docqimia IXklasis saxelmZRvanelo
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qimia IXklasis saxelmZRvanelo
q i m i a IX klasis saxelmZRvanelo gamomcemloba inteleqti manana vardiaSvili qimia IX klasis saxelmZRvanelo grifi mieniWa 2012 wels ssip ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris (brZaneba # 375, 18. 05. 2012) mier gamomcemloba inteleqti Tbilisi 2012 manana vardiaSvili qimia IX inteleqti Tbilisi 2012 Manana Vardiashvili chemistry IX INTELEKTI PUBLISHERS Tbilisi 2012 redaqtori qristine giorgaZe iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori Editor: Kristine Giorgadze, Professor of TSU gamomcemloba inteleqti Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri #5 225-05-22, 5(99) 55-66-54 faqsi: 225-05-22 elfosta: [email protected] vebgverdi: www.intelekti.ge ISBN 978-9941-439-27-8 © manana vardiaSvili, 2012 © gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2012 sarCevi I Tavi 1.1 nivTierebis raodenoba, moli.................................................................... 7 1.2 moluri masa................................................................................................. 10 1.3 airad nivTierebebs Soris mimdinare reaqciebi....................................... 12 1.4 airis moluri moculoba............................................................................ 14 1.5 romeli airia ufro mZime........................................................................... 16 1.6 ra raodenobrivi TanafardobiT urTierTqmedebs nivTierebebi........... 19 1.7 rogor amovxsnaT gasaangariSebeli amocana qimiaSi................................ 23 SeamowmeT Tqveni codna........................................................................................ 29 II Tavi 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 sad mdebareobs metalebi periodul sistemaSi........................................ 33 metalebis fizikuri Tvisebebi................................................................. 36 sufTa metali Tu Senadnobi...................................................................... 40 romeli metalia ufro aqtiuri................................................................. 45 Cven vadgenT metalis mJavasTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad gamoyofili wyalbadis moculobas.......................................................... 49 2.6 rogor urTierTqmedebs metalebi wyalTan.............................................. 51 2.7 metalebis korozia...................................................................................... 55 2.8 ganicdis Tu ara korozias yvela metali................................................. 58 2.9 arametalebis Sesaxeb................................................................................... 62 SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ...................................................................................... 65 III Tavi 3.1 oqsidis formula da perioduli sistema _ rogor miiReba oqsidi...... 69 3.2 oqsidebis Tvisebebi.................................................................................... 72 3.3 ra Tvisebebi aqvs mJavebs............................................................................ 75 3.4 ra Tvisebebi aqvs fuZeebs........................................................................... 77 3.5 rogor miiReba mJava da fuZe..................................................................... 80 3.6 rogor miiReba marili................................................................................ 85 3.7 ra Tvisebebi aqvs marilebs........................................................................ 88 3.8 marilebi praqtikaSi.................................................................................... 93 3.9 ra kavSiria martivsa da rTul nivTierebebs Soris................................ 97 3.10 gaangariSebebi qimiuri formulis mixedviT............................................ 100 3.11 qimiuri formulis dadgena elementTa masuri wilis mixedviT............ 103 SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ...................................................................................... 105 IV Tavi 4.1 4.2 4.3 siTbo da qimiuri reaqcia........................................................................... 108 rodis aris reaqciis toloba Termoqimiuri........................................... 111 naxSirwyalbadi da siTbo............................................................................ 114 3 4.4 ra aris navTobi .......................................................................................... 117 4.5 ra aris Tbounarianoba............................................................................... 123 4.6 rogor SevafasoT sawvavi........................................................................... 127 4.7 navTobi da bunebrivi airi rogorc nedleuli......................................... 131 4.8 wyalbadi da energetika................................................................................ 134 4.9 energia da qimiuri reaqcia.......................................................................... 137 4.10 galvanuri elementis gamoyeneba praqtikaSi............................................. 140 4.11 ra aris polimeri......................................................................................... 143 4.12 qimiuri teqnologia..................................................................................... 146 SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ...................................................................................... 148 V Tavi 5.1 ra abinZurebs haers...................................................................................... 152 5.2 saTburis efeqti........................................................................................... 155 5.3 ras niSnavs haeris xarisxis kontroli....................................................... 160 5.4 mJava wvimebi.................................................................................................. 164 5.5 rogor SevamciroT niadagis mJavianoba..................................................... 167 5.6 ras niSnavs wylis sisufTavis kontroli................................................... 171 5.7 wylis xarisxis gansazRvra qimiuri analizis meTodebiT........................ 175 5.8 rogor aviciloT wylis dabinZureba......................................................... 179 SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ...................................................................................... 182 4 rogor vixelmZRvaneloT wigniT I Tavi Tavis saxelwodeba raodenobrivi gaangariSebebi qimiaSi paragrafis nomeri 1.1 nivTierebis raodenoba, moli paragrafis saxelwodeba sxvadasxva feris plastilinisagan daamza deT Na-isa da Cl-is ionebis Tanabari raode noba (magaliTad, TxuTmet-TxuTmeti). Sidateqsturi davalebebi agregatuli mdgomareoba Tierebis arsebobis formaa. niv- hidroqsilis jgufis valentoba erTis tolia, radgan is wyalbadis erT atoms uerTdeba. daasaxeleT erTi qimiuri Tviseba, romliTac mJava da tute erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. teqstis momdevno davalebebi 1 qvemoT CamoTvlili Tvisebebidan amo iwereT iseTi, romelic SeiZleba mivakuTnoT spilenZs. saSinao davaleba saSinao davaleba 1 suraTze asa xulia airebis Semcveloba sxvadasxva planetis atmosferoSi. praqtikuli mecadineoba Semajamebeli samuSao paragrafis Sejameba praqtikuli mecadineoba SeamowmeT Tqveni codna mocemulia teqstis bolos muqi sriftiT jgufuri samuSao wyvilebad samuSao proeqti saSinao cda eqsperimentuli samuSao proeqti: rkinis Jangvis pirobebis gamokvleva saSinao cda. eqsperimentuli samuSao 5 I Tavi raodenobrivi gaangariSebebi qimiaSi gaigebT: • ra aris nivTierebis raodenoba • ra kavSiria masasa da nivTierebis raodenobas Soris • rogor viangariSoT airis moculoba avogadros kanonis gamoyenebiT • rogor davaxasiaToT qimiuri reaqcia raodenobrivad SeZlebT: • cdis Catarebas da monacemebis safuZvelze reaqciis tolobis Sedgenas • nivTierebis raodenobis gaangariSebas • qimiuri reaqciis raodenobriv daxasiaTebas • ucnobi nivTierebis formulis dadgenas. 6 1.1 nivTierebis raodenoba, moli mzesumziras marcval-marcval miirTmevT, magram Tu giyidiaT odesme mzesumzira saTiTaod _ marcvlebad? an asanTi Tu SegiZeniaT Rerebad, ko lofis gareSe? ratom? rac Seexeba atoms, magaliTad, wyalbadis atoms, imdenad mcirea, rom mzesumziris marcvlis zomisa daaxloebiT 200 milioni atomis grova iqneboda. asanTis Rerze ki SeiZleba erTmaneTis miyolebiT daaxloebiT 400 milioni atomi moTavsdes. qimiuri reaqcia ki swored nivTi erebis Semad g eneli nawilakebis _ atomebisa da molekulebis urTierTqmedebaa. magaliTad, reaqciaSi C + O2 = CO2 yoveli erTi atomi naxSirbadi urTi erTqme debs erT molekula JangbadTan. le kula wyalbadi urTier T am reaq ciaSi ki, 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O ori mo qme debs erT molekula JangbadTan. SesaZlebelia qimiuri reaqciisaTvis saWiro raodenobis atomebisa da molekulebis daTvla? awona? dagveTanxmebiT, rom Zalian mcire zomis nawilakebs Zalian mcire masa aqvs. amitom, calkeuli nawilakebis daT vla an awona praqtikulad SeuZlebe lia. magram, SesaZlebelia nawilakTa awonadi raodenobis SerCeva. aseT raodenobad qimi kosebma 12 g nax SirbadSi arsebuli atomTa ricxvi SearCies da mas moli uwodes. ramdeni atomia erT mol, anu 12 g naxSirbadSi? gaangariSebiT dadgenilia, rom 1 mol na x Sir badSi 600 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 atomia. mas avogadros mudmiva ewodeba da aRi niSneba NA-Ti. . NA = 6 1023 moli-1 Tu nulebis rao denobas dav Tv liT da xarisxis maCveneblad davwerT, miviRebT 6.10231/moli . rodesac nivTierebis raodenoba 6 1023 na wilakiT ganisazRvreba, amboben, rom gvaqvs erTi moli nivTiereba. sidides, romelic nivTierebis Se ma dgeneli nawilakebis (atomebis, mole kulebis/ionebis) raodenobas aRricxavs (zomavs) molis saSualebiT, nivTi erebis raodenoba ewodeba. moli nivTierebis iseTi raodenobaa, romelic Seicavs avogadros ricxvis tol struqturul nawilakTa erTobliobas. moli nivTierebis raodenobis erTeulia, is aRiniSneba berZnuli asoTi ν (niu). iangariSeT, ramdeni molia 18.1023 atomi naxSirbadi? 7 marTlac, am amocanis gadasaWrelad naxSirbadis atomTa moce muli ricxvi unda gavyoT avogadros mudmivaze, anu nawilakTa ricxvze erT mol nivTierebaSi. Tu nawilakTa ricxvs nivTierebis garkveul rao denobaSi N-iT aRvniSnavT, SegviZlia davweroT iangariSeT, ramdeni molekulaa 2 mol nivTierebaSi? avogadros mudmivas ricxviTi mniS vneloba Zalian didia. amis warmosadgenad xSirad mimarTaven sxvadasxva Sedarebas. maga liTad, amboben, rom 6.1023 raodenobis Cog burTis burTebis grova dedamiwis sferos zomisa gaxdeboda. amrigad, 12 g naxSirbadi erTi molia. gaiazreT: • nivTierebis ra raodenobaa 1 moli? • ras gviCvenebs avogadros mudmiva? 1 2 3 4 qimiaSi koeficienti molebis dawereT: wyalbadis molekulis ori moli; raodenobasac gviCv enebs. wyalbadis atomis ori moli; aluminis ato- magaliTad, 2O2 _ Jangbadis mis erTi moli; aluminis atomis xuTi moli; molekulebis 2 moli. wylis molekulis aTi moli. ramdeni molekulaa 1,5 mol naxSirorJangSi? ramden mols Seadgens 24 . 1023 wylis molekula? gamoiyeneT cnebebi `moli~, `avogadros ricxvi~ da mi uwereT komentari naxats. gaacaniT maswavlebelsa da Tanaklaselebs. saSinao davaleba SeavseT cxrili sauSao rveulSi nivTierebis nivTierebis molekulebis formula raodenoba ricxvi H2 P2O5 O3 8 2 moli 12 . 1023 18 . 1023 saSinao cda cdisaTvis saWiroa: Cais Wiqa, sufris kovzi, wyali. gaangariSeba molis cnebis gamoyenebiT gazomeT, ramdeni sufris kovzi wyali asxia Cais WiqaSi. _ ramdeni moli wyalia Cais WiqaSi? _ wylis ramdeni mole kulaa daaxloebiT Cais molis gaangariSebiT dadgenilia, rom erT su f ris kovz wyalSi daaxloebiT 6.1023 wylis molekulaa dRe amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yoveli wlis 23 oqtombers dilis 6,02 wuTidan saRamos 6,02 wuTamde aRiniSneba molis dRe. ris mixedviTaa SerCeuli es dro da TariRi? daakvirdiT: saaTis, dRis da Tvis aRmniSvneli ricxvebis erToblioba Seadgens avogadros ricxvs. saaTi Tve ricxvi 6,02 10 23 ↓ WiqaSi? ↓ ↓ ≡ 6,02 imsjeleT klasSi mniSv nelovani qimiuri cnebebis Sesaxeb. SeTanxmdiT da daaweseT romelime (an ramdenime) maTganis dRe. aRniSneT es dRe mTeli skolis masStabiT. am mizniT CaatareT sxvadasxva saxis Tematuri RonisZiebebi: viqtorina, gamofena, konferencia da sxva. . 23 beri oqtom Re s i d mol . 1023 6,02 1023 bunebismetyvelebis kabineti 9 1.2 moluri masa 1 moli naxSirbadis masa 12 g-ia. Tu 12 g naxSirbads avwoniT, darwmunebuli viqnebiT, rom masSi 6.1023 atomi naxSirbadia. ramdeni Jangbadi urTierTqmedebs erT mol naxSirbadTan? erTi moli, anu 6.1023 molekula Jangbadis daTvla marTlac SeuZlebelia. samagierod, SesaZlebelia 1 moli Jangbadis masis gaangariSeba. moifiqreT, rogor iangariSebT erTi moli Jangbadis masas? _ ra monacemi dagWirdebaT saamisod? _ ramdenad mosaxrexebelia aseTi gaangariSebis Catareba? avogadros ricxvi Sem TxveviT ar aris SerCeuli. gaangariSebiT da das turebulia, rom yvela nivTierebisaTvis avogadros ricxvis toli nawilakTa raodenobis, anu erTi molis masa ricxobrivad udris am nivTierebis fardobiT atomur an molekulur masas. amrigad, m(1 moli O2)=32 g, m(1 moli H2)=2 g radgan erT mol nivTierebaSi nawilakTa ricxvi mudmivia, mudmivia erTi moli nivTierebis masac. iangariSeT a) ori moli martivi nivTiereba wyalbadis masa a) ori moli martivi nivTiereba Jangbadis masa nivTierebis raodenoba mis masasTan dakavSirebulia gansakuTrebuli sididiT, romelsac moluri masa ewodeba. sidides, romelic ganisazRvreba nivTierebis m masis SefardebiT Sesabamis ν raodenobasTan, moluri masa ewodeba. is aRiniSneba M-iT. nebismieri nivTierebisaTvis wyali H 2O 18 g gogirdmJava H2SO4 98 g sufris marili NaCl 58 g iangariSeT, ramdeni molia 4,8 g wyali amrigad, Tu nivTierebis masa cno bilia, yovelTvis SeiZleba misi ra odenobis gaangariSeba. es ki Zalian mniSvnelovania _ nivTierebebi xom Semadgeneli nawilakebiT urTierT qmedebs. 10 1 moli gaiazreT: • ras ewodeba moluri masa? • rogor gamoisaxeba? • ra aqvT saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli fardobiT molekulur (atomur) da molur masebs? 1 meti > daadgine, sad meti atomia. Cawere saTanado niSani samuSao rveulSi naklebi < tolia = a) 1 mol rkinaSi , Tu 1 mol natriumSi, radgan .... Tu 5,6 g natriumSi, radgan... b) 5,6 g rkinaSi g) 2 mol gogirdSi d) 64 g spilenZSi Tu 1 mol O2-Si, radgan ... Tu 0,2 mol azotSi, radgan ... gaecaniT erTmaneTis namuSevars da SeafaseT. 2 ra raodenobis MgO unda movaTavsoT meore pinaze, rom saswori gawo naswordes. aq ki... moli MgO aq 0,3 moli CuO-a saSinao davaleba 1 daakvirdiT suraTs a) ra nivTierebiTaa burTi savse? b) ra masis sawonebi dagvWirdeba Tu burTi avsebulia JangbadiT? naxSirorJangiT? 2 suraTze mocemul TiToeul SeTxvevaSi ra masas uCvenebs saswori? 1 moli axseniT, rogor moifiqreT pasuxi. ν(S)=1,5 mol ν(CaCO3)=0,5 mol ν(Fe)=2 mol 11 1.3 airad nivTierebebs Soris mimdinare reaqciebi nivTierebis airadi mdgomareoba principulad gansxvavdeba Txevadi da myari mdgomareobisagan. kerZod, airad nivTierebaSi molekulaTa Soris man Zili gacilebiT didia, vidre myari da Txevadi nivTierebis Semadgenel na wilakebs Soris. (sur. 1.1) amasTan, airad mdgo mareobaSi molekulaTa So ris manZili bevrad aRemateba molekulaTa zomebs. amitom airis mier dakavebuli moculoba umTavresad damokidebulia ara molekulaTa zomebze, aramed maT Soris manZilze. magram raze SeiZ leba iyos damokide buli Tavad es manZili? gabereT rezinis buSti ise, rom misi kedlebi Zalian daWimuli ar iyos. ras moimoq medebT am buStis moculobis Sesamcireblad? (a) (g) (b) sur.1.1 molekulaTa Soris manZilebi a) airad, b) Txevad, g) myar nivTierebebSi airis Sekum Svisas mis mole kulebs Soris man Zili mcirdeba, e.i. mcirdeba airis moculobac. airis SekumSvas iwvevs wnevis gazrda. ramdenjerac iz rdeba wneva, imdenjerve mcirdeba moculoba. 1.2 suraTze erTi da igive sahaero burTia gamosaxuli. mag ram misi moculoba (b) SemTxvevaSi ufro metia, vidre (a) SemTxvevaSi. ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi? meore faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens airis moculobis cvli lebaze, aris temperatura. temper atur is gazrdiT izrdeba airis molekulaTa Soris manZili, Sesaba misad izr deba airis mier dakave buli mo culoba. temperaturasa da wnevaze airis mocu l obis damokidebulebas XIX a b saukunis dasaw yisSi yuradReba mi sur. 1.2 aqcia italielma mecni erma amedeo avogad r om. man gamoTqva Tamami hi poTeza, ro melic mogvianebiT da dasturda mrava li cdiT da Camo yalibda kanonis saxiT. 12 erTna ir fizikur pirobebSi, sxva dasxva airis toli moculobebi molekulaTa tol ricxvs Seicavs. N1 = N2 avogadros kanoni cxadia, marTebulia sapi ris piro mtki cebac: erTnair fizikur pirobebSi, sxvadasxva V1 = V2 airis molekulaTa toli ricxvi tol moculobas ikavebs. avogadros kanonis saSualebiT SesaZ lebelia reaqciaSi monawile airad nivTierebaTa moculobiTi Tanafardobis dadgena. magaliTad, qloris wyalba dTan urTi er Tqmedebisas, qlo ris yoveli erTi mole kula urTierTqmedebs wyal ba dis erT mole kulasTan: H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl. Sesabamisad, ramdeni qloris molekulac Seva reaq ciaSi, imdenive iqneba reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadis moleku laTa ricxvic. molekulaTa toli ricxvi ki, tol mo cu lobas daikavebs erTnair fizi kur pirobebSi. marTebulia Tu ara gamonaTqvami: erTi litri qlori urTierTqmedebs miiReba ori litri qlorwyalbadi. daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi. erT litr wyalbadTan da amrigad, airadi nivTierebis molekulebs Soris manZili imdenad didia, rom masTan SedarebiT molekulaTa zomebi SesaZloa ugulebelvyoT da miviCnioT, rom avogadros kanonis Tanaxmad, erTnair fizikur pirobebSi sxvadasxva airis toli moculobebi molekulaTa tol ricxvs Seicavs. gaiazreT: • ra gansxvavebaa airadi, Txevadi da myari nivTierebebis nawilakebs Soris maT Soris manZilisa da urTierTqmedebis TvalsazrisiT? • ratom aris marTebuli avogados kanoni mxolod airebisaTvis? 1 SeafaseT raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT qimiuri reaqciis Semdegi toloba: N2+3H2 → 2NH3. ramdeni molekula wyalbadi Seva reaqciaSi: a) 10 molekula azotTan; b) 10000 molekula azotTan; g) 6.1023 molekula azotTan; d) aT mol azotTan? saSinao cda cdisaTvis saWiroa: samedicino Sprici, wyali da qviSa. myari, airadi da Txevadi nivTierebebis moculobis cvli lebis gamokvleva wnevis gavleniT aiReT Cveulebrivi samedicino Sprici. gaavseT haeriT (amoswieT dguSi bolomde). Spricis meore, wvetian bolos magrad miaWireT saCvenebeli TiTi, ceriT ki dguSs miawe qiT. ramdeni mililitriT Semcirda haeris moculoba? axla Sprici wyliT gaavseT da cda gaimeoreT. ramdeni mililitriT Semcirda wylis moculoba? Sprici qviSiTac gaavseT da cda kidev erTxel gaimeoreT. ras amCnevT? gamoitaneT daskvna. 13 1.4 airis moluri moculoba daikavebs Tu ara tol moculobas erTnair fizikur pirobebSi sxvadasxva airis: a) aTi molekula; b) milioni molekula; g) 6.1023 molekula? SesaZlebelia Tu ara davaskvnaT, rom erTi moli sxvadasxva airis moculoba tolia? daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi. axla varaudi gaangariSebiT SeamowmeT. iangariSeT erTi moli Semdegi airebis moculoba: d) H2. a) N2b) He g) O2 Tu cnobilia, rom: ρ(He)=0,1784 g/l ρ(N2)=1,25 g/l ρ(H2)=0,08988 g/l. ρ(O2)=1,429 g/l emTxveva Tqven mier miRebuli pasuxebi erT maneTs? gveTanxmebiT Tu ara, rom TiTo moli wyalbadis, Jangbadis, azotis da heliumis mier dakavebuli moculobebi erTmaneTis tolia? yvela airis erTi moli, erTsa da imave pirobebSi, ikavebs erTsa da imave moculobas. eqsperimentulad dadginda, rom nebismieri airis erTi moli, norma lur fizikur pirobebSi ikavebs daax loebiT 22,4 l mocu lobas. maSasadame, V(erTi moli airis)=22,4 l. vinaidan, airadi nivTierebis moculoba damokidebulia wnevasa da te mperaturaze, moluri mo culoba mniSvnelovnad da moki debulia im fizikur pirobebze, ro melSic is izomeba. airis sim kvrive gazomilia no rmalur fizikur pi robebSi _ 101,3 kpa wne vasa da 00C-ze. amitom moluri moculobac 22,4 l-is to lia normalur fizikur pirobebSi. normaluri fizikuri pirobebi ase aRiniSneba _ n.p. radgan erTi moli airis mo cu lobaze vsaubrobT, SesaZle belia dav weroT: VM=22,4 l/moli. VM-iT airadi nivTierebis moluri moculoba aRiniSneba. dagveTanxmebiT, gaangariSebi saTvis xSi rad ufro mosaxerxe belia ara niv Tierebis moculo biT an masiT, aramed misi raodenobiT sargebloba. rogor viangariSoT magaliTad, ramdeni molia 112 l Jangbadi? Zalian advilad _ Jangbadis es moculoba unda gavyoT molur moculobaze. 14 nebismieri airis SemTxvevaSi amave formulidan gamomdinareobs, rom airadi nivTierebis V moculobis fardobas ν raodenobasTan, moluri moculoba ewodeba. moluri moculobis erTeulia amrigad, nebismieri airis erTi moli normalur pirobebSi ikavebs 22,4l moculobas, romelsac moluri moculoba ewodeba. gaiazreT: • ratom aris moluri moculobis mniSvneloba damokidebuli pirobebze? 1 normalur pirobebSi H2 da O2 airadi nivTierebebia. gaixseneT, kidev romel airebs icnobT da SeavseT cxrili. martivi airadi nivTierebebi 2 rTuli airadi nivTierebebi normalur pirobebSi ra moculobas daikavebs: a) er Ti moli naxSirorJangi? b) 2 moli azoti? g) 5 moli argoni? d)10 moli meTani? 3 4 davuSvaT, rom pirobebi normaluria. iangariSeT Jangbadis ramdeni molekulaa: a) 1 l JangbadSi? b) 1 l haerSi? g) Tqvens qimiis kabinetSi (yvelam iangariSeT damoukideblad da Sedegebi SeadareT). a) daaxasiaTeT raodenobrivad martivi nivTiereba Jangbadi Semdegi sqemis mixedviT, Tu ν(O2) = 1,5 mols. Mr M VM V ν m b) moifiqreT msgavsi amocana Tqveni megobrisaTvis. SeamowmeT erTmaneTis namuSevari, SeadareT miRebuli monace mebi da gamoitaneT daskvna. saSinao davaleba l gansazRvreT (np) 5,6 l CO2-is, 11,2 l H2-is, 0,224 l H2S-is da 1,12 CH4-is masa cal-calke. 15 1.5 romeli airia ufro mZime ra daskvnas gamoitanT suraTze asaxuli cdis Sedegis mixedviT _ nax SirorJangi ufro mZime airia, Tu Jangbadi? SegiZliaT gamoTvaloT, am ori airidan, erTi meoreze ramden jeraa mZime? gamoTvaleT da gag viziareT, rogor SeZeliT es. (a) (b) rogorc TqvenTvis cnobilia, nivTierebis simkvrive ρ gamoiTvleba formuliT: m. ρ= V gamosaxeT airadi nivTierebis simkvrive moluri masisa da moluri moculobis saSualebiT. gamosaxeT, risi tolia am formulis mixedviT moluri masa M. miRebul formulaSi moluri moculobis nacvlad SeitaneT misi ricxviTi mniSvneloba 22,4 l/moli. Tqven aseT formulas miiRebT: M=22,4 . ρ. es formula gamoiyeneba normalur pirobebSi airis mo luri masis gansazRvrisaTvis, ro desac cnobilia simkvrive. Jangbadis simkvrivea 1,43g/l (n.p). iangariSeT misi mo luri masa. gaangariSebisaTvis ufro mosaxer xebelia airis fardobiTi simkvrivis gamoyeneba. airis fardobiTi simkvrive aRiniSneba D asoTi, ganisazRv reba airTa simkvriveebis fardo b iT da gviCvenebs, ramdenjer mZimea erTi airi meoreze. magaliTad, Jangbadis fardo biTi simkvrive wyal badis mimarT aris: 32g/moli 32 D = 2g/moli = 2 =16 16 sxvadasxva airis simkvrive haeris mimarT SesaZlebelia viangariSoT formuliT: M Dhaeri = 29g/moli sadac 29 g/moli haeris saSualo moluri masaa. iangariSeT: a) Jangbadis b) naxSirorJangis g) azotis d) amiakis fardobiTi simkvrive haeris mimarT. 1 2 3 4 iodwyalbadi saxifaTo nivTierebaa, romelic azianebs kans da sasunTqi gzebis lorwovan garss. gansazRvreT iodwyalbadis fardobiTi simkvrive wyalbadisa da haeris mimarT. gogird(IV)-is oqsidi qimiuri sawarmoebis mavne gamonabolqvi airia, romelic haerSi wylis orTqls uerTdeba da mJava wvimis saxiT brundeba dedamiwaze. iangariSeT gogird (IV)-is oqsidis moluri masa, Tu misi fardo biTi simkvrive wyalbadis mimarT aris 32. gogird (IV)-is oqsidi `dabrundeba~ Tu ara haeridan dedamiwaze mSral amindSi? organuli airadi nivTiereba eTileni gamoiyeneba mkvaxe xilis dasamwifeb lad, risTvisac mkvaxe xiliT savse rezervuars avseben am airiT. eTilenis fardobiTi simkvrive haeris mimarT aris 0,965. iangariSeT eTilenis molekuluri masa da ivaraudeT, rezervuaris sxvadasxva nawilSi eTilenis koncentracia daaxloebiT erTnairi iqneba Tu sxvadasxva? daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba. iangariSeT airTa narevis fardobiTi simkvrive haeris mimarT, Tu narevi Sedgeba: SO2 – 60%; CO2 – 40%. am airebis narevs avtomobilis gamonabolqvic Seicavs. transportiT gadatvirTul qalaqSi zeda sarTulis mcxovrebni ufro zaraldebian, Tu qveda sarTulis? 17 5 • • • • • muyaosagan daamzadeT moluri moculobis kubi. amisaTvis: iangariSeT, ras udris aseTi kubis wibos sigrZe. gaiTvaliswineT, rom 1 l=1 dm3 muyaosagan gamoWeriT kubis waxnagebi, dautoveT `mindori~ waxnagebis Sesa webeblad TiToeul waxnags daawereT molur moculobasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi cnebebi kubi moaTavseT skolis laboratoriaSi es kubi naTlad warmoadgens, Tu ra moculobas ikavebs normalur pirobebSi 1 moli airi, an airebis narevi. ν= N NA V M= V ν VM=22,4l/moli normalur pirobebSi t=00C, p=1 atm. 1 moli airi M=22,4r 22,4l M D= M1 2 saSinao davaleba daavadebisgan dacvis mizniT vazis foTols gogirds ayrian. garkveul tem peraturaze gogirdis orTqlis fardobiTi simkvrive haeris mimarT aris 8,83. gogirdis ramden atoms Seicavs gogirdis molekula am temperaturaze? ramdenad swrafad aorTqldeba gogirdi vazis foTlidan cxel amindSi? 18 1.6 ra raodenobrivi TanafardobiT urTierTqmedebs nivTierebebi risi Tqma SeiZleba wyalbadisa da Jangbadis raodenobrivi Tana fa r dobis Sesaxeb reaqciis tolobis mixedviT? 2H2+O2 → 2H2O gveTanxmebiT Tu ara, rom Jangbadis ramdeni molekulac ar unda aviRoT sareaqciod, reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadis molekulaTa ricxvi yovelTvis orjer meti iqneba da wylis molekulebic orjer meti warmoiqmneba. reaqciis tolobis mixedviT SegviZ lia davweroT: 2H2O2 2 moli 2H2 2H2 2H2 2H2 → 2H2O 1 moli O2 O2 O2 O2 2H2O 2H2O 2H2O wyalbadis yoveli ori molekula urTierTqmedebs Jangbadis erT molekulasTan da miReba wylis ori molekula 2 moli 2 moli wyalbadis masaa: m(H2)=M.ν=2g/moli.2=4g 1 moli Jangbadis masaa: m(O2)=M.ν=32g/moli.1moli=32g 2 moli wylis masaa: m(H2O)=M.ν=18g/moli.2moli=36g amitom, qimiuri reaqciis tolobidan aseve gamomdinreobs, rom yoveli 4 g wyalbadi urTierTqmedebs 32 g JangbadTan da warmoiqmneba 36 g wyali. 2H2 2moli M=2g/moli 4g + O2 1 moli M=32g/moli 32g → 2H2O 2 moli M=36g/moli 36g iangariSeT, ramdeni grami wyalbadi Seva reaqciaSi: g) 64 g JangbadTan a) 16 g JangbadTan d) 2 mol JangbadTan. b) 0,5 moli JangbadTan reaqciis tolobidan gamomdinare reaqciis tolobidan gamomdinare raodenobebTan SedarebiT ramdenjer Sem- reodenobebTan SedarebiT ramdenciaSi Sesuli cirda reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadis masa, jer gaizarda reaq reaqciis Sedegad warmoqmnili wylis masa? wyalbadis masa, reaqciis Sedegad warmoqmnili wylis masa? ra daskvna gamoitaneT reaq ciaSi monawile nivTierebaTa rao denobrivi Tanafardobis Sesaxeb? 19 cxadia gveTanxmebiT, rom reaq ciaSi gaangariSebebi qimiuri reaqciis mona wile nivTiere baTa Soris arsebobs tolobis mixedviT saWiroa qimiur pirdap irproporciuli raodenobrivi warm oebaSi, metalurg iul, minis, damokidebuleba. farma cevtul qarxanaSi da a. S. aseTi gaangariSebebi saWiroa qi m iur laboes damokidebuleba saSualebas gvaZ levs viangariSoT nivTierebis ra- ratoriaSic da yofa-cxovrebaSic. odenoba, masa da moculoba qimi uri reaqciis tolobis mixedviT, Tu cnobilia reaqciaSi monawile erT-erTi nivTie re bis raodenoba, masa an moculoba. aiReT 5,6g rkina, SeurieT 3,2g gogirdi. moaTavseT winaswar awonil sinjaraSi da gaaxureT. rogorc ki cda reaqcia daiwyeba gaxureba SewyviteT. reaqciis damTavrebisa da sinjaris gacivebis Semdeg, kvlav awoneT is SigTavsianad. masaTa sxvaobiT daadgineT warmoqmnili nivTierebis masa. SeadgineT reaqciis toloba. gaangariSebiT daadgineT, ra moluri TanafardobiT Sevida reaqciaSi erTmaneTTan rkina da gogirdi. ra masis rkinis sulfidi unda miiRoT masis mudmivobis kanonis Sesabamisi gaangariSebiT? ras udris sinamdvileSi reaqciis Sedegad miRebuli rkinis sulfidis masa, romelic sasworiT gansazRvreT? axseniT, ratom ar emTxveva zustad Teoriuli gaangariSeba praqtikul Sedegs? axla erTad gadavWraT amocana: davuSvaT, cdisTvis saWiroa 4,4 g rkinis sulfidi. viangariSoT, ra masis rkina da gogirdi dagvWirdeba am masis rkinis sulfidis misaRebad. davadginoT, rkinisa da gogir dis Tanafardoba reaqciis tolo bis mixedviT: Fe + S → Fes 1moli 1mol 1moli cxadia, rom rkinisa da gogirdis imdeni molia saWiro, ramdeni moli rkinis sulfidicaa misaRebi. anu ν(Fe)=ν(S)=ν(FeS), amitom, viangariSoT 4,4 g rkinis sulfidis raodenoba: ν(FeS)=4,4/88=0,05 moli. e.i. saWiroa 0,05 moli Fe da 0,05 moli S. viangariSoT maTi masebi: m(Fe)=M(Fe).ν, m(Fe)=56g/moli.0,05moli=2,80g. M(S)=M(S).ν; Μ(S)=32g/moli.0,05moli=1,6g amrigad, 4,4 g FeS-is misaRebad saWiroa 1,6 grami S da 2,8 grami Fe. 20 ras fiqrobT, iqneba Tu ara ufro martivi gaiTvaliswineT, rom reaq gaangariSebebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu reaqciaSi ciaSi Sesuli aira d i ni monawileoben mxolod airadi nivTie rebebi? vTierebebis moculobaTa fardoba Seesabameba maTi koefiratom fiqrobT ase? amoxseniT amocana da varaudi daasa buTeT cientebis fardobas qimiuri reaqciis tolobaSi. gaangariSebiT. amocana: ras udris 2 l qlorTan reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadis da warmoqmnili qlorwyalbadis raodenoba da moculoba? amrigad, qimiur reaqciaSi nivTierebebi urTierTqmedebs garkveuli moluri da masuri TanafardobiT. 1 2 3 iangariSeT wylis raodenoba da masa, romelic gogird(IV)-is oqsidisagan gogirdovani mJavas misaRebad. saWiroa 3,2g iangariSeT 3,4 g gogirdwyalbadis misaRebad saWiro gogirdisa da wyalbadis raodenoba da masa. gamoTvaleT 4 l azotTan reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadisa da warmoqmnili amiakis raodenoba da moculoba. situaciuri amocana Team da giom gadawyvites gaarkvion _ ras gviCvenebs qimiuri reaqciis Semdegi toloba. 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O Tea miiCnevs, rom Canaweri 2H2+O2=2H2O gviCvenebs _ wyalbadis ori molekula reaqciaSi Sedis Jangbadis erT molekulasTan da warmoqmnis wylis or molekulas. gio ki amtkicebs, rom amave reaqciis tolobis mixedviT SeiZleba iTqvas: ori moli wyalbadi reaqciaSi Sedis erT mol JangbadTan da warmoqmnis or mol wyals. Tqven ras fiqrobT? daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba. saSinao cda kvercxi, fqvili, Saqari da cximi TiTqmis yvela namcxvarSia. magram, yvela namcxvari xom erTnairi ar aris _ mTa varia am produqtebis rao de nobrivi Tanafardoba da momzadebis wesi. CaatareT mcire eqsperimenti. SecvaleT standartul kulinarul receptSi produqtebis raode no b rivi Tanafardoba da momzadebis wesi. naxeT, ra moxdeba. aRwereT, ra cvlilebe bi gamoiwvia produqtebis raodenobrivi Tana fardobis Secvlam. ar aris gamori cxuli eqsperimentis proce sSi axal, originalur receptsac miagnoT. es recepti gaacaniT maswavlebelsa da Tanaklaselebs. 21 proeqti `puri da orcxobila~ Temis aqtualoba: wylis Semcveloba produqtSi bevrad ganapirobebs mis xarisxs. magaliTad, rodesac purSi wylis raodenoba normaze metia, is ugemuric aris da vadaze adrec kargavs sakvebis Tvisebas. Teoriuli nawili Cveulebrivi puri 30-40% wyals Seicavs. Tu wylis raodenoba normaze metia, purs gamocxoba aklia da misi kvebiTi Rirebulebac naklebia. orcxobila 8-11%-mde wyals Seicavs. haerze orcxobila TandaTanobiT STanTqavs wyals, kargavs simyifes da elastikuri xdeba, rac orcxobilas daZvelebis niSania. Tu pursa da orcxobilaSi wylis Semcveloba normaze meti an naklebia, unda vifiqroT, rom produqti uxarisxoa. purisa da orcxobilas xarisxis kontroli Tqvenc SegiZliaT. eqsperimentuli nawili aiReT puris naWeri an erTi orcxobila da awoneT. CainiSneT sawyisi masa. moaTavseT RumelSi 1500C-ze 40-45 wT-is ganmavlobaSi. gamoitaneT eleq tr o Rumelidan da gaaciveT. kvlav awoneT. masaTa sxvaobiT gamoiangariSeT wylis Semcveloba. gamoiangariSeT, agreTve, wylis masuri wili _ aorTqlebuli wylis masa SeafardeT puris an orcxobilas sawyis masasTan. axla Tqven SegiZliaT, sxvadasxva warmoebis purisa da orcxobilas xarisxi gaakontroloT. Semdeg ki urCieT Tqvens mSoblebs, megobrebs da axloblebs, romeli warmoebis produqciaa ukeTesi da ratom. 22 1.7 rogor amovxsnaT gasaangariSebeli praqtikuli amocana qimiaSi mecadineoba amocana ganvsazRvroT 5 mol wyal badTan reaqciaSi Sesuli Jan gbadisa da reaq ciis Sedegad miRebuli wylis raodenoba. amoxsna: gasaangariSebeli amocanis amoxsnisas umjobesia monacemebi CavweroT garkveuli formiT da davicvaT Semdegi algoriTmi: 1. vwerT reaqciis tolobas da vaTanabrebT. 2. nivTierebaTa formulebis qveS vwerT nivTi erebis raodenobas ν, romelic See sabameba koefi cientis mniSvnelobas. 3. nivTie rebaTa formul ebis zemoT vwerT amocanis pirobis ric xviT monacemebs, ucnobi raodenobis nivTie rebaTa formuleb is zemoT ki vwerT x-s. Tu amocanis pirobis mixedviT, sareaqciod aRebuli niv Tiereba minarevs Seicavs, jer vad genT sufTa nivTierebis Semcvelobas narevSi. 5 moli x1 x2 2 moli 1 moli 2 moli 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O, 4. vadgenT Tanafardobas. aseTi CanaweriT kar gad Cans amo c anis piroba da advili misaxvedria, rogor unda vimoqmedoT amocanis amoxsnisas. 5 moli x1 = , 2 moli 1 moli 5 moli x2 = , 2 moli 2 moli x1 = 5 ⋅1 = 2,5 moli O2 . 2 x2 = 5⋅2 = 5 moli H2O . 2 5. vangariSobT ucnobi nivTierebebis raodenobas. qimiuri reaqciis tolobis mixedviT SesaZlebelia ara mxolod nivTierebaTa raodenobis, aramed masis gamoTvlac. 23 amocana gansazRvreT Jangbadisa da wylis masebi, Tu cnobilia, rom JangbadSi daiwva 10 g wyalbadi. amoxsna: gamovTvaloT 10 g wyalbadis raodenoba m 10g ν(H2) = M = 2g/moli = 5moli 5 moli x1 x2 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O 2 moli x1 = 1 moli 2 moli 5 moli . 1 moli = 2,5moli O2 2 moli m(O2) = ν .M m(O2) = 2,5moli . 32g/moli=80g 5 moli x2 = 2 moli , 2 moli x2= 5 moli . 2 moli = 5 moli H2O 2 moli m(H2O) = M. ν =18g/moli . 5 moli=90g ganvixiloT amocanis amoxsnis magaliTi, rodesac reaqciaSi Sesuli erT-erTi nivTiereba narevis saxiTaa. amocana ras udris wyalbadis moculoba (n. p), romelic saWiroa 640 g rkina (III)-is oqsidis aRsadgenad, romelic 25% minarevs Seicavs? amoxsna: 1) davadginoT rkina (III)-is oqsidis Semcveloba narevSi. amocanis pirobis mixedviT, narevSi sufTa rkina (III)-is oqsidis Semcvelobaa 75%, anu ω = 0,75. m(nivT)= m(narevi).ω. m(Fe 2O3 ) = 640 g ⋅ 0,75 = 480 g. 2) gamovTvaloT 480 g Fe2O3-is raodenoba: 480 g m ν= ; ν= = 3 moli. 160 g/moli M 3) davweroT qimiuri reaqciis toloba: 3 moli x Fe 2O 3 + 3 H2 = 2Fe + 3H2O. 1 moli 3moli 4) SevadginoT Tanafardoba: 3moli x ; = 1 moli 3moli x=9 moli H2. 5) gamovTvaloT wyalbadis moculoba: V = VM ⋅ ν; 24 V = 22,4 l/moli ⋅ 9 moli = 201,6 l H2 . ganvixiloT kidev erTi magaliTi. amocana ra moculobis wyalbadi (n.p) gamoiyofa 730 g 30%-ian marilmJavas xsnarze reaqciisaTvis saWiro raodenobis TuTiis damatebisas? amoxsna: 1) ganvsazRvroT marilmJavas masa xsnarSi: m(HCl)= 730 g.0,3=219 g. m(HCl)= mxsnari.ω 2) davadginoT marilmJavas raodenoba: 219 g m ν = ; ν(HCl) = = 6 moli. M 36,5 g/moli 3) SevadginoT reaqciis toloba: 6 moli x 2 moli 1 moli Zn + 2 HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 . 4) SevadginoT Tanafardoba: 6 moli x ; = 2 moli 1 moli x=3 moli H2. 5) gamovTvaloT wyalbadis moculoba: V = VM ⋅ ν; V = 22,4 l/moli ⋅ 3 moli = 67,2 l H2 . rodesac sareaqciod aRebuli nivTi erebebis raodenobrivi Tanafar doba ar Seesabameba reaqciis tolo biT dad genil ra odenobriv Tana far dobas, maSin erT-erTi moreagire nivTierebis garkveuli raodenoba rCeba reaqciaSi Seusvleli. aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom nivTiereba Warbia. reaqciis tolobis mixedviT yo vel Tvisaa SesaZlebeli gani sazRvros ara mxolod reaqciaSi Sesuli, aramed Warbi nivTierebis ra odenobac. ganvixiloT magaliTi: amocana davuSvaT, wylis misaRebad aiRes 6 g wyal badi da 32 g Jangbadi. davad ginoT, romeli maTgania Warbi da amis gamo darCeba reaqciaSi Seusvleli. amoxsna: 1) davweroT reaqciis toloba 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O 2 moli 1 moli . 2) davadginoT wyalbadisa da Jangbadis raodenoba: 6g m ν = ; ν(H2 ) = = 3 moli; M 2 g/moli ν(O2 ) = 32 g = 1 moli. 32 g/moli 3) reaqciis tolobis mixedviT erTi moli Jangbadi uerTdeba or mol 25 wyalbads, amitom 1 moli wyalbadi (2 g) darCeba Warbad. ganvixiloT kidev erTi magaliTi: amocana xsnars, romelic 37,6 g spilenZis nitrats Seicavda, daamates 5,6 g rkinis naqlibi. daadgineT, darCeba Tu ara xsnarSi spilenZis nitrati, reaqciis damTavrebis Semdeg. amoxsna: 1) davweroT reaqciis toloba: Cu(NO 3 )2 + Fe = Fe(NO 3 )2 + Cu. 2) gamovTvaloT spilenZis nitratisa da rkinis raodenoba: 5,6 g 37,7 g m ν = ; ν(Fe) = = 0,1 moli; ν(Cu(NO 3 )2 ) = = 0,2 moli. M 56 g/moli 188 g/moli 3)reaqciis tolobis mixedviT 1 moli spilenZis nitrati urTierTqmedebs 1 mol rkinasTan, amitom spilenZis nitratis 0,2 molidan 0,1 moli reaqciaSi Seva 0,1 mol rkinasTan, 0,1 moli Cu(NO3)2 ki darCeba Warbad. 4) amrigad, reaqciis damTavrebis Semdeg xsnarSi iqneba 0,1 moli anu 18,8 g Cu(NO3)2. 1 reaqciis tolobis mixedviT 2Al+3S → Al2S3 daadgineT aluminis sulfidis raodenoba da masa, Tu sare aqciod aRebuli iyo 4,5 g alumini. 2 3 reaqciis Sedegad warmoiqmna 9 g wyali. gansazRvreT reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadisa da Jangbadis raodenoba da masa. iangariSeT sawyisi nivTierebebis raodenoba da masa, Tu maTi urTierTqme debiT miiRes 10 g marili. reaqciis tolobas aqvs Semdegi saxe: Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2. 4 5 moifiqreT erT-erTi zemoT mocemuli amocanis Sebrunebuli amocana da amoxseniT. iangariSeT magniumis oqsidis masa, romelic miiReba 480 g magniumis sruli wvisas Jangbadis areSi. Tqvenma megobarma moifiqros Seb runebuli amocana da amoxsnas. SeamowmeT erTmaneTis namuSevari. 6 7 26 ra masis Jangbadi da magniumia saWiro 8 g magniumis oqsidis misaRebad? ra moculobis qloria saWiro (n.p) 53,4 g aluminis qloridis misaRebad? 8 9 10 11 12 ras udris naxSirorJangis moculoba (n.p), romelic warmoiqmneba 0,25 kg marmarilos daSliT, Tu igi 96% kalciumis karbonats Seicavs. malaqiti bunebrivi mineralia, romelsac saiuveliro nakeTobebis dasamzadadeblad Cu2(OH)2CO3 – malaqiti iyeneben. nakeToba miT ufro Zvirfasia, rac ufro sufTaa malaqiti. 22,3 g malaqitis daSliT gamoiyo 2,24 l naxSirbad (IV)-is oqsidi (n.p.). sufTa iyo Tu ara malaqiti? laboratoriaSi Jangbads Rebuloben kaliumis permanganatis daSliT. ra moculobis Jangbads miiReben 31,6 g kaliumis permanganatis (KMnO4) daSlisas (n.p)? 2KMnO4 → K2MnO4+MnO2+O2. ra moculobis wyalbadi daiwveba srulad 1 l haerSi (n.p)? xsnars, romelic 18,8 g spilenZis nitrats Seicavda, daamates 30 g rkinis naqlibi. ras udris spilenZis masa, romelic reaqciis Sedegad miiReba? 13 gTavazobT reaqciis tolobas H2O+SO2 → H2SO3 plastilinis burTulebis gamoyenebiT daamzadeT wylisa da gogird(IV)-is oqsidis molekulebis modelebi. SeecadeT, rom orive molekulis modeli gardaqmnaT maTi urTierTqmedebis Sedegad miRebuli nivTierebis, gogirdovani mJavas molekulis modelad. daasabuTeT, rom qimiuri reaqciis dros masa ar icvleba. 27 eqsperimentuli samuSao reaqciis produqtis gamosavlianobis gansazRvra gansazRvreT kalciumis wyalTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad gamoyofili wyalbadis gamosavlianoba (sur. 1.3). 1) aawyveT xelsawyo, romliTac SesaZlebelia airadi nivTierebis miReba da Segroveba. 2) awoneT kalciumis nimuSi. CainiSneT masa. 3) reaqciis tolobis mixedviT iangariSeT, ra moculobis wyalbadi gamoiyofa Teoriulad. es iqneba VH (Teoriuli). 2 2) moaTavseT kalciumis awonili nimuSi sinjaraSi da daasxiT wyali im raodenobiT, rom Ca mTlianad Sevides reaqciaSi (wylis saWiro raodenoba gamoiangariSeT reaqciis tolobis mixedviT da sareaqciod aiReT Warbad). 3) airgamyvani milis bolo moaTavseT wyliT savse sazom cilindrSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, wylian kristalizatorSia Capirqvavebuli. 4) daelodeT reaqciis damTavrebas. airis buStebis gamoyofis Sewyvetis Semdeg ise, rom wylidan ar amoiRoT, sazomi cilindri moaTa vseT vertika lurad da wylis donis niSnulis mixe dviT daadgineT gamoyofili wyalbadis moculoba. es iqneba praqtikulad gamoyofili wyalbadis moculoba VH (praqtikuli). 2 sinjara Ca airgamyvani mili H2 H2O H2O H2O kristalizatori sur. 1.3 wyalbadis miReba da Segroveba 5) iangariSeT wyalbadis gamosavlianoba formuliT: axseniT, ratom ar emTxveva praqtikuli Sedegi Teoriuls. 28 sazomi cilindri SeamowmeT Tqveni codna 1 SeavseT sqema samuSao rveulSi. imsjeleT sqemaze mocemuli TiToeuli cnebis da maT Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb. avogadros mudmiva .... moluri moculoba nivTierebis raodenoba ν moli es strategia dagexmarebaT nivTierebis raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebis ukeT gaazrebasa da TvalsaCino xerxiT mocemuli informaciis sityvierad gadmocemis unaris ganviTarebaSi. 2 mocemulia reaqciis toloba: H2S+O2 → S + H2O gaaTanabreT reaqciis toloba, plastilinis burTulebis gamoyenebiT daamzadeT reagentebisa da reaqciis produqtebis modelebi da maTi saSualebiT axseniT masis mudmivoba qimiuri reaqciis dros. 3 ra raodenobis wyali da Jangbadi miiReba 0,4 moli wyalbadis peroqsidis (H2O2) daSlisas? reaq cia mimdinareobs Semdegi tolo bis mixedviT: 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2. 4 TuTiisa da rkinis narevze, romelic 2,6 gram TuTias Seicavs, imoqmedes Warbi marilmJaviT, gamoiyo 1,008 l wyalbadi (n.p). gansazRvreT aRebuli narevis Sedgeniloba. 5 gTavazobT specifikur kriteriumebs, romlis gamoyenebiT SeZlebT Tqveni swavlis procesis ukeT gaazrebasa da Sefasebas. 1. am davalebiT/davalebebiT viswavle ucnobi nivTierebis gamokvleva da misi formulis dadgena 2. am davalebiT/davalebebiT viswavle nivTierebis raodenobis gaangariSeba 3. am davalebiT/davalebebiT viswavle avagadros kanonis safuZvelze airis moculobis gaangariSeba 4. am davalebiT/davalebebiT viswavle raodenobrivi gaangariSebebi qimiuri reaqciis tolobis mixedviT. 29 # romel gverdzea Tqvens samuSao rveulSi es davaleba 1 30 es aris davaleba romliTac me . . . 2 ratom migaCniaT ase? daasabuTeT 3 4 rogoria Tqveni warmateba? Cabmuli var gakveTilis msvlelobaSi Tamamad gamov Tqvam Cem azrs, Secdomis daSvebis ar meSinia roca raime ar mesmis, vekiTxebi an maswavlebels, an Tanaklaselebs vcdilob movipovo informacia sxva wyaroebidanac (enciklopedia, samecniero saymawvilo literatura, interneti) teqstSi vpoulob saWiro informacias vcdilob Cem mier mopovebuli informacia gamovsaxo mokled da TvalsaCinod _ sqemiT an cxriliT. Cem mier mopovebul informacias xalisiT vacnob Tanaklaselebs. saSinao davalebas vamzadeb damoukideblad vatareb saSinao cdebs da gamomaqvs daskvnebi SemiZlia Sevqmna reagentebisa da reaqciis produqtebis modelebi da maTi saSualebiT avxsna masis mudmivoba qimiuri reaqciis dros. SemiZlia vimsjelo molisa da moluri cnebis Sesaxeb da am cnebebis gamoyenebiT Cavataro gaangariSebebi. SemiZlia Cavataro cda da es cda aRvwero qimiuri reaqciis tolobiT. SemiZlia vimsjelo avogadros kanonisa da airadi nivTierebis molu ri moculobis Sesaxeb. vcdilob, rom aqtiuri viyo jgu furi muSaobis procesSi SemiZlia gaangariSebebi avogadros kanonis gamoyenebiT. SemiZlia raodenobrivi gaangariSebebi reaqciis toloba mixedviT. Seni azriT, sadac kargad gaqvs saqme gaaferade mwvaned, sadac arc ise kargad _ yviTlad. Tu gaqvs: 3 an meti mwvane 3 an meti mwvane ori mwvane Tu gaqvs 3 an meti mwvane yoCaR, Seni qceviT xels uwyob sakuTar warmatebebs. _ marTlac Zalian mogindomebia. _ ar gaklia pasuxismgebloba. _ SesaniSnavia, namdvilad kargad swavlob. qimia Seni sayvareli sagania. samuSao rveulSi Cawere, ra unda gaaumjobeso, rom ukeTesi Sedegi miiRo. 31
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