly opposite to that
of the ship. ,
• In fig. 147 let ·A B reptesenl
·
Fm. 141•
in magnitude and direction tbt
_ _:._....:....____ •
real motion of the wind; alit
--:------"~ •
AC the direction and velocity
\.
of the motion of the ship;
through B draw BD parallel
· ~
,
r . ,. .. • • 0 --:--:-___:: B and equal to AC ;-join DA :..then
·D~ will represent , in magnitude and direction the : a~pai;e~
motion of the wind. . ·· •
· ..-.r:..t~ n ..f..;'l;;JtJ( l~ ,'l~Tn~ ~~
E
St
--
In algebraical symbols let:= " , •. ., ·l . ·: . •1 .. , :· ';'IT I
le ADB made by the point from w~lch the apparent
a.-_ang 'nd blow~ JVitb.. the course..of .th~sh~p. .- ----:-~=18~~=supi_>lement of ADB, the correspondin~. ~gle}o j
the real wmd.
AD
r=-=ra.tio
of v~1oc1' t Y of apparent wind to that ~f th .
J
DB
.
'J'i!
.
.~()·
l
ship.
'
'
,
= AB ~ratio of velocity of real wind
r
1
l \:
DB
"
h
I
''·
}
-l.v'(r•-1+ cos a)+ cosa}.
~hen a obtt{se, r= l.../(r,•- ~+ _cos' a)- co~ :. •
r= .J(1+?•12 +2r 1 .cos K).
• . ·
When is obtuse, r= ._/(1+r,·-~, cos
'1' = .../(1 +r'-2v.. cos a.
,
I
'~hen a 1.'s obtuse, r= .../(1 +r'+ 2r ·cos a):
ls
K
K?·
"
K
r
·
•
s10
· a= -:;:,., sin
r
=- s1n a..
~
EFFECTIVE
•
'7 I
"l
I
~PULSE
1 {
K .
OF WIND,
.:P·
h'
to that of .~ e s
1
2
Sin
~:-
ni)(l•
(!
1
0
!l
'H
lL
'd
t; t
l:I
.rr
-1
t
I
.
.
. lb I
-~
•:r
D=direct impulse of wind on sails _m. s.
:· :. ' I•'! '
. . · · ulse of wind on sa1ls m 1bs.
,
E=effectne 1mp
.
. ulse which produces leeway
c-oomponent of effect1ve 1mp
.
,
and tends to heel the ship over. .
h .. h i
c, =component of effective impulse which moves t e s pi
l
ahead.
·•
·
· ·
f · d 'th
by direction of apparent motiOn o wtn ~1 . .
e=a.ng1e mad e
(
fi 148)
•
the plane of the sails see g.
:
.
h h' , ;
b the plane of the sa1ls, w1th ..t e s _1p s ,
a=angle -rnad e Y
I
1 ...
·
course (see fig. 148).
v~
E=D sin' B• . c:=E cos a. c,=E sin a.
j
.. . .
. d
FIQ. 148. ·:
In fig. 148 let PC represent in mag01tu e
1
and direction the pressure of the apparent
1
wind on the sail AB ; through P draw PR
e
1
pa.."allel to AB . through c draw en. per·
Ill
~pendicular to 'pn and cutting PB m B:
~
then BC is the effective pressure o_f the
1
.& B ~
wind on the sail AB, and BN perpe~dlc~~ r \
· P:
• :
t.o Kll: is the component 0~ RC w_ln~! component of BC wb4ch;
duces heel and leeway, while NC lS
· · •
·
propels the ship along.
..
j
I
----
1
(
200
.201
_BAILIN(},
TABLE OF DIRECT IMPULSE OF WINDS IN Lns. PER SQUAJIJ
FooT, AND SAILS COMMONLY SET BY THE WIND.
..elocity
in Knots Impulse J
per Hour in lbs.
1
2
3
·0067
Nnme of Wind
JC.,. d.n
Sails commonly set by the Wlod
_}_1/___
. _1_ _
1
1
I
,
14
1·11
1·5o
1·93
2•16
2·41
2·67
}
22
24
3·23
3·84
} Moderate
gale
26
4·51
5·23
6·00
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
28
30
f
}
~0
.5
13·5
60 . 16·7 .
60 24·0
70 32·7
80
100
}
}
38
42·7
54·0
66·7
{ 8 mg
. 1e-reefed topsails and
topgallant sails in much
Strong breeze
se~ two reefs in the top.·
sails to taking in topgal·
'
lant sails.
.
.
_
V=cJ~ ~c,J~·
{
topsails to
topsails,
reefed spanker and jib.
·
J Close-reefed topsails, reefed
Fresh gale
. courses to taking in span·
ker, J_'ib, fore and mizen
I ·
topsails.
·
•
{ Reefed courses, close-reefed
t
Strong g. ale
. main topsail, fore stay·
sail, mizen topsail to tak·
ing in the main sail.
Close-reefed main topsail
Heavy gale
to storm staysails,or close·
{ , reefed main topsail onl)".
treble-re~ed
l:
I
} Storm
} Homan: '
' r .a
,,.
til
:,c,=
•
lit
./v~!t.
' K=V'X=~.
i' . ....
c2
'-' T
ct1
T.!.B1E OF THE RATIO OF A SHIP'S SPEED UNDER SAIL
1
TO SPEED OF REAL WIND.
·moot .A.rca of'
Sails to Aug·
m•nted Surfo.ce
Relation between Course and Wind
Course 5 points near wind
Wind 2 points abaft beam
Course 6 points near wind
Wind abeam.
'
Wind astern •
Course
5
points
near
wind
:
. !l Wind 2 points abaft beam
Course about 6! points near wind
Wind on quart er
{
1
{
1!
{ Double-reefed
• .l
l
v =velocity of ship.
, D=displacement of ship.
x=area of midship section.
A= area of sails.
c ·and e 1 =constants obtained froni similar vessels.
lf
1
32
34
36
90
;
SPEED OF SUULAB VESSELS UNDER SAIL.
16
15
17
18
19
20
5
6
y2
D= - =v2 ·006667.
1p0 tl ~~
1 -, _ _ _ _ ____j
·027
Light air
r:
•060
107 }
Courses, topsails, topgal:167
Light wind ~ . lant sails, royals, spanker
2 40 }
jib, flying jib, and all
•
Light_ bre~ze
light sails.
·327
.
' J'tl
•427 } Moderate
'
breeze
J
'·
-~ ~
·540
1
•667
"'
•807
{ Royals and flying jib taken
·960
Fresh breeze
in in a sea way to two
1·13
.
reefs in the topsails.
1·31
.4
1 JM,!o'ULSE OF WIND.
y ... v~locity of wind in knots per hour.
D =direct impulse in lbs. on. one square foot.
2
.
{
2l
Probable {atll) o
Speed of Ship to
Sp. of Real Wind
t
t
I
t
TABLE OF THE RATIO OF THE PROBABLE SPEED OF VESSELS
UNDER STEAM A!\'D CANVAS TO THOSE UNDER STEAM.
:'~
wtder can·
raa + speed under
steam
•4
·5
·6
•7
·8
·9
1•0
1•1
1·2
Probable speed
under steam and
canTM + speed
under steam
1·02
1·04
1·07
1'10
1'15
1·20
1·26
1·33
HO
Speed under can·
va.s + speed under
, .,. sf.eam
l'robo.ble speed
t111der steam and
canvas + speed
under steam
1·3
1·47·
1·4
1-55
1·5
. 1·6
1·7
·,·r 1·8
. 1·9
2·0
1'64
1•72
1·81
1·90
1•99
2·08
•j
202
BAILING.
SAIL mG.
.
HEELING MoMENT OF' SAILS.
.
•
1
IF= etfective impulse of wind on sails in lbs. (see p;·19~ ·
D =displacement of vessel in lbs. .
" • ;:;, J, .. a...,.
o =height of centre of effort above centre of Ia~
resistance.
.
•·· 1
G =height metacentre above c~ntre of gravfty.
L =length of arm of righting couple at a given angle ci
heel. .
.
.
· M=neeling moment of_· sails.
l -~ 1 ~ ,r<~7= ·
a =angle made by plane of sails with cou'rs~· of ship_(lllll
fig, 148),
I
'
'
' I
.
..
' .
" · ' • l.,;
I =angle of heel of vessel.
,
·\;-~
....'\ =
M.., C • E . cos a . cos 8. ,>'
'/,
.
The steady angle of heel of a vessel due to M will be that II
which
M=D. G. sin 8 (for small angles cif heel)t '
r--T:"·-·---·- M_::_!! :_.P____Q~!..~PY ~_ogl~_of heel). __ ---.
1 _, In-the two last formulre the reduction in the effective-hee!inf
power of the wind due to the sails being- inclined from U.
'upright position. has been neglected, but if necessary the ~
:Out-ion of the effective pressure of the wind may be takeJ!j
vary as the sine squared of the angle of incidence of the viiDil .
,w ith the plane _of th_e ship's sails, or as the cosine squared of!!;
flngle of heel. .
.
,.
·
. 1·
'
:1
1 Note.- In a gel\eral sense the moment of sail is usnallJ
:understood to qe thE! proQ.uct pf th.e area of all plain sail inlil
the height of the \)entre of .effort above the centre of lateral
~esistance, as fhe p):essure of wind is generally taken as 0111
pound in the square_foot; and the product of the weight of t.bd
ilhip in lbs. into the height of the metacentre above the centl'l
of gravity, divided l:)y th,e moment of sail, is taken as a measwt
t:
~f-~er_ ~~C.i:.~~! r~i~~?._cl~at.io: ~~r,~-v_a.s~---- : ~l
l
-<J::JI::<: J f
.
t_f
[(I
'
l ,;o ,]
r .1-:1_
AllEA OF' SAIL.
,
.
:.
••
l .(..;] 1 If
'·
t 11:.J
C) ....JAfj
r
'
_ l:o determine accurately the quantity of sail suitable for.JIJl!
. esse! to carry, make the moment of sail equa1 ·to the momeDI
iof stability at a definite angle of heel; but the following mit
jmay generally be taken as sufficiently approximate : - .
1
A =quantity of sail suitable to a given vessel.
1-·
•.
D =displacement of ¥essel ij:J.lbs. •·
t:·
·
M =height of metaeentre abpve centre of gravity. l\·
H '= height of centre of f tiort above centre of lat
esi:itance.
~ r
P. •
,- I· I
1
. e! =angle of h eel in circular measure suitable to given v
Jtakenfr~.m the follow in.~ table./
:: ~- (
•,. !
~
[------------------~-~A~~~~~~~~~~-~r--'<1-
-
Dx:Mx8 '.l,l
I
T.iBLE
Ok'
ANGLE OF STEADY HEEL FO)'t DIFFERENT
.
. ,CLASSES OF VESSELS.
ClW!s of Vess~
1 Angle
frigates and large merchant ships
Corvettes
~chooners and· cutters -~·')
-:
Yachts
of Heel Circular ;Measure
40
-Q70
·087
·105
·1-05 to ·107
I'J!ll
so
60
6° to 9°
T!.BLE OF THE AREA ' .A.ND MOMENT OF SAILS OF SOME 0.1>'
HER MAJESTY'S _l::iCREW VESSELS.
A
30~33
B
c
D
E
~
;.;;- 3·ll 95·99 23·33
.
.\chilies
Bellerophon . 2379219·34 3·15 85·6-126·1 2-1
. 16206 20·62 5•0110.)-4 21·2 21
Favourite
Hercules.
• 28882 21-62 3·26 118·42 18·9 2-lo
Inconstant
· 12603! 27·574·61,147·9 15-1 23
Iron Duke
• 25054 23·92 4·25•128·96 17·3 22
llonarch
. 27700 22·5213·35 129'1217·3 24
llinotaur
.: 32377 24·23 3·10 74-50130·0 26
Penelope
17168 22·3213·\)3 8!·35i26·6 16
Prince Consort 22459 18·85 3:36 43·28,ii1·7 25
~ultan
28258 20·!213-07 ll2·8!119·8 26
Swiftsure
250!:)5 21·9513·82 116·0 119·3 24
Valiant
21426 17·4r·18 59·10,37·9 25
Vixen
7860 22·98 6·39 74·67:29·9 11
Warrior
28809 2:!·07 :!•16 63·22135·4 26
'"J;
I
G
I •· F
{()• 1•51 7 3·088
8! 2·03 3·28
4 l ·OO 3-40
Oi 1·38 2·69
101 1-42 2·80
0 •66 3•012
1~ ·76 2·37
8~ 1·999 3·879
r
6~
5 2·15 6·01
0 135
2·35 2·64
10~ 1·8 3·05
8 1·89 4-61
2 ·95 !'21 .
2·285 4-678
5t
fl
t
In the above table- .:! r m "
A"'area of plain sail in square feet.
H
--
'•
>
_
in.. m't
B"'proportion of s;J.il to one foot of midship section a~ load
dzaught.
. . ·.
.. ,
·
·'
c =proportion of. sail to one ton of displacement - ~ lo~
draught.
• -r, 'l
. i ~ -"
•
l•
•
r
f,
D;;, moment of sail about centre' of latera.J.''resistance divided
by displacement in tons· into the distan~e between ,~he metacentre and the centre of gravity in feet.
'
. . '.'~
E= weight of the ship: in lb·s: in.{itipli'ea by .the distance
between the metacentre and the centre of graVIty, and the
product divided by the moment of sail about the centre of
later:J.l resistance.
SAILING.
1-Note..--=This .. is a
measure· of the power of a ship--ta,_
!inclination under her canvas.
u,!~ !
I_F =mean load-draught oCwater jn f~e~'and ip.ch,es.
G,; ·distance of centre of gravity below load water-line in feel
.!l
•'/.·!
: ~;= height of metacentre above centre of gravity in f~~~~'
~~~;: .];FFECT OF GusT oF. Wnm o~ A Sm~·~ SA~~''}!3J
- "The effect of a sndden gust of wind upon a ship's sail& Y..i
a ~'9-le, to heel her over to an extreme angle of heel of alm!
,tv:ice the steady angle at'\vhich . the sanie constant preSSlltl!:lt
\wmd would keep her: , · , _
.
Jill>!
• ~ ·In fig. 149 let ABC be the ship's curve of stat ical ,stll!>ilil!
'and DE her curve of varying moments of sail-that is, tllt
ordinates which express the moment of sail at the differei
.angles vary as the cosine • of the angle of heel .
•.• r
~~
i
I
'·
...
"I
'
l"'G.l49.
.
.
1.· a:!
.
I1 the wind is .steadily applied the ship will re~
,inclined at a steany angle of heel of 20°, determined by droppi!C
,an ordinate at the point of intersection E of the two cune:
but in the case of t.h e same pressure of wind being suddeel!
applied she will heel over beyond the steady angle of heel, alii
she will oscillate for a time about that angle, the reason l}eillf
that an amount of mechanical work has been done in heelil{
her over to 20°, which is represented by the area ADEH wheN~
the work absorbed is only equal in area to AEH; hence ~echaci­
cal work bas been accumulated equal to the area AED. '1!11
ship will therefore continue to heel over till this work has bee
absorbed; this will occur at 40°, when the area EKL is equal•
the area AED, or, in other words, when the area .ALM-t)r
dynamical stability at 40°- is equal to the area ADKM jl
will commence a return oscillation under the influence of.a
righting moment, represented by KL.
..
J/1.
'}
•!i!
..
'
l "'
I~
.s
I~
..,_,., OF SOME SCHOONEU·RIGGED ~CREW
TABLE GIVING THE DIMENSIONS OF MASTS AND Sp•nc
81'EA:MERS.
I..en~th , l~O
Breu.tlth, 26
J.ength, 130 n.
Breadth, :lU ft:
ft.
n
1'onnu~r~::,4.~:
Fore lfut
---
Yarcl a.rm::t each•
Ya.rd arms, each
Topga.lle.nt yard. Wbole length
Yard arms, ellch
Gaff. ;;note ,langtb, tly includetl
Spanker ~om •
·
·
·
B.owsprit, exclu;ive ~f ho~ini
J1bboom
D\ate.nco befon rudder pos~ t :
-
:1
•
~""'-••&)
14~
39 0
80
16 0
10 0
4 0
46 0 .
2 0
34 0
41 0 14
8028 0
7
40
0
0
0
0
0
15
10
440
10 0
36 6
3 6
9
10~
8
140
2 0
5!
61
114 0
ut
MalnMut
Lgth. I>iu. Lgth. Di n. Lgth. l Hn.
n. in. fn. n. in. in. fl. in. ln. n." in. in . ft. in. in.
-n. in.
3~ 0
2 0
53 0
2~0 ~~~
HoW:lng . " .
Main :Must
Fore :P.tnst
-- · - - --
ForeMtLst
J..gtlt. Diu
·-·-- ----
Lg~h.
in .
11
13 0
0
10 0
"''~o~.r .
·-~
15
7
92 6
87
7
26
3
0
6
0
0
41 0
2 6
24 0
8
G
0
6
0
0
]I)
45 0
,___
6i
2
21
1
19
2
Dia.
~th._IDia.
Aft Schooner
ft. m. in.
4
29
2
31
2
,
Main Moat
110d
ln.
12 6
3 0
60 0
s0
44 6
Topsail yard. Whole length
Ge.II topsail yard. Whole length :
Fore lfo.at
Fore
ft. in.
42 a
10 0
21 0
From deck to hounds
Head.
.
Topmast. Length to stops •
·
Pole
.
Topgallant mo.st. I.engtb to ;tops:
Pole .
.
Lower yard. Whole length
Main Mud
----
~
Tounuj,!e, so.
Lgth. Dia.. Lgth. Ditl.
·-- -
Lower mast.
Tonnn~c . 1!1~1
Schooucr-rj~:ged
Schoou.crHri,u;ed
0
t1
I..en£!th, 76 n.
Dre•ulth, 1~ rt.
I..cn~th, 108 n.
B reatlth, 17 ft. 6 in.
'l'ontu'lo:'c, :!!II.'
Schooucr· rh:~cd •
SPBCI E8 OP MASTS AlfD SPAlla
>I'c.:;
lb 0
I 6
2 0
27 0
2 0
45 0
25 0
2 6
10
12
21 0
38 0
7 6
27 u
- 3 0
14
-
13
26 3
12
11
28 6
20 0
s0
9~
20 0
4 0
s~
19 0
2 0
7~
26 6
3 0
28 0
11
11
7~
11 0
1 0
4
13 0
I G
4~
170
1 3
5l 18 6
2 0
28 0
5!
146
9
6
.) 0
84 8
81 8
t
24 0
57 0
1.»_.~ :'~ ~-ki.I' · Uu•
TADLE OF FACTORS USED TO DETERMINE THE LENOTHB OF MABTB AND SrAI\8 J,'OR l_CULL-Jnoo:E o Srrn·s.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ &:r~w v ~~---­
Clipper Sbips
SPKClKB OJJ MASTS AND SPARS
..,...,..--,..,----.-.-----c---;-;;--;;--..-- - - -- -l·"EX.T --"EX. 2
Ironclad
]'rigntes
JlX. 1
~
Main mast hounded
=breadth of vc••el
x ·1:339 -1·4Uil T14f
,
, beaded
=hounded length
•
x ·254 ·282 '302
Fore ,
hounded
=main mast bounded
x ·910 ·911 ·908
,.
headed
=hounded leng-th
.
x ·281 ·309 ·315
Mizen ,
bounded
=main mast bounded
x ·905 ·911 ·823
beaded
.
=bounded length
x ·246 ·239 ·239
,
,
Main topmast hounded.
= brelldth of vessel
x 1·086 1·!2.'i ·987
headed
,
=hounded length
•
x ·211 ·185 ·155
,
hounded,
=main topmast hounded
x 1·000 1•000 1·000
be11ded
=hounded length
•
x ·211 ·185 ·155
,
,
Mizen
,
hounded •
= m11in topmast hounded
x ·803 ·827 ·777
,
,
h eaded '
=hounded leng-th
x ·238 ·194 ·154
Maio topgallant mast hounded =breadth of vessel
x ·632 ·958 ·5-13
, royal
x ·426 ·500 ·3G2
,
,
:: pol~ . =hou'~ded'tength
x ·379
·191
•
• x
·3G1
, sl<ysail
, hounded = breadth of vessel •
,.
,
, pole . = hounded length
•
•
• x
·077 1·000
Fore topgnllant
hounded = main top~allant mast hounded x 1·000 1·000 1'000
, royal
,
,
, royal ma.~t hounded
x 1·000 1·000 ·191
,
,
pole • = houuded lenp;th
•
•
x ·379 1•000
, skysail
, hounded =main skysail mast bounded
x
·077
,
,
,, pole . = honmled le.n~th •
.
• x
·82\i
Mizen top;;nllant. , hound~'(). = main tupgalluut mnst hounded x ·500 •778
nwal
ro.vnl mnst hounded
x ·32D
Jlx. 2
.~~~;d Troop- Merchant
Corvette ship Steamer
1-::i:i!ll.-::rrf ---r44o
·288
·904
·298
•875
·219
1·000
•155
1·000
·155
·774
·1f>4
·595
·369
·096
·273
·89il
·222
·945
·172
1·000
·172
·736
·156
·511
·305
·178
·248
·958
·2u9
·843
•215
·976
·167
1·000
·167
·732
·183
•548
·286
•208
1-000
1·000
·364
1-000
1·000
·096
1•000
1·000
•178
1·000
1•000
·208
·7ti9
·818
·780
·774
·798
·786
·333
·944
·353
·889
·2GO
·808
·141
1·000
·141
·739
·147
·456
·289
·364
·259
·9~6
""z
Ul
8
z
Ul
TABLE OF FACTOllS U~ED TO DE'f ERMINE THE LENGTHS OF MASTS AND SPARS FOR FULL·UIGGED SHIPS
(continued).
l\1izcn royal mast pole •
•
,
sk,•sail mast hounded ;
,
·.,
,
pole ·
•
Main yard. Whole lengt.h •
Yard arms, each
Fore yard. Wholtllcngth •
Yard arms, each
Mizen yard. Whole length •
Yardarms,ench
Main lnwer topsail yard
Yard arms, each
Fore lower topsail y&rd.
Yard arms, each •
•
Mizen lower topsail yard
Yard arms, ench
Main u,rper tops:.il yard
1: urd arms, each •
Fore upper topsail yard
Yard nrms, each •.
Mizen upper topsail yard
Yanl '"''""' each - _
Main topl':nllnut yard •
•
1
I.
Yurd nrnu~, each . l,
Hc~eiBCI•
I
-;-;:~~~~~~-WtHHI- ; - ·;~-,!J-arot
Yrlgutcs
shcutl.ocd
r;p- Steamer
1--:cllc-"- 1.,--,-1""E-"....,2- Jlx. 1 i J&:-2 Corvette ~
x ·4~-!
·l~U
·auu -o~a
·Hili
x
·846
x
·090
x ·353 ·358 ·278 ·284
·291
·238
:268
·056
x ·037 ·036 ·0-!1 ·044 • ·0-!2
·050
1•000
x 1·000 1·000 1·000 1·000 1·000
1·000
·056
x ·037 ·036
·041 ·0-!4
·042
·050
•755
x ·78!! ·857 ·676 ·744
•701
·750
·067
x ·038 ·038
·04:.! :OV4
·042
·100
x ·843 ·877
x ·024 ·052
x 1·000 1·000
x ·024 ·Oii2
x ·770 ·829
x ·026 ·053
•762
x ·9tn• ·9aa• ·705 •744
·750
·800
•082
x ·052 ·032 ·OBI ·O!J.!
•085
·078
1•000
x 1·000 l·UOO 1·000 1·000 1·000
1·000
·082
x ·052 ·032 •081 ·0~1
·085
·078
·738
x ·803 ·794
·696 ·67'.!
•729
·G87
•100
x ·038 ·040 ·Ot!2 ·Oul
·osa
·079
UllpJICr Hill II"
!li'KClllll 011' .MAS1'8 AllfV l!t•AII8
-hounded length
·.
=main skysail mast hounded
=hounded length
=length on water-line
·•
=yard
•
·•
·•
=main yard
=yard
•
=mnin yard
,
·•
=yard
•
·•
=main yard
·•
=yard
.
•
.
•
=main lower topS&il y&rd.
=yard
•
•
·•
=mnin lower topsnil yard
=yard
·•
=main ynrd
_ ·•
=yard
•
•
•
•
=mnin upper topsail yard
=yard
•
•
.
=mnin upper topsail yard
=yard
•
•
•
~-=mnin upper topsail yard
.x
·816
·81!i
·G22
·672
·G78
·641
x
·0·10
·0H9
·0411
·Ofil
•0·12
·O(il
• 1 =y nrd
•·
• >.1"\n luwor
' Jlo • ... •~ ...~
t..•~ll
,)'.._I'd.
r,.. ..,.
........ .. H l •-'l..t.t
SP.ECIES OF MABTB AliD SPARS
.J:"ui~l....- L~ I:I•
11
:j.JL[I'H
Clipper Ships
Merchant
~~~.,~~~~•·j1;'~~~~JI[I,I~u~t~JG·~un~l~~--~~~-~L;~~~~~--~-----l ~~. J Ri.1f
lurd arms, e"eJI
=llla Jn U'it>gu.ililll~ J'~M
~
=ynrd
.
.
•
Mizen topgullant ynrd
=mnin topgallant J·ard
Yurd arms, each
Main royal ynrd •
=yard
•
•
•
Yurd urms, euch
=mnin topgnllnnt vard
Fore ro.Y"l yard •
=yard
•
• • •
1:nrd arms, each
:;nn/J roy_ru yn.rd
Mizen roynl yard •
= mnin ro\'ru \'nrd
Yard urms, each
=ya•·d ·• • .
1\f:lin skysuil yard.
,
Ynr•lllruls, each
• ':; ~.i~ roynl ynrd
Fore skysail ynrd •
• =main sky~nil y'nrd :
d
. Ynrd urrns, each
M12en skysHil yard
• =ya~
• . •
•
Yard
h
• = mnlll &kysn•l vard •
S
nrms, eac •
• = ynrd
•
pankcr gaff. Whole length =spanker boom
,.
lloorn.
1 U f
now•prit, outside sten:'
= eng 1 0 ve>sel
" "
•
Jiulloom, housi"g excl~ded :
H 0using
_
" ~~'t:sprit •
For_cmastbefureaftcrst~rnp~t:;
"Jl lOrn •
.Mam
"
"
" wnter-line
·U72
·0(11
X --:uij l
Steau1cr
J.Oi:iio
x ·04V ·03V
•7()2
x ·035 ·040
x ·818 ·7 .,
x · ·047 ·0-10
x 1:000 I ·OOU
x ·0-!7 ·040
x ·737 ·76
x
·045 ·031
x
·773
x
·031
x
J•fiOU
x
·03-J
x
•"no
vo
"
·Nl7
x
677 ·785 ·700 •700
x ·216 ·216 ·184 •JV!J
x ·103 ·102 •129 ·W:l
x t·768 1·909 1·000 1·415
x
•527 ·524 ·3B7 ·348
x •7il •779 ·675 •774
-11~~~
x ·774
061
'561
•045
·u!iil
•045
l ·OCO
·0-15
·500
•071
:~~~
.075
2 .250
.466
·8:t6
·660
·166
' 0 09
1' 813
:~,£,~,
' ~~f-;~,"~·'----~~--. .~----~--~~--~,~--~----~--~~x~·i4~52[l~·i4fG,~a~·I4[25LL~·i4~30tt.-J'4~4ll_j~'f33~
- c.~
·1Z4 ·161 .164
_x · •190
·161
•117
v
·6c9
·188
·112
2·015
•496
·809
•450
~
c.,:)
TAllLE OF FACTORS USED TO D ETERMINE TIIE LENGTIIS OF MASTS AND SPARS FOR B ARQUES AND BRIGS,
!::icrcw titcnm v e55c s
¥~nclnd
8PRC11!1S OF MAiml AND SPARS
Sa-iling
~~rch~nt
Troop- Merchant Merchant
ship.
Vco;sel.
Vessel.
~-:E1gged 13~~~~·11\l_~•l BarqueBligBarqueEx. 1 llx. 2 Ex. 1 Ex. 2 ril!geol
rigl'ed
ngged
n gntes.
esses.
Main
_ m_a- s7t-'h_o_u-n'de-d.-. •---=-.--b-re-=a-,d"thr-o•r""v-esse·""1r------::xh-1~·'1..,;,~5 Fi~; i·410 1-UOG
.,
,
heaucd
.•
.. =ho11nded length
•
.. x ·254 ·317 ·264 ·245
Fore , hounded ..
• =main mn8t hounded
.•
x ·913 ·90f> ·927 ·898
,
, headed
.,
= hounded length
•
.•
x
·278 ·351 ·282 ·272
x ·873 ·873 ·837 ·979
Mizen , hounded
.,
• = main mast hounded
,
, headed
,
• =hounded length
.•
x ·230 ·228 •231 ·167
Main topmast hounded •
• =breadth of vessel
x ·6~7 ·857 1·000 1·000
,
henued •
• =hounded length •
x ·179 ·167
F~:.e
,
hounded.
• =mnin topmast hounded
x 1·000 1·000 1·000 1·000
=hounded length
.
x
·179 ·1 67
,
headed
M~en
,
hounded.
=mnin topmast honnded
x 1·2-!7 1·000
·821 1·5G7
,
,.
pole
•
• =hounded length
x
·188 ·188 ·344 ·086
Main topgallantmosthounded =breadth of vessel .•
•
x •393 ·250 ·615 ·623
,
,
,
pole
• =hounded length
•
•
. x ·11 4 ·071 ·500 -Fore
,
,
hounded =main topgallant most hounded x 1·000 1•000 1·000 1·000
,
,
,, pole
=hounded length
x
·114 ·071 ·500 Mnin royal mast hounded
=brendth ofvesse1 •
x •475
-hotmdeu len,;th
•
x .• ·310
,
,
, pole •
Fore
,
,. hounded
-= mnin royal mase pole • • x 1·000
, pole ,
=hounded length • . • . • x ·3 10
M'~iny~rd. . Wholelcngth. -tengthofwater:liu~___,_ _, x
YnT<l nrmo. ea~h -yard
l'ore)"l''d.
•
'1A..1JLJJ; O..t'
l'A.ct·on.t:J
UtjED
:co
l.JJ~;l.'E UAUNll
·825
·01\0
·224
•OGG
·0·13
·04·1
·:;:;;r.+U:~ " 1·0nu 1·oon I ·oou t ·oou J·noo
"\"1\t'f\ ""'"'• tuu•h -vat'•\
'
·205
·OG7
x
Whnlohm~th • -mllinynrd
1·llli - 1·305·278
·2G4
·90H
·!)43
·286
·280
1·05G
•175
·820
1·052
·1 34
·175
1·000
1-000
·13-1
·175
1·093
·159
•459
·G31
·667
1·000
1·000
·GG7
·286
·143
1·000
·143
·Ill!
•217
•260
x
:t'Llll:
L... MNO:t'JIH
·hH7
·f,!'lf l
·Ol\fJ
Ob" MAB1'B AND
·OI H
•o.J I
~577-
•OM
·271>
·928
·298
·928
•211
1·2G7
·1117
1·000
·1G7
1·289
·207
·690
1·000
·408
·138
1·000
·138
·882
•047
t·nun
l·ouo
•OflS
•017
SrA.ns Fou DAUQ.UEri
AND
lln:ros
(concluded) .
- - - ~'CW .=tciUIO VL·a.clil~-- ' SailbJg
Troop- Merchnnt ,ll<'rcll~n•
I n;ncla.l ' Al<>rell<llnt
Frigntcs.
Vessels.
slrlp.
Vessel.
Ve>sel.
,~~~mild flarq>w.-riJ."l!"'l [liLr<IILI'
BrigBarque.:;'l';:<.:::::;:::o;;-:.-::::;;r-----~====--------- l~!:=_a_::-;·.x;.
~l!l'~_..,.x. 'll E• . l t::;)(.ll ~I 'l 'c•l r4.~1
rigge(!
-
8PJICIES OF M.!.BT8 AND SPARS
H ;Ju top~11il y~l .
'l: nrd arms, each
}'ore topsail yard .
Yard nrms, each •
Mizen gaff topsail ynrd .
Yard nrms, each •
Main t<>p((nll:mt y:trd
Y urd nrms, cnch
Fore topgallant ynrd
Yard arms, each
Main royal yard .
Yaru nrms, each
Fore roynl y11rd .
-Yarclnrms, each .
.
Spanl<er gaff. Whole length
"
boom
,
,
B_owsprit, ouh!i<le stem • ' •
J1bboom, housing excluded .
Hou"ing
.
.
F ore mast before rud<ler p~st
Muin
,
,
-main yard
x ·71'9 •';":ftf - -71i(f •71':J - : ·[t ----:;-4;1- --lt;2
=yard
•
•
x ·055 ·07-! ·105 ·071.) ·077
·086
·078
= main topsail y ard
x 1·000 1·000 1·000 1·000 1·1100
1·000
1·000
=yard
•
•
x ·055 ·074 ·105 ·073 ·077
·086
·078
=spnnker gaff
x , ·5!0 •5-!13
- • - • ·5V\
- •
- •
=yard
.
.
x ·100 •100 ·095
=main topsail yard
x ·628 ·657 ·u31 ·690 ·700
·GR9
·656
= yurcl
.
.
•
x ·OGS ·OtiS ·0!13 •06~
•045
·050
•0-!8
-main topgnllnnt yard
x 1·000 1·000 1·000 1·000 1·000
1·000
1·000
=yard
.
•
•
x ·OtiS ·OtiS •083 ·Oti6
·04ii
·050
·O.J.8
=main topgallant yard
x ··684 ·791
·714
=yard
•
•
x ·058 ·041
·042
=main royal yard
x 1·000 1·000
1·000
=yard
.
,
x ·058 •0-!1
·042
=spanker boom
x ·661 ·661 ·G25 ·700 ·670
·133t
•145t
=.length of vessel
><
·191 ·200 ·155 ·187 ·J-!7
= ., ,
,
•
x ·081 ·08V ·097 ·1t0 ·056
·143
·16:1
= ,
, bowsprit.
x 1·306 1•181 l •OGl
·900 1·300
_
·944
= ,
, jil>boom •
x
·782 ·5-lil ·943 ·9-l!i ·461
•471
=
, water-line
x ·817 ·t>18 ·770 ·787 •79G
·706
·793
= ;; ,
,
x ·431 ·42G ·43 1 ·436 ·ll7-!
•287
··130
-.;.;l\;:;Ii::z:::en::._;.._:.:"---''it.'"="'=-=-.:::,..,.o•~··.--J-J:'~-....l'::.'_ _ _.;__.:..,;x~_·:_:2~0~4.L~·2~0!1 159 ·151 ·141
•1 60
• Jj~ ~·il,
t TJJUilW g~- k!JgUI ot \'111!!01"
t
T.~DT.Jo: O.k' FACTORS USED TO DETEUMJNE THE LENGTHS OF MASTS AND SPARS OF SCHOONERS AND BRIGS.
SPICOIES Ol' AfAS'rB AND SI~AR8
' Fore ma' t hounded
~breadth of vessel ,
,,
, headc<l
=hounded length ,
Moin , hounded
=fore mast hounded
,
' , hended
= houn,led Ieng Ih ,·
Mizen , hounded
;=fore most hounded
•
=hounded length
,
, haadej
Fore topmast hounded
=l>rendth of vessel
headed
=hounded length
pnle
.
"
Main
hounded
;=fore 'topmn:.;t hounded
hendcd •
=hounded length
,
,
pole
,
,
•
Mizen ,
hounded
=fore topmast hounded
,
,
pole . . .
= hounded length . .
Fore topg. mast hounded = breadt.h of vessel •
,,
,
pole.
• =hounded length .
•
Main ,
, hounded • =fore topg. ma..t hounded
Fore royal
,,
, =breadth of vessel .
•
,
,,
, pole .
• =hounded lengt.h .
.
Main - , - -, hounded ..--fore royal mMt hounded
u
~·ore
.. zt ~ole .
.
who.o lon:tth.
n
yard,
== honnc..le O lcn~!lh
~Jen~lh
Ynrt\ nNn", eru:h - ynrcl
of v.._l
.
x
x
1·125
x 1·089
1-127
·237
1•125
·204
·211
1-634
·235
t·035
·230
·iG
·807
·222
x
x
·911
x
·til
x
x
·Giii
x
x 1·-126
x
x
·170
x 1·148
x
x
x
2·11lll
1·753
·202
t·on
1·057
1•500
1·3l33
•200
1·740
•218
t·17:l
·186
1·368
·140
·HiO
HliO
1·7ll8
·185
·1 00
1'608
•146
·](){)
1•000
1·75
I
•200
·H3
·200 I
·&il3
·500
•312
·400
·394
·111
1·368
·140
·600
x
x
x
x
x
•noo
•
·(V,O
Muin yard.
w ·hole length
fore yard
Yard nrms, ench
=ynrd
FoYe topsail yard. Whole length • = fore yard
•
.
·
Y nrd nrms, each =yard
Main topsoil yard. Who!(\ length . = fore tops. yard
Yard nrms, each =yard
.
1\ialngafftopsailyard. Whole length = main gnff
•
Mizen
,
,
,
=mizen gnff .
Fore topgallant yard. Whole length = fore tops. yard
Yard arms, ench = ynnl
.
.
Main topgallant yard. Whole l~n,:th =fore topg. yard
Yard nrm,, each =ynrd
.
•
Fore royal yard. \\'hole length . =fore topg. yard
'Yard lltOlS, each
= VllrU
•
•
Main royal yaru. Wl1ole length
=fore royal yard
Y nrd lll'lns, each = ynrd
•
.
.Fore gatf. Whole length.
= lgth. of vessel
Mnin ,
,.
= fore gaff
•
.M.izen "
H
•
"
,
Spanker boom. Whole len~;~lh ·
= mizen gnff ·
'
t
1
·
f
housmg
=
lgth.
of
vessel
B owspn , e.xc us1ve o
•
" llll
Jillboom
,,
,
,
.
·
Jl · ·
vessel
Distance of fore mast llef. rudder post
main
=
·161
·3-!0
·185
1"467 1·950
·280 I ·205
t·OG8 I 1•051
·213
·J95
•848
·173
·850
·800
"
x
x
x
x
x
- -
·683
•Oi3
'647
·7-ll
·i5-l
·7a9
·OIG
·090
·092
·Oi4
·585
·OlS3
·690
·617
·412
·642
·lii4
·667
·109
·683
·063
·683
·014
·655
·Oiil
·661
·C>53
·Oil
x ·14:i
x 1·000
·121
1·214
·:l06
1·100
1·53
•105
1'560
·187
·721
·7ti0
•303
·152
1•117
•811
1•415
·105
1·000
·7u7
•433
·Ht
x
x
x
x
x
·[)~3
·Oi:l
·702
·705
x
x
x
X
><
><
x
·M37
l
xx 1:4 6
0 0
x 2.56o 2
x ·705
x ·3nO
X
•lJf>
·298
·HG
1'14:l
·231
1·060
·223
1·088
1·700
·HIO
1·056
1·513
·191
•200
I -
t
•213
1·n11
1·~30
·ill
·315
•01)5
1·04.0
·OU5
·75u
•050
1•12!!
·0;)0
·317
1·000
·754
·317
•750
·al6
·7f>u
·3-15
-
348
',
I
TA.BLE OF FACTORS USED TO DE:rERML'IE THE DLA.Mlm:lls
OF SHIPs' MAsTs AND SPARS.
•
Length X
r
!
.,
Ships', brigs', and barques'.
j
j
·025 to ·028
- •
·020 , ·021
•.
·020 , ·022
1
1
l
Luggers'
·020 , ·021
2"'
Ships', brigs', and barques'.
·023 , ·025
g_
Cutters' and schooners'
·020 , ·0:?2
~ { Luggers'
•
•
Topgallant masts
·~.
r
.
,
·020
•.
Ships', brigs', and barques'.
,; '
· ·
~ Cutters' and schooners'
,
•
· ·
Lower yard
:
:
:'
•
Topsnii yard
~ Topga_llant nnd royal yard.
•
•
•
.
:; Crosspck yard •
>o { Cutters'andschooners'squaresail
Cutters' nnd schooners' topsail •
•
•
.
Luggers' yards •
·rDriver boom
•
•
•
l
Ma.i n and cutters' booms
l .
~ ~ Jibboom
~ Flying Jibboom •
"
Rake
in Twelve
Feet
•
.
Ships' and brigs'.
1·Cutters' and schooners'
0 Trysnil gaffs
•
•
,. ,
{
-
-
·O:ll
·040 , ·050 { ~!:~
{heel •
·040 , ·050
head .
·020 ·025 yard arms•
·Ot7 :: ·020
,
·017 , ·018
,
·020 , ·025
,
·Ot4, ·017
, _
·017 , ·020
·018 , ·02o
::
·017 , ·020 { f:!:~ e:d
t
·017 ·020 { ?u er "
"
mner "
•
•
.
Lugger
: ,:~~_i61·.
·020 , ·025
Jib and flying jibboom in one
s1
Line
I
{heet • I. ·833
hounds
• ·8<•i
Before
Abaft
Inch""
head •
• ·;;..)
{heel • ,, ·!l:i:l
hounds
• ·;,'1)
{main mast •
·062 to ·061)
6to5
head • · " ·.100
2 to 1
{heel •
• ·!W • frigate
fo~e
, . • ·37 to •39
·3H to ·404 10 to 9
bound•
• ·to«\ I
mizen "
·
head • l• ·6i0
{main
·096 to ·06 6 to 10~
he~! ·
• -!l.i3 "·r
f or.e
·3·72 to ·399
w ve t t e• •
,"
2 to I!
bounds
• ·j,.
·375 to ·356 10 to 10!
head .
• .;;x:;
mizen ,
{
•
•• ·1'(01
hounds
'0!7
1
. 1;~ l'lipper
mam
"
{ head .
·274
•1
b.
fore · ,
9
,·;,
s 1p
{hounds
. ·309
15
head .
.• ..1uu
mizen ,
{hounds
• ·;;t
pole .
· -.~(Kr
hounds · :. ·i71
·020 , ·021 { skysail pole ·;J(1.1
•. J
,
MAsTs
Distance from )Iiddle of
'\Vater Line in Fractions
of the Length of that
-
Schooners'
"
X
1
RIG .L'ID N A>IES OF
~ Cutters'
"
...
~
TABLE OF PosiTION L"l'D RAKE OF l\!Asrs FOR SAILING
VESsELs.
Given Diamr. .
End Di.e.meten
=Whole
. = Given Di•IDCIII'
SPECIES OF M..\.Sl'B AND SPARB
349
RELATIVE POSITION OF MASTS AND SPARS.
PROPORTIONATE DIA'blETERS OF MASTS AND SPARS.
if~!:;
"
1''-"''
• J~
· ·5·1!
'.-51.••
l· :;::
• .;01)
·.:.',ill'
l'
t- ·:~
outer :,,
inner
·026 { outP.r
. · "
Inner ,,
·018 , ·022 outer end
• ·018 , '()22
.,
. ·030 , ·040
,
ain
'lf mfmiZen
o:e
"
"
,
l.ma.o;ted
{main ,
schooner
fore
,
mizen ,
c~mmon
{
.
schooner
mf am "
ore
,
Bermuda
{main ,
schoonerfore
;: ~
'• ·7.\
.·,1 B·
{main
'• .;; l'lg of \var fore
; :1~
•G17 , ·020
·022
Barque
...
{main ,
fore
.,
•
mizen ,
racht as
· .;; bri"'
o
:
~
«etch
·-06·
>&·
• ,50
!'• _;.,.61,
lle1
main
{ fore
"
"
"
,,
,
fmaill ,
)._mizen ,
·enne
} main
:..: cutter
.~ Cut ter yacht main
"
-
-
. ·04
. ·396
·12
·6
·24
•300
. ·067 .
-
. ·349
13
11
17
·396
·295
•03.3
-
·366
27
24
30
-
:046
-
24
15
•338
-
·279 to ·31
·331 to ·323
~
·!OS to ·OS± 2! to 33
16 to 36
·147 to •138 10 to 9
-
3 to 2
-
·14!
-
10
·323
·n
-
12
-
2~
•395
18
·13 to ·104
-
H . to 13
·112 to ·14
-
12 to 15
.
"
·f""-----------.:....
____.:....____.._____,J
.Vote.-The fa.ct.or• in the aoove table will apply eqna!ly weU whetbermasts and spars are of wood or of iron.
•
35i
OF TRESTLE - .AND CROSS TREES.
GIVING THE GIRTHS OF HEMP AND WIRE ROPE
EQUIVALENT STRENGTHS.
TABLE OF THE WEIGHT OF VESSELS, MASTS, SPARS, Rl:GGL'IO,
AND S.AILS IN TONS.
Win;
(ins,
Kind of Vessel
52•6
37•1
!6•5
22·0
18•1
12•2
6•9
4•2
Lower masts and bowsprit•
Topma.sts and yards
Spare gear and booms
Standing riggingt
R unning
Blocks to
Ship's so.ils
Spnre ,
Kind of Vessel
Sailing
Ship
Tonnage (B.M.)
:;oo
61·9
36·0
16·0
21·2
17•2
11•1
7'3
4'4
36•7
27·5
12'6
20'2
16•9
10'6
6·0
S·7
B.
ngs
I
380
26·5
12·0
19'1
16•3
10-G
6·1
4i
4t
3·4
_
WlLE
Scbo::J
I
230
180
1
Cutter
ISO
6'4
1•9
1'2
1•9
1'4
·3
1•3
Lower roosts and bmvsprit
Topmasts and yards
Spare gear and booms
Standing rigging t
Running
Blocks to
Ship's sails
• The runst• and span are all of wood.
t
i
Standing rigging of wire.
g]
.,::;
A~
--Ins.
"'
8
~~
pi
i
{ ~~
1~
Ins.
(~
11~
12
65 3
6
I2~
ll
pa
a
r~
H~
I
.c5
t:~
Weight of
. -
Cha.in
cs~
- - - -Cwt.Qr.Lb. Cwt. Qr.Lb. Ins. !""· Cwt. Qr. Lb.
r10 2 9
29 0 17
15! 110 0 I4
112 0 26 1!
13 3 16
!6
. 8~
1 I5 2 25 I~ { 16! !36 2 10
39 I 21
17 0 22
17
J19 0 21
{ 17i !55 0
{ 10
9
60 0 14
121 0 20 Ii
18
c3-s
- ----
t
.1
.,
]:3.j
SI
3
12
94 0
7
r
r32h 01
27
29
{ 32
36
0
1~
1 23
3 3
1 19
0 7
137 2 4
40 1 12
1i
2
2s
rs~
IV
20
{ 21
22
r23
- 24
(25
ISO
3 14
190 0
2I6
0
I4
0
0
I
TaBLE 01" THE RELATIVE PROPOR'riONS OF IRON AND
H£MPEN CABLES, TOGETHER WI'rH THEm WEIGHT.
Weight of 100 Fathoms
~~
20
Hemp
Cbe.ln
i:Oi'O
~I
2
S
·s
,
4!
4!
8-l.•l
1--------1----;- - Spare
li
5
Tonnage (B.M.)
ioo FathoiDI
Hewp.
Cwt.Qr: J.!'
{ 43 0 I
45 3 !7
48 3 u
{ 51 s t
56 I 0
{ 68 2 e
GI 3 IS
{ 65 2 I
69 0 11
76 a I
{ ~4 1 1{
92 j I&
rO! 2 I
110 2 I
119 3 '
lfr
1h
1
4
3!
1~
3~
1!
i
i
l1
4!
3/r
3!f
97
-n
1~
4~
la
THE~
SHOWING FROM WHAT NUMBERS OF CA.NYAS
DIFFERENT SAILS ARE l\1ADE.
Spocics of Sails made of the given Number of Canvas
I
Courses, lower stnysails, trysails.
Courses, lower stnnails, trysails, awning~.
Courses, topsail•, lower staysail.:!, trysails, spankers, awnings.
Course~, topsails, spankers, jibs, lower and topma;t staysails.
Topsails, topgallant "nih;, spankers, jib•, topmast staysails.
Topsails, lower nnd topmast studding sails, spnnkers, jibs,
{ upper staysai!s, ge.ff topsails.
I
Top~rul.ont sails, studding s:Uls, jibs, flying jibs, upper $h\.V- •
eail·, gaff topsail•, cutters' and schooners' crossjack ~r~s
and square topsaHs, sails of boats.
Top;::;,;l4uat sails, studding sails, flying jibs, royal st:tysnils,
{ ~uUel'!l' and schooners' topsails, sails of boats.
Royals, skysnils, topgallant and royal stndrling sails, eu ttr~'
{ and schooners' topgallant sails, sails of boats.
{
Nott.-For the weight of the several numbers of canvas sec p. 303.
WEIGHT OF SHIPS' RIGGING AND BLOCKS.
~~:1.1 of ~ Rhip's runnin,.. 1ig!!ing =weight of { sniling ships · 1·534
~re standing rigging x".
".
•
•
•
ba;qnes
bngs
· 1·~il2
.
. 1· 119
t~ght of a ship's blocks = weight of running { soiling ships · ·369
barques
·302
0,:;_.. ·
~blt1,:; x
•
•
•
•
•
•
· brigs •
: ·254
.lote.-Tbe above constants must only be taken a.e ronsll approximations.
~l'OR'rJOYS OF TRESTLE AND CROSS TREES IN SHIPS' TOPS.
Leng-th of tr•stle-trees = hounded length of topmast
Breadth of ditto
= length
•
•
•
.
Depth of ditto
=breadth
•
.
•
.
Length of c ross-trees = hounded length of topmll.St
Breadth of ditto
= breadth of trestle-trees
.
Depth of ditto
= breadth
•
.
•
.
Length of lubber's hoi~ = length of trestle-trees
.
Length of tid
=diameter of lower must
.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
·22
·11
·f.7
·81
1·0
·6i
·41
1·50
[f
tA
31f
1
2
~~
2
l
!I•
1
1
2
~~
8
~
3u
~~
~
<I
3
11
:1
3
31
2
!I
2
ll
I
a
61
•
~~
H
•l
n
a
3
•l
4
3
~~
3
il
li
~~ ., fl
!I !I• il
1.
2»
8
~~
3
~
1
•6
~
I
ll
ll u
li
1
I!
•I
3f
21
21
3f
~~
6
~
1
i!
at
ll
.,:.
9
I y';,;l~::l~fhi ~t~.: ~fhe~r;,o!th li~ir~~a~~;rq;;tst:
~~~cii~"~!~~~r,i~;~~fa~~ ~~; 1d~;:S9d~~ =~~t~~n;eers~;~~~!\~.t l~~d~~1'ire~rtc e~~~i~~~.e~:~~=~~ r~~~~nbil<~!es~ ~~~J
neither i11 It linUie to those sudden o.lteratiOne of len goth to whicl\ hemp is eUbject by ehwge in the atate of moisture of the atmosphere, a01.l which .::ive dee lo
lnconve nienct~ and great l11.bour in 1elting up the rJ,gglng.
·
on
!d
~
en
~
:3"54
PKOPORTIONS OF RIGGING TO TBE MASTS AND l!PAliS.
-
' ·-
. .
. - --
PROPORTIONS OF RIGGING TO THE MASTS AND SBARS. · 3.).)
i
TABLB FOR SAILING SHIPS,
SHOWING THE PROPORTIOJI
WElCH THE DIAMETER OF CHAIN RIGGING .U.'D THB
GmTHS OF HEMP OR WIRE RIGGING. SHOULD BEAll
TO THE DIAMETERS OF..THE MAST~ YARDS, '&C:j
WHICH THE RIGGIXG LEADS.*
·
.
• ~~ ~ •
!!BLE FO;R S.AILJ..'I'G SHIPS, SHOWL'I'G . TH"E PROPORTIONS OF:
CHAIN AND HEMP AND WIRE- ROPE RIGGING'' IN RE.LATION TO THE MASTS AND SPARS (concluded).•
.
no•Lt-::---:-----;::--,..;._---':"""'------;--
lRntio.
P.1RTB OF RIGGIXG
~
• ( Pendant\
'"E- Shrouds t ·
f
~ ~ Stay• t . ~'i·'
~ - \ Ratlines • - - · ...
rFoot-ropes
._,
Stirru
I..ifts ps :
•
Bnees •
~
Taeb ;
•
Sbeeb! •
•·
··
f-E Ckw garnets.
:0 &...lines
•
.,
•
Bridles • _ ~ - . . •
:; Buntlines
.,? -:: . •
§ ~ Lftchlines •
•
~ 1Sabline.
•
•
Fore staysail stay t
~ I Halliards
·-;
·.
a
I
I
I
::-1
a[
~
! ~ts .
.
.
..
Tat:k lashing.
•
.
Downbaul ,
• -·
Lower studding sail.:Halliards •
•
•
Inner halliard~ . · •
I
l
~ ~sh:;stnd tack.
:a
Ratlines
.._;.
.~
..,-•-
,.
!lad.
•
_I.
t
I
1
e
":z
j
'lo: :!L
i!
:~~~ ~ I ~~::el rdpes
• ·065
Back.stavs
-· .-;;;•
k= [ Burton
penda~ts ·• -
·186
: ·290
• · , _ .• ·186
;; ~ Futtock shrouds •
• ·1.53
e r Ratlines . . . -:--·:- ·OG5
f.: . Stanail hnlliards . . ·193
;; ~~ Downhaul.
·161
2 Pendants
•
~·290
~ l ~ts • -· • ••• - .. ·226
~ =-~ j Tops_ail tyes t .. •. ·050
~ .S ~ Hal bards
.•. • .• ·2[)0
• Foot-ropes
•291
~ ~;; StirTups . : · · ~: ·167
F:o E J Flemish horees
·1·208
: t Stays t •
:;;
PARTS OF RIGG!XG
'375 "':' rBraces .
;:; !:_·2.50
•16fl ::=l Lifts
.
t 191
·227 ~ Parrel rope
• ~ ~; : 'S38
•057 5 Cle.wlines
• • ;. ·1 . '!91
·281 -:;: Buntlines
,
• I . 750
•187 '2 Bowlines
;c; ~ · I . '2.10
•250 ~ Reef tackles .
; ; 1 • :250
·250 .,.: Sheets t .
. . : r' ~ '030
·1tl2 ~ Studding-sail hulliard& . '291
·312 §'
Sheets
.
•
: '272
·218 ~
Tacks.
•
~ :I .. '291
·250 ·;;;
Downhanl •
;: ~ l;: '16i
·250 :: Boom j iggers. . ~ ..::.! ,;.. 'I';
·187 .;;~ Heel lashing .
, I , .'2511
·156
Boom-.brace pendant ~ '29~
·125 ~ l Whtp.
•
';: j'!' '!~:
·149 ., ·. i:l
Shrouns t ·~ . ': :J,;;.:
·187 "' "'
Bacbtayst - :! 7:;';
·187 ~·a::; ~ St.ay t.
: . J; ·1~
•125 !;: S ~ E Roval stay t
'Ill
·1f>6 f"' .E . · Backsray t ·, • i
rHallinrds and strnp~ing 1':-::
·187 ., Foot-ropes •
• ,:;: !;:
1
•187 » Braces and strapping .1 i ·~·
~"o
£1
=
:
Glewlinee ---.
•
! !i; :~~
-.:-q ~ -2~"
Bowl!nes -.7~ ~1~
Brrdles
•
• - " 1.;~
Sheets , ..... •
~ ~ • _'4•
Studding:_Sl@ halli~.~d! · : !~
f<! Sheets
•
.' , ' • .;~
~
Tacks ·
•· •
~ l Dow'!'haul • . ! .., • •If
:
(Halhnrds •
;.
· ~.
'§ ~ Foot-ropes • ·. ~· .
~
B~n.ces and Btrappii
::1
Lrfts . . •
._
• I';';
"-;;; Parrel la~hing •
· ~ ·!:
~ ~ Clewlines & lio'!lines
""
Sheets
•
.•·
• ••
;;
::
:'_ 1:!
J·;:
I
:!;
j
_
~_.___
: ._ _ _
. .,._
-~ :....-
A
A
Shrouos f~
Burton pendants
~ Ratlines •
•
; Stayt
. ·• _i . <:1
j Seizings f '·
. ! 1:
.
Foot-ropes
..
~'2 Stirrups.
•.
'·
.;~ { Lifts •
•
·•
Braces & strnppiug
• jShrouds t .
. -.
; Stay t
,
.•
.
.~
1
!Ratio.;
P.urrs· OF
IRatiot
·14G
F t
·250 ~
B~~~o~~~
'strapping·
·OG9 §'., Parrel lashing ,
•
·174 : :0 Lifts •
.
;
';
'()27 ~ ;>.. Halliards •
·;
t
·231
Sheets
•
:;
•
·200
Clewlines . , :,;
:
·200 ={Topping lifts.
:
.,
·200
Falls and strapping
;
·167 p Boom sheet .
,
,
·167 ;;; Outhnuler •
~
'
!:§
g
1 ~~Dsp~n.dnnt~
~ ~~~~:~ys t . ~:
~~~
- Futtock shrouds t
rTop,ail tyes t
; Halliards for do.
' Foot~ropes
,. ;.
i Stirrups. '--.~·.,- ; Flemisll horses
,
·: Parrel rope t ·.•
·•
; Lifta ~ ,
•
.,
~ Braces 1
r . • i'
·156 en
J 3~e~~~J~
RIGGI~G.
-o50
·2/4
·211
·274
·211
·316
·316
·274
' . -.· :~~~
:,
Stmpping to do. •
{Thront h •1llrnrds •
Peak halliards
•
V ang pendants ~
': Falls nnd strapping
::3 Peak brails • .
Throat brails
.:
Middle braih
,
Hook brails .
•
~{~l~~~d~ningl.
.
200
:;00
·IOO
·300
·400
·200
·200
-Jc50
·BOO
·&JO
·iliiO
·~ :~~~
·250
' ·400
··!00
·1:160
·200
·200
, •250
, ·200
·200
~~~
::
.:·
Buntlines
•
: •211 ; llobstays t .
'()33
r
Span •
• ,
•211
Man-ropes •
,., ·' •150
I Bowlines
'
,.
" ·211
rJibstay t
•
•
. :1 ·152
Bridles • , ..•
,.. ,., ·211
Guy.s, single t
,.
·143
lReef tackles ~ ~· " • ·237 _ Foot-ropes •
•
·214
= jShro.udst ~ .• ·179 § Martingalestav t. • ·205
~ ~ Backstays t
·179 _g-j Marting :ole baokcopes t ·134
S Stay
~17.9 -9 Halliards
.- --~- ... ·• · -232
~" Royal stay t
;. '144. r>lDownhaul •
•
. ·214
~
Backstnys t
. , ·144
Sheets •
; - :~ · , ·178
Foot-ropes •
l!. '231
Pendants . ,
·. ; • ·821
Pnrrellashing
• :231 S {Flyingjib stay t . ,
~ ·150
Lifts .
•
•
30~ g Guys t .
·~;
., . ·1~5
" Haliiards • '
"'46 .o Foot-ropes ,
•
, ·2o0
~ . Sheets
• · .
·308 t;§, l\Iartingnle stay t. ·
• ·175
' · l' Clew lines •
• • • ·231 to.o Halliards and strnppm" ·2.')0
Bowlines •
.•
• ·231 ·? Downhaaland str~ping ·200
Bridles
•
• ''" - 231 f2 Sheets .
.
.
·1·250
Strapping, :l-bloeks ~. •308 lf'<' Heel lashing.•- -.. •150
fl
I
t:
1
I
I.-.. J
-;"!:
a1
• All the rigging is of hemp, except that marked otherwlsa.
t w~~pe rlg~n~:, ~.. _ ,,, _ _ : _?hain rigging.
_.:::....._..._
PARTS 011 RIGGL"G
...J'.....
~
.....
----~
1
• .All the rigging is of hemp, except that marked otherwise,
t Wir&-rope rigging.
: Chain rigging.
.Nou.-Girtb of any lanyard= girtb of rope set up bv it x ·s.
,_
-
11
.A.'A"2
~
•a ~
:r .• ~ .,.___. - - -
'356
~,
A'l
T.!liLE oF
,.
'
'DIMENSIONS OF sHiPs' BLOCKS.
THE DrMENSIONS OF
-' I' 1"1' I"TI .
~
1~
:;
.c8 .8
.....
...,_.,~~.flo ...,,~ ~ !!:!1 .l<"
~g
g .S:!i:a ~~ !;@ .£'i3
a :l! It
31. 2
4• 2f
4t
5t
64
7
7~
11
81
I2 \)1
13 IO!
a 101
15 u.
I6 I•H
~.
6;!
71
Bf
11 9
12 93.
•
13 101
8
9
10
H
u.
15
16
17
18
12
12"
13I
5
3.1.
4t
6
7
8
9
10
14~
'#
s!
5
5i
5'
6
6.1.
1•
3~
3·
:i
414
5
5.!
51
a1•
&
6
2;f
3j
4
5
ot
6f
7 .5.
11 7f 6
61!
1~ 8
•
5
7
-.
~~~~
,;; ...,:ll
- o
,.c&
0
Inche~~).
ls:IHI·=
~
" ..
~s ~ ~ . g .:2 55 ~ 6 ~ ~
-.
t * 1-lt
t t·
.,.
3
3~t
3!
.4
7!
19
8
20 H~ 8~
3~
21 I5~ 9
4t
11
9.!4
5 I
TIT 22 I6 j
23 I6 .~ 9a
7t 5~
1
Jl 24 17f 10•
7i 6i I,
25 I7i! 10~
Bt 7
Ii
91. 73.
26 Is! IO~
•
81:0
10
1 27 19
28 19:/
IOi 9 1
11
29 20:f 11~
9! }R
I2 10 2
1, 30 21 12
CaJm>wn SinrJle-tltilt Blocks.
sa8 .1.8
19 I5
6
1
20 I5;! ~i
T
Jl 21
614
8
16i 614
22 I7. 6J.
B!
'I 1-.
23 18 6;!•
8.
9
2.4 1 8~ 61
It
11! g;t V- 1 25 119! 7•
t }i 1l 26 20i 7
12 10j:
123. n. 1· q. 27 i 21 7
} .!.
1, 12 II } .l.." ~~ 1 21~ 1
14,, 12t
"
Clu.mp Bwr.ks.
13 9
7-!,
21 1s.1.1
3l
14 9~ 8
15
10
5~
4 : 1-k
8~
6
16 lOt
1~
6!. 4t
4
lj
17 1 ~
• 51 2 1 18 11 9
2k 1 Hl nt 9t
4
B'i 6.1 2t It 20 12 I 10
• '
ClewZine Bwcks.
2!.11!.
:
.
4 ' .!
•
71!.1
10Bl 91.
3
1
3! 1.
!f 11 10f
b ~~
!l
.::I
1,Z
-o o
°
o~ . ., "' 1"'
0
'li ~ ..,of
~ ~ i~
.=
A-o ~'0 ~~ ~~ ~s ~~ ~:a ~o ~Q : i~
Cammon Single-tltick Blocks.
•)J.
1~
17 J·>a 71- 13 10~
4
' 7 18
2~ I 11
1:3:+ • 13~
2 ll
~?a ~~ ~'0 ~~
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
SHIPS' BLocKs (in
lU
li
)
if
~
~1
~~~
it
~t
llt
ll"
i
i
1*
!i
~t J.
l
i
I*
~t.
u.
14~
12
15t
12~
I5~
161
17t
18 4
19
I3
I4
14~
IB
15i!
I9~ Isl
20~ 17
21~ I7i
22 18,
22~ 12
I5113}
I6 14
16~ 14!
17 15
17t -15!
18f 1 •
19! 17j
201 18!
21 Hl!
221 20t
~~
6~
2
1i
;t a
2'1 li
21
at3
2
~
3t3 22
"
~
714
8
iiJ Bt 3
11] S! 3
12 9
12a 9i
13 10
10~
10~
II
33! I!
1
3! I
2!
DIMENSIONS · OF SHIPS' BLOCKS.·
359
SHIPs' BLOCKS (in lnches)c.ontinued.
THE DIMENSIONS OF
12
13
H
15
.16
17
18
-
HI
20
"-
21
2:&
23
-
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
~
-.
-
13!
13t
~~
,·
36l.
._. rc.,,
3_60
DIMENSIONS OF SHIPS' BLOCKS.
i
r·
TABLE o-F THE DIMENSIONS OJ!' SHIPs' BLocKs (in
Inche5)-
concluded.
,,
•t
Dead-eyes.
..~ t~ .~~..,~ '~"
,s
"i
6.
10
,s
-'1
Jl
!.,·
~
~
,s
.
f.
.§
~
;I
·l '-ia
-5-~~-1-::3 -:9-=-96T l3- l3_1_8_ 171-17 1To
-6
7
8
.7.
s.
4
4t
I)
10
11
12
11
12
6~ 14
7
15
7t . 16
8~
9
14
15
16
!l!
1
18 , 18
19 19
.
10!
11
TABLE OF THE VALUE OF THE BELGIL'i G.A.UGE ::Ilf
I
• DECIMALS OF A~ INCH.
;; ;
I
~
1 -Size
·OO!
2
3
4
5
6
·006
·008
·009
•011
·013
)\ark
7
B
9
10
11
12
Size
•015
·017
•019
·022
'026
·030
1-fark
13
14
15
16
17
18
~i7.e
·0!!4
·037
·OH
·045
•052
·0.1!l
"
ENGLISH-FRENCH.
C..l
1 .~
~- ! ~ ..
...
'
VOCABULARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN
,.1oae !e::l
SHII'BUILDING.
1.
lL!&O
s.··
.
!""'"~
-~[ark
r.<J- /"661'
25 I ·lll
20
21
22
23
2-!
~ ·OH
I ·082
lI ·O!l7
·OSH
·1M
26. ~ ·120
-- .
- . ::-;: ·
- .. .,-
,.
~'Jttl;i
r~;l)
Bitts, bittes
en arriere
Ble.de of a screw, aile d'Mlice
~ bor"
• ;; Blister steel, acier poule
amiral
Block, poulie, moutle
Umiralty, amiraute .
· · · •ll3,
Block and fall, pa)an
WI*. herminette
:Boarding
pike,
piqued'abOYdage
lf4a.t, ~ tlot
·'"
Boat, bateau, canot
. ·•
lit, arriere, de l'arriere'
Boatswain, maitre d'equipage ')
lir pump, pompe a air
Bobstay, sous-barbe
.·
W!e, sons le vent
.
ltti«lhipa, au milieu du navire Body plan, plan vertical
Boiler maker, chandronnier
IDtllor, ancre
logl~ il'on, corniere; fer d 'angle Boiler plate, tOle
lpu.r:t, r,idier, contre- etrave, Bollard, corps mort
Bolt, cheville, bou lon
pla.tine
Bolt rope, ralingne
,.
lilt, frene
ll'!srn, a l'arriere, de l'arriere Boom, bout dehors, arc-boutant
Bow, l'avant d'un vaisseau :. ·
l:~w&rt, par le travers
Bower-anchor, anere du bossoir
bniog, tente
.
lli!ntJ.th compass, compas .de Bowsprit, beaupre
!:>Brace, bras
variation
·
bet of stem- post, contre- Bracket, com·baton
]!rail, cargne
etambot
Bread room, soute an pain
hell: tay, galhauban :
Breadth extreme, plus grande
~se, grand canot, allege
largenr
\: iron, fer en barres
Breaker, brisant, baril de galere
latque, 1):-..rque-, bateau
lrtl'el of the capstan, meche du Breast-plate, conscience
Brig, brig
cabestan
· ', '
ltn-el of the steering · wheel, Brigantine, brigantin '
tambour· de la roue du gou- Bucket, baille
Builder, constructenr
·
vernail
Bulk head, cloison
tten, liteau
Bunker. soute
lDl, O:lU
I
Bunt-line, cargue,fond
b., h@tre
.."J.
lf:!ding press, machine A. cin- Buoy, bouee, balise
Buoyant, lflger, Gmerge l
tter lcs t oles
Burton, petit palan
·
. .,
~ween-decks, ent repont
Butt, about, tete d'nn couple
~?~u:~~~ oblique, angle Butt cover, plaque de jonctJon
d'ecart d e tOle
e, petit fond d'un navire
Cabin, cabine, chambre, lit
. ge pump, pompe de cale
Cable, cable
ge ways, coittes
Cable tier, fosse ~ux clbles J
~cle, habitacle ,
434t
STRENGTH .Of COLt)'IDl$-, BIVETE;D JOI-NTS, ETC.
TABLE OF THE STRENGTH OF LONG. COLUMNS WHOiil!i:
LENGTH EXCEEDS THIRTY l'IMES THEIR DIAMETER.
w =breaking weight in
diameter in inches.
toM. L
=length in feet.
D
=external
'·
a= internal diameter in inches..
...Kin!~ of Colnmn.
Both
En"" Bounded
ns-'•-tr·'•
Both Ends~
-
u-"":.:d'• '
Hollow cast-Iron ey!lndiical_}
pillars •
•
•
•
•
w=I3---y:;:;--:·
w= ·¥·3t , L'" ~
S<>:~arscas~iron
W=l4:9Ds"'J•
W= 44•16n~·~•
-·- Ll ''
~lin~ri~ }
Solid wrought-iron eylindrlcal }
pillars ,
,
,
,
,
SoJ~
square
pillars
o: ~ }
Solid square pillars of•
Dantzic oak •
~ Ll ..,
J.!.
w=42·8~
,..a.
'i.
,.
L•
W=
1 , ,
d;,jJ • .-
dry.}
•
ii
f.
w=I;a··76~~~
L2
• f1n:}
I .
11
7·81~
L
"'
=~
W= lo-9~ !
L"
lf
l ll f>JTUil•[
STRENGTH OF SHORT COLUMNS.
w = breaking weight of long column of same diameter.
1
1
1!l - breaking weight of short column·.
l
V
c ·= ·c rushing force of materials in tons x sectional a.rea of
column.
,,;
· · ,,_.;~
I '
,•I
:1 ,a
1:: "l!,. I
i ·~
'11 i
~~
!
i
i
.1.
9
l .Jt! P.
·~
1.
k
M
!
t
¥. :I. t
t·
.t 1''7·' 8 ·
1
J t t Til'
11') ",;, ii.,
I
1·
!
!
t
f :'IH r ·;ro riJIUT
l
Jl'JJ.~l
I
- t "tbickne!l!l of plaw in lnclres.
d = diameter of rivet i~ iitcbos:'
t
p = pitcll o;.. distance from centre ~. cen~ of rivet. "
••.
"""'.:.\
:.:·1! /il>
at
1
-
I ..
·-
.;,
.f'-v\\ ~~u~
Note.-;taohplate is
~
·:or~.·
t "
n "' (p - d)t
•7864d'
"'
,._,h
<g
-
_
.,.,.;z+ ·~
I
-lnllo ,,.\u\\ ;.ia(\
·'~
n;.
~+ :'t:H/z=·• ¥:
-
·,n~~ "1:\:nP.f)\\~.a
we~kened. by the ri~~ holes p.,~~a.~i
,• p- d _
•jl:\i~·h·d
I
J!!
I
I
1
h\
!t
1}
It
!
!
t
It
i
t
I
It
I11
ru
f,
t
t ]'
t 1
\j,
I .
lt
1
.lt
I
2A
18
ij
I!·
~
r ·•H
It .
..2
2y'l;'1ft
.zt
2! ·'· .
2!
·2t ! '
2f
2i
2j
u
··~
2i
i
3
3j
I
S.l•
Nott:.-Lloyds reqnire a spaaing of 4! diameters. _ · 1
Liverpool Registry require a spaeing of 4 diameters. .
Admiralty require a spacing of 4! to 5 diameters in
'· _ edges and butts of bottom plating and bulkhead
plating, and 6 to 6 diameters in water-tight work
...--elsewhere.~· - - ·
Veritas require a spacing of 4 diameters for singlerivet ing and 4! diameters for double-riveting.
'
7
I
NOTES
ON
RIVETED JOINTS.
<JAo.l
1. .A closer pitch of rivets should be adopted in sin.gle~ t han in
blc-rivclcd butts and in double- than in t rel;lle-riveted butts.
2.. With a -!-diameter pitch the efficiency of single-riveted
t 18 very small.
· .
·
.• ,
3. With a -!-diameter pitch the strength of ~ · d~uble-riveted
t-t is about at the maximum when the plates are not more
n ! in. thick. .
'" .
T
• "~ • •
•
~
~
•
1,
4. When plates are more than ~ in. thick larger rivets should
put iJl than those generally in use.
~10 !' ~ttJjP.i"VT
I ~ f
a
·TA
n .. number of rows of rivets.
!1(',"
~
i----a.I UIT 'IU :r•1 ·RIVETED JOINTS.
.P.3WJ
f
.
•
~
p-- t + ·1&64.Ml
t
•u
a
'7.
1
:;ttttfoJ•l1/l
n'W 1
':·l
.
.WJ!:J<~ FIG. 163. .-~