Zaha Hadid`s

Transcription

Zaha Hadid`s

Zaha Hadid’s
Architecture of Form
AmatAlraof AbdUllah AbdAlwahid
Under the supervision
Associate Prof. Ismail Bin Said &
Dr. Dilshan Remaz Ossen
The Outline
1) Introduction
2) Literature Review
3) Research Methodology
4) The results & findings
5) Conclusion
Surfers Paradise Transit Center Site
Queensland, Australia (2007)
2
Kartal-Pendik Master plan Istanbul, Turkey (2006)
Introduction
3
Deconstructivism
Non-Derridean Architects
1) Rem Koolhas
2) Zaha Hadid
Russian
Constructivism
Suprematism
3) Frank Gehry
USA Post-Structuralism
in nature
4) Coop Himmelblau
German
post-Expressionism
Derridean Architects
5) Peter Eisenman
6) Bernard Tschumi
Derrida
Philosophy of
deconstruction
7) Daniel Libeskind
4
Hadid is considered as the most
imaginative architect among her
colleagues based on
1)
The number of projects she has designed
(950 projects )- 80 completed
2)
The number of prizes she got (93 prizes)
3)
The richness of various concepts she
conducts
Heydar Aliyev Culture Centre
5
Baku, Azerbaijan (2007-12)
A planet in her own
orbit
Iraqi architect
Born in 1950
Study background
1) Mathematics in Beirut
2) Architecture in AA, School of Architecture,
London
Started her own business in 1980
Problem Statements
1) Considerable number of architects, architectural
students*, and fashion or furniture designers around
the world who admire her works usually find
difficulties to understand her designs.
2) The misconception among architects about Hadid’s
projects. Many think that her designs are merely
artistic works, fashion and formal whim.
* Fan Ling,an architecture teacher at Beijing‘s Central Academy of Fine Arts, the most influential international architect in China
(Platt, 2012).
7
Aim of Study
To examine the pushed boundaries by Hadid in design
and study the underlying causes of her projects’
uniqueness, inspirations, the radical concepts and her
strategy of design
8
Research Gap
There are many studies have been done in the architectural works
of famous architects such as
 Le Corbusier
 Meis Van Der Rohe
 Frank Lloyd wright
An Analysis of Form
(1996)
Form follows function
(2006)
Organic Architecture and Frank Lloyd
wright In Turkey
(2006)
Frank Lloyd wright to 1910 (1958)
 & other Precedents in Modernist Architecture
 Zaha Hadid
---------------------------
( ---- )
9
Research Objectives
1) To find out Zaha Hadid’ strategy of design, as well the inspiring
notions;
2) To identify Hadid techniques in designing the architectural form;
3) To investigate whether there are any patterns of form through
Hadid works; and
4) To investigate the architectural design principles of the form
broken by Hadid and the considered ones
10
Research Questions
1) What is Zaha Hadid’ strategy of design?
2) What are the inspiring clues for Hadid to conduct such architecture?
3) What are Hadid techniques in designing form?
4) Are there any patterns through Hadid works?
5) What are the design principles of the architectural form ignored by
Hadid?
6) What are the architectural design principles of form considered by Hadid?
11
Significance of the Study
It lies in the findings that exposes some obscured
issues about Hadid’s architecture and clarify the
nature of Hadid deconstructivist forms.
This will
1) Take out student’s fears if asked to design in her manner
2) Encourage architects to release their potential talent to
be exposed into touchable works
 result in creating a variety in their produced works
 create a diversity in the general view of the city
12
Literature
Review
Abu Dhabi Performing Arts Centre, Abu Dhabi (2008)
13
Wigley, 1993; 1989 ; Hattenstone, 2010; Mertins,
2006; Marjanović, 2010; Salama, 2007; Straeten,
1997; Hadid, 2006; Didero, 2012; Bowlt, 1976;
Eisenman, 1984; Mclead, 1989; Reid, 2009; Patin,
1993; Wong, 2010; Aref, 2011; Saadullah, 2010;
Kosiński, 2010;
Lloyd, 1997; Butelski, 2001;
Gyurkovich; Garnitz, 2004; Guy, 2011; Khan, 2010;
Gomez, 2008; Powell, 2006; Salingaros & Alexander,
2005; Mattingly, 1999; Lewis, 2001
Ching, 1996; Norberg, 1980; Baker, 1989; Schumacher, 2012; Le
Corbusier, 1986; Arnheim, 1974; Gelernter, 1995; Wong , 2009;
Robertson, 1924; Zunde and Bougdah, 2006; Sonmez, 2006;
Kamarudin, 2011;
Pause and Clark, 2005;
Kulic, 2001;
Schumacher, 2009; Zhou, 2011; Kornberger and Clegg, 2004;
Durmus and Gur, 2011; Patin, 1993; Krishan, 1998; Los, 1998;
Salingaros & Masden, 2007; Bittar, 2010; Carlson, 1986;
Douglass, 2008; Evans, 1975; Hewitt, 1985; Judelman, 2004;
Kamel; Mohassel, 2008; Rudolf, 1977; Bittar, 2007; Cowan,
1979
Definition, Resources, Patterns, Principles,
Techniques, Strategy of design
Architectural
Form
Deconstructivis
m
Definition, Properties, Background &
it roots, Classifications, Resources
Principles, Techniques
Literature
Review
Definition, Background & it roots
Principles, Techniques
Suprematism
D’Apuzzo, 2011; Glancey, 2006; Mertins, 2006; Kauw, 1998;
Aiello, 2005; Bowlt, 1976; Dezeen, 2010; Crowther and
Wünsche, 2012; Belogolovsky, 2008; Ruddley, 1970; Railing,
1995; Elliott, 2006; Arnheim, 1954; Cooke, 1995; Didero, 2012;
Woods, 2008
Parametricism
Definition, Background & it roots
Development, laws, Characteristics
Schumacher, 2004; 2008; 2008; 2009; 2009; 2010;
2012; Futagawa, 2010; Leach, 2009; Yuan and Yi,
2012
14
Study
The text of free-form
architecture:
Authors
Joseph F.
Wong,(2009)
Article
Method
Tools
Data
Qualitative study ,
Grounded theory,
content analysis
Interviews
Four pioneer
architects
“Organic
FİLİZ SÖNMEZ
Architecture” and
(2006)
Frank Lloyd Wright in Thesis
Turkey
Qualitative study
Content analysis,
comparative analytical
study
Interviews,
survey
Vernacular, local
and
contemporary
samples
Le Corbusier : an
Analysis of Form
Baker (1996)
Book
Qualitative Study
Analytical study
Sketches
Interview &
text, Drawings
photographs
Sixsteen projects
Zaha Hadid: The
Female Modernist of
the Twenty-first
Century
Leslie Elaine
Reid (2009),
Thesis
Qualitative study, case
study
Content analysis
Interviews,
Site survey
One project:
Center of
Contemporary
Art in New York
The Uncanny and the
Architecture of
Deconstruction
Straeten
(1997)
Article
Qualitative study,
Analytical study
Drawing &
architects
words
Four
contemporary
architects
Study
Auther
Method
Tools
Data
An Indigenous model Samra M.
for 21st Century
Khan
“green architecture” Article
Qualitative Study
Case study
Survey
Interviews
Photographs
& sketches
Allah Buksh
Sethi haveli
building
From Constructivism Gladys
to
Brenner
Deconstructivism
(1985)
Thesis
Qualitative study
Descriptive &
Analytical study
Photographs
& drawing
Four
architectural
styles
Precedents in
Architecture
Clark & Pause Qualitative study
(2005)
Analytical study
Book
Drawings
Plan, section
facade
64 projects
16 famous
architects
Replicant urbanism:
the architecture of
Douglas
Spencer
(2010)
Article
Qualitative Study
Case study
Analytical study
Drawings
Survey
Photographs
Hadid's
Central
Building at
BMW, Leipzig
Architecture Form,
Space, Order
Ching (1996)
Book
Qualitative Study
Analytical study
Drawings
Many
illustrative
projects
Research
Methodology
Stone Towers, Cairo, Egypt (2008)
17
Study Area:
Hadid’s architectural forms; it covers her architectural
works since 1975 – 2012, 208 projects in 44countries
through the world
Data collection:
All accessible projects in Books ,the series books of
Zaha Hadid, Journals, Magazines, her official website
& her interviews in Youtube and other official website.
18
N
o
Objective
Method
1.
Zaha Hadid strategy of
Qualitative study:
design & the inspiring
notions
2.
Hadid Techniques
Data
Study, Author/Year
Hadid views,
Architectural Research Methods, Groat & Wang
analysis with representing design
comments, feedback,
(2002)
knowledge in diagrams
Qualitative study: Content
analysis
thoughts in interviews
Hadid interviews
Architectural Research Methods, Groat & Wang
Content
(2002)
3.
Qualitative study: Analytical study
Projects photos, their
Le Corbusier : an Analysis of Form, Baker
& descriptive study
Descriptions
(1996)
Hadid words &
Architectural Research Methods; Groat & Wang
analysis & Analytical study for her
projects feature
(2002)
projects
through photos
2) Patterns shared
Descriptive analysis to find out
Projects photos
Precedents in Architecture Clark & Pause (2005)
Characteristics
common features
3) Patterns occurrences
Quantitative study: Analytical
Hadid words
Academic Report Writing Norazman (2007)
and percentage
study
Projects photos
4) The formative
Drawings ( plans,
Precedents in Architecture
Relationship Between
based on drawings
sections, elevations)
Clark & Pause (2005)
The Used and ignored
Qualitative study: A descriptive
Projects photographs
Integrated Strategies in Architecture, Zunde &
principles in Designing
study of architectural form
and drawing
Bougdah (2006); Precedents in Architecture,
Architectural Form
principles
Architecture Form, Space, Order, Ching19(1996)
The Architectural Form Patterns of Zaha Hadid
1) Form pattern
Qualitative study:
Content
Plan and Elevation
4.
Content Analysis for Zaha Hadid’s Interviews
Texts & Transcripts
From books, magazines &
websites
Interviews
Videos
From different websites
Highlight all related information
The Themes are:
 Hadid Techniques
 Form notion
 Hadid’s strategy of design
Categorize this information under metaphors
representing different themes
Collect all Hadid’s words and phrases under
one theme (clustering)
 Organizational Techniques
 Underlie reasons of Hadid’s
Partitioning variables
innovation
Noting relationship between variables
e.g. the affection of Hadid’s strategy of design
on the final form
Subsuming details into general &
collect them into fine writing
20
Zaha Hadid’s Form Patterns
Zaha Hadid’s Form
Patterns
Hadid’s Books,
Articles & Video
Project’s Images
Form notion
from Hadid’s words
Form’s Prevailing
Characteristics
Repetitive Features which
are categorized under
Different Form’s
Patterns
Pattern 1
Pattern 2
Pattern 3
Pattern 4
Pattern 5
21
Quantitative Analysing of Hadid Patterns
The categorization is based on Hadid description to form notion and the
prevailing characteristics of project’s form.
Project’s
Location
name
1-Malevich’s
tektonik
Year of
Function
design
London
19671977
hotel
Prevailing
Form
characteristics of
Notion’s
The form
kind
Suprematist:
suprematist
Notes
Her
Malevich’s
Graduation
Tektonik
project
2-
3.
.
208-
22
General Characteristics of the Projects Under one Form
Pattern ; suprematist form
Project
Notion of the form
Function
General
characteristics
Project 1
The Peak
Figure 4.59 shows the Peak consists of
project in Hong Kong.
Its
notion is relatively a mixture of
the suprematist geology, gravity
defying
and
fragmentation
1.Spa, Club
(library, snack
bar, exercise
platform)
(Hadid, 2009).
Figure 4.59 The Peak
Hong Kong (1982-83).
Source@ http://www.zaha-hadid.com
2.Penthouse
1. The four projects consist
of abstract and
fundamental geometric
forms that are
harmonically similar to
each other.
2. They are characterized by
defying gravity and
elevating the ground.
3. They have the impression
of fragmentation.
3.Apartments
4.
They are perceived as
prospective masses of
three points.
Project 2
Project 3
Project 4
23
Sampling Procedures
Purpose
No
Identifying Form’s patterns
Numerous
Patterns occurrence
Percentage of each pattern
The common characteristics of
each pattern
4 projects
for Pattern 1
1
Examining the matching
 Form principles to her works
 The formative relationship between
plan and section or elevation
4
1
Items
Sampling
Interviews, Hadid’s
words in descripting
project’s notion
The Accessible interviews
208
projects
The Accessible projects
20
projects
The project that:
4
1
5
4 projects
for Pattern 5
4
1
• Purely symbolize the pattern
• The most creative and
artistic
• Designed in different stages
of her career journey&
represent different kinds of
function
1
projects
Being restricted by the
availability of information
24
The Results & Findings
Beko Masterplan. Belgrade, Serbia (2012)
25
Objective 1
Final form
Intense
research
Other
supplement
& Interior
design






site
nature
environment
neighborhoods
function of the project
the political and the social history
of the city
Form
notion
Zaha Hadid Strategy
of Design
Embeddedness with
the context
climate
connection& circulation
orientation
imitating natural forms
site topography
landscaping of the
surrounding context











Art
site
nature
architecture
computing programs
Functions
in zones
Circulation
Function&
Natural
Lighting
Applying
Hadid
techniques
26
Objective 2: Zaha Hadid Techniques in Design
27
Zaha Hadid Techniques in Design
Beko Masterplan. Belgrade, Serbia (2012)
Pierres Vives, Montpellier, France (2002-12)
Kusnacht Villa, Zurich, Switzerland (2006)
28
Mobile Art Pavilion For Chanel, Hong Kong, China (2007-08)
Museum for the Royal Collection
Madrid,Spain(1999)
The Habitable Bridge
London, Britain (1996)
29
Sub-Techniques
1) The formative relationship between
plan and elevation or section
2) Reflecting project’s form in the
interior design of space
30
The Formative Relationship Between Plan and Elevation or Section
Regium Waterfront
Reggio, Italy(2007)
Vilnius Museum
Vilnius, Lithuania (2007)
Heydar Aliyev Culture Centre Baku
Azerbaijan (2007-12)
Proportional & Inverse relationship between the configurative curvy lines
Analogous relationship between the configurative peripheral lines
Analogous relationship between some configurative peripheral lines
31
Reflecting Project’s Form in the Interior
Design of Space
Maxxi: National
Museum of XXI
Century Art- site
Rome, Italy (2009)
Maggie's Centre Fife in Kirkcaldy, Scotland (2001-6)
32
Objective 3: Zaha Hadid’s Patterns of Form
(1) Suprematist
pattern
The Peak : Hong Kong (1982-83)
(4) Organic
pattern
Regium Waterfront Reggio, Italy(2007)
(2) Topographic pattern
(3) Fluid pattern
Heydar Aliyev Culture Centre
Baku, Azerbaijan (2007-12)
Cairo Expo City: Cairo, Egypt (2009)
(5) Parametric
pattern
Vilnius Museum, Vilnius, Lithuania (2007)
33
The Characteristics of Form’s Patterns
Suprematist
Topographic
Fluid
Organic
Parametric
Forms of this pattern
characterized by:
characterized by:
characterized by:
1) Using
1) Are inspired from the
1)
1) Inspired from
1) Parametrically
Having watery,
fundamental
natural landscape
amorphous (formless)
nature such as
flexible which
geometric forms.
formation; the surface
surfaces; the fluid of
animals or plants
differentiate
outline of the earth
Arabic calligraphy
2) Utilizing analogous
forms .
2) Fade to join the earth
3) Defying gravity
giving the sense of
4) Abstraction
affiliation
5) Fragmentation
6) Conceiving masses
in prospective of
three points.
2)
3)
3) Have seamless and
fluid surfaces
4)
4) Have the features of
progressively to
Gradually faded to join
surfaces and often
meet all the
the earth.
asymmetrical
requirements
Continuous curved
3) Have fluid,
2) Having fluid,
surfaces
seamless, and
compressed,
Having kinetic interior
curvy surfaces
torsional, and
4) Intimately merged
twisted forms.
within the context
3) Responsive to
designs that could serve as
multipurpose and multifunctional
withdrawing.
2) Have irregular
spaces.
7) Manipulating the
5) Lighting slots
ground of different
smoothly design in
floors.
parallel to project’s
form
5)
Rarely using corner and
orthogonal angle
6)
Windows and entrances
take the same fluid form
of the masses.
and site because
of the familiarity
environment
4) Some have a
of their notions
reticular, perforated
with the site.
skin.
34
Sunrise Tower
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2009)
35
Hadid Patterns of Form
The Mixed Form Patterns
The study covers 208 accessible
projects which constitute 22% of her
designs
The Occurrence of Patterns Through
Years
Objective 4: The Used and Ignored Architectural
Form Principles by Hadid
Ignored Principles
Used Principles
Symmetry
Balance: Asymmetry
Simple Addition and
Subtraction
Unity
Embellishment & Decoration
Scale except the main
space
Stable Ground
Rhythm
38
Conclusions
Changsha Meixihu International Culture and Art Center,
Hunan, China (2013)
39
Conclusions
1) The contribution of this thesis underlies the comprehensive
clarification of Hadid’s architectural form.
2) The uniqueness of Hadid works underlies the concept of
contradiction in both the used techniques and form principles.
3) Her strategy of design indicates that Hadid perceives
architecture as an art.
4) The sequence emergence of Hadid patterns refers to her desire
to catch up with what is new.
40
Sheikh Zayed Bridge, Abu Dhabi (1997)
Suggestions for Further Studies
1) The language of translating project notion through form, space and circulation;
make it acting vividly.
2) To explore the sustainability of Hadid’s Architecture.
3) Hadid sketches and their effective role in determining the final form.
4) Hadids contribution in changing the general conception of
Architectural space.
41
Thank You for Your Attention
aha Hadid
43
44
Scope of the study
MODERNISM
Styles :
international style, neo modernism, deconstructivism, futurism,
expressionism, constructivism,
DECONSTRUCTIVISM
Architects:
Coop Himmelblau, Peter Eisenman, Frank Gehry, Zaha M. Hadid, Rem
Koolhaas, Daniel Libeskind, and Bernard Tschumi.
Zaha M. Hadid
Architectural
elements:
space, form, structure, function, interior design, …etc
Scope is Zaha hadid architectural form :
1) Strategy of design 2) Techniques
3) Patterns
4) principles
Research
Type
Exploratory
research
Descriptive
research
Analytical
research
Purpose
Used when few or no previous
studies exist. Its aim is to look
for patterns, hypotheses or
ideas that can be tested and will
form the basis for further
research.
identify
the characteristics
of Hadid’s form
patterns
How she could
generate such creative
forms; stating the
different ways of
techniques application
Collect, analyse
photos &
summarize data.
analyse variables
Technique Content analysis for interview
Which could be categorized
under basic or pure research.
University of Bradford
46
Some of Zaha Hadid’s Description Words for Project’s Form
Notion
Malevich Tektonic Explosion Seamlessness Flower petal Complex Suprematist geology
Cellular structure Curve Slicing Glacial topography Islamic Calligraphy Defying nature
Diamond Shell Inverted necklace Fragment Bubbles Water movement Geometries
Contradiction Kinetic Canvas Tree trunk Canyon Parametric Ever-changing Oyster
Collision Mushroom columns Fabrication Abstraction Flow Cutting Art box Splintered
Interwoven (p. 109) Overlapping lines Scattering Multi-purpose Topography Contours
Landscape Biological analogy (branches, stems, fruits, and leaves) Coral Piercing Petra
Mountain Sand Dunes Dynamic Pushing boundaries Landscape carpet Lava flow Ice
formation, glacial Jewel Organic Mountain ranges Deconstruction Spiralling shapes in
nature Archaeology Plastic Movement Shattering Segments Iteration of L-shape
Elasticity Folding Ribbons Starfish Spine Smooth Fold Exasperation Bundles Undulating
Twisting Wrapping River’s curvature Aggregation Organic System grid Intense
Accumulation Swarm Rock Nude structure Digital design technology Weightlessness,
freedom Sloped Wrap Float, suspend Boulder Malleable Crystal Fluid Layering Freeform Flexibility Suprematist Capsizing Dynamic Broken ice & Flame of fire Tatlin tower
Wave Distortion Dynamic Distorted grid Inscription Sculpture Painting Interlock Bend
Trapezoid, wedge, spiral Arc Spiral Shooting Erosion Triangulated roof Pixilation
47
Suprematist / Deconstructivist
Form
Fluid Form
Topographic Form
Organic Form
Parametric
Form
Malevich
Tektonic
Geometries
Bundles
Piercing
Tatlin tower
System grid
Twisting
Shooting
Cutting
Weightlessness,
freedom
Float, suspend
Explosion
Suprematist
geology
Slicing
Defying nature
Inverted
necklace
Painting
Interlock
Exasperation
Collision
Nude structure
Abstraction
Distortion
Layering
Free-form
Curve
Islamic Calligraphy
Fluid
Flexibility
Dynamic
Flow
Wave
Bend
Ever-changing
Seamlessness
Bubbles
Water movement
Complex
Arc
Ice formation
Glacial movement
Kinetic
Fold
Undulating
Multi-purpose
River’s curvature
fading
Inscription
Topography
Contours
Landscape
Sloped
Wrap
Petra Mountain
Sand Dunes
Landscape carpet
Glacial topography
Lava flow
Canyon
Mountain ranges
Archaeology
Organic
Flower petal
Diamond
Shell
Starfish
Rock
Biological analogy
(branches, stems,
fruits, and leaves)
Organic
Spiraling shapes in
nature
Boulder
Tree trunk
Oyster
Coral
Jewel
Mushroom
columns
Crystal
Cellular structure
Plastic
Malleable
Sculpture
Digital design
Technology
Fabrication
Elasticity
Spine
Dynamic
Parametric
Smooth
Pixilation
Distorted grid
Art box
Folding
Intense
Accumulation
Swarm
Triangulated roof
Ribbons
Splintered
Interwoven
Overlapping lines
Shattering
Segments
Iteration of Lshape
Trapezoid, wedge,
spiral
Wrapping
Broken ice &
Flame of fire
Spiral
Scattering
Capsizing
Dynamic
Pushing
boundaries
Fragment
Contradiction
Canvas
Aggregation
48
Methodology of the Research
No
Objective
Study, Author/Year
Data
Method
1.
1) Hadid Techniques as headlines
Architectural Research Methods, Groat &
Hadid views,
Qualitative study: Content analysis
2) Form notion
Wang (2002)
comments, feedback,
3) Underlie reasons of Hadid’s
innovation
2.
conducted by others
Zaha Hadid strategy of design
Qualitative study:
Content analysis with
representing design knowledge in diagrams
3.
Hadid Techniques
Le Corbusier : an Analysis of Form,
Hadid words in
Qualitative study: Analytical study &
Baker (1996)
interviews & descripting
descriptive study
Projects as well photos
4.
Form pattern
Architectural Research Methods; Groat &
Hadid words
Wang (2002); Precedents in Architecture
1) Patterns shared Characteristics
Qualitative study:
Content analysis &
Analytical study for her projects
Projects photos
2) Patterns occurrences and
Academic Report Writing Norazman
Hadid words
Quantitative study: Analytical study
percentage
(2007)
Projects photos
3) The Used and ignored principles in
Integrated Strategies in Architecture,
Qualitative study: A descriptive study of
Designing Architectural Form
Zunde & Bougdah (2006); Precedents in
and drawing
architectural form principles
Architecture, Clark & Pause (2005)
Architecture Form, Space, Order, Ching
(1996)
4) The formative Relationship
Drawings ( plans,
Qualitative study: Analytical study based
Between Plan and Elevation
on drawings
49
No
Objective
Study, Author/Year
Data
Method
1.
Zaha Hadid strategy of
Hadid views,
design & the inspiring notions
Wang (2002)
comments, feedback,
with representing design knowledge in
diagrams
Hadid interviews
Le Corbusier : an Analysis of Form, Baker
Descripting Projects,
Qualitative study: Analytical study &
(1996)
photos
descriptive study
Architectural Research Methods; Groat &
Hadid words &
Qualitative study: Content analysis &
Wang (2002)
projects feature
Analytical study for her projects
2) Patterns shared
Precedents in Architecture Clark & Pause
Projects photos
Descriptive analysis to find out
Characteristics
(2005)
3) Patterns occurrences and
Academic Report Writing Norazman
Hadid words
percentage
(2007)
Projects photos
4) The formative Relationship
Drawings ( plans,
Between Plan and Elevation
based on drawings
The Used and ignored
Integrated Strategies in Architecture,
Qualitative study: A descriptive study
principles in Designing
Zunde & Bougdah (2006); Precedents in
and drawing
of architectural form principles
Architectural Form
Architecture, Clark & Pause (2005)
2.
Hadid Techniques
Wang (2002)
3.
The Architectural Form Patterns of Zaha Hadid
1) Form pattern
4.
Architecture Form, Space, Order, Ching
common features
Quantitative study: Analytical study
(1996)
50

Zaha Hadid`s

Transcription

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