Vietnam Country Profile - Clean Air for Smaller Cities in the ASEAN

Transcription

Clean Air Management Profile:
Vietnam
2010 Edition
Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia)
www.cleanairinitiative.org
©2010 Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities Center, Inc. All rights reserved.
Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia), 2010. “Clean Air Management Profile (CAMP) Vietnam: 2010
Edition”. CAI-Asia Center. Pasig City, Philippines.
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part in any form for educational or non-profit purposes
without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgment of the source is made. The
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Disclaimer
The views expressed in this publication are those of CAI-Asia Center staff, consultants and management, and
do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Trustees of the CAI-Asia Center. The CAI-Asia Center does
not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and does not accept responsibility for
consequence of their use.
Acknowledgments
The Clean Air Management Profiles (CAMPs) for 5 Asian countries (India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and
Vietnam) were prepared the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Center together with CAI-Asia
partners and country networks. The authors, Ms. Kaye Patdu, Mr. Eryn Gayle de Leon, Ms. May Ajero and
Atty. Glynda Bathan of the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Center and Ms. Phan Quynh Nhu of
the Vietnam Clean Air Partnership, thank those who provided information, technical research support and
advice for CAMP Vietnam:
Dr. Bui Cach Tuyen, Director General, Vietnam Environment Administration (VEA)
M.Sc. Nguyen Hoang Duc, Head, Pollution Control Division for Air, Recycling materials and Toxic Releases, Pollution Control
Department, VEA
Ms. Tran Thi Hien Hanh, Officer, Pollution Control Division for Air, Recycling materials and Toxic Releases, Pollution Control
Department, VEA
Ms. Hong Ha, Officer, Noise and Air Pollution Control Division, Pollution Control Department, VEA
Dr. Hoang Duong Tung, Director, Center for Environmental Monitoring (CEM), VEA
Ms. Thanh Tram, Officer, International Cooperation Department, VEA
Ms. Pham Thi Nga, Officer, International Cooperation Department, VEA
Dr Nguyen Trung Thang, Head, Environment and Sustainable Development Department, Institute of Strategy and Policy for Natural
Resources and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE)
Mr. Ngo Thai Nam, Deputy Director, Hanoi Environmental Protection Agency, Hanoi Department of Natural Resources and
Environment (DoNRE)
Mr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai, Head, Pollution Control Division, Hanoi Environmental Protection Agency, Hanoi DoNRE
Dr. Luu Duc Cuong, Director, Center for Research and Planning on Urban and Rural Environment, Ministry of Construction (MoC)
Mr. Le Van Dat, Head, Traffic Safety Research Department, Transport Development and Strategy Institute (TDSI), Ministry of Transport
(MoT)
Mr. Le Do Muoi, Chief of Urban Transport Department, TDSI, MoT
M.Sc. Trinh Thi Bich Thuy, Researcher, Department of Environment, TDSI, MoT
Mr, Do Huu Duc, Deputy General Director, Vietnam Register, MoT
Mr. Nguyen Hoai Anh, Assistant to General Director, Vietnam Register, MoT
Dr. Nguyen Duy Bao, Director, National Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health (NIOEH), Ministry of Health (MoH)
Prof. Dr. Pham Ngoc Dang, Chairman, Vietnam Clean Air Partnership
Contact
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CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... i
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1. General Information ........................................................................................................................ 2
2. State of the Air ................................................................................................................................. 5
2.1. Air Quality monitoring, forecasting, and reporting systems.................................................... 5
2.2. Trends of Air Pollution................................................................................................................ 6
3. Impacts of Air Pollution and Climate Change ................................................................................ 9
4. Policies and Measures on Air Pollution and Climate Change..................................................... 11
4.1. General Environment Management ......................................................................................... 11
4.2. Air Quality Management and Climate Change Mitigation ...................................................... 11
5. Stakeholders .................................................................................................................................. 23
6. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 25
References.............................................................................................................................................. 26
ANNEXES .................................................................................................................................................... 30
About CAI-Asia
The Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) promotes better air quality and livable cities by
translating knowledge to policies and actions that reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
from transport, energy and other sectors. CAI-Asia was established in 2001 by the Asian Development
Bank, the World Bank and USAID, and is part of a global initiative that includes CAI-LAC (Latin American
Cities) and CAI-SSA (Sub-Saharan Africa).
Since 2007, this multi-stakeholder initiative is a registered UN Type II Partnership with more than 200
organizational members and eight Country Networks (China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan,
Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam). The CAI-Asia Center is its secretariat, a non-profit organization
headquartered in Manila, Philippines with offices in China and India. Individuals can join CAI-Asia by
registering at the Clean Air Portal: www.cleanairinitiative.org. Its flagship event, the Better Air Quality
conference, brings together over 500 air quality stakeholders.
CAMP Vietnam – 2010 Edition
List of Abbreviations
ADB
AIT
ALRI
APPH
AQ
AQG
AQI
AQM
ASEAN
CAI-Asia
CEM
CEETIA
CH4
CO
CO2
CSR
DANIDA
DoNRE
DoSTE
EG
EIA
EMD
EST
GDP
GSO
GTZ
HC
HEI
HEPA
HCMC
IER
INEST
JICA
kWh
LEP
MARD
MOC
MOFI
MOH
MOI
MOIT
MoNRE
Asian Development Bank
Asian Institute of Technology
acute lower respiratory infections
air pollution, poverty and health effects
air quality
air quality guideline
air quality index
air quality management
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities
Center for Environmental Monitoring
Center for Environmental Engineering of Town and Industrial Areas
methane
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Country Synthesis Report
Danish International Development Assistance
Department of Natural Resources and Environment
Department of Science Technology and Environment
Environment Group
environmental impact assessment
Environmental Management Division
Environmentally Sustainable Transport
gross domestic product
General Statistics Office
German Technical Cooperation
hydrocarbons
Health Effects Institute
HCMC Environmental Protection Agency
Ho Chi Minh City
Institute for Environment and Resources
Institute of Environmental Science and Technology
Japan International Cooperation Agency
kilowatt-hours
Law on Environmental Protection
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Ministry of Construction
Ministry of Fisheries
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Industry
Ministry of Industry and Trade
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
i
MoT
MoST
NGOs
NH3
NIOEH
NMHC
NO2
NORAD
NOx
NPEEC
NSEP
NTP-RCC
O3
OBC
ONRE
Ppm
PRC
SIDA
SO2
SOE
SMEs
SPM
SVCAP
TDSI
TCVN
TSP
UNDP
UNSD
UTMDP
VACNE
VCAP
VEA
VIR
VEPA
VOC
VND
WHO
Ministry of Transport
Ministry of Science and Technology
non-government organizations
ammonia
National Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health
non-methane hydrocarbons
Nitrogen dioxide
Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation
Nitrogen oxides
National Program on Energy Efficiency and Conservation
National Strategy on Environmental Protection
National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change
ozone
optimum bitumen content
Office of Natural Resources and Environment
parts per million
People’s Republic of China
Swedish International Development Cooperation
Sulfur dioxide
state of environment
small and medium enterprises
suspended particulate matter
Swiss-Vietnamese Clean Air Program
Transport Development and Strategy Institute
Tieu Chuan Vietnam
total suspended particulates
United National Development Programme
United National Statistics Division
Urban Transport Development Plan
Vietnam Association for Conservation of Nature and Environment
Vietnam Clean Air Partnership
Vietnam Environment Administration
Vietnam Investment Review
Vietnam Environment Protection Agency
volatile organic compounds
Vietnamese Dong
World Health Organization
ii
Introduction
Air pollution levels in the megacities of Asia show a stabilizing trend but still exceed World Health
Organization guidelines. Studies also show poor air quality, not only in the megacities of Asia, but also in
smaller cities. While megacities often receive support for improving air quality; similar assistance seldom
reaches smaller cities.
CAMP Vietnam – 2010 Edition provides background information and findings on the:
State of the Air (Chapter 2): What is the air quality in cities? Which of the cities in the country are
experiencing air pollution challenges or will soon enter into this situation?
Legal framework for Air Quality Management (Chapter 3): What is the air quality management system in
place in cities? What is the legal framework for air quality management in the country and in cities? What
power and resources are available to cities to develop and implement clean air action plans?
Stakeholders (Chapter 4): Do stakeholders take an active part in air quality management for cities? How do
cities engage stakeholders in air quality management?
1
1. General Information
Understanding the air pollution problem of a country requires an examination of the geography, climate,
drivers (urbanization, industry and economy, energy, and transport), sources, status, and impacts of air
pollution. This Chapter provides an overview of the air pollution challenge in Vietnam.
Vietnam is located in the southeastern portion of the Indochinese peninsula and is bordered by the People’s
Republic of China (PRC) in the North, and Laos and Cambodia in the West. It occupies a total land area of
331,690 km2, about the same as Malaysia, and stretches 1,600 km north to south, but is only about 40 km
wide at its narrowest point near central Vietnam.1 Three quarters of its land area is covered with mountains
and tropical forests, with flatlands making up most of the heavily populated areas of the country.2 Vietnam’s
capital city, Hanoi, is situated in the north delta along the banks of the Red River while Ho Chi Minh City
(HCMC), the largest commercial city, is located in the south. Da Nang—a port city and the third largest city in
the country—is located in the central part of Vietnam.
Vietnam experiences an average temperature of over 25°C and below 20°C, in hot and cold seasons,
respectively. Generally, it has a tropical monsoon climate; however, the monsoon circulation schemes differ
between north and south and differ according to time of the year. Because of the interaction of radiation,
circulation and topography in the country, Vietnam can be divided into two major climate zones: (1) Northern
Zone (Hai Van Mountain Pass and northwards), characterized by tropical monsoon climate, leading to four
distinctive seasons (Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter) and the (2) Southern zone (Hai Van Mountain Pass
and southwards), which is characterized by moderate tropical climate and having only two distinctive seasons
(dry and rainy seasons).3
As of 2008, Vietnam has about 86.2 million people,4 wherein 28.1 % (24.2 million) live in urban areas. In the
past decade, Vietnam’s population increased by 9.47 million at an annual population growth rate of 1.2%.5
The General Statistics Office (GSO) forecasts that by 2024, Vietnam’s population will reach 100.5 million
(Annex A, B, and C). National population density rose from 160 people/km2 in 1979 to 195 in 1989, 232 in
1999, and 259 in 2009.6 Population density of inner Hanoi7 is 3,490 people/km2, while for HCMC is
2,909 people/km2. Urban population is still increasing dramatically every year. In April 2009, Prime Minister
Nguyen Tan Dung approved a master plan for developing the country’s urban area system by 2025. Based on
this master plan, it is estimated that by 2025, there will be 1,000 urban areas composed of 17 Grade I, 20
1
Online Information Agency of Socialist Republic of Vietnam, [undated]. About Vietnam: Overview on Vietnam geography.
http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page? _pageid=439,1090503& _dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL.; United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD),
2009. UNSD Demographic Statistics. http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=POP&f=tableCode%3a19; National Geographic, [undated]. Vietnam Facts.
http://www.national geographic.co.in/travel/countries/vietnam-facts/
2
Asian Development Bank (ADB) and CAI-Asia, 2006. Vietnam Country Synthesis Report (CSR) on Urban Air Quality Management (AQM).
Discussion Draft.
3
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE), 2007. National State of Environment (SOE) 2007: Vietnam Urban Air Environment.
4
General Statistics Office (GSO), [undated]. Statistical Data: Population and Employment.
http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=467&idmid=3&ItemID=8653
5
GSO, 2009. Conference of Releasing the 2009 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results. GSO Express News.
http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=462&idmid=2 &ItemID=9198
6
The recent census of the new expanded Hanoi in September 2009 revealed that the lowest population density in the capital was still double
the national average. Dong Da district has the highest density at 36,550 people/km2. Source: VNS, 2009. Population density remains problem.
Vietnam News. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num=01TAL111109
7
VNS, 2009. Gov’t unveils development plan. Vietnam News. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num=06ECO140409
2
Grade II, 81 Grade III and 122 Grade IV areas.8 With the government poised for massive urbanization for the
country, air quality would be most important particularly in the densest and most populated urban areas of
Vietnam.
In 2009, Vietnam’s GDP increased by 5.32%, of which the agriculture, forestry and fishery sector rose by
1.83%; industry and construction by 5.52%; and the services by 6.63%.9 Major industrial activities in Vietnam
include mining and quarrying, manufacturing and electricity. For 2010, the industrial sector is expected to
continue to contribute significantly to Vietnam’s GDP growth. Ministry of Industry and Trade (MoIT)
estimated that industrial production of private enterprises this year would increase to 14.5%, foreigninvested firms would grow by 14.2 per cent and state-owned enterprises are projected to grow by 4.9 per
cent this year.10
For energy, hydropower and gas provide 45% and 35% of generated electricity, respectively, while coal and
oil accounts for about 18% and 1% of the generation mix, respectively11. In recent years, coupled with
Vietnam’s economic growth, the country also saw rapid growth in electricity generation. From
8.8 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) in 1990, generation grew at 14% per year during the period of 2001-2007
(i.e., 26.7 billion kWh in 2000 and 66.8 billion kWh in 2007)12. However, in spite of this growth rate, the
country still experiences power shortages because of growing electricity demand. In HCMC alone, electricity
consumption was 1,810.76 kMh/person/year in 2007, 2.6 times greater than the national average.13 With
government plans to increase the electricity generating capacity to 81GW by 2020, clean air objectives should
not be overlooked in development plans.
For vehicles and motorization, in 2009, Vietnam Register estimated that there are about 27.2 million
motorbikes and 1.09 million automobiles in Vietnam’s roads.14 Motorcycles remain as the dominant mode of
transportation particularly in cities with growing population and burgeoning economies. In 2006, motorcycles
served 65% of travel needs in Hanoi and 80% in HCMC, respectively, while cars made up just 4% (Hanoi) and
6% (HCMC).15 Forecasts by the Industry Policies and Strategies Research Institute under Ministry of Industry
report that there will be 31 million and 35 million motorbikes in circulation by 2015 and 2020, respectively.
Major air pollution sources differ for each province and municipality (Table 1). In general, major sources of
urban air in Vietnam include transport, industry and construction.16 Road transport is a major source of
particulates, Carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (Table 2). On the other hand,
transport and industry contribute with approximately equal amounts with regard to Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
8
9
GSO, 2009. 2009 Social-Economic Statistical Data. http://www.gso. gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=622&ItemID=9466
VietNamNet/VietNam News, 2010. Industry to lead growth. VietNam Business News. http://vietnambusiness.asia/industry-to-lead-growth/
10
Business Monitor International, 2009. Vietnam Power Report Q2 2009: Including 5-year industry forecasts.
11
Nguyen Xuan Thanh and Dapice, David, [undated]. Vietnam’s Infrastructure Constraints. Series on Vietnam’s WTO Accession and
International Competitiveness Research. Policy Dialogue Paper Number 3.
http://www.innovations.harvard.edu/cache/documents/6533/653317.pdf
12
Le Huy Ba and Ly Ngoc Minh 2009. Overview on Energy Consumption in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam.
13
Do Huu Duc, 2009. Transportation vehicles and emission control. Presented in the Vietnam National Consultation Workshop on Clean Fuels
and Vehicles in Hai Phong, Vietnam, 17 November 2009.
14
Vietnam Investment Review (VIR), 2007. One way traffic for bike manufacturers. VietnamNet Bridge.
http://english.vietnamnet.vn/biz/2007/04/689593/
15
MoNRE, 2007. National SOE 2007: Vietnam Urban Air Environment.
16
6
3
emissions, whereas industry is the major source when it comes to Sulfur dioxide (SO2). In some areas, such as
Thai Nguyen and Quang Ninh provinces, dust from mining activities has contributed to ambient air pollution
in urban areas.
Table 1. Major sources of air pollution in selected provinces and municipalities in Vietnam
Province/City
Hanoi
Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC)
Potential Sources of Air Pollution
Transport, construction, textile industry, glass factories
Transport, construction, thermo-electric power, iron & steel processing
Da Nang City
Iron and steel processing, transport
Hai Phong City
Cement factories, glass factories, transport
Can Tho City
Transport, construction
Da Lat
Transport
Vinh City
Cement factories, paper mills
Bien Hoa
Thai Nguyen Province
Quang Ninh Province
Transport
Mining activities, steel production, thermo-electric power
Mining activities
Ha Nam Province (Kien Khe Village)
Quarrying, cement production plants
Bac Ninh province’s Duong O village
Paper mills
Table 1. Estimated emissions from major sources in Vietnam 2005
Sector
CO
NO2
SO2
17
VOCs
Thermal power plants
4,562
57,263
123,665
1,389
Industry, service and domestic activities
54,004
151,031
272,497
854
Transport
301,779
92,728
18,928
47,462
Total
360,345
301,022
415,090
49,705
Unit: tons/year; CO = Carbon monoxide; NO2 = Nitrogen dioxide; SO2 = Sulfur dioxide; VOCs = volatile organic
compounds
17
VEPA (2006) as cited in MoNRE, 2007. National SOE 2007: Vietnam Urban Air Environment.
4
2. State of the Air
Air quality data and trends highlight an emerging phenomenon of conflicting trends for different categories
of cities reflecting the complex forces behind the impact of growth on environmental action and outcome.
2.1. Air Quality monitoring, forecasting, and reporting systems
Air Quality Monitoring
There are three types of air quality monitoring in Vietnam. These include—
National air quality monitoring network,
Province/City air quality monitoring network,
Adhoc air quality monitoring for research and projects
The overall structure of the national air quality monitoring and data management system is illustrated in
(Annex D). On a national level, the Vietnam Environment Administration (VEA) (under Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment [MoNRE]), is responsible for designing and organizing the national air quality
monitoring programs. The Center for Environmental Monitoring (CEM), a subsidiary body under VEA,
organizes and implements the national air quality monitoring programs, manages monitoring data and is the
focal point in national air quality monitoring network. CEM (previously the Center for Environmental
Monitoring, Data and Information [CEMDI]18) was also the main unit responsible for preparing the State of
Environment (SOE) Report 2007 (which focused on Vietnam’s urban air environment). Vietnam is undergoing
continuous efforts to improve and expand its air quality monitoring network nationwide. In 29 January 2007,
the Prime Minister issued “A master plan on natural resources and environment monitoring network up to
2020” (Decision No. 16/2007/QD-TTg). This aims to establish 58 automatic air quality monitoring stations
nationwide by 2020. At present, there are more than 20 automatic air quality monitoring stations
nationwide. These belong to MoNRE and some DoNREs. Parameters monitored usually included PM10, CO,
SO2, NO2, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3) and Nitrous oxide (NO). In some cities (i.e., HCMC), benzenetoluence-xylene (BTX) and PM2.519 are also monitored.
Under the national environmental monitoring network, there are currently 21 regional stations responsible
for monitoring water, air and soil quality, acid rain, radiation and occupational environment with over 250
monitoring sites spread over 45 provinces and cities.20 This includes five fixed, two mobile automatic and
three manual monitoring stations. Manual stations cover 80 air monitoring sites distributed from north to
south and are monitored four to 12 times a year (Annex E). The parameters measured include CO, SO2, NOx,
O3, dust and meteorological parameters (i.e., wind direction, wind speed, atmospheric precipitation,
temperature, and humidity).
18
18
Campbell, T., 1998. City Development Options for Hai Phong Charting a Path to the Year 2020. Draft Full Report. Urban Partnership, TWU.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpuprojects/drivers_urb_change/urb_economy/pdf_urban_dev_finance/Urban_Partnership_TWU_Campbell_City_Dvlpt
.pdf
20
18
19
5
There is also a national hydro-meteorological service network comprised of six automatic monitoring stations
in Phu Lien (in Hai Phong), Lang, Pleiku, Da Nang, Nha Be and Cuc Phuong monitoring the following
parameters: CO, SO2, NOx, ammonia (NH3), O3, hydrocarbons (HC) [methane {CH4}, non-methane
hydrocarbons {NMHC}], dust (total suspended particulates [TSP], PM1021, optimum bitumen content [OBC])
and meteorological parameters (i.e., wind direction, wind speed, atmospheric precipitation, temperature,
humidity, air pressure, solar radiation, Ultraviolet radiation, pH, rain water, conductivity).
On the local level, it is the respective Departments of Natural Resources and Environment (DoNREs) in each
provincial/city level which are mandated to monitor air quality and inspect compliance to ambient air quality
standards. The Centers of Monitoring for Natural Resources and Environment under the DoNREs conduct air
quality monitoring at the province/city. Details on air quality monitoring for some smaller cities in Vietnam
are presented in Annex F.
Air Quality Reporting
The VEA is mandated to direct the uniform collection and management of environment monitoring data and
reports.22 There is no nationally legislated air quality index system in Vietnam.23 Except for HCMC, air quality
monitoring results are not reported to the public on real-time. HCMC uses an Air Quality Index (AQI) based
on US Federal Register guidelines.24 The AQI values are automatically calculated on a daily basis using PM10,
SO2, NO2, O3 and CO data.25 The AQI values are divided into two components-AQI for residential areas and
AQI for roadside areas. Air quality indices, as well as monitoring data, are available to the residents and the
general public via the HEPA website (www.hepa.gov.vn). Ambient air quality monitoring results are
presented and evaluated in State of Environment Reports and reports by DONREs.
2.2. Trends of Air Pollution
Results of air quality monitoring activities indicate that particulate matter in the form of TSP and PM10
remains a major concern in Vietnam especially along transportation routes. In the 2007 Vietnam SOE Report,
particulate matter was highlighted as a major contributor to air pollution, particularly in urban areas. The
average of annual PM10 levels in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Hai Phong and Da Nang exceed the annual World
Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline (AQG) for PM10 (Figure 1). In recent years, annual average
PM10 levels in Hanoi and HCMC exceeded the national technical regulations as well. Highest concentrations of
particulate matter were found in big cities on congested roadways and at construction sites.26 TSP levels in
many smaller cities exceed hourly air quality standards (Annex G).
21
Phan Le Tung, 2010. Industrial smoke clouds lungs in northern homes. http://thanhniennews.com/features/?catid=10&newsid=54737
Vietnam Clean Air Partnership, 2008. Clean Air in Vietnam: Summary of Progress on Improving Air Quality. Country Network Vietnam.
http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/articles-70822_Vietnam.pdf
23
Nguyen, D.T., 2009. A status of urban air quality management and the need to develop an air quality improvement program in HCMC.
Presented at workshop on improvement of urban air quality management in HCMC city on 14 April 2009.
24
Can Tho City People’s Committee, 2009.
22
25
26
18
24
6
On the other hand, CO, SO2 and NO2 levels in urban areas are generally within permitted levels. Figure 2
illustrates the annual average NO2 levels in various cities in Vietnam from 2003 to 2006. Only ambient NO2
levels along traffic routes in HCMC in 2004 and 2005 exceed the national technical regulation (annual) and
WHO annual AQG.
Figure 1. Annual Average PM10 levels
3
(2003-2006) (µg/m )
Figure 2. Annual Average NO2 levels
3
(2003-2006) (µg/m )
60
60
45
45
30
30
15
15
0
0
2003
2004
2005
2006
Residential areas in Ho Chi Minh city
Traffic routes in Ho Chi Minh city
Hanoi
Hai Phong
Da Nang
Source: Data from
Center for Environmental Monitoring
QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT (Annual)
WHO AQG (Annual)
2003
2004
2005
2006
Residential areas in Ho Chi Minh city
Traffic routes in Ho Chi Minh city
Hanoi
Hai Phong
Da Nang
QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT (Annual)
Source: DataWHO
from Center
for Environmental Monitoring
AQG (Annual)
In 2008, annual average NO2 levels in HCMC roadside stations ranged from 14.21-25.34 µg/m3, well within
the national technical regulation and WHO AQG.27 The annual average SO2 and CO concentrations in urban
areas generally meet QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT requirements, except in certain areas (i.e., roadside and
industrial zones). In 2008, one-hour average CO levels in roadside monitoring stations in HCMC were well
within the national technical regulation (1-Hr).
Certain smaller cities, in conjunction with ongoing economic developments, have observed relatively high SO2
and CO concentrations along major road intersections and in areas adjacent to industrial zones. In Can Tho
City, for instance, 1-hour average SO2 concentrations monitored along areas of high traffic density have been
observed to be in an increasing tendency from 2000 to 2007.28 Air quality monitoring in Bac Ninh city also
reported 1-hour average CO and SO2 concentrations in road intersections in 2006 exceeding the 1-hour QCVN
05:2009/BTNMT (Figure 1 and Figure 2).
27
18
Thanh Thu, 2010. Brand New Second Hand. Vietnam Investment Review (VIR)
http://www.vir.com.vn/Client/TimeOut/index.asp?url=content.asp&cate=54
28
7
Figure 1. One-hr ave CO concentrations in road
3
intersections in Bac Ninh City in 2006-2008 (µg/m )
Figure 2. One-hr ave SO2 concentrations in road
3
intersections in Bac Ninh City in 2006-2008 (µg/m )
K1: Intersection between highway 18 and Tran Hung Dao road
K2: Intersection of Cong O Ninh Xa.
Source: Bac Ninh City People’s Committee, 2009.
Ambient SO2 levels in areas adjacent to some industrial zones (i.e., Thanh Mieu ward in Viet Tri city and areas
surrounding industry zones in Bien Hoa city) are higher than in other areas of the cities.29 Ambient air quality
in Bac Ninh city, for instance, has been influenced by the air emissions from the Que Vo industrial zone,
which is located to the east of the city.30 The Institute of Construction Scientific Technology under the MoC
conducted emissions inspection in a glass factory in the Que Vo industrial zone in 2005 and 2007. Monitoring
of chimney emissions showed that the SO2 and NOx emissions were above the industrial emissions standards
for inorganic substances and dusts (TCVN 5939-2005) (Annex H).
Ambient Pb concentrations in a number of cities nationwide have been reduced considerably due to the
implementation of Directive No 24/2000/CT-TTg issued on 23 November 2000 on the use of unleaded
gasoline (which entered into force on 1 July 2001).31 In recent years, however, air quality monitoring in some
cities have reported relatively increasing roadside Pb levels. In HCMC, for instance, the HCMC Environment
Protection Agency (HEPA) reported that from 2005 to 2007, although the levels are still within the permitted
level, the 24-hr average Pb concentration along traffic routes has been increasing significantly.32 In addition,
in Can Tho City, along areas of high traffic density, Pb concentrations exceeded the standard during peak
hours.33
29
30
26
Along with the organization of VEA in 2008, the CEMDI was divided into CEM and Center for Environmental Information and Data (CEID).
31
PM2.5 is used to describe particles less than 2.5 micrometers in an aerodynamic diameter. The concentration is measured in µg/m3.
32
33
Center for Environmental Monitoring, Data and Information, 2008.
PM10 is used to describe particles of 10 micrometers or less in aerodynamic diameter. The concentration is measured in µg/m3.
8
3. Impacts of Air Pollution and Climate Change
Impacts of air pollution and climate change on health, economy, and environment can result in major
damages in both the national and local levels. Cities are most affected by the impacts of air pollution.
While studies on the impacts of air quality on public health in urban areas specifically smaller areas are quite
scarce, concern regarding impacts of air pollution on health, environment, economy and tourism in Vietnam
has been growing over the years. The 2005 Year Book of the Ministry of Health (MOH) reported that
respiratory diseases (i.e., pneumonia, angina and acute tonsillitis, bronchitis and acute bronchitis) are among
the most common diseases in Vietnam (Annex J). In 2007, WHO also reported that an average of 16,000
deaths per year in the country is caused by air pollution, with thousands of people now confirmed to be
suffering from pulmonary diseases.34
Proximity to air pollution sources also influences the intensity of its impact, in relation to individual risks
health effects of air pollution. Based on data from the Project on Improving Air Quality in Asian Developing
Countries (2004), reported that the percentage of people affected by respiratory diseases is much higher
among people living around industry zones than by people living in rural areas.35 Results from the study
showed that the percentage of chronic bronchitis in urban and industrial areas was found to be 2.29 times
higher than in rural areas.36 Aside from proximity to industrial zones, MoNRE also reported that, generally,
percentage of people affected by air pollution related diseases in large cities such as Hanoi, Hai Phong,
Da Nang, HCMC, others, is higher than in provinces without large cities (Annex K).
There are also studies which provide an indication on the intensity of risk exposure to air pollutants
depending on the mode of transportation used. In 2006, the East-West Center, in collaboration with the
Center for Environment Engineering of Towns and Industrial Areas (CEETIA), determined estimates of
personal exposures to PM10 and CO while travelling either through the bus, motorbike, cars or walking on
four major roads in Hanoi. Results show that among transport modes monitored, bus passengers were
exposed to lowest PM10 and CO levels while motorbike riders were exposed to the highest concentrations of
PM10 and CO (Annex L).37
A pilot study by CAI-Asia with support from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Health Effects Institute
(HEI) on understanding the linkages between urban air pollution and poverty in the Asian context found that
in 2007, more than 90% of children below five years old were found suffering from respiratory illness based
on a survey of 1,000 households in HCMC.38 The study also reported that, from 2003 to 2005, more than
28,000 children under five years of age were admitted to HCMC’s children’s hospitals for acute lower
respiratory infections (ALRI). Results showed that PM10, O3, NO2 and SO2 were associated with increased
hospital admissions for ALRI in young children, with O3 effects consistently higher than PM10 effects.39
34
Bac Ninh City People’s Committee, 2009.
18
36
18
37
35
38
CAI-Asia, 2009. Vietnam National Ambient Air Quality Standards Publication. Final Draft.
39
4
35
9
Studies have shown cities and provinces had substantial economic losses due to air pollution. Data from the
Labor Health Institute reported that Hanoi losses around VND 1 billion (equivalent to about US$ 54,100) per
day because of air pollution primarily from exhaust gas from motorbikes. Another study in 2007 conducted
by Vietnam Environment Protection Agency (VEPA) in Phu Tho and Nam Dinh provinces estimated that
economic loss caused by health impacts of air pollution amounts to 295,000 VND (Vietnamese Dong)
(equivalent to about US$ 16)) per capita per year, corresponding to approximately 5.5% of GDP.40
Impacts of air pollution on crops and buildings and material quality in Vietnam have also been fairly
documented. In Vinh Lonh, for instance, smoke emissions from about 120 potteries and 1,100 brick
production enterprises has stifled coconut plantations in surrounding areas.41 It has also contributed to low
productivity for mango, jackfruit and longancan in the area. Air particulates absorb ultraviolet radiation from
the sun, resulting in difficulties for plant growth by hindering photosynthesis. In the Viet Tri, Bai Bang – Lam
Thao (Phu Tho province), SO2 emissions from the Lam Thao fertilizer factory damaged banana plantations in
the Xuan Huy, Chu Hoa and Cao Mai communes. In 1997, an accident at the factory resulted in significant
damage to the plantations and the factory had to pay the farmers 80 million VND (equivalent to about
US$ 4,335) as compensation.42
Presence of SO2 and NOx in the air brings about acid rain and acid accumulation, which, subsequently, are
responsible for reduced durability of buildings and materials. Simultaneous presence of SO2, NO2 and O3
affects major construction materials such metals (i.e., copper, tin, etc.) through rust and corrosion, organic
compounds (i.e., paint) through spoils over paint layers and bricks. The decline in the durability of materials
increases maintenance and replacement costs.43 Based on results of acid deposition monitoring in some
urban areas in North Vietnam, these impacts are likely experienced in cities like Hai Duong, Thai Nguyen and
surrounding areas (Annex M).
40
4
Nguyen, D.T., 2009. A status of urban air quality management and the need to develop an air quality improvement program in HCMC.
Presented at workshop on improvement of urban air quality management in HCMC city on 14 April 2009.
42
RFA, 2009. Vietnam Pollution Threatens Health. http://www.rfa.org/ english/news/vietnam/pollution-04012009110733.html
43
4
41
10
4. Policies and Measures on Air Pollution and Climate Change
A country’s seriousness in implementing a policy to provide better air quality for its people may be judged on
whether: (1) the policy and its implementation details are reflected in laws, regulations and plans; (2) enough
resources are provided to implement it; and (3) the laws, regulations and plans are actually implemented.
4.1. General Environment Management
The 1993 Law on Environmental Protection (LEP) (amended in 2005 [No. 52-2005-QH11]) provides the basic
framework for the country’s environmental policy. Although not specific to air quality, it is stipulated in the
2005 LEP that the People’s Committees of Provinces and Districts have the authority to promulgate
regulations, mechanisms, policies, programs and plans on protection of the environment. In addition, several
laws have called for implementation of AQM-related actions in specific sectors, such as Decision No.
64/2003/QD-TTg, Resolution No. 102/2003/ND-CP, Decision No. 79/2006/QD-TTg, and Decision 80/2006/QDTTg. A number of laws on environmental protection fund (i.e., revolving fund for pollution mitigation in
HCMC, environmental protection fund in Hanoi and Vietnam environmental protection fund) have been
promulgated to support environmental protection activities. Some cities, mostly the large cities, such as
Hanoi, HCMC and Hai Phong, have developed AQM (or equivalent) plans. Details and status of these plans are
in Annex T.
Overall, although national, and, to some extent, provincial/city environmental strategies have been
formulated, implementation of concrete actions often do not keep up with the fast development pace in
urban and industrial centres. AQM is not yet sufficiently addressed as a cross-cutting issue in important
decision making processes such as urban and industrial development, land zoning and transportation
planning. If institutional and policy frameworks are used as indicators, specifically the lack of involvement of
the Ministry of Health or DOHs at the city, air pollution is generally considered as an environment-related
rather than a public health-related concern in Vietnam. Further, in cities which have AQM plans, these plans
still lack a comprehensive and integral approach to air pollution prevention and control, i.e. include an interdisciplinary AQM plan, comprising a sound situation analysis (based on reliable data), quantified air
quality/emission targets and a set of feasible priority measures leading to achieving those targets. The AQM
plans that have been drafted are also not implemented or enforced.
4.2. Air Quality Management and Climate Change Mitigation
a.
Laws, Regulations, and Action Plans
Air Quality Standards44
Vietnam’s national ambient air quality standards were first established in 1995. The 1995 Tieu Chuan45
Vietnam (TCVN) 5937 outlined national ambient air quality standards for six key pollutants (i.e., CO, NO2, SO2,
lead particulate, O3 and suspended particulate matter [SPM]). Additional standards for other hazardous air
pollutants were also established in the same year through TCVN 5938. The national standards underwent
44
CAI-Asia, 2008. Air pollution blamed as study finds respiratory illness hitting HCMC’s children.
http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-72487.html
45
CAI-Asia, 2008. Air Pollution, Poverty and Health Effects (APPH) in HCMC. Component 3 – Policy and Public Awareness Final Report.
11
revisions in 2001 and 2005. In addition, three other standards relating air quality were revised and
promulgated in 2005—TCVN 5938-2005 thresholds of some toxic substances in ambient air, TCVN 5939-2005
industry emission standards for dust and inorganic substances and TCVN 5940-2005 industry emission
standards for selected organic substances.
Recently, the national ambient air quality standards were revised into national technical regulations (QCVN).
In October 7, 2009, the Minister of MoNRE signed and approved the revision of the TCVN 5937:2005 and
TCVN 5938:2005 into Quy Chuan Ky Thuat Quoc Gia Ve Chat Luong Khong Khi Xung Quanh (National
Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality) QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT (Table 3) and Quy Chuan Ky Thuat Quoc
Gia Ve Mot So Chat Doc Hai Trong Khong Khi Xung Quanh (National Technical Regulation on Hazardous
Substances in Ambient Air) QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT (Annex P), respectively.46
Table 3. National Technical Regulation on Ambient Air of Vietnam vs. WHO AQG (µg/m3)
Pollutant
PM10
NO2
SO2
O3
CO
TSP
Pb
Average Time
24-Hrs
Annual
1-Hr
24-Hrs
Annual
10-min
1-Hr
24-Hrs
Annual
1-Hr
8-Hr
24-Hr
1-Hr
8-Hr
24-Hr
1-Hr
24-Hr
Annual
24-Hr
1-month
Annual
QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT
WHO AQG
150
50
200
100
40
350
125
50
180
120
80
30,000
10,000
5,000
300
200
140
1.5
0.5
50
20
200
40
500
20
100
30,000
10,000
0.5
Guidelines refer to the safe level of a pollutant, for a given average time, to protect the
public from acute health effects. µg/m3=micrograms per cubic meter
46
Survey, inventory and assessment of impacts from pollution of the environment on public health in MoNRE, 2007. National SOE 2007: Vietnam
Urban Air Environment.
12
Laws and Regulations
Both QCVNs were effective in January 1, 2010. Currently, Vietnam has national technical regulations for PM10,
NO2, SO2, O3, CO, TSP and Pb. National technical regulations for CO, NO2 and Pb (annual average) are
comparable with the WHO Guideline values. The contrary is observed with PM10, SO2 and O3 national
standards as these limits are less stringent relative to the WHO AQG.
Air pollution control in urban and industrial zones has been identified as one of the 19 priority areas in the
development policy in the Oriented Strategy for Sustainable Development in Vietnam (Vietnam Agenda 21).47
Although Vietnam does not have a clean air act or legislation that specifically addresses air pollution, the
government is currently planning to develop an important law—the Law on Clean Air. The Decree on Air
Pollution Charge in Vietnam, which was developed with support from Swiss Vietnamese Clean Air Program
(SVCAP), is pending for Government’s approval. The drafting of an air quality (AQ) action plan or air quality
management (AQM) plan to reduce air pollution from urban activities has been mentioned in the Decision
No. 256/2003 on the National Strategy on Environmental Protection towards 2010 and its Orientations
towards 2020 (NSEP) and the Decision No. 328/2005 on the National Plan on Environmental Pollution Control
Until 2010.48
For climate change, Vietnam’s National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change (NTP-RCC) was
approved in December 2, 2008 (Decision 158/2008/QD-TTg dated 2/12/2008).49 Strategic objectives of the
NTP are to assess climate change impacts on sectors and regions in specific periods and to develop feasible
action plans to effectively respond to climate change in the short-term and long-term to ensure sustainable
development of Vietnam, to take opportunities to develop towards a low-carbon economy, and to join the
international community’s efforts in mitigating climate change and protecting the climatic system.
The NTP will be implemented for the whole country in three phases:
First Phase (2009 - 2010): Starting up
Second Phase (2011 - 2015): Implementation
Third Phase (after 2015): Development
The activities under the NTP include—
Assessment of climate change extent and impacts in Vietnam.
Identification of measures to respond to climate change.
Development of a science and technology programs on climate change.
Strengthening the capacities of organization, institutions and policy on climate change.
Awareness raising and human resources development.
Enhancement of international cooperation.
Mainstreaming climate change issues into socio‐economic, development strategies, plans and
planning.
Development of Action Plans of Ministries, sectors and localities to respond to climate change.
47
4
East West Center, Center for Environmental Engineering of Towns and Industrial Areas, Hanoi School of Public Health, University of Hawaii,
2006. Commuters’ Exposure to Particulate Matter and Carbon monoxide in Hanoi, Vietnam: A Pilot Study. East-West Center Working Papers.
Environmental Change, Vulnerability, and Governance Series No. 64: November 2006.
49
Decree No. 91/2002/ND-CP dated November 11, 2002 on the functions, responsibilities, powers and organizational structure of MoNRE.
48
13
Develop and implement projects of the Program.
b. Institutional Mandate
Vietnam’s administrative structure is divided into four levels of government: (1) national level, (2) province
(tinh) and city (thanh po) (hereafter referred as province), (3) rural district (huyen), urban district (quan) and
town (thi xa) (hereafter referred as district), (4) ward/precinct (phuong), town districts (thi tran) and
communes (xa) (hereafter referred as commune) and village (thon) and hamlet (xom, ap) in rural areas.
The national level includes the National Assembly, the President, the Government, the People’s Supreme
Court and the Supreme People’s Procuracy.50 Each level of state administration at the local government level
(i.e., province, district and commune) has a corresponding People’s Council and People’s Committee, with the
People’s Council being the administrative agency of the state in the locality with the People's Committee
being its executive agency.51
Agencies and offices at the commune, district, province, and national levels play different roles in managing
air quality in smaller cities. The general structure of Environmental (including air quality) Management in
Vietnam is illustrated in Figure 5
Figure 3.1.2 General Structure of Environmental Management in Vietnam
Direct Management
Prime Minister
Professional Management
Administrative Management
Line Ministries (i.e., Ministry of
Transport [MOT], Ministry of Health
[MOH], Ministry of Construction [MOC],
etc. )
Ministry of Natural
Resources and
Environment (MoNRE)
Departments of Science, Technology
and Environment/Department of
Environment
VietNam Environment
Administration
Provincial People’s Committee
Department of Natural
Resources and Environment
(DoNREs)
Other 13 Departments
Department of Policy and
Legislation
Department of Appraisal
and Environmental Impact
Assessment
Department of Pollution
Control
District People’s Committee
Commune People’s Committee
Office of Natural Resources
and Environment (DoNREs)
Land-use and Construction
Officers with Environmental
Management responsibility
Pollution Control
Division for Air,
Recycling
Materials and
Toxic Releases
Other 3
Departments
Source: CAI-Asia, 2009.
50
51
74
The number of motorcycles (2-wheelers) in Vietnam as of 2005 was 10.7 million (Segment Y Ltd, 2008).
14
At the National level, MoNRE, which was established by the National Assembly in 2002,52 leads the
environmental management efforts in the country. Article 121, chapter 13 of 2005 LEP (No. 52-2005-QH11)
outlines the responsibilities of MoNRE for State administration of environment protection.53 It also mandates
that all ministries, ministry-level agencies and other Government bodies to cooperate with MoNRE in carrying
out environmental protection within their sectors and in establishments under their direct supervision. In
order to guide the implementation of the 2005 LEP, the Government issued Decree No 81/2007/ND-CP on
23 May 2007 on regulating professional units on environment protection at authorities and state-owned
enterprises. According to this decree, a Department of Environment will be established within Ministry of
Industry (MOI), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), MOH, Ministry of Construction
(MOC), MoT and Ministry of Fisheries (MOFI).54 In other ministries and/or ministerial level organizations
where Departments of Science and Technology exists, these departments will be renamed as Departments of
Science, Technology and Environment. These departments will assist the ministers in promulgating and
implementing environmental protection laws, programs and projects in the fields of their state management.
To date, some of the Ministries have not established their own Environment Department, as is the case of the
MoC.55
On 22 February 2005, the Prime Minister issued Decision No. 34/2005/QD-TTg which mandates that the
government spend 1% of the State budget expenditure for environmental protection activities but there is
limited data on the compliance of this law and whether how much is used for air quality management.
On 4 March 2008, the Prime Minister issued a decree mandating the functions, tasks, powers, and the new
organizational structure of MoNRE.56 The decree upgrades the former Vietnam Environment Protection
Agency (VEPA) of MoNRE into a General Department of Environment (to be the Vietnam Environment
Administration [VEA]) which will function like a small ministry within MoNRE with its own departments
(including an international department), institutes, and centers. In September 30, 2008, the Prime Minister
issued Decision No. 132/2008/QD-TTg defining the functions, tasks, powers and organizational structure of
the VEA. Under this decision, the VEA acts as a subsidiary body under MoNRE and functions to advise and
assist MoNRE in the field of state management of environment and to provide public services in compliance
with the laws.57 Annex S illustrates the organizational structure of VEA.
52
Hanoi: UTDMP was approved by the Prime Minister through Decision No. 108/1998/QD-TTg and Decision 90/2008/QD-TTg; Hanoi Region
Development Plan was approved by the Prime Minister through Decision no. 490/2008/DQ-TTg. Source: Dr. Ly Huy Tuan, 2009. Urban transport
master plan for major cities in Vietnam: opportunities and challenges. Presented at Viet Transport 2009 Conference: Connecting Vietnam to
Asia. Transport Development and Strategy Institute.
53
78
54
VNS, 2009. Measures urged to curb traffic pollution. Vietnam News.
http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num=01ENV190609
55
Currently, public transport only meets 7.4% of travel demands in Hanoi and only 5% in Ho Chi Minh City. Source: Dr. Nguyen Van Tai, 2009.
EST Achievements, Progress and Future Strategies. http://www.uncrd.or.jp/env/4th-regional-estforum/Presentations/14_BS3_Viet%20Nam.pdf
56
Decision No. 1855/QD-TTg issued by the Prime Minister on 27 December 2007 (Approving Vietnam’s National Energy Development Strategy
up to 2020, with 2050 Vision). http://www.asiabiomass.jp/biofuelDB/vietnam/pdf/Decision%20No.%201855.pdf
57
Under Prime Minister’s Decision No. 64/QD-TTg dated April 22, 2003, 25 businesses and facilities responsible for pollution were scheduled to
be relocated out of Hanoi by 2007. As of March 2009, only 17 polluters have been relocated. Source: VietNamNet/Vietnam News, 2009.
15
Some key departments and agencies within VEA are:
Department of Policy and Legislation which assists MoNRE in policy-making and developing
environmental regulations, strategies and plans;
Department of Appraisal and Environmental Impact Assessment which manages the EIA and
appraisal system;
Department of Pollution Control which focuses on the control, prevention and reduction of
environmental pollution on soil, water, air; hazardous chemical management; prevention, response
and mitigation of environmental pollution/contamination caused by natural disasters or
environmental accidents.
The Department of Pollution Control is one of the functional organizations of VEA under MoNRE based on
Decision No. 47/QD-TCMT issued on 21 November 2008 by the General Director of VEA.
The department has four main divisions:
1. Administrative Office;
2. Pollution Control Division for Air, Recycling materials and Toxic Releases;
3. Water and Land Pollution Control Division; and
4. Environmental Monitoring, Standard and Accidents Repairing Division.
The Pollution Control Division for Air, Recycling materials and Toxic Releases specifically works on addressing
AQM issues on a national level. As a newly established unit in MONRE handling air quality, the division
currently has limited capacity as there are only 7-8 persons in the unit and with only a few with either formal
training and experience on air quality management. The CEM, while not mandated for main role on air
quality management in the current MoNRE structure, has a very good understanding on the status of air
quality management in the country and in cities. CEM has been collecting air quality information and
maintaining a database. They were also responsible for compiling the 2007 Vietnam SOE Report focusing on
urban air environment. CEM has also completed a mobile source emissions inventory for Hanoi and is
currently preparing guidelines on air quality monitoring for cities.
In addition to MoNRE, the MoT, MoIT, and the MoC also have the mandate to address air quality from the
mobile sources, industry and area sources, such as construction, respectively. The MoC has a mandate on
urban environmental management and has been actively working on areas relating to climate change such as
solid waste management, wastewater drainage, public lighting, etc., but not much on air quality
management.
In the local level, the 1996 Ordinance on concrete tasks and power of the people’s council and people’s
committee at each level (i.e., province, district, commune) grants the Provincial and District People’s Councils
the mandate to “adopt policies and measures to protect and improve the environment... to fight against
environmental deterioration and pollution...”58 for their locality. The Provincial People’s Committees, on the
other hand, are mandated to implement concrete tasks and plans on environmental protection in the
locality; determine the responsibility of each organization and individual to handle the environmental issue
58
Vietnam Net. 2009. Relocation of polluting enterprises stalled. http://english.vietnamnet.vn/tech/2009/03/833860/
16
as prescribed by law and inspect the implementation by these organizations/individuals. District People’s
Committees organize measures on environmental pollution in their respective locality.
Article 122, chapter 13 of 2005 LEP (No. 52-2005-QH11) further reinstates the responsibilities of the People’s
Committee’s at all levels for State administration for environmental protection within their localities. Among
these is the authority of the Provincial and District People’s Committees to promulgate regulations,
mechanisms, policies, programs and plans on protection of the environment. The 2005 LEP (No. 52-2005QH11) also stipulates the creation of specialized environmental protection bodies and environmental
protection officials at the provincial, district and commune levels.59 At the provincial level, this refers to the
Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DoNREs) while at the district and commune level, this
refers to the Office of Natural Resources and the Environment (ONREs).
In the provincial level, soon after the establishment of MoNRE in 2002, the Department of Natural Resources
and Environment (DoNREs) were set up at the provincial levels through Decision No. 45/2003/QD-TTg in 2
April 2003.60 Further, in July 2003, Joint Circular No. 01/TTLT-BTNMT-BNV was issued by the MoNRE and the
Ministry of Home/Internal Affairs, providing guidelines for the setting up of functions, tasks, powers and
organizational structure of agencies designated to assist the People’s Committees (i.e., the provincial
governments) in addressing issues of natural resource management.61 According to the Circular, DoNRE is an
agency of the Provincial People’s Committees, responsible for supporting Provincial People’s Committees in
state management of land, water resources, minerals, environment, hydrometeorology and mapping in the
province and reporting administratively to the national government.62 This means that while DoNREs are
professionally under MoNRE, they are structured administratively under, and operate within the organization
of the Provincial People’s Committees.63
Within the DoNREs, environmental management and protection are carried out by professional divisions—
Environmental Management Divisions (EMD) and an Inspection Division. Structure, size, organization and
function of DoNREs vary depending on the requirements of the cities/provinces on environmental
management and protection, with some DoNREs having an additional environmental division/s to support
the implementation of the assigned tasks.64 In HCMC, for instance, the HCMC People’s Committee, through
Decision 111/2004/QD-UB dated April 23, 2004, established the HCMC Environmental Protection Agency
(HEPA) under the DoNRE to assist the department in managing environmental protection in—pollution
prevention and control; environmental quality improvement and environmental monitoring, among others.65
In 2007, through Decree No 81/2007/ND-CP, the Government mandated the reorganization and “upgrade” of
the existing EMDs within the DONREs into Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs), similar to the HCMC
HEPA.66 To date, most of the DONREs have established EPAs.
59
By the end of 2008, Vietnam had 219 industrial zones with a natural land area of 61,472.4 hectares throughout 54 cities and provinces.
Source: Vietnam Briefing, 2009. Vietnam’s Industrial Zones: Hai Phong, Da Nang, Ba Ria-Vung Tung, Ho Chi Minh city. Vietnam Briefing
Magazine Volume II, Number I.
60
50
61
Interview with Hanoi DoNRE. January 2010.
62
Decision No. 64/2003/QD-TTg dated 22 April 2003.
http://laws.dong nai.gov.vn/2001_to_2010/2003/200304/200304220003_en/print_default
63
50
64
50
65
4
66
18
17
In the district level, the ONREs are responsible for environmental management and protection in the district
level. Within the ONREs are Environmental Groups (EGs) which are assigned to implement the environmental
plans and programs developed by the DoNRE and/or the Provincial or District People’s Committees.67
Professionally, the EGs are under the DoNRE, but are administratively under the District People’s
Committees.
Decree No. 81/2007/ND-CP specifies the number of staff working for the EGs within ONREs.68 According to
the decree, ONREs of urban districts located in plains, which have a provincial town population ≥ 35,000, or in
islands, which have national parks and/or nature conservation sites, can have two to three environmental
officers. On the other hand, ONREs of districts in highlands, mountainous areas, other islands and provincial
towns, which have a population ≤ 35,000, can have one to two environmental officers. In addition, the
chairmen of District People’s Committees can authorize the heads of ONREs to sign labor contracts to
implement assigned tasks on environmental protection.69 Funding for the contracts can be allocated from the
budget line for the environmental protection at the district level.
However, the capacity of local staff working on environment issues, especially on air quality management are
limited, as most of them come from different disciplines. This leads to insufficient enforcement of the
environmental regulations at local level. In addition, most districts also lack of environmental staff. As such,
the ONREs currently have a shortage, both in quantity and quality, of air quality management staff.
In the commune level, as stipulated in Decree No 81/2007/ND-CP, the land-use and construction officers of
the commune are also conferred environmental management responsibility. The decree also states that, if
needed, the chairmen of Commune People’s Committee may sign labor contracts to recruitment staff that
will support the land-use and construction officer in the implementation of the assigned environmental
protection tasks.70 Funding for such contracts can be allocated from the budget line for the environmental
protection at the communal level.
c.
Management of Specific Sector
Management of Mobile Sources
In 2005, the Prime Minister issued Decision No. 249/2005/QD-TTg on Roadmap of Implementation of
Emission Standards for Road Vehicles. This mandated the enforcement of Euro 2 standards by July 2007 for
new vehicles; July 2006 for imported used vehicles; July 2006 for in-use vehicles in five big cities (i.e., Hanoi,
HCMC, Hai Phong, Da Nang, and Can Tho; and from July 2008 for other cities. These emission standards are
stipulated in TCVN 6438:2005 – road vehicles-maximum permitted limits of exhaust gases (Euro 2
equivalent). In July 2008, the Vietnam Registration Agency under Ministry of Transport (MoT) began
emissions testing for cars under Decision No. 249/2005/QD-TTg. If the vehicle does not meet the emission
standard, the owner will have to repair and adjust the fuel systems and register for a second test. In 26 June
67
18
U.S. AID, MoNRE and AECEN, 2005. Environmental Compliance and Enforcement in Vietnam: Rapid Assessment.
http://www.aecen.org/download/VN_Assessment.pdf
69
Article 2, Chapter 1 of the 1996 Ordinance on the concrete tasks and power of the people’s council and people’s committee at each level.
http://www.asianlii.org/vn/legis/laws/otctap otpcapcael777/
70
50
68
18
2009, MoT set the new schedule for periodic inspections (including emissions testing) for vehicles (for
personal and commercial use) under the provisions of Circular No. 10/2009/TT-BGTVT.
In conjunction with implementation of emission standards, Vietnam also established legislations on
improving fuel quality. On 23 November 2000, the Prime Minister issued Directive No.24/2000/CT-TTg on the
use of unleaded gasoline, which was implemented nationwide on 1 July 2001. Since its implementation, lead
levels in urban ambient air have been reduced considerably.71 In addition, in 2005, the Ministry of Science
and Technology (MoST) published TCVN 6776:2005 (unleaded gasoline specifications) and TCVN 5689:2005
(diesel oil specifications) (Annex Q). In 6 January 2008, through Circular No. 29/2007/TT-BKHCN dated
25/12/2007, the MoST revised the two TCVNs into the National Technical Regulation on gas and diesel fuel
(QCVN 1:2007/BKHCN).72 The circular specified that enterprises specializing in gas and oil importing,
manufacturing, processing, distributing and retailing should meet the quality requirements provided in
QCVN 1:2007/BKHCN.73
Although current transport policies in the country are more directed in regulating vehicles (cars, buses and
trucks), which only make up less than 5% of the total vehicle fleet compared to motorbikes (about 96%),74
MoT has recently circulated a draft scheme on motorbike exhaust control for public comment. According to
Le Anh Tu of the Vehicle Register, once the scheme is approved, it will be implemented experimentally in
Hanoi and HCMC in 2010-2012, and then applied in other cities.75 The proposed limits are 6% carbon dioxide
(CO2) and 2.0 parts per million (ppm) of HC. Under MoT’s proposal, in the first year of implementation,
emissions testing will be mandatory for in-use motorbikes (≥10 years); in-use motorbikes (≥7 years) in the
second year; and in the third year, in-use motorbikes (≥3 years) will be tested.76 The draft scheme also details
the fines and penalties with non-compliance and the mechanism of emissions testing.
Aside the draft scheme on motorbike exhaust control, in 2002, the government also released the “Planning
on development of Vietnam's land-road communications and transport sector till 2010 and orientations till
2020 policy.” One of the policy’s objectives is to restrict the growth rate of motorcycles at no more than 10%
a year, ensure that by 2005 the number is no more than 13 million77 and to reduce the number from 2006 to
2010.78 The policy assigned MoT to develop measures and policies that will promote mass transit and restrict
the increase of number of motorbikes.
71
18
18
73
18
74
Vietnam Agenda 21 Office, 2008. Sustainable Development Implementation in Vietnam.
http://www.rrcap.unep.org/nsds/uploadedfiles/file/gms/vn/reference/NSDS-VN-Sustainable%20Development%20Implementation.pdf
75
50
76
41
77
Tieu chuan (Standard): This is a regulation on technical property and management used to classify and assess products, services, processing
and environment for social and economic improvement. A standard can be established by organizations, individual companies or government
ministries to be managed by STAMEQ. Standards are not mandatory. Source: Luat Tieu Chuan Va Quy Chuan Ky Thuat (Law of Standard and
National Technical Regulation in Vietnam) Included in Resolution No 51/2001/QH10; Date 25th December, 2001.
78
Quy Chuan Ky Thuat (National Technical Regulation): This is a mandatory regulation on technical property enforced on products, services,
processing and environment to ensure socio-economic improvement, safety, sanitation, protection of human health, flora, fauna, environment,
national security and consumer rights, and other requirements. A national technical regulation is established and enforced by government
ministries, in coordination with STAMEQ. Source: Luat Tieu Chuan Va Quy Chuan Ky Thuat (Resolution No 51/2001/QH10; Date 25th December,
2001).
72
19
In addition, urban transport development plans (UTDMPs) for major cities (i.e., Hanoi79 and HCMC80) have
been approved by the Prime Minister and subsequently implemented. During preparation and
implementation and UTDMPs, several factors have been studied and taken into consideration in terms of
various aspects—
Sustainable development (including environment)
Structure of functional zones
Increase of land area for transportation
Increase of population
Transport network development
Spatial development
Climate change
Mobility behavior
Relationship of motorization and urbanization
Transport development orientation, including
vehicle types and public passenger transport
Source: Dr. Ly Huy Tuan, 2009. “Urban transport master plan for major cities in Vietnam: opportunities and challenges.” Presented at Viet
Transport 2009 Conference: Connecting Vietnam to Asia. Transport Development and Strategy Institute.
Evaluation of the existing of the UTDMPs of Hanoi and HCMC by the Transport Development and Strategy
Institute (TDSI) highlighted that one major issue of the UTDMPs is need for integration with the socioeconomic development plans, sector plans and region spatial plans and financial plans. This may be
significant in developing and implementing clean air action plans for smaller cities in Vietnam.
Another recent development is the release of the strategic draft for Environmentally Sustainable Transport
(EST) until 2020.81 One of the strategies is to develop the public transport network. In the 4th EST Forum in
February 2009, Dr. Nguyen Van Tai of Institute of Strategy and Policy for Natural Resources and Environment
(ISPONRE) mentioned that one of the targets is to increase the share of public transport to 50-60% in 2020 by
developing mass transport systems (i.e., like a sky train and an underground rail), introduce economic
incentives for using public transport, restrict and control increase of private vehicles.82
Management of Stationary Sources
The country’s strategy to manage environmental (including air) pollution from Industry and Energy Sector is
imbedded in the Decision No. 1855/QD-TTg issued by the Prime Minister on 27 December 2007 (Approving
Vietnam’s National Energy Development Strategy up to 2020, with 2050 Vision). Some of its objectives are (1)
to formulate long-term environmental objectives and standards in conformity with regional and global
environmental standards and the country’s economic conditions; (2) to control and mitigate environmental
pollution in energy-related activities and (3) by 2015, all energy facilities will reach environmental
standards.83
79
World Health Organization (WHO), 2006. WHO Air Quality Guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide.
Global Update 2005. Summary of Risk Assessment. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_eng.pdf accessed July
2009.
80
WHO, 2006. WHO Air Quality Guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Global Update 2005. Summary of
Risk Assessment. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_eng.pdf accessed July 2009.
81
61
82
61
83
61
20
Other strategies/measures to manage stationary sources of air pollution include: (a) closure, removal and
transfer of polluting establishments to industrial parks84; (b) industrial zoning85; (c) closure or promotion of
cleaner high technology and (d) promotion of energy efficiency.86 Industries are also subject conduct
Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), as stipulated in the 1993 LEP (amended in 2005). Hanoi DONRE
explained that some industries have transferred their facilities outside major cities because they can earn
from renting or selling the real estate where these facilities once stood.87
Another significant legislation for managing stationary sources is the Decision No. 64/2003/QD-TTg of April
22, 2003: Approving the Plan for Thoroughly Handling Establishments which Cause Serious Environmental
Pollution. In 2002, a total of 4,295 polluting establishments were listed as a result of assessments by the
government. Through the plan, 439 of these establishments will be regulated by 2007 while the remaining
3,856 establishments will be regulated by 2012.88 Although air pollution is one component of environmental
pollution, this plan is used to regulate air pollution from industries.
Most of the major cities in the country have identified industrial zones where new industries are established
or old industries are relocated to. While this plan may be effective in addressing air pollution from individual
industrial facilities, the location and relocation of industries seems insufficiently supported by emission
inventories and air pollution modeling.89
Energy-saving and energy efficiency measures are detailed in a few policies including the Resolution No.
102/2003/ND-CP on Thrifty and Efficient Use of Energy, Decision No. 79/2006/QD-TTg on National Program
on Energy Efficiency and Conservation (NPEEC, 2006) and Decision 80/2006/QD-TTg on approving the
electricity saving program 2006-2010. The increasing focus on energy efficiency seems to be driven by
growing fuel demand and energy security requirements. Of these three energy-related policies, for instance,
it is only the NPEEC which recognized a link with environment protection, as it specifically identified the need
for projects that will save energy and reduce emissions from the transport sector. In practice, it is not certain
whether there is sufficient recognition of the relevance of energy efficiency programs to AQM as well as
climate change.90
Vietnam has also developed national standards to control industrial emissions (i.e., TCVN 5939-1995 (2005)
(Industrial Emission Standards: Inorganic Substance and Dusts) and TCVN 5940-1995 (2005) (Industrial
Emission Standards: Organic Substances). There is also the TCVN 7440-2005 (Obligatory application of
emission standard for Thermal Power Sector) where new thermal power plants and existing plants extending
their capacities will compulsorily implement the standard from the day the standard comes into effect.91 The
allowable emission limits will be calculated specifically for each plant depending on its location.
84
61
61
86
61
87
61
88
Quy Chuan Ky Thuat Quoc Gia Ve Chat Luong Khong Khi Xung Quanh (National Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality)
QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT.
89
18
90
Ministry of Planning and Investment, [undated]. Conditions on quality and measurement assurance of petrol and diesel business stipulated.
http://www.business.gov.vn /newsevents.aspx?id=6006
91
71
85
21
Management of Area Sources
Vietnam has a range of national standards which limit emissions concentrations of inorganic (i.e., CO, SO2,
NOx, Hydrogen sulfide [H2S], etc.) and organic substances (Benzene, Phenol, Methanol, etc.) in industrial
emissions allowed in different area classifications (i.e., industrial zones, urban regions and rural and
mountainous regions).
These standards are:
TCVN 6991:2001 (Air Quality – Standards for inorganic substances in industrial emission discharged in
industrial zones)
urban regions)
rural and mountainous regions)
TCVN 6994:2001 (Air Quality – Standards for organic substances in industrial emission discharged in
industrial zones)
TCVN 6995:2001 (Air Quality – Standards for organic substances in industrial emission discharged in
urban regions)
TCVN 6996:2001 (Air Quality – Standards for organic substances in industrial emission discharged in rural
and mountainous regions)
Aside from these national standards, the 1993 LEP (amended in 2005) also stipulates requirements regarding
environmental protection in general and control of dust emissions from construction sites in particular. 92
Urban authorities some cities (i.e., Hanoi, HCMC and Da Nang) have issued regulations requesting that
construction sites be fenced in and covered to control dust dispersion.93 In addition, construction materials
need to be properly covered when transported and that transportation of construction materials is only
allowed during nighttime.
92
93
Segment Y Ltd, 2008.
VietNamNet/TP/NLD, 2009. Motorbike exhausts to be sniffed annually. http://english.vietnamnet.vn/reports/2009/08/861992/
22
5. Stakeholders
Stakeholders play important roles in air quality management; these include government agencies, nongovernment organizations, academe, development agencies & foundations, and the private sector. This
Chapter takes a look at whether stakeholders actively participate in air quality management in Vietnam.
Article 4, Chapter I of the 2005 LEP stipulates that environmental protection is a cause of the whole society
and is a right and responsibility of State bodies, organizations, family households and individuals. Further, the
2005 LEP encourages and facilitates the participation of all organizations, family households and individuals
in environmental protection activities.94 This Chapter takes a look at whether stakeholders actively
participate in air quality management especially in provinces and cities in Vietnam.
A stakeholder’s consultation process is conducted during developing national, sectoral, and provincial plans
or strategies. Stakeholder Consultation approach involves broad range of stakeholder groups, focusing on
local communities, considering current vulnerability and urgent adaptation needs, using two-way discussions
and feedback.
The following are common approaches used:
1. Multidiscipline approach—this involves participation of relevant agencies, social organizations,
experts from different fields. This initiates an active and dynamic participation of sectors and
localities;
2. Regional and sector approach—also involves association between sectors and localities;
3. Succession approach—this is based on reference to the national strategies, including socio-economic
development strategies, sector and local development strategies, etc.; and
4. Integrated approach—this is used for plans/strategies on sustainable development, poverty
reduction, gender development, costs effectiveness, simplification and reflection of urgent and
highly ranked adaptation measures, etc.
Non-governmental organizations and development agencies have participated in promoting and funding
environmental protection in Vietnam. There are a number of projects/programs funded by international
organizations with regard to cleaner production, road improvement, climate change and others. Two AQM
projects are (1) Swiss-Vietnamese Clean Air Program (SVCAP) funded by the Swiss Government and air quality
monitoring improvement projects for HCMC funded by United National Development Programme (UNDP),
Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA) and Norwegian Agency for Development
Cooperation (NORAD). Another organization working on AQM is Vietnam Clean Air Partnership (VCAP). It was
formed in 2006 by Vietnam Association for Conservation of Nature and Environment (VACNE) to mobilize
individuals and social organizations in Vietnam to initiate and participate in activities which improve air
quality, protect public health, and promote the country’s sustainable development. VCAP is CAI-Asia’s local
network in Vietnam and is hosted by SVCAP. Unlike neighboring countries, such as Philippines, there is
currently no critical mass of NGOs working on environment (e.g. public transport organizations, NGOs on
cycling) especially air quality issues, in Vietnam. As such, it may be that there are only very few, if any at all,
NGOs working on air pollution issues in smaller cities in the country.
94
2005 LEP (No. 52-2005-QH11)
23
Universities and academe are actively involved in air quality management. One AQM project which involved
members from the academe is “Improving Air Quality in Vietnam under the Improving Air Quality in Asian
Developing Countries (AIRPET)” project which was sponsored by Swedish International Development
Cooperation (SIDA) and coordinated by Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). AIRPET covers three main areas—
comprehensive assessment of air pollution status, modeling tools for integrated air quality management, and
appropriate air pollution control technologies. The project was implemented by an air expert team from
Hanoi University of Science and Hanoi University of Technology.
Other universities conducting scientific research in the field of air pollution and related areas include:
Center for Environmental Engineering of Town and Industrial Areas (CEETIA) under Hanoi Civil
Engineering University
o CEETIA has carried out various researches/studies related to urban air pollution not only from
stationary but also mobile sources.
Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (INEST) under Hanoi University of Technology
o INEST’s main functions include undergraduate and post-university training, research and promotion
of environmental pollution treatment technologies and cleaner production, and environmental
monitoring.
Environmental Faculty of The Hanoi National University
o They provide lectures/training programs on environmental management. They also carry out
researches/studies on different air pollution aspects, and emission inventories in Hanoi.
Institute for Environment and Resources (IER) under the National University in HCMC.
o IER’s main activities include education/training on environmental protection, environmental
monitoring, and various studies for national, provincial and institutional programs/projects.
Article 128, Section 1, Chapter 14 of the 2005 LEP grants organizations and/or individuals/citizens the right to
lodge complaints with a competent State body or to initiate legal proceedings at a court with respect to
breaches of the law on environmental protection. A number of citizen groups have demonstrated the
potential influence of individuals in environmental policy. Pressure from communities through protests,
letter-writing, and petitions regarding the pollution from Dona Bochang Textiles, Lam Thao Fertilizer
Company, Viet Tri Chemicals, Ba Nhat Chemicals and Tan Mai Paper Mill pushed the local government into
action on environmental regulations.
A number of private corporations are becoming more involved in air quality efforts. Companies, such as
Vietnam National Petroleum Corporation and Vietnam Gas Company, are conducting feasibility and pilot
studies on technology and production methods to improve air emissions. Some foreign-owned companies are
also making strides in addressing emissions from their operations by investing and employing advanced
technologies and installing air pollution control devices in their plants. For instance, Unilever in Vietnam has
invested VND 2.5 billion in environmental protection for their Hanoi site. Some foreign companies have also
implemented environmental training and education projects, such as the Ford Visiting Engineer and Scientist
Program, which supports the training of engineers and scientists on safety, environmental regulations,
others. Involvement of the private sector in AQM initiatives in the cities/provinces is important in addressing
and managing stationary sources of air pollution.
24
6. Conclusions
Particulates remain as a major concern in Vietnam, especially in urban areas whether these are smaller cities
or highly populated cities. Among the areas monitored, highest percentage of exceedance is usually found
along transportation routes. In recent years, however, monitoring in some cities has reported relatively
increasing roadside Pb levels. Status of ambient PM2.5 and O3 is currently unknown due to lack of
information.
While the special-grade cities such as Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh have already invested in sophisticated air
quality monitoring systems, air quality monitoring in smaller cities remain adhoc and limited in scope.
Although Vietnam does not have a clean air legislation that specifically addresses air pollution, the
government is currently working on two important laws—the Law on Clean Air and the Decree on Air
Pollution Charge in Vietnam. Further, with the recent reorganization of MoNRE, leading to the creation of
VEA (with a Department of Pollution Control which houses a Pollution Control Division for air, recycling
materials and toxic releases), there is now specific division with specifically addresses AQM issues on a
national level.
25
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29
ANNEXES
Annex A Urban Categories of Vietnam
Special-Grade urban centers
1. Capital or an urban center with the function as a political, economic, cultural, scientific-technical,
training, tourist and service center, a traffic hub, and a domestic and international exchange center, and
playing the role of boosting the socio-economic development of the whole country;
2. Non-agricultural labor represents 90% of the total labor force or higher;
3. Having an infrastructure built basically synchronously and completely;
4. Population of 1.5 million or more;
5. Average population density of 15,000 people/km2 or more.
Grade-I urban centers
1. Urban center with the function as a political, economic, cultural, scientific-technical, tourist and service
center, a traffic hub, and a domestic and international exchange center, and playing the role of boosting
the socio-economic development of an inter-provincial region or the whole country;
2. Non-agricultural labor represents 85% the total labor force or higher;
3. Having an infrastructure built synchronously and completely in many aspects;
4. Population of 500,000 or more;
Grade-II urban centers
1. Urban center with the function as a political, economic, cultural, scientific-technical, tourist and service
center, a traffic hub and an exchange center of a province, inter-provincial region or in the whole
country, and playing the role of boosting the socio-economic development of an inter-provincial region
or the whole country in several domains;
2. Non-agricultural labor represents 80% of the total labor force or higher;
3. Having an infrastructure built in many sectors and becoming synchronous and complete;
Grade-III urban centers
1. Urban center with the function as a political, economic, cultural, scientific-technical and service center, a
traffic hub and an exchange center of a province or inter-provincial region, and playing the role of
boosting the socio-economic development of a province or an inter-provincial region in several domains;
2. Non-agricultural labor represents 75% the total labor force or higher;
3. Having an infrastructure built synchronously and completely in each specific sector;
30
Annex B Selected Special Grade, Grades, I, II and III Urban Centers
Special Grade Urban Centers:
Grade I Urban Centers:
Grade II Urban Centers:
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
Hanoi
Ho Chi Minh City
Da Nang
Hai Phong
Hue
Vinh
Da Lat
Can Tho
Nha Trang
Viet Tri
Nam Dinh
Ha Lonh
Annex C Cities with population 150,000 between 1.5 million (2008)95
City
Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu
Bắc Kạn
Bạc Liêu
Bắc Ninh
Bến Tre
Bình Dương
Bình Phước
Bình Thuận
Cà Mau
Cần Thơ
Cao Bằng
Đà Nẵng
Đắk Nông
Điện Biên
Gia Lai
Hà Giang
Hà Nam
Hà Tĩnh
Hậu Giang
Hưng Yên
Khánh Hoà
95
Average
population
(Thous. pers.)
961.2
308.9
829.3
1022.5
1360.3
1072
835.3
1188.5
1251.2
1171.1
528.1
818.3
431
475.6
1188.5
705.1
834.1
1307.3
808.5
1167.1
1162.1
Population
density
2
(Person/km )
484
64
321
1243
576
398
122
152
235
836
79
638
66
50
76
89
970
217
505
1264
223
City
Kon Tum
Lai Châu
Hoà Bình
Lâm Đồng
Lạng Sơn
Lào Cai
Long An
Ninh Bình
Ninh Thuận
Phú Thọ
Phú Yên
Quảng Bình
Quảng Nam
Quảng Ngãi
Quảng Ninh
Quảng Trị
Sóc Trăng
Sơn La
Tây Ninh
Thái Nguyên
Average
population
(Thous. pers.)
401.5
335.3
817.7
1206.2
759
602.3
1438.8
936.3
583.4
1364.7
885.5
857.8
1492.1
1302.6
1109.6
635.7
1301.7
1036.5
1058.5
1149.1
Population
density
2
(Person/km )
41
37
178
123
91
94
320
674
174
387
175
106
143
253
182
134
393
73
261
325
General Statistics Office of Vietnam. http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=467&idmid=3&ItemID=8653
31
Annex D Current Status of Air Quality Monitoring and Data Management Network
Ministry of
Natural Resources
and Environment
Center for
Environmental
Monitoring
(CEM) under VEA
National Center of
Hydro-meteorology
and Environment
Automatic Air
Quality Monitoring
Stations
Cities’/Provincial
Department of
Natural Resources
and Environment
Other Environmental
Institutes and Centers
Natural Resources
& Environmental
Monitoring Center
of cities
Air Quality
Monitoring
Stations
Management direction
Monitoring data supply direction
Annex E Monitoring Frequency of Selected Manual Monitoring Stations96
Hanoi, DaNang, Hai Phong, Hue, Ha Long and Bien Hoa: 6 times a year, 1 day each, 4 times per day: 6:00
to 7:00, 10:00 to 11:00, 14:00 to 15:00 and 17:00 to 18:00.
Thai Nguyen, Bien Hoa, Nha Trang: 6 times per year, 1 day each, 4 times per day: 6:00 to 7:00, 10:00 to
11:00, 14:00 to 15:00 and 17:00 to 18:00.
Annex F Air Quality Monitoring Information on Selected Smaller Cities
Air Quality Monitoring in Bac Ninh City
From 2006 to 2008, the Center of Monitoring for Natural Resources and Environment under the Bac Ninh City
DoNRE conduct roadside air quality monitoring in (1) intersection between highway 18 and Tran Hung Dao
road and the (2) intersection of Cong O Ninh Xa. The Center monitors hourly concentrations of NO2, SO2, CO,
O3 and TSP at least four times a year.
Air Quality Monitoring in Can Tho City
Air quality monitoring in undertaken by the Center of Monitoring for Natural Resources and Environment
under the DoNRE. In 2009, there was a total of 12 staff under the Center for Natural Resources and
Environment.
Monitoring is conducted four times a year. Monitoring sites are located either along the roads or areas in the
districts with high air pollution. Currently, there are two based monitoring points at the Long Tuyen ward,
96
32
Binh Thuy district, Trung Hung commune-Co Do district. The Center for Natural Resources and Environment
monitor hourly averages of the criteria pollutants, as specified in the National technical regulation on
ambient air quality (QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT) (i.e., TSP, NO2, CO, SO2 and Pb). However, due to budget
limitations, O3 and PM10 are currently not monitored.
Can Tho City Centre of Monitoring for Natural Resources and Environment97
No.
Name
Job Title
Educational Degree
1
Ky Quang Vinh
Director
M.Sc. – Environmental Technology
2
Thai Phuong Vu
Head of Environmental Unit
M.Sc. – Environmental Technology
3
Doan Thanh Tam
Head of Monitoring Unit
Bachelor – Environmental Sciences
4
Luu Tan Tai
Deputy Head of Environmental Unit
Bachelor – Environmental Sciences
5
Tran Quoc Quang
Staff – Monitoring Unit
Bachelor – Environmental Technology
6
Nguyen Huu Duy Tan
7
Nguyen Xuan Cuong
8
Tran Phuong Dong
9
Tran Khanh Luan
Staff – Experimental Unit
Bachelor – Chemistry
10
Tran Phuoc Hai
Staff – Experimental Unit
Bachelor – Chemistry Technology
11
Nguyen Hong Xuyen
Staff - Administration
Bachelor – Environmental Management
12
Le Yen Phuong
Staff - Administration
Bachelor – Agricultural Economics
Annex G TSP levels in Urban Areas
Percentage of one-hour average TSP concentrations in Hai Phong, Da Nang
and Hue exceeding the QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT from 2002 to 200698
Cities
Monitoring site
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
-
-
67%
100%
67%
Next to the Quan Toan Streel Industry Zone
Next to the old cement factory
Hai Phong
Hue
Da Nang
97
98
100%
100%
-
-
-
Nguyen Vanh Linh Street
-
-
100%
100%
100%
Nguyen Binh Khiem Street
100%
100%
-
-
-
Van My resident area
0%
33%
0%
0%
33%
Transportation route next to Ngoi Sao Hotel
17%
50%
83%
50%
0%
Average
54%
71%
63%
63%
33%
Long Tho cement factory
100%
33%
67%
50%
67%
Linh Tam Lake resident area
17%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Nam Giao platform resident area
0%
17%
0%
0%
0%
Average
39%
17%
22%
17%
22%
Foot of Hai Van pass
0%
0%
25%
0%
0%
33
Cities
Monitoring site
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Transportation route next to Nguyen Trai school
25%
40%
45%
50%
71%
Transportation route next to Trung Vuong opera house
50%
60%
55%
38%
50%
Hue three way crossroad
100%
80%
100%
100%
96%
Average
50%
45%
45%
47%
54%
Data from semi-automatic and manual monitoring stations
The percentage of one-hour average TSP levels in Grade I cities of Hai Phong, Da Nang and Hue exceeding
QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT. Hai Phong (ranging from 33-71%) had the highest recordings of one-hour average
TSP levels exceeding the QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT. This was followed by Da Nang with results ranging from 4756% exceedance and Hue (17-39%). Among the areas monitored, highest percentage of exceedance is usually
found along transportation routes. In other urban areas which are characterized by fast industrial
development and heavy traffic such as Bien Hoa, Thai Nguyen, Viet Tri and Ha Long, TSP levels at traffic
routes, industrial zones and surrounding residential areas are often higher than permitted by the
QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT.
Roadside TSP monitoring results for Bac Ninh City (2006 – 2008)4
K1: Intersection between highway 18 and Tran Hung Dao road
K2: Intersection of Cong O Ninh Xa.
34
Annex H Emissions monitoring results from a glass factory in Que Vo industrial
zone4
Parameters
2005
3
SO2 (µg/m )
1,858,000
3
NOx, as NO2 (µg/m )
1,269,000
2007
1,655,100 to
1,682,800
1,161,000 to
1,178,500
TCVN 5939:2005
Air Quality: Industrial Emissions Standards for
Inorganic Substances and Dusts
A
B
1,500,000
500,000
1,000,000
850,000
Annex I Roadside Pb (ug/m3) concentrations along traffic routes in HCMC (20002007)99
Annex J Most common air pollution diseases in Vietnam100
99
No.
Diseases
Affected People (Per 100,000 people)
Percentage (%)
1
Pneumonia
415.09
4.16
2
Angina and acute tonsillitis
309.40
3.09
3
Bronchitis and acute
bronchitis
305.51
3.06
HEPA, 2007 as cited in MONRE, 2007. National SOE 2007: Vietnam Urban Air Environment.
Year Book, MOH – 2005 as cited in MONRE, 2007. National SOE 2007: Vietnam Urban Air Environment.
100
35
Annex K Percentage of people contracted tuberculosis in some cities/provinces
2005101
Bac Kan
Lao Cai
Dak Nong
Hanoi
Phu Tho
Thai Nguyen
Quang Ninh
Hai Phong
Thua Thien-Hue
Khanh Hoa
Da Nang
Ho Chi Minh City
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Annex L Air pollution impact on people using different transportation modes102
Average PM10 concentration—580 μg/m3 for motorbike riders; 495 μg/m3 for pedestrians; 408 μg/m3 for car
passengers and 262 μg/m3 for bus passengers.
Average CO concentration—18.6 ppm for motorbike riders; 18.5 ppm for car passengers, 11.5 ppm in bus
passengers and 8.5 ppm for pedestrians.
101
Statistics Year Book 2005, MOH, 2006; GSO, 2007 as cited in MONRE, 2007. National SOE 2007: Vietnam Urban Air Environment.
East West Center, Center for Environmental Engineering of Towns and Industrial Areas, Hanoi School of Public Health, University of Hawaii,
2006. Commuters’ Exposure to Particulate Matter and Carbon monoxide in Hanoi, Vietnam: A Pilot Study. East-West Center Working Papers.
Environmental Change, Vulnerability, and Governance Series No. 64: November 2006.
102
36
Annex M SO2 Deposition (tons/km2) in some provinces in North Vietnam 2001103
Annex N Summary of Laws, Regulations and Plans on Air Quality, Transport and
Energy
These main supportive laws and regulations and plans laid down by the national government on the
environment, air quality, transport, energy, and climate change are summarized below:
General Environment Laws and Regulations (with contents related to AQM)
1. 1993 Law on Environmental Protection (LEP) (amended in 2005)
2. Decision No. 256/2003 issued by the Prime Minister on Approval of the National Strategy on
Environmental Protection till 2010 and Orientations Towards 2020 (2003)
3. Decision No. 328/2005 issued by the Prime Minister on the National Plan on Environmental Pollution
Control Until 2010
4. Oriented Strategy for Sustainable Development in Vietnam (Vietnam Agenda 21)
Transport
1. Decision No. 4121/2005 issued by MoT on Approval of overall framework on implementing Urban Air
Quality Improvement Program
2. Decision No. 249/2005/QD-TTg issued by the Prime Minister on Roadmap of Implementation of Emission
Standards for Road Vehicles.
3. Circular No. 10/2009/TT-BGTVT issued by MoT.
4. Directive No.24/2000/CT-TTg issued by the Prime Minister on the use of unleaded gasoline
5. Circular No. 29/2007/TT-BKHCN dated 25/12/2007 issued by the Ministry of Science and Technology
6. Planning on development of Vietnam's land-road communications and transport sector till 2010 and
orientations till 2020 policy
7. DRAFT: Draft scheme on motorbike exhaust control
103
Institute of Mechanics, 2001 as cited in MONRE, 2007. National SOE 2007: Vietnam Urban Air Environment.
37
8. DRAFT: Strategic draft for Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) until 2020
9. UTDMP was approved by the Prime Minister through Decision No. 108/1998/QD-TTg (dated
20 June 1998 on ratifying the readjusted overall planning of Hanoi Capital till 2020) and Decision
90/2008/QD-TTg (dated 9 July 2008 on approving the planning and development of Hanoi capital’s
communications and transport till 2020).
10. Hanoi Region Development Plan was approved by the Prime Minister through Decision no.
490/2008/DQ-TTg
11. UTDMP for HCMC was approved by the Prime Minister through Decision No. 123/1998/QD-TTg (dated 10
July 1998 on ratifying the readjusted overall planning for HCMC till 2020) and Decision No. 101/2007/QDTTg
12. HCMC Region Development Plan was approved by the Prime Minister through Decision No.
589/2008/QD-TTg
Industry
1. Decision No. 1855/QD-TTg of December 27, 2007: Approving Vietnam’s National Energy Development
Strategy up to 2020, with 2050 Vision
2. Decision No. 64/2003/QD-TTg of April 22, 2003: Approving the Plan for Thoroughly Handling
Establishments which Cause Serious Environmental Pollution
3. Resolution No. 102/2003/ND-CP dated 3/9/2003 issued by the Prime Minister on Thrifty and Efficient
Use of Energy
4. Decision No. 79/2006/QD-TTg issued by the Prime Minister on National Program on Energy Efficiency and
Conservation (NPEEC, 2006)
5. Decision 80/2006/QD-TTg dated 14/4/2006 issued by the Prime Minister on approving the electricity
saving program 2006-2010
Standards
1. Quy Chuan Ky Thuat Quoc Gia Ve Chat Luong Khong Khi Xung Quanh (National Technical Regulation on
Ambient Air Quality) QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT
2. Quy Chuan Ky Thuat Quoc Gia Ve Mot So Chat Doc Hai Trong Khong Khi Xung Quanh (National Technical
Regulation on Hazardous Substances in Ambient Air) QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT
3. QCVN 1:2007/BKHCN (National Technical Regulation on gas and diesel fuel)
4. TCVN 6438:2005 – Road vehicles - maximum permitted limits of exhaust gases (Euro2 equivalent)
5. TCVN 5939:1995 (2005) (Industrial Emission Standards: Inorganic Substance and Dusts)
6. TCVN 5940:1995 (2005) (Industrial Emission Standards: Organic Substances)
7. TCVN 7440:2005 (Obligatory application of emission standard for Thermal Power Sector)
8. TCVN 6991:2001 (Organic substance emissions from industries in urban areas)
9. TCVN 6992:2001 (Inorganic substance emissions from industries in urban areas)
10. TCVN 6994:2001 (Organic substance emissions from industries in industrial areas)
11. TCVN 6995:2001 (Inorganic substance emissions from industries in industrial areas)
12. TCVN 6993:2001 (Organic substance emissions from industries in rural and mountainous areas)
13. TCVN 6996:2001 (Inorganic substance emissions from industries in rural and mountainous areas)
14. TCVN 6776:2005 – unleaded gasoline specifications
15. TCVN 5689:2005 – diesel oil specifications
38
General Environment Laws and Regulations (with contents related to AQM)
1. 1993 Law on Environmental Protection (LEP) (amended in 2005)104
The LEP was first passed in 1993. In the 1993 version of LEP, air pollution was simple referred to as
the discharge of smoke, dust and noxious gas. It should be mentioned that the LEP was a broad and
general document providing the basic framework of environmental protection in the country.
A 2005 revision of the LEP included reference to new environmental issues and solutions, for
example, ozone depletion, greenhouse gas emissions, energy security, and cleaner energy.
References to air quality increased in relation to monitoring and reporting. Protection of human
health was reflected in both versions of LEP. In support of the 2005 LEP, a decree providing detailed
regulations on implementation was signed in 2007. This detailed regulations contained mostly details
on waste, SEAs, EIAs and the process for setting up environmental standards.
2. Decision No. 256/2003 issued by the Prime Minister on Approval of the National Strategy on
Environmental Protection till 2010 and Orientations Towards 2020 (2003)
The NSEP is the most important national environment policy in Vietnam and was introduced in 2003.
Compared to the LEP, the NSEP describes in more detail priority environment programs and includes
responsibilities of the different ministries. 105
One of the objectives contained in the policy is to improve environmental quality in large cities by
2010 and by 2020, achieve good air quality standards.106
The NSEP contains 36 national priority programs, plans, schemes and projects on environmental
protection. Of the 36 programs in total, two are directly related to air quality: 107
o Action Plan to Thoroughly Tackle Units and Establishments Causing Serious Environmental
pollution (see under Industry)
 MoNRE is responsible for implementing the program
o Program on Improving Air Quality in Urban Areas (see under Transport)
 MoT is responsible for implementing this program.
3. Decision No. 328/2005 issued by the Prime Minister on the National Plan on Environmental Pollution
Control Until 2010108
Approved on 12 December 2005, this Plan contains 19 priority projects and programs, some of which
duplicate some of the 36 programs in the NSEP. As with the NSEP, the responsibility for preparing
and implementing air pollution control plan lies with MoT, with MoNRE is a collaborating agency.
The State Plan on Environmental Pollutant Control did not describe its relationship with the NSEP.
Some of the key targets of this plan include:
o Carry out surveys, inventories, treatment of 70% pollution sources;
o Collection, transport and disposal of 90% solid wastes amount discharged from urban and
industrial areas; and
104
105
CAI-Asia Center, 2008. APPH in HCMC. Component 3 – Policy and Public Awareness Final Report.
105
106
Guttikunda, S., et al., 2008. A 2020 Vision: An Integrated Policy Reform for Air Quality Management in Hanoi, Vietnam. January 2010.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1293772
107
105
108
105
39
o
Dispose of 100% medical hazardous wastes and 60% industrial hazardous wastes by most
suitable technologies.
4. Oriented Strategy for Sustainable Development in Vietnam (Vietnam Agenda 21)
Promulgated in August 2004, this document provides the legal bases for ministries, branches,
localities and other organizations in the implementation of sustainable development goals of
Vietnam, and was required in support of Vietnam’s international commitments. Vietnam Agenda 21
was designed to make the linkages between the Socio-Economic Development Plan (SEDP) 20012010 and the NSEP more concrete and guide the development of 5-year SEDP 2006-2010 which
combines economic development with social progress and environmental protection. Compared to
the LEP and the NSEP, priority actions for air pollution control are more comprehensive in the
Vietnam Agenda 21.109
o Air pollution control in urban and industrial zones is one of the nine priority areas for
sustainable development of natural resources and environment and one of the 19 priority
areas in development policy in Vietnam.110 Thorough evaluation and control of air pollution
from industries, vehicles and domestic activities in large urban and industrial areas was
stressed, among others.
Transport
1. Decision No. 4121/2005 issued by MoT on Approval of overall framework on implementing Urban Air
Quality Improvement Program111
This was the 23rd program within the NESP wherein MoT was identified as the implementing agency.
The overall goals of this program are: restrict air pollution in urban areas due to transportation,
industry and construction operation; gradually improve and raise urban air quality; and control air
pollution caused by the mentioned activities, especially those caused by transportation.
2. Decision No. 249/2005/QD-TTg issued by the Prime Minister on Roadmap of Implementation of
Emission Standards for Road Vehicles.
This mandated the enforcement of Euro 2 standards by July 2007 for new vehicles; July 2006 for
imported used vehicles; July 2006 for in-use vehicles in five big cities (i.e., Hanoi, HCMC, Hai Phong,
Da Nang, and Can Tho; and from July 2008 for other cities.
3. Circular No. 10/2009/TT-BGTVT issued by MoT.
This circular issued by MoT set the new schedule for periodic inspections for vehicles (for personal
and commercial use) under the provisions of Circular No. 10/2009/TT-BGTVT.
According to this provision, cars and three-wheeler vehicles used for commercial purposes should
undergo an inspection every six months while those for personal use need to be checked every 12
months. Buses and trucks which have been in use for more than 15 and 20 years, respectively, need
to undergo inspection every three months.
Currently, there are 89 vehicle registration centers in the country. Ten are located in Hanoi while
nine are in HCMC.
4. Directive No.24/2000/CT-TTg issued by the Prime Minister on the use of unleaded gasoline
109
105
http://www.rrcap.unep.org/nsds/uploadedfiles/file/gms/vn/reference/NSDS-VN-Sustainable%20Development%20Implementation.pdf
111
111
110
40
5.
6.
7.
8.
On 23 November 2000, the Prime Minister issued Directive No.24/2000/CT-TTg on the use of
unleaded gasoline, which was implemented nationwide on 1 July 2001.
Circular No. 29/2007/TT-BKHCN dated 25/12/2007 issued by the Ministry of Science and Technology112
This circular issued by the MoST was posted on the Official Gazette on 6 January 2008. It specifies
that enterprises specializing in gas and oil importing, manufacturing, processing, distributing and
retailing should meet the quality requirements provided in the National Technical Regulation on gas
and diesel fuel (QCVN 1:2007/BKHCN), and, where applicable, consistent with TCVN 6776:2005
(unleaded gasoline specifications) and TCVN 5689:2005 (diesel oil specifications).
Planning on development of Vietnam's land-road communications and transport sector till 2010 and
orientations till 2020 policy113
Released in 2002, one of the policy’s objectives is to restrict the growth rate of motorcycles at no
more than 10% a year, ensure that by 2005 the number is no more than 13 million114 and to reduce
the number from 2006 to 2010. The policy assigned MoT to develop measures and policies that will
promote mass transit and restrict the increase of number of motorbikes.
DRAFT: Draft scheme on motorbike exhaust control115
MoT has recently circulated a draft scheme on motorbike exhaust control for public comment.
According to Le Anh Tu of the Vehicle Registration Agency, once the scheme is approved, it will be
implemented experimentally in Hanoi and HCM City in 2010-2012, and then applied in other cities.
The proposed limits are 6% carbon dioxide (CO2) and 2.0 parts per million (ppm) of HC. Under MoT’s
proposal, in the first year of implementation, emissions testing will be mandatory for in-use
motorbikes (≥10 years); in-use motorbikes (≥7 years) in the second year; and in the third year, in-use
motorbikes (≥3 years) will be tested. The draft scheme also details the fines and penalties with noncompliance and the mechanism of emissions testing.
DRAFT: Strategic draft for Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) until 2020116
A recent development is the release of the strategic draft for Environmentally Sustainable Transport
(EST) until 2020. According to Dr Nguyen Trung Thang of the Institute of Strategic Policy for Natural
Resources and Environment, by 2020, Vietnam will adopt the Euro 4 emission standards for
automobiles. In addition, the EST strategy aims to increase clean-energy generation to 10%, increase
the ratio of people using public transport to 50%117, and those using unpowered vehicles to 35%. To
increase the share of public transport usage, the draft strategy proposes developing mass transport
systems (i.e., like a sky train and an underground rail), restrict the use of private vehicles by
increasing taxes and registration fees, tighten environmental norms and close off certain areas to
private vehicles.
112
Ministry of Planning and Investment, [undated]. Conditions on quality and measurement assurance of petrol and diesel business stipulated.
http://www.business.gov.vn/newsevents.aspx?id=6006
113
105
114
The number of motorcycles (2-wheelers) in Vietnam as of 2005 was 10.7 million (segment Y Ltd, 2008).
115
VietNamNet/TP/NLD, 2009. Motorbike exhausts to be sniffed annually. http://english.vietnamnet.vn/reports/2009/08/861992/
116
VNS, 2009. Measures urged to curb traffic pollution. Vietnam News.
117
Currently, public transport only meets 7.4% of travel demands in Hanoi and only 5% in Ho Chi Minh City. Source: Dr. Nguyen Van Tai, 2009.
EST Achievements, Progress and Future Strategies. http://www.uncrd.or.jp/env/4th-regional-estforum/Presentations/14_BS3_Viet%20Nam.pdf
41
Industry
1. Decision No. 1855/QD-TTg of December 27, 2007: Approving Vietnam’s National Energy Development
Strategy up to 2020, with 2050 Vision
Specific objectives: To formulate long-term environmental objectives and standards in conformity
with regional and world environmental standards and the country's economic conditions. To control
and mitigate environmental pollution in energy-related activities; by 201 5, all energy facilities will
reach environmental standards.
Development objectives: To ensure sustainable development and minimize adverse impacts on the
environment.
Policy on environmental protection: This aims to ensure the harmony between energy exploitation
and use with environmental management; to apply advanced environmental standards in an
appropriate manner.
Implementation solutions: To accelerate the application of energy-saving solutions; to enhance
coordination between authorities, the Fatherland Front and mass associations in encouraging people
to use energy in an economical and efficient manner while ensuring environmental protection.
2. Decision No. 64/2003/QD-TTg of April 22, 2003: Approving the Plan for Thoroughly Handling
Establishments which Cause Serious Environmental Pollution118
This was one of the programs within NESP wherein MoNRE was identified as the implementing
agency.
This was considered a significant legislation on managing stationary sources in Vietnam. In 2002, a
total of 4,295 polluting establishments were listed as a result of assessments by the government.
Through the plan, 439 of these establishments will be regulated by 2007 while the remaining 3,856
establishments will be regulated by 2012. Although air pollution is one component of environmental
pollution, this plan is used to regulate air pollution from industries.
Under this plan, the owners of the polluting establishments have the prime responsibility for the
capital investment needed in the treatment of environmental pollution caused by their
establishment.
3. Resolution No. 102/2003/ND-CP dated 3/9/2003 issued by the Prime Minister on Thrifty and Efficient
Use of Energy119
Energy, under this decree, is defined as energy generated by coal, gas, fuel, hydropower, electricity,
renewable energy, heat. This regulation prescribes energy efficient measures in industry production,
in buildings, energy-consuming equipment and activities, among others.
4. Decision No. 79/2006/QD-TTg issued by the Prime Minister on National Program on Energy Efficiency
and Conservation (NPEEC, 2006)
One of the overall goals during the period 2006-2015 is to reduce the energy consumption, which is
contributing to climate change mitigation. Under the program, six topics and 11 national projects are
identified, of which 2 topics and 3 projects are directly related to air pollution reduction.
o Topic 4: Saving and efficient using of energy in the industrial sector with two national
projects: 1) Formulate the model for saving and efficient use of energy in industrial
118
Decision No. 64/2003/QD-TTg issued by Prime Minister on 22 April 2003.
http://laws.dongnai.gov.vn/2001_to_2010/2003/200304/200304220003_en/print_default
119
Decree no. 102/2003/ND-CP http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/vie41289.pdf
42
establishments; 2) Support industrial establishments in upgrading and improving the
technology toward saving and efficient use of energy; and
o Topic 6: Saving and efficient using of energy in the transport sector with one national
project: 1) optimalization of capacity of transport means in order to reduce the energy
consumption and minimize emissions.
5. Decision 80/2006/QD-TTg dated 14/4/2006 issued by the Prime Minister on approving the electricity
saving program 2006-2010120
This program provides measures for mobilizing people to participate in saving electricity,
implementing electricity saving in offices, activities, business and services, industrial production,
electricity production and business, electricity-consuming equipment and means, and in lighting,
using alternative energy.
Annex O Other Legislation
Legislations on AQM Institutional Mandate:
1. 1996 Ordinance on the concrete tasks and power of the people’s council and people’s committee at each
level
2. Decree No. 91/2002/ND-CP dated November 11, 2002 on the functions, responsibilities, powers and
organizational structure of MoNRE
3. Decision No. 45/2003/QD-TTg dated 2 April 2003 on establishment of Department of Natural Resources
and Environment in each province and city
4. Joint Circular No. 01/2003/TTLT-BTNMT-BNV issued by the MoNRE and the Ministry of Home/Internal
Affairs providing guidelines for the setting up of functions, tasks, powers and organizational structure of
agencies designated to assist the People’s Committees in addressing issues of natural resource
management
5. Decision No. 34/2005/QD-TTg dated 22 February 2005 issued by the Prime Minister promulgating the
government’s action program for implementation of the Politburo’s Resolution No. 41-NQ/TW of 14
November 2004 on environmental protection in the period of accelerated national industrialization and
modernization.
6. Decision No. 111/2004/QD-UB dated April 23, 2004 by HCMC People’s Committee established the HCMC
Environmental Protection Agency (HEPA) under the DoNRE to assist the department in managing
environmental protection
7. Decree No 81/2007/ND-CP dated 23 May 2007 on regulating professional units on environment
protection at authorities and state-owned enterprises
8. Decree No. 25/2008/NĐ-CP dated 4 March 2008 on the functions, tasks, powers, and the new
organizational structure of MoNRE
9. Decision No. 132/2008/QD-TTg dated 30 September 2008 defining the functions, tasks, powers and
organizational structure of the VEA
10. Decision No. 47/2008/QD-TCMT dated 21 November 2008 by the General Director of VEA contains,
among others, the organization, functions, tasks and responsibilities of the Department of Pollution
Control under VEA
120
Nguyen Van Phuong and Vu Thu Hanh, [undated]. Strengthening Legal and Policy Frameworks for Addressing Climate Change in Asia;
Vietnam. Discussion Draft. http://www.unep.org /dec/PDF/Casestudies/CCVietnamdraft.pdf
43
Other Legislations:
1. Decision No. 16/2007/QD-TTg issued by the Prime Minister on 29 January 2007 on a “master plan on
natural resources and environment monitoring network up to 2020”
2. Luat Tieu Chuan Va Quy Chuan Ky Thuat (Law of Standard and National Technical Regulation in Vietnam)
Included in Resolution No 51/2001/QH10; Date 25th December, 2001
3. Decision 158/2008/QD-TTg dated 2/12/2008 (Vietnam’s National Target Program to Respond to Climate
Change [NTP-RCC])
Annex P National Technical Regulation on Hazardous Substances in Ambient Air
(QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT) (µg/m3)
Averaging
Time
Parameters
Arsenic (As)
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)l
Dust containing silicone oxyde
> 50%
Chlorine (Cl2)
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
CH3SH
Dust containing Chrysotile
[Mg3Si2O3(OH)]
+6
Hexavalent chromium (Cr )
Mercury (Hg)
CH2=CHCN
Manganese (Mn)/Manganese
Dioxide (MnO2)
Nickel (Ni)
Hydrocarbon (CnHm)
Vinyl clorua (ClCH=CH2)
Naphthalene (C10H8)
Limit/
Standard
Parameters
1-hr
0,03
Annual
0,005
Arsine (AsH3)
24-hr
60
Nitric Acid (HNO3)
1-hr
150
24-hr
50
1-hr
100
24-hr
30
1-hr
24-hr
Annual
300
50
3
Cd (smoke containing
cadimi oxyde and cadimi
metal)
1-hr
50
24-hr
20
-
1 sợi/m
1-hr
0,007
24-hr
0,003
Annual
0,002
24-hr
0,3
Aniline (C6H5NH2)
24-hr
45
Benzene (C6H6)
Annual
22,5
1-hr
10
24-hr
8
Annual
0,15
24-hr
1
1-hr
5000
24-hr
1500
24-hr
Averaging
Time
Limit/
Standard
1-hr
0,3
Annual
0,05
CH3CH2COOH
1-hr
24-hr
8-hr
400
150
300
Chloroform (CHCl3)
24-hr
16
Annual
0,04
1-hr
8-hr
Annual
0,4
0,2
0,005
Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
1-hr
10
C2H3COOH
Annual
54
Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
1-hr
20
24-hr
5
Annual
1
1-hr
50
24-hr
30
1-hr
22
Annual
10
30 - min
1000
1-hr
500
Annual
190
CH2=CHCHO
1-hr
50
HCHO
1-hr
20
26
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
1-hr
42
8-hr
500
Phenol (C6H5OH)
1-hr
10
24-hr
120
3
Toluene (C6H5CH3)
44
Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO)
1-hr
45
Styrene (C6H5CH=CH2)
Annual
30
Tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4)
24-hr
100
Xylene (C6H4(CH3)2)
1-hr
1000
Benzidine (NH2C6H4C6H4NH2)
1-hr
KPHT
Ammonia (NH3)
1 week
260
Annual
190
1-hr
200
3
µg/m =micrograms per cubic meter
Annex Q Fuel Quality Specifications121
Unleaded Gasoline
Content of substance
TCVN 6776: 2000
Sulfure ,max, mg/kg
1500
Benzen, % of mass , max
5
Metal (Fe, Mn), max, mg/l
18
Content of substance
Sulfure ,max ,mg/kg
Cetan Index, max
Diesel Oil
TCVN 5689: 2002
500; 2500; 5000
45
TCVN 6776: 2005
500
2,5
5
TCVN 5689: 2005
500; 2500
46
Annex R Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles (as of 26 Mar 2008)122
95
Vietnam
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
EURO 2
121
CAI-Asia. 2008, March. Emission standards for new vehicles (light duty). http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/articles58969_resource_1.pdf
122
122
45
Annex S Organizational Chart of VEA123
Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment (MoNRE)
Viet Nam Environment
Administration (VEA)
Department of Policy and
Legislation
Department of Planning and
Finance
Department of International
Cooperation and Science and
Technology
Department of Appraisal and
Environmental Impact Assessment
Department of Biodiversity
Conservation
Center for Environmental
Monitoring
Institute of Environmental
Management Science
Center for Environment Training
and Communication
Department of Waste Management
and Environment Promotion
Information and Data
Department of Personnel
Organization
Department of Pollution Control
Inspection Department
Consultancy and Technology
Transfer
Administration Office
Environment Magazine
Regional Department for provinces
in southeastern area of south
VietNam
Regional Departments for provinces
in southwestern area of south
VietNam
Regional Departments for central
and west plateau provinces of
VietNam
Annex T AQM Plans for Hanoi, HCMC and Hai Phong
Hanoi
In 2000, the former Department of Science Technology and Environment (DOSTE) (now Hanoi DoNRE), with
technical support from Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), elaborated a draft Environmental
Master Plan for Hanoi for the years up to 2020. The draft consists of two parts: (1) a situational analysis on
the existing environmental conditions in Hanoi and (2) the environmental master plan for Hanoi city. The
master plan covers major environmental aspects, such as environmental zoning, air and water quality, solid
waste, noise & vibrations and biodiversity. The plan also contains a scenario on the environmental
development in absence of the master plan. The components of the Air Quality Protection Plan focus mainly
on industrial pollution (relocation, economic and administrative measures, cleaner production), whereas the
traffic sector is assumed to be covered mainly by the National Program on Vehicle Emission Reductions and
the ongoing initiatives to promote and expand public transport in Hanoi. Solutions for the domestic sector
basically involve fuel switch for cooking (from coal/oil to gas and electricity) and planting trees as a general
123
VEA Brochure [undated]. Prepared with support from SEMLA Programme.
46
measure to reduce the city’s air pollution. Unfortunately, the Hanoi’s environmental master plan has not
been institutionalised by Hanoi People’s Committee.
Another proposed AQM Plan for Hanoi was developed from 2006-2008 with technical support from SwissVietnamese Clean Air Program (SVCAP) and CAI-Asia Center. This proposed AQM plan is a systematic and
integral approach which provides the base for a comprehensive air quality management with a long-term
view, which, at the moment, does not exist in Hanoi. The plan provides a sound situational analysis, defines
air quality/emission targets and proposes a set of feasible priority measures leading to achieving those
targets. The development of the proposed AQM plan is an inter-disciplinary task and thus stimulates a broad
discussion and raises awareness at the institutional level. It is expected to systematically address the major
air quality concerns in Hanoi, such as the visible “dust” problem, traffic emissions or pollution from small and
medium enterprises (SMEs) in residential areas. However, this proposed AQM Plan has not yet been
approved by Hanoi People’s Committee due to the institutional change after the expansion of Hanoi’s
territory in August 2008. As a consequence, the drafted Hanoi AQM Plan needs to be revised/updated to
incorporate with the new developments in the capital.
HCMC
In 2002, the HCMC People’s Committee approved an environmental management strategy from 2002 to
2010 which includes an air quality management action plan.124
Mitigating air pollution from stationary sources
• Implement programs for abatement of industrial
emissions;
• Review industrial emissions standards for key
industries;
• Identify major sources of industrial air pollution;
• Revise penalty charges for exceeding emissions
standards;
• Increase the number and improve the quality of
emissions inspections;
• Introduce compulsory self-monitoring of emissions;
• Develop a revolving fund for pollution abatement;
and
• Examine feasibility and introduce charges for
industrial emissions.
Mitigating air pollution from mobile sources
• Establish a motor vehicles inspection system; and
• Strengthen vehicle emissions enforcement
capability.
Monitor Implementation, Input and Coordination of
Air Quality Action Plan
• Studying to Impact of Air Pollution on Citizen’s
Health
• Conduct an emission inventory;
• Identify air pollution levels;
• Support studies on pollution-related health
problems;
• Analyze the relationships between air pollution and
health/mortality; and
• Make recommendations for improvement.
Political and Institutional issues
• Enhance the capabilities of the environmental
management agency and relevant institutions.
Improving fuel quality
• Promote use of cleaner fuels; and
• Examine potential for alternative fuels.
124
Le Van Khoa, [undated]. Air quality management in Ho Chi Minh City.
http://www.unescap.org/esd/environment/kitakyushu/urban_air/city_report/hochiminh2.pdf
47
Reducing emissions from vehicles
• Introduce pollution control technologies.
Raising public awareness
• Develop a public outreach program.
Reducing traffic congestion and improving traffic flow
• Establish transport policies to improve future
accessibility and minimize congestion; and
• Formulate transport policies to encourage use of
public transport.
Setting up an air quality monitoring & modeling
system
• Monitor air quality in industrial areas;
• Establish GIS-based data including information
related to pollution sources; and
• Use modeling software to forecast pollution levels
in the city.
Hai Phong
An AQM Plan for Hai Phong was developed by Hai Phong DONRE with support from World Bank. The
objective of the AQM Plan is to improve the air quality in Hai Phong through emissions strengthening and
monitoring, capacity building, public awareness, energy conservation, air pollution treatment, traffic
management, and vehicle inspection and maintenance.
48
E
49

Vietnam Country Profile - Clean Air for Smaller Cities in the ASEAN

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