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Field Guide for Swallowtails of Bhutan
Field Guide to the SWALLOWTAILS Ugyen Wangchuk Institute of Environment and Conservation © Copyright UWICE 2012 Citation : Karma Wangdi, Sherub, Bumthang, UWICE Disclaimer : Any views or opinion interpreted in this publication are solely those of the Authors. They are not attributable to UWICE and the Royal Government of Bhutan; do not imply the expression of UWICE on any opinion concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities. Design by : Sonam Dorji Printed at : Kuensel Corporation Ltd. ISBN: Contact us at: Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation & Environment Lamai Goempa Post Box no: 155 Bumthang : Bhutan Telephone: +975-3-631926 Fax: +975-3-631925 Website: http://www.uwice.gov.bt UWICE The Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environment is Bhutan’s first research and education Institute for environmental conservation. We seek to understand and uncover the ecological, socio-economic and policy dimensions of biophysical systems and their impact on human ecology. We pay special attention to understanding climate in Himalayan ecosystems. We conduct professional courses for both national and international participants in the areas of conservation biology, sustainable forestry, water resource managementand socio-economic aspects in addition to offering one year certificate course inEnvironment, Forestry and Conservation. We envision offering research based higherdegrees in the above fields in close collaboration with the Royal University of Bhutan and other International Universities. 3 4 Contents Acknowledgement 5 Introduction6 Habits of Butterflies 7 How to use this book 9 External Anatomy10 Species Details Bhutan Glory 14 Bhutan Ludlow’s Swallowtail 15 Common Blue Apollo Brown Gorgon Lesser Batwing Common Batwing Golden Birdwing Common Birdwing Glassy Bluebottle Common Bluebottle Red Helen Yellow Helen Tailed Jay Common Jay Great Jay Veined Jay 5 Common Mime Lesser Mime Tawny Mime Great Mormon Common Mormon Blue Peacock Krishna Peacock Paris Peacock Common Peacock Himalyan Common Raven Common Redbreast Tailed Redbreast Common Rose Spangle Lime Butterfly/Swallowtail Common Yellow Swallowtail Four Bar Swordtail Six Bar Swordtail Spectacle Swordtail Spot Swordtail Five Bar Swordtail Great Windmill Rose Windmill Common Windmill Lesser Zebra Great Zebra 6 Acknowledgement The Ugyen Wangchuck Institute of Environment and Conservation would like to dedicate this book to the elinghtened leadersihp of the Wangchuck dynasty in the conservation of Bhutan’s environment. It is thorugh thier visionary guidance that such books on Butterflies are produced as a result of thier effort. The recent rediscovery of the Bhutan’s Ludlowi Swallowtails prompted us to produce this book as not much of of the species has been known .We therefore like to acknowledge the Department of Forest and Park Services for giving the opportunity to study such rare species. The team from Tokyo University and USA provided various suggestions and identifications of Butterflies. 7 Introduction 88 Habits of Butterflies Seasonal variation: Many species of butterflies show seasonal variation during the year. The species produced two different forms which have different markings, colors and shapes. They are better demonstrated in Himalayasv where spring and Autumn broods occur and you can observe two distinct forms. Camouflage mimicry: Butterflies generally have brightly colored upperside wings. When the close vthier wings, the underside is usually dull in shape, color and pattern which are perfect for comoufalge purposes. Protective Mimicry: Many Butterflies accumulate toxic and poisonous chemicals from their larval food plants. They are usually bright colored which are meant to scare away the predators. Common Rose and Common Windmill are two such species which feed on Aristolochia which is a poisionous plants. Some other butterflies mimic these toxic species in appearance through their wing patterns, colors and shapes although they don’t feed on poisonous plants. Patrolling and Hilltopping: Some males of butterfly species have territorial behavior and remain associated with certain assorted food plants. These males usually perches on prominent positions such as tree tops from where they make sorties after flying objects. If they view a receptive female below, they start courtship and intruding males are chased away to defend their territory. 9 Basking: Butterflies usually bask in early morning sun and in the evening before sunset as they are cold blooded and do not produce metabolic heat to regulate the body temperature. Flying requires very large amount of energy and is possible only if the flight muscles have reached a temperature of 30% C. So therefore they gain the temperature by basking in the sun. Gully-bottoming: Some butterfly species congregate in large numbers in shady areas and riverbeds during the hottest time of the day to cool themselves and avoid desiccation. These large congregation also helps them to attract females. Floating : This phenomenon has observed in just few species like the Jays. The species slowly glides over surface of shallow, non-turbulent, slow running water in forest streams under shade to cool themselves in hottest time of the day. At certain times, they float on the surface of the water for a few metres along with the current before flying away. The water flows from their smooth metallic scales thereby keeping the butterfly dry. Mud-puddling : Males of many species of butterflies assemble on spots of ground contaminated with animal urine, excreate or even human sweats. They absorb essential minerals such as sodium that has been lost during copulation in the form of sperms. The excess aborbed water is thrown out of the abdomen in the form of droplets. Some species exude water to moisten the dry ground surface on which the minerals are present and suck the minerals thereafter. 10 How to use this book This pictorial book consists of 42 species of Swallotails butterflies that are found in Bhutan. While there may more unidentified species, the present list atleast gives readers the current status of the species. Each page contains the desciption of the butterfly. Attempt has been made to provide the dorsal and ventral view for easy indentifcation in the field. To aid ameteurs, a skeletal description of the external anatomy of the butterfly has provided. Whereever possible, pictures of the butterflies on thier host plants has also been given to grasp the natural behaviour and habits. The maps provided also give a glimpse of thier probable habitats in Bhutan. Please do note that the wing span of the buterflies has been provided so that readers can estimate the size of the butterflies. We hope that you enjoy the book and happy butterfly watching!!! 11 External Anatomy Head Prothorax Antenna Ocellus Thorax Mesothorax Abdomen Metathorax Labial Palp Proboscis Spiracle Trochanter Femur Spiracle Tibia Tibial spine Metatarsus Adult Thorax Tarsus Abdomen Metathorax Mesothorax Prothorax Ocelli Spiracles Antenna Larvae Thoracic legs Prolegs Proleg Head Eye Proboscis Labial palp Foreleg Antenna Wing case Spiracles Genital aperture Anus Cremaster Pupa 12 External structures of Adult, Larva and Pupa Anus Prothorax Prothoracic spiracle Mesothorax Metathorax Parts of Butterfly wings and thier venation Forewing Hindwing Apex Cost a Termen sca lA rea Di Ce ll ll Ce Termen ex Ap Co sta Base Ba se Do rsu m us rn To Dorsum us rn To Forewing Hindwing Apical Subapic al Ba in t ba sa ve l n a i n vein ed Submedia M sal in l ve sta Co Marginal area Po s al i sc cal std Dis Po C Su ostal bco ve sta in lv ein spiracle Subcostal vein Media n vein Su bm ed ia n ve in are a 13 14 15 Species Details Bhutan Glory Species Status Author Wingspan 16 : : : : Bhutanitis lidderdalii rare (Atkinson, 1873) 90 -110 mm Life History of Bhutan Glory Egg Instar Instar 5th Instar Pupa Adult 17 Bhutan Ludlow’s Swallowtail Species Status Author Wingspan 18 : : : : Bhutanitis ludlowi endemic & endangered Gabriel, 1942 90 -110 mm Common Blue Apollo Species Status Author Wingspan : Parnassius (Tadumia) hardwickii : common : Fabricius, 1908 : 50 - 60 mm 19 Brown Gorgon Species Status Author Wingspan : : Meandrusa lachinus : common : Westwood, 1841 110 -130S mm Swallowtails were named after seeing the bird Swallows whose tails are similar to the Swallowtails. 20 Lesser Batwing Species Status Author Wingspan : Atrophaneura aidoneus : common : Fabricus 1787 : 112 -116 mm The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different female forms. 21 Common Batwing Species Status Author Wingspan : : Atrophaneura varuna : common : Westwood, 1842 90 -110 mm Swallowtails were named after seeing the bird Swallows whose tails are similar to the Swallowtails. 22 Common Birdwing Species Status Author : Troides helena : common : C. & R.Felder, 1865 Swallowtails were named after seeing the bird Swallows whose tails are similar to the Swallowtails. 23 Golden Birdwing Species Status Author : Troides helena : common : C. & R.Felder, 1860 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 24 Glassy Bluebottle Species Status Author : Graphium cloanthus : common : Westwood, 1841 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 25 Common Bluebottle Species Status Author : Graphium sarpedon : common : Linnaeus, 1758 Swallowtails were named after seeing the bird Swallows whose tails are similar to the Swallowtails. 26 Red Helen Species Status Author : Papilio (Menelaides) helenus : common : Fabricus, 1758 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 27 Yellow Helen Species Status Author : Papilio (Menelaides) nephelus : common : Westwood, 1845 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 28 Tailed Jay Species : Graphium agamemnon Status : common Author:Linnaeus, 1758 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 29 Common Jay Species Status Author : Graphium doson : common : Felder, C., and R. 1864 Swallowtails were named after seeing the bird Swallows whose tails are similar to the Swallowtails. 30 Great Jay Species Status Author : Graphium eurypylus : common : Fruhstorfer, 1903 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 31 Veined Jay Species Status Author : Graphium chironides : common : Wallace, 1845 Queen Alexandra’s Birdwing (Ornithoptera alexandrae) is the world’s largest butterflies and has wing-span of 250mm. 32 Common Mime Species Status Author : Chilasa clytia : common : Linnaeus 1758 form dissimilis form clytia Swallowtails were named after seeing the bird Swallows whose tails are similar to the Swallowtails. 33 Lesser Mime Species Status Author : Chilasa epycides : common : Hewitson, 1862-66 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 34 Tawny Mime Species Status Author : Chilasa agestor : common : Gray, 1832 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 35 Great Mormon Species Status Author : Papilio (Menelaides) memnon : common : Fabricus 1787 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 36 Common Mormon Species Status Author : Papilio (Menelaides) polytes : common : Cramer 1775 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different fe- 37 Blue Peacock Species Status Author 38 : Papilio (Achillides) arcturus : rare : Westwood, 1842 Krishna Peacock Species Status Author : Papilio (Achillides) krishna : common : Moore, 1857 39 Paris Peacock Species Status Author : Papilio (Achillides) paris : common : Linnaeus, 1758 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 40 Common Peacock Species Status Author : Papilio (Achillides) bianor : common : Doubleday, 1842 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 41 Himalyan Common Raven Species Status Author : Papilio (Menelaides) castor : common : Westwood, 1842 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 42 Redbreast Species Status Author : Papilio (Menelaides) alcmenor : common : C. & R. Felder, 1775 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 43 Tailed Redbreast Species Status Author : Papilio (Menelaides) janaka : common : Moore, 1857 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 44 Common Rose Species Status Author : Pachliopta aristolochiae : common : Fabricus, 1775 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 45 Spangle Species Status Author : Papilio (Menelaides) protenor : common : Cramer, 1775 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 46 Lime Butterfly Species Status Author : Papilio (Princeps) demoleus : common : Linnaeus, 1758 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 47 Common Yellow Swallowtail Species Status Author : Papilio machaon : common : Moore, 1884 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 48 Fourbar Swordtail Species Status Author : Graphium (Pathysa) agetes : common : Westwood, 1843 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 49 Sixbar Swordtail Species Status Author : Graphium (Pazala) eurous : common : Heron, 1899 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 50 Spectacle Swordtail Species Status Author : Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus : common : De Niceville, 1886 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 51 Spot Swordtail Species Status Author : Graphium nomius : common : Esper 1785-98 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different 52 Fivebar Swordtail Species Status Author : Graphium (Pathysa) antiphates : common : Fabricus 1787 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different fe- 53 Great Windmill Species Status Author : Byasa dasarada : common : Moore, 1857 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 54 Rose Windmill Species Status Author : Byasa latreillei : common : Donovan, 1805 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 55 Common Windmill Species : Byasa polyeuctes Status : common Author : Doubleday, 1842 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 56 Lesser Zebra Species : Graphium (Paranticopsis) macareus Status : common Author :Godart, 1819 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 57 Great Zebra Species : Graphium (Paranticopsis) xenocles Status : common Author : De Niceville, 1897 The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 58 Common Name Index B Bhutan Glory Bhutan Ludlow's Swallowtail Blue Peacock Brown Gorgon C Common Batwing Common Birdwing Common Blue Apollo Common Bluebottle Common Jay Common Mime Common Mormon Common Peacock Common Redbreast Common Rose Common Windmill Common Yellow Swallowtail F Five Bar Swordtail Four Bar Swordtail 59 G Glassy Bluebottle Golden Birdwing Great Jay Great Mormon Great Windmill Great Zebra H Himalyan Common Raven K Krishna Peacock L Lesser Batwing Lesser Mime Lesser Zebra Lime Butterfly/Swallowtail P Paris Peacock R Red Helen Rose Windmill 60 S Six Bar Swordtail Spangle Spectacle Swordtail Spot Swordtail T Tailed Jay Tailed Redbreast Tawny Mime V Veined Jay Y Yellow Helen 61 Scientific Name Index A Atrophaneura aidoneus Atrophaneura varuna B Bhutanitis lidderdalii Bhutanitis ludlowi Byasa dasarada Byasa latreillei Byasa polyeuctes C Chilasa agestor Chilasa clytia f. dissimilis & f.clytia Chilasa epycides G Graphium (Paranticopsis) macareus Graphium (Paranticopsis) xenocles Graphium (Pathysa) agetes Graphium (Pathysa) antiphates Graphium (Pazala) eurous Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus Graphium agamemnon Graphium chironides Graphium cloanthus Graphium doson Graphium eurypylus Graphium nomius 62 Graphium sarpedon M Meandrusa lachinus P Pachliopta aristolochiae Papilio (Achillides) arcturus Papilio (Achillides) bianor Papilio (Achillides) krishna Papilio (Achillides) paris Papilio (Menelaides) alcmenor Papilio (Menelaides) castor Papilio (Menelaides) helenus Papilio (Menelaides) janaka Papilio (Menelaides) memnon Papilio (Menelaides) nephelus Papilio (Menelaides) polytes Papilio (Menelaides) protenor Papilio (Princeps) demoleus Papilio machaon Parnassius (Tadumia) hardwickii T Troides aeacus Troides helena 63 Checklist of Bhutan’s Swallowtails Sl.No. 64 English Name Scientific Name Altitude (m) 1 Bhutan Glory Bhutanitis lidderdalii 1800-2500 2 Bhutan Ludlow's Swallowtail Bhutanitis ludlowi 2000-2500 3 Blue Peacock Achillides arcturus 500-3000 4 Brown Gorgon Meandrusa gyas 1000-2200 5 Common Batwing Atrophaneu- 600-2256 ra varuna 6 Common Birdwing Troides helena 600-2200 7 Common Blue Apollo Tadumia hardwickii > 3000m 8 Common Bluebottle Graphium sarpedon 143-2800 9 Common Jay Graphium doson 200-1500 10 Common Mime Chilasa clytia 500-1200 11 Common Mormon Menelaides polytes < 2200 12 Common Peacock Achillides polyctor 500-1800 13 Common Redbreast Menelaides alcmenor 555-2000 14 Common Rose Pachliopta aristolochiae 500-2500 15 Common Windmill Byasa polyeuctes 500-2000 16 Common Yellow Swallowtail Papilio machaon 2500-3500 17 Five Bar Swordtail Pathysa antiphates 450-2000 18 Four Bar Swordtail Pathysa agetes < 2000 19 Glassy Bluebottle Graphium cloanthus 400-2500 20 Golden Birdwing Troides aeacus 500-2500 21 Great Jay Graphium eurypylus 300-1600 22 Great Mormon Menelaides memnon 250-1100 23 Great Windmill Byasa dasarada 267-1200 24 Great Zebra Paranticopsis xenocles > 700 25 Himalyan Common Raven Menelaides castor 214-1200 26 Krishna Peacock Achillides krishna 1000-3000 27 Lesser Batwing Atrophaneu- 200-1500 ra aidoneus 65 66 28 Lesser Mime Chilasa epycides 500-1500 29 Lesser Zebra Paranticopsis macareus 500-1200 30 Lime Butterfly Princeps demoleus > 700 31 Paris Peacock Achillides paris 867-2300 32 Red Helen Menelaides helenus 145-2200 33 Rose Windmill Byasa latreil- 1500-2500 lei 34 Six Bar Swordtail Pazala eurous 500-1500 35 Spangle 200-867 36 Spectacle Sword- Pazala mantail darinus 1000-1800 37 Spot Swordtail Pathysa nomius 150-2000 38 Tailed Jay Graphium agamemnon 300-1500 39 Tailed Redbreast Menelaides janaka 1000-2100 40 Tawny Mime Chilasa agestor 1000-2700 41 Veined Jay Graphium chironides > 700 42 Yellow Helen Menelaides nephelus 137-2500 Menelaides protenor
