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Austin, Texas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas
Coordinates: 30°15′N 97°45′W
Austin, Texas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Austin (/ˈɒstɨn/ or /ˈɔːstɨn/) is the capital of the
U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County.
Located in Central Texas on the eastern edge of
the American Southwest,[5] Austin is the 13th
most populous city in the United States of
America and the fourth most populous city in the
state of Texas. It was the third-fastest-growing
large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006.[6]
Austin has a population of 820,611 (2011 U.S.
Census).[7] The city is the cultural and economic
center of the Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos
metropolitan area, which had an estimated
population 1,783,519 (2011 U.S. Census),[8]
making it the 34th-largest metropolitan statistical
area in the United States and the fourth-largest in
Texas.
In the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in
central Austin along the Colorado River. After
Republic of Texas Vice President Mirabeau B.
Lamar visited the area during a buffalo-hunting
expedition between 1837 and 1838, he proposed
that the republic's capital then located in Houston,
Texas, be relocated to the area situated on the
north bank of the Colorado River near the
present-day Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue
Bridge. In 1839, the site was officially chosen as
the republic's new capital (the republic's seventh
and final location) and was incorporated under the
name, Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was
changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin,
the "Father of Texas" and the republic's first
secretary of state.
The city grew throughout the 19th century and
became a center for government and education
with the construction of the Texas State Capitol
and the University of Texas at Austin.[9] After a
lull in growth from the Great Depression, Austin
resumed its development into a major city in the
1980s and emerged as a center for technology and
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Austin, Texas
— State Capital —
City of Austin
Downtown skyline as seen from Lady Bird Lake
Seal
Nickname(s): Live Music Capital of the World, Silicon Hills[1]
Location in the state of Texas
Austin, Texas
12/26/12 12:17 PM
business.[10] A number of Fortune 500 companies
have headquarters or regional offices in Austin
including Advanced Micro Devices, Apple,
Google, IBM, Intel, Texas Instruments, 3M, and
Whole Foods Market.[11] Dell's worldwide
headquarters is located in nearby Round Rock, a
suburb of Austin.
Location in the United States of America
Coordinates: 30°15′N 97°45′W
Country
State
Counties
United States
Texas
Travis
Williamson
Hays
Residents of Austin are known as "Austinites".
Settled
1835
They include a diverse mix of government
Incorporated
December 27, 1839
employees (e.g., university faculty & staff, law
Government
enforcement, political staffers); foreign and
• Type
Council–manager
domestic college students; musicians; high-tech
• Mayor
Lee Leffingwell
workers; blue-collar workers and
• City Manager
Marc Ott
businesspeople.[12] The city is home to
development centers for many technology
Area[2]
corporations; it adopted the "Silicon Hills"
• State Capital
272 sq mi (704 km2)
nickname in the 1990s. However, the current
• Land
271.816 sq mi (704.00 km2)
official slogan promotes Austin as "The Live
• Water
6.91 sq mi (17.90 km2)
Music Capital of the World", a reference to the
• Metro
4,285.70 sq mi (11,099.91 km2)
many musicians and live music venues within the
area, and the long-running PBS TV concert series
Elevation
489 ft (149 m)
[1][13]
Austin City Limits.
In recent years, some
Population (2011)[2]
Austinites have also adopted the unofficial slogan
• State Capital
820,611 (13th)
"Keep Austin Weird".[14] This interpretation of the
• Density
3,262.86/sq mi (1,259.80/km2)
classic, "Texas-style" sense of independence refers
• Metro
1,783,519 (34th)
to: the traditional and proudly eclectic, liberal
Time zone
CST (UTC-6)
lifestyles of many Austin residents; a desire to
• Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)
protect small, unique, local businesses from being
overrun by large corporations; and, as a reaction to
ZIP code
78701-78705, 78708-78739,
the perceived rise of conservative influences
78741-78742, 78744-78769
[15]
within the community.
In the late 1800s,
Area code(s)
512 & 737
Austin also became known as the City of the
FIPS code
48-05000[3]
"Violet Crown" for the wintertime violet glow of
GNIS feature ID 1384879[4]
color across the hills just after sunset.[16] Even
today, many Austin businesses use the term "violet
Website
www.austintexas.gov
(http://www.austintexas.gov/)
crown" in their name. Austin is known as a "clean
air city" for the city's stringent no-smoking
ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, and all restaurants. [17]
Contents
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1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
2.2 2011 drought
3 Government and politics
3.1 Law and government
3.1.1 State and federal representation
4 Politics
4.1 Environmental movement
5 Economy
6 Cityscape
6.1 Downtown
7 Demographics
8 Arts and culture
8.1 Annual cultural events
8.2 Music
8.3 Film
8.4 Media
8.5 Theater
8.6 Sports
8.7 Museums and other points of interest
9 Parks and recreation
10 Transportation
10.1 Highways
10.2 Tollways
10.3 Airports
10.4 Intercity bus service
10.5 Public transportation
10.6 Walkability
11 Education
11.1 Higher education
11.2 Public primary and secondary education
11.3 Private and alternative education
12 Sister cities
13 See also
14 Notes
15 References
16 Further reading
17 External links
History
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Main article: History of Austin, Texas
Austin, Travis County, and Williamson County have been the site of human habitation since at least
9200 BC. The earliest known inhabitants of the area lived during the late Pleistocene (Ice Age) and are
linked to the Clovis culture around 9200 BC (11,200 years ago), based on evidence found throughout the
area and documented at the much-studied Gault Site, midway between Georgetown and Fort Hood.[18]
When settlers first arrived from Europe, the area was inhabited by the Tonkawa tribe, and the
Comanches and Lipan Apaches were known to travel through the area as well.[19] Spanish explorers,
including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area for centuries, though few
permanent settlements were created for some time.[20] In 1730, three missions from East Texas were
combined and reestablished as one mission on the south side of the Colorado River, in what is now
Zilker Park, in Austin. The mission was in this area for only about seven months, and then was moved to
San Antonio de Béxar and split into three missions.[21] In the mid-18th century, the San Xavier missions
were located along the Colorado River, in what is now western Milam County, to facilitate
exploration.[22]
Early in the 19th century, Spanish forts were established in what are now Bastrop and San Marcos.
[20][23]
Following the independence of Mexico, new settlements were established in Central Texas, but
growth in the region was stagnant because of conflicts with the regional Native Americans.[23][24][25]
In 1835–1836, Texans fought and won independence from Mexico. Texas thus became its own
independent country with its own president, congress, and monetary system. In 1839, the Texas
Congress formed a commission to seek a site for a new capital to be named for Stephen F. Austin.[26]
Mirabeau B. Lamar, second president of the newly formed Republic of Texas, advised the
commissioners to investigate the area named Waterloo, noting the area's hills, waterways, and pleasant
surroundings.[27] Waterloo was selected and the name Austin was chosen as the town's new name.[28]
The name Austin is considered to be derived from Augustine, a variant of Augustus. The location was
seen as a convenient crossroads for trade routes between Santa Fe and Galveston Bay, as well as routes
between northern Mexico and the Red River.[29] Austin is also the site where the southern leg of the
Chisholm Trail leads to the Colorado River.[30]
Edwin Waller was picked by Lamar to survey the village and
draft a plan laying out the new capital.[26] The original site was
narrowed to 640 acres (259 ha) that fronted the Colorado River
between two creeks, Shoal Creek and Waller Creek, which was
later named in his honor. The 14-block grid plan was bisected by
a broad north-south thoroughfare, Congress Avenue, running up
from the river to Capital Square, where the new Texas State
Capitol was to be constructed. A temporary one-story capitol
was erected on the corner of Colorado and 8th Streets. On
August 1, 1839, the first auction of 217 out of 306 lots total was
held.[26][29] The grid plan Waller designed and surveyed now
forms the basis of downtown Austin.
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An 1873 illustration of Edwin
Waller's layout for Austin
12/26/12 12:17 PM
In 1840, a series of conflicts between the Texas Rangers and the Comanches, known as the Council
House Fight and the Battle of Plum Creek, finally pushed the Comanches westward, mostly ending
conflicts in Central Texas.[31] Settlement in the area began to expand quickly. Travis County was
established in 1840, and the surrounding counties were mostly established within the next two
decades.[25]
Initially, the new capital thrived. But Lamar's political enemy, Sam Houston, used two Mexican army
incursions to San Antonio as an excuse to move the government. Sam Houston fought bitterly against
Lamar’s decision to establish the capital in such a remote wilderness. The men and women who traveled
mainly from Houston to conduct government business were intensely disappointed as well. By 1840 the
population had risen to 856 of whom nearly half fled from Austin when Congress recessed.[32] The
resident Black population listed in January of this same year was 176.[33] The fear of Austin’s proximity
to the Indians and Mexico, which still considered Texas a part of their land, created an immense motive
for Sam Houston, the first and third President of the Republic of Texas, to relocate the capital once again
in 1841. Upon threats of Mexican troops in Texas, Houston raided the Land Office to transfer all official
documents to Houston for safe keeping in what was later known as the Archive War, but the people of
Austin would not allow this unaccompanied decision to be executed. The documents stayed, but the
capital would temporarily move from Austin to Houston to Washington-on-the-Brazos. Without the
governmental body, Austin’s population declined to a low of only a few hundred people throughout the
early 1840s. The voting by the fourth President of the Republic, Anson Jones, and Congress, who
reconvened in Austin in 1845, settled the issue to keep Austin the seat of government as well as annex
the Republic of Texas into the United States.
In 1860, 38% of Travis County residents were slaves.[34] In 1861, with the outbreak of the American
Civil War, voters in Austin and other Central Texas communities voted against secession.[23][26]
However, as the war progressed and fears of attack by Union forces increased, Austin contributed
hundreds of men to the Confederate forces. The African American population of Austin swelled
dramatically after the enforcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in Texas by Union General
Gordon Granger at Galveston in an event commemorated as Juneteenth. Black communities such as
Wheatville, Pleasant Hill, and Clarksville were established with Clarksville being the oldest surviving
freedomtown ‒ the original post-Civil War settlements founded by former African-American slaves ‒
west of the Mississippi River.[26] In 1870, blacks made up 36.5% of Austin's population.[35] The postwar
period saw dramatic population and economic growth. The opening of the Houston and Texas Central
Railway (H&TC) in 1871,[36] turned Austin into the major trading center for the region with the ability
to transport both cotton and cattle. The Missouri, Kansas, and Texas (MKT) line followed close
behind.[37] Austin was also the terminus of the southernmost leg of the Chisholm Trail and "drovers"
pushed cattle north to the railroad.[38] Cotton was one of the few crops produced locally for export and a
cotton gin engine was located downtown near the trains for "ginning" cotton of its seeds and turning the
product into bales for shipment.[39] As other new railroads were built through the region in 1870s,
however, Austin began to lose its primacy in trade to the surrounding communities.[26] In addition, the
areas east of Austin took over cattle and cotton production from Austin, especially in towns like Hutto
and Taylor that sit over the blackland prairie, with its deep, rich soils for producing cotton and
hay.[40][41]
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In September 1881, Austin public schools held their first classes. The same year, Tillotson Collegiate
and Normal Institute (now part of Huston-Tillotson University) opened its doors. The University of
Texas at Austin held its first classes in 1883, although classes had been held in the original wooden state
Capitol for four years before.[42]
During the 1880s, Austin gained new prominence as the state capitol building was completed in 1888
and claimed as the seventh largest building in the world.[26] In the late 19th century, Austin expanded its
city limits to more than three times its former area, and the first granite dam was built on the Colorado
River to power a new street car line and the new "moon towers."[26] Unfortunately the first dam washed
away in a flood on April 6, 1909.[43] It was finally replaced in 1940 by a hollow concrete dam[44] that
formed Lake McDonald (now called Lake Austin) and which has withstood all floods since. In addition,
the much larger Mansfield Dam was built by the LCRA upstream of Austin to form the flood-control
lake, Lake Travis.[45] In the early 20th century, the Texas Oil Boom took hold, creating tremendous
economic opportunities in Southeast Texas and North Texas. The growth generated by this boom largely
passed by Austin at first, with the city slipping from fourth largest to 10th largest in Texas between 1880
and 1920.[26]
In the 1920s and 1930s Austin launched a series of civic development and beautification projects that
created much of the city's infrastructure and many of its parks. In addition, the state legislature
established the Lower Colorado River Authority that, along with the City of Austin, created the system
of dams along the Colorado River to form the Highland Lakes. These projects were enabled in large part
because the Public Works Administration provided Austin with greater funding for municipal
construction projects than other Texas cities.[26]
After the mid-20th century, Austin became established as one of Texas' major metropolitan centers. In
1970, the Census Bureau reported Austin's population as 14.5% Hispanic, 11.9% black, and 73.4%
non-Hispanic white.[35] In the late 20th century, Austin emerged as an important high tech center for
semiconductors and software. The University of Texas at Austin emerged as a major university.[46]
The 1970s saw Austin's emergence in the national music scene, with local artists such as Willie Nelson,
Asleep at the Wheel, and Stevie Ray Vaughan and iconic music venues such as the Armadillo World
Headquarters. Over time, the long-running television program Austin City Limits, its namesake Austin
City Limits Festival, and the South by Southwest music festival solidified the city's place in the music
industry.[10]
Geography
Austin is located in Central Texas, along the Balcones Escarpment and Interstate 35, northwest of
Houston. It is also 80 miles northeast of its neighboring city, San Antonio. Its elevation varies from 425
feet (130 m) to approximately 1,000 feet (305 m) above sea level.[47] As of 2010, the city occupies a
total area of 271.8 square miles (704 km2).[48] Approximately 6.9 square miles (18 km2) of this area is
water.[49]
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Austin is situated on the
Colorado River, with
three man-made
(artificial) lakes within
the city limits: Lady Bird
Lake (formerly known as
Town Lake), Lake Austin
(both created by dams
along the Colorado
Austin Texas as seen from the
River), and Lake Walter
City limits of Austin
International Space Station, 2007
E. Long that is partly
used for cooling water
for the Decker Power Plant. Mansfield Dam and the foot of Lake Travis are located within the city's
limits.[50] Lady Bird Lake, Lake Austin, and Lake Travis are each on the Colorado River.[26] As a result
of its straddling the Balcones Fault, the eastern part of the city is flat, with heavy clay and loam soils,
whereas, the western part and western suburbs consist of rolling hills on the edge of the Texas Hill
Country.[51] Because the hills to the west are primarily limestone rock with a thin covering of topsoil,
portions of the city are frequently subjected to flash floods from the runoff caused by thunderstorms.
[52][53]
To help control this runoff and to generate hydroelectric power, the Lower Colorado River
Authority operates a series of dams that form the Texas Highland Lakes. The lakes also provide venues
for boating, swimming, and other forms of recreation within several parks on the lake shores.[54]
Austin is located at the intersection of four major ecological regions, and is consequently a temperateto-hot green oasis with a highly variable climate having some characteristics of the desert, the tropics,
and a wetter climate.[55] The area is very diverse ecologically and biologically, and is home to a variety
of animals and plants.[56] Notably, the area is home to many types of wildflowers that blossom
throughout the year but especially in the spring, including the popular bluebonnets, some planted in an
effort by "Lady Bird" Johnson, wife of former President Lyndon Johnson.[57]
A popular point of prominence in Austin is Mount Bonnell. At about 780 feet (238 m) above sea level, it
is a natural limestone formation overlooking Lake Austin on the Colorado River, with an observation
deck about 200 feet (61 m) below its summit.
The soils of Austin range from shallow, gravelly clay loams over limestone in the western outskirts to
deep, fine sandy loams, silty clay loams, silty clays or clays in the city's eastern part. Some of the clays
have pronounced shrink-swell properties and are difficult to work under most moisture conditions. Many
of Austin's soils, especially the clay-rich types, are slightly to moderately alkaline and have free calcium
carbonate.[58]
Climate
Austin has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa),
characterized by hot summers with prevailing humid winds
from the Gulf of Mexico and mild winters. On average,
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Austin
Climate chart (explanation)
12/26/12 12:17 PM
Austin receives 33.6 inches (853.4 mm) of rain per year,
with most of the precipitation in the spring, and a
secondary maximum in the fall.[citation needed] During
springtime, severe thunderstorms sometimes occur, though
tornadoes are rare in the city. Austin is usually at least
partially sunny, receiving nearly 2650 hours, or 60.3% of
the possible total, of bright sunshine per year.[59]
J
F M A M
80
62
65
86
J
J
A
92
95
97
S
91
82
72
71
67
74
72
75
Austin summers are usually hot, with average July and
August highs in the high-90s °F (34–36 °C). Highs reach
90 °F (32.2 °C) on 116 days per year, and 100 °F (37.8 °C)
on 18.[60] The highest recorded temperature was 112 °F
(44 °C) occurring on September 5, 2000 and August 28,
2011[61][62]
2.2
45
2
63
70
61
59
41
O N D
51
51
42
2.8
2.1
4.4
4.3
1.9
2.4
3
3.9
3
2.4
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Metric conversion
Winters in Austin are mild and relatively dry. For the entire
year, Austin averages 88 days below 45 °F (7.2 °C) and 13
days when the minimum temperature falls below
freezing.[60] The lowest recorded temperature was −2 °F
(−19 °C) on January 31, 1949.[63] About every two years or
so, Austin experiences an ice storm that freezes roads over
and affects much of the city for 24 to 48 hours.[63]
Snowfall is rare in Austin; a 3-inch (7.6 cm) snowstorm
brought the city to a near standstill in 1985.[64]
J
F M A M
27
16
18
30
J
J
A
33
35
36
S
33
28
22
22
19
24
22
24
Monthly averages for Austin's weather data are shown in a
graphical format to the right, and in a more detailed tabular
format below.
56
7
51
17
21
16
15
5
O N D
11
10
6
70
53
112 110
48
60
76
99
75
61
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Climate data for Camp Mabry, Austin, Texas (1981-2010 normals)
Month
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
90
Record high °F (°C) (32)
Average high °F
(°C)
99
(37)
98
(37)
99
(37)
104
(40)
108
(42)
108
(42)
110
(43)
112
(44)
100
(38)
91
(33)
90
(32)
112
(44)
61.6 65.1 72.1 79.7 86.4 92.0 95.4 96.9 90.5 81.7 71.3 62.7
79.6
(16.4) (18.4) (22.3) (26.5) (30.2) (33.3) (35.2) (36.1) (32.5) (27.6) (21.8) (17.1) (26.4)
41.4
44.8
51.3
58.6
66.7
72.3
74.4
74.6
69.5
60.7
50.7
42.4
59.0
(15.0)
−2
−1
18
30
40
(4)
51
(11)
57
(14)
58
(14)
41
(5)
30
(−1)
20
4
(−7) (−16)
−2
(−19)
Precipitation inches 2.22 2.02 2.76 2.09 4.41 4.33 1.88 2.35 2.99 3.88 2.96 2.40
(56.4) (51.3) (70.1) (53.1) (112) (110) (47.8) (59.7) (75.9) (98.6) (75.2) (61)
(mm)
34.29
(871)
Average low °F (°C) (5.2) (7.1) (10.7) (14.8) (19.3) (22.4) (23.6) (23.7) (20.8) (15.9) (10.4) (5.8)
Record low °F (°C) (−19) (−18) (−8) (−1)
.4
Snowfall inches (cm) (1)
8 of 37
Year
.2
(0.5)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
.6
(1.5)
12/26/12 12:17 PM
Avg. precipitation days
(≥ 0.01 in)
Avg. snowy days
(≥ 0.1 in)
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
7.4
7.4
9.2
7.1
8.9
7.7
5.4
4.9
6.7
7.5
7.5
7.8
87.5
.2
.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
164.3 169.5 204.6 207.0 226.3 285.0 316.2 297.6 234.0 217.0 168.0 155.0 2,644.5
Source: NOAA [60], Weather.com [62], HKO [59]
Table Note: All temperature and precipitation normals were recorded at Camp Mabry
from 1971–2000, and sunshine data were recorded from 1961–1990. Extremes are
from Camp Mabry and previous stations, with the record spanning 1897 to present.
[59][62]
2011 drought
Main article: 2011 Southern US drought
From October 2010 through September 2011, Austin had the least rainfall since the 1950s. This was a
result of La Niña conditions in the eastern Pacific Ocean where water was significantly cooler than
normal. Dr. David Brown, a regional official with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, has explained that "these kinds of droughts will have effects that are even more extreme
in the future, given a warming and drying regional climate."[65]
Government and politics
Law and government
See also: List of mayors of Austin, Texas
Austin is currently administered by a seven-member city council
(six council members plus a mayor), each of them elected at
large. The council is accompanied by a hired city manager under
the manager-council system of municipal governance. Council
and mayoral elections are non-partisan, with a runoff in case
there is no majority winner. Due to a referendum approved by
voters on November 6, 2012, the current composition with
council members elected on an at-large basis will change in 2014
to a new system of ten single member districts and a citywide
election for mayor.
Austin City Hall
Austin formerly operated its city hall at 128 West 8th Street.[66]
Antoine Predock and Cotera Kolar Negrete & Reed Architects designed a new city hall building, which
was intended to reflect what The Dallas Morning News referred to as a "crazy-quilt vitality, that
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12/26/12 12:17 PM
embraces everything from country music to environmental protests and high-tech swagger."[67] The new
city hall, built from recycled materials, has solar panels in its garage.[68] The city hall, at 301 West
Second Street, opened in November 2004.[69] The current mayor of Austin is Lee Leffingwell. His
second term ends in 2015.
Law enforcement in Austin is provided by the Austin Police Department, except for state government
buildings, which are patrolled by the Texas Department of Public Safety.
Fire protection within the city limits is provided by the Austin Fire Department, while the surrounding
county is divided into twelve geographical areas known as Emergency Services Districts, which are
covered by separate regional fire departments.[70] Emergency Medical Services are provided for the
whole county by "Austin-Travis County Emergency Medical Services".[71][72]
State and federal representation
The Texas Department of Transportation operates the Austin District Office in Austin.[73]
The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) operates the Austin I and Austin II district parole
offices in Austin.[74]
The United States Postal Service operates several post offices in Austin.
See also: Government of Texas and List of capitals in the United States
Politics
Austin is known as an enclave of liberal politics in a generally
Presidential elections results
conservative state—so much so, that the city is sometimes
sarcastically called the "People's Republic of Austin" by
Year Republican
Democrat
residents of other parts of Texas, and conservatives in the Texas
2012 36.2% 140,152 60.1% 232,788
Legislature.[75][76]
2008 34.3% 136,981 63.5% 254,017
As a result of the major party realignment that began in the
2004 42.0% 147,885 56.0% 197,235
1970s, central Austin became a stronghold of the Democratic
2000 46.9% 141,235 41.7% 125,526
Party, while the suburbs tend to vote Republican. Opponents
characterized the resulting district layout as excessively partisan 1996 39.9% 98,454 52.3% 128,970
gerrymandering, and the plan was challenged in court on this
1992 31.9% 88,105 47.3% 130,546
basis by Democratic and minority activists; of note, the Supreme
Court of the United States has never struck down a redistricting 1988 44.9% 105,915 54.1% 127,783
plan for being excessively partisan. The plan was subsequently 1984 56.8% 124,944 42.8% 94,124
upheld by a three-judge federal panel in late 2003, and on June
1980 45.7% 73,151 46.9% 75,028
28, 2006, the matter was largely settled when the Supreme Court
1976 46.7% 71,031 51.6% 78,585
in a 7–2 decision upheld the entire congressional redistricting
plan with the exception of a Hispanic-majority district in
1972 56.3% 70,561 43.2% 54,157
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12/26/12 12:17 PM
southwest Texas. This later affected Austin's districting, as U.S. 1968 41.6% 34,309
Rep. Lloyd Doggett's district (U.S. Congressional District 25)
1964 31.0% 19,838
was found to be insufficiently compact to compensate for the
reduced minority influence in the southwest district and so was
redrawn so that it now takes in most of southeastern Travis
County and several counties to its south and east.[77]
Overall, the city is a blend of downtown liberalism and suburban
conservatism but leans to the political left as a whole. The city
last went to a Republican candidate in 2000 when Texan
resident, George Bush, successfully ran for President. This was
helped in part by Ralph Nader of the Green Party partly splitting
the centre-left vote by winning a sizeable 10.4%, which was
largely at the expense of the Democrats. Since 2004, the
Democrats rebounded strongly and John Kerry enjoyed a 14.0%
margin over George Bush, who once again won Texas. Austin
bucked the trend of Texas, which trended towards George Bush,
whereas Austin swung to John Kerry.
48.1% 39,667
68.9% 44,058
Barack Obama's campaign rally in
Austin on February 23, 2007.
In 2003, the city adopted a resolution against the USA PATRIOT Act that reaffirmed constitutionally
guaranteed rights. In the 2004 presidential election, Senator John Kerry won a substantial majority of the
votes in Travis County.[78] Of Austin's six state legislative districts, three are strongly Democratic and
three are swing districts, two of which are held by Democrats and one of which is held by a Republican.
However, two of its three congressional districts (the 10th and the 21st) are presently held by
Republicans, with only the 25th held by a Democrat. This is largely due to the 2003 redistricting, which
left downtown Austin without an exclusive congressional seat of its own. Travis County was also the
only county in Texas to reject Texas Constitutional Amendment Proposition 2 that effectively outlawed
gay marriage and status equal or similar to it and did so by a wide margin (40% for, 60% against).
[79][80][81]
Two of the candidates for president in the 2004 race called Austin home. Michael Badnarik, the
Libertarian Party candidate, and David Cobb of the Green Party both had lived in Austin. During the run
up to the election in November, a presidential debate was held at the University of Texas at Austin
student union involving the two minor party candidates. While the Commission on Presidential Debates
only invites Democrats and Republicans to participate in televised debates, the debate at UT was open to
all presidential candidates. Austin also hosted one of the last presidential debates between Barack
Obama and Hillary Clinton during their heated race for the Democratic nomination in 2008.[82]
In the 2012 Presidential election, Travis County, which contains the majority of Austin, voted to re-elect
President Barack H. Obama (D) by a 24-point margin (60.1% to 36.2%).[83]
Environmental movement
The distinguishing political movement of Austin politics has been that of the environmental movement,
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which spawned the parallel neighborhood movement, then the more recent conservationist movement
(as typified by the Hill Country Conservancy),[84] and eventually the current on-going debate about
"sense of place" and preserving the Austin quality of life. Much of the so-called environmental
movement has matured into a debate on issues related to saving and creating an Austin "sense of
place."[85]
Economy
Austin is the anchor city of the Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos
MSA, which had a Gross Domestic Product of $86 billion in
2010.[86] Austin is considered to be a major center for high
tech.[87] Thousands of graduates each year from the engineering
and computer science programs at the University of Texas at
Austin provide a steady source of employees that help to fuel
Austin's technology and defense industry sectors. The region's
Whole Foods Market headquarters in
rapid growth has led Forbes to rank the Austin metropolitan area
Austin
number one among all big cities for jobs for 2012 in their annual
[88]
survey.
The metro Austin area has much lower housing costs
than the San Francisco Bay Area's Silicon Valley, but much
higher housing costs than many parts of rural Texas. As a result
of the high concentration of high-tech companies in the region,
Austin was strongly affected by the dot-com boom in the late
1990s and subsequent bust.[87] Austin's largest employers
include the Austin Independent School District, the City of
Austin, Dell, the U.S. Federal Government, Freescale
Semiconductor (spun off from Motorola in 2004), IBM, St.
Downtown Austin from Congress
David's Healthcare Partnership, Seton Family of Hospitals, the
Street Bridge, Texas State Capitol in
State of Texas, Texas State University–San Marcos, and the
background
University of Texas at Austin.[87] Other high-tech companies
with operations in Austin include Nvidia, 3M, Apple, HewlettPackard, Google, AMD, Applied Materials, Cirrus Logic, Cisco Systems, Flextronics, eBay/PayPal,
Bioware, Blizzard Entertainment, Hoover's, Intel Corporation, National Instruments, Samsung Group,
Buffalo Technology, Silicon Laboratories, Xerox, Oracle, Hostgator, HomeAway, and United Devices.
In 2010, Facebook accepted a grant to build a downtown office that could bring as many as 200 jobs to
the city.[89] The proliferation of technology companies has led to the region's nickname, "the Silicon
Hills", and spurred development that greatly expanded the city. The concentration of high-tech
companies has led the former American Airlines flight between Austin and San Jose, California to be
dubbed the "nerd bird."[90]
Austin is also emerging as a hub for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies; the city is home to
about 85 of them.[87] The city was ranked by the Milken Institute as the No.12 biotech and life science
center in the United States.[91] Companies such as Hospira, Pharmaceutical Product Development, and
ArthroCare are located there.
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Whole Foods Market (often called just "Whole Foods") is an upscale, international grocery store chain
specializing in fresh and packaged food products—many having an organic-/local-/"natural"-theme. It
was founded and is headquartered in Austin.[92]
Other companies based in Austin include Temple-Inland, Sweet Leaf Tea Company, Keller Williams
Realty, GSD&M, Golfsmith, Forestar Group and EZCorp.
An Online Trading Academy office and center is also located in Austin.[93]
In addition to national and global corporations, Austin features a strong network of independent, unique,
locally owned firms and organizations.
Cityscape
See also: List of Austin neighborhoods
Buildings that make up most of Austin's skyline are modest in height and
somewhat spread out. The latter characteristic is partly due to a
restriction that preserves the view of the Texas State Capitol building
from various locations around Austin (known as the Capitol View
Corridor).[94] However, many new highrise towers have been
constructed and the downtown area is looking more modern and dense.
The city's tallest building, The Austonian, was topped out on September
17, 2009.[95] Austin is currently undergoing a skyscraper boom, which
includes recent construction on the now complete 360 Condominiums at
563 feet (172 m), Spring (condominiums),the Austonian at 683 feet
(208 m), and several others that are mainly for residential use.
One American Center and
816 Congress (center) from
the State Capitol in Austin
At night, parts of Austin are lighted by "artificial moonlight" from
Moonlight Towers[96] built to illuminate the central part of the city. The 165-foot (50 m) moonlight
towers were built in the late 19th century and are now recognized as historic landmarks. Only 15 of the
31 original innovative towers remain standing in Austin, and none remain in any of the other cities
where they were installed. The towers are featured in the 1993 film Dazed and Confused.
Downtown
Main article: Downtown Austin
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The central business district of the city is home to some of the tallest
condo towers in the state, with the Austonian Condos topping out at 56
floors[97] and the 360 Condos at 44 floors.[98] The 360 Tower and the
Four Seasons Condos are condo towers in Austin, opened in early
2008.[99] Former Mayor Will Wynn set out a goal for having up to
25,000 people living Downtown by 2015, and the city provided
incentives for building residential units in the urban core.[100] Because
of this, the city has been driven to increase density in Austin's urban
core. The skyline has drastically changed in recent years, and the
residential real estate market has remained relatively strong. Downtown
growth has been aided by the presence of a popular live music and
nightlife scene, museums, restaurants, and Lady Bird Lake, considered
one of the city's best recreational spots. The 2nd Street District consists
of several new residential projects, restaurants, coffee shops, record
360 Condominiums Tower
stores, upscale boutiques and museums, and the Austin City Hall. Across
2nd Street from Austin City Hall is the newly re-created TV set for the
long-running PBS program Austin City Limits,[101] which is housed beneath the new 478 feet (146 m)
W Hotel.[102] The new Austin City Limits location also presents national and local live music
performances unrelated to the television show such as recent performances by story-teller Garrison
Keillor, and music groups Return to Forever and George Thorogood. South by Southwest (SXSW)[103]
is hosted downtown and is one of the largest music festivals in the United States, with more than 2,000
performers playing in more than 90 venues around Downtown Austin over four days, in March. Though
it is an industry-based event, SXSW Music links locally with events such as the annual Austin Music
Awards show. SXSW is the highest revenue-producing special event for the Austin economy, with an
estimated economic impact of at least $167 million in 2010.[104]
Demographics
According to the 2010 Census,[105] the racial composition of
Austin is:
White: 68.3% (Non-Hispanic Whites: 48.7%)
Hispanic or Latino: 35.1% (29.1% Mexican, 0.5% Puerto
Rican, 0.4% Cuban, 5.1% Other)
African American: 8.1%
Asian: 6.3% (1.9% Indian, 1.5% Chinese, 1.0%
Vietnamese, 0.7% Korean, 0.3% Filipino, 0.2% Japanese,
0.8% Other)
American Indian: 0.9%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.1%
Two or More Races: 3.4%
As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 656,562 people, 265,649
households, and 141,590 families residing in the city (roughly
14 of 37
Historical population
Year
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
Pop.
629
3,494
4,428
11,013
14,575
22,258
29,860
34,876
53,120
87,930
132,459
186,545
±%
—
+455.5%
+26.7%
+148.7%
+32.3%
+52.7%
+34.2%
+16.8%
+52.3%
+65.5%
+50.6%
+40.8%
12/26/12 12:17 PM
comparable in size to San Francisco, Leeds, UK; and Ottawa).
1970
251,808
+35.0%
The population density was 2,610.4 people per square mile
1980
345,496
+37.2%
(1,007.9/km²). There were 276,842 housing units at an average
1990
472,020
+36.6%
density of 1,100.7 per square mile (425.0/km²). There were
2000
656,562
+39.1%
265,648 households out of which 26.8% had children under the
2010
790,390
+20.4%
age of 18 living with them, 38.1% were married couples living
2011
820,611
+3.8%
together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband
present, and 46.7% were non-families. 32.8% of all households
were made up of individuals and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The
average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.14.
In the city the population was spread out with 22.5% under the age of 18, 16.6% from 18 to 24, 37.1%
from 25 to 44, 17.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was
30 years. For every 100 females there were 105.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $42,689, and the median income for a family was
$54,091. Males had a median income of $35,545 vs. $30,046 for females. The per capita income for the
city was $24,163. About 9.1% of families and 14.4% of the population were below the poverty line,
including 16.5% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over. The median house price was
$185,906 in 2009, and it has increased every year since 2004.[106]
In July 2009, the U.S. Census Bureau reported that the Austin–Round Rock-San Marcos metropolitan
area had 1,705,075 people.
Arts and culture
"Keep Austin Weird" has become a local motto in recent years, featured on bumper stickers and t-shirts.
This motto has not only been used in promoting Austin's eccentricity and diversity, but is also meant to
bolster support of local independent businesses.[15] According to the 2010 book, Weird City, the phrase
was begun by a local Austin Community College librarian, Red Wassenich, and his wife, Karen Pavelka,
who were concerned about Austin's "rapid descent into commercialism and over-development."[107] The
slogan has been interpreted many ways since its inception, but remains an important symbol for many
Austinites who wish to voice concerns over rapid growth and irresponsible development. Austin has a
long history of vocal citizen resistance to development projects perceived to degrade the environment, or
to threaten the natural and cultural landscapes.[108]
According to the Nielsen Company, adults in Austin read and contribute to blogs more than those in any
other U.S. metropolitan area.[109] Austin residents have the highest internet usage in all of Texas.[109]
Austin was selected as the No. 2 Best Big City in "Best Places to Live" by Money magazine in 2006, and
No. 3 in 2009, and also the "Greenest City in America" by MSN.[110][111] According to Travel & Leisure
magazine, Austin ranks No. 1 on the list of cities with the best people, referring to the personalities and
attributes of the citizens.[112] In 2012, the city was listed among the 10 best places to retire in the U.S.
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by CBS Money Watch.[113]
SoCo is a shopping district stretching down South Congress Avenue from Downtown. This area is home
to coffee shops, eccentric stores, restaurants, food trucks, trailers and festivals. It prides itself on
"Keeping Austin Weird", especially with development in the surrounding area(s).
Annual cultural events
See also: Category:Festivals in Austin, Texas
The O. Henry House Museum hosts the annual O. Henry Pun
Off, a pun contest where the contestants exhibit wit. Other
annual events include Eeyore's Birthday Party, Spamarama, the
Austin Reggae Festival, commonly known as Marleyfest, and
Art City Austin in April, East Austin Studio Tour in November,
and Carnaval Brasileiro in February. Sixth Street features annual
festivals such as the Pecan Street Festival and Halloween night.
The three-day Austin City Limits Music Festival has been held
in Zilker Park every year since 2002. Every year around the end
of March and the beginning of April, Austin is home to "Texas
Relay Weekend."
The sights of Austin's nightlife on 6th
Street during 2012 South by
Southwest
Austin's Zilker Park Tree is a Christmas display made of lights
strung from the top of a Moonlight tower in Zilker Park. The
Zilker Tree is lit in December along with the "Trail of Lights", an Austin Christmas tradition. In 2010
and 2011, the Trail of Lights was canceled due to budget problems, but the trail will be turned back on
for the 2012 holiday season.[114]
Music
Main article: Music of Austin
As Austin's official slogan is The Live Music Capital of the
World, the city has a vibrant live music scene with more music
venues per capita than any other U.S. city.[1][13] Austin's music
revolves around the many nightclubs on 6th Street and an annual
film/music/interactive festival known as South by Southwest
(SXSW). The longest-running concert music program on
American television, Austin City Limits, is recorded at ACL Live
at The Moody Theater. Austin City Limits and C3 Presents
2009 Austin City Limits Music
produce the Austin City Limits Music Festival, an annual music
Festival with view of stages and
and art festival held at Zilker Park in Austin. Other music events
Downtown Austin
include the Urban Music Festival, Fun Fun Fun Fest, Chaos In
Tejas and Old Settler's Music Festival. Austin Lyric Opera
performs multiple operas each year (including the 2007 opening
of Philip Glass's Waiting for the Barbarians, written by University of Texas at Austin alumnus J. M.
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12/26/12 12:17 PM
Coetzee).[115] The Austin Symphony Orchestra performs a range of classical, pop and family
performances and is led by Music Director and Conductor Peter Bay.
Film
Austin hosts the annual Austin Film Festival, which draws films of many different types from all over
the world. In 2004 the city was first in MovieMaker Magazine's annual top ten cities to live and make
movies.
Austin has been the location for a number of motion pictures, partly due to the influence of The
University of Texas at Austin Department of Radio-Television-Film. Films produced in Austin include
The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974), Man of the House, Secondhand Lions, Waking Life, Spy Kids,
Dazed and Confused, Wild Texas Wind, Office Space, The Life of David Gale, Miss Congeniality,
Doubting Thomas, Slacker, Idiocracy, The New Guy, Hope Floats, The Alamo, Blank Check, The
Wendall Baker Story, School of Rock, A Slipping-Down Life, A Scanner Darkly, Saturday Morning
Massacre, and most recently, the Coen Brothers' True Grit, Grindhouse, Machete, How to Eat Fried
Worms and Bandslam. In order to draw future film projects to the area, the Austin Film Society has
converted several airplane hangars from the former Mueller Airport into filmmaking center Austin
Studios. Projects that have used facilities at Austin Studios include music videos by The Flaming Lips
and feature films such as 25th Hour and Sin City. Austin also hosted the MTV series, The Real World:
Austin in 2005. The film review websites Spill.com and Ain't It Cool News are based in Austin. Rooster
Teeth Productions, creator of popular web series such as Red vs. Blue and Immersion, is also located in
Austin.
Media
Austin's main daily newspaper is the Austin American-Statesman. The Austin Chronicle is Austin's
alternative weekly, while The Daily Texan is the student newspaper of the University of Texas at Austin.
Austin's business newspaper is the weekly Austin Business Journal. Austin also has numerous smaller
special interest or sub-regional newspapers such as the Oak Hill Gazette, Westlake Picayune, Hill
Country News, Round Rock Leader, NOKOA, and The Villager among others. Texas Monthly, a major
regional magazine, is also headquartered in Austin. The Texas Observer, a muckraking biweekly
political magazine, has been based in Austin for over five decades. The weekly Community Impact
Newspaper newspaper published by John Garrett, former publisher of the Austin Business Journal has
five regional editions and is delivered to every house and business within certain zip codes and all of the
news is specific to those zip codes.[116] The most recent entrant on the Austin news scene is The Texas
Tribune, an on-line publication focused on Texas and Austin politics.[117] The Tribune is "usersupported" through donations, a business model similar to public radio.[118] The Editor is Evan Smith,
former Editor of Texas Monthly. Smith co-founded the Texas Tribune, a nonprofit, non-partisan public
media organization, with Austin venture capitalist John Thornton and veteran journalist Ross Ramsey.
[117][119]
Commercial radio stations include KASE-FM (country), KVET (sports), KVET-FM (country),
KKMJ-FM (adult contemporary), KLBJ (talk), KLBJ-FM (classic rock), KLGO (Christian talk), KFMK
(contemporary Christian), KOKE-FM (progressive country) and KPEZ (rhythmic contemporary). KUT
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is the leading public radio station in Texas and produces the majority of its content locally.[120] KOOP
(FM) is a volunteer-run radio station with more than 60 locally produced programs.[121] KVRX is the
student-run college radio station of the University of Texas at Austin with a focus on local and
non-mainstream music and community programming.[122] Other listener-supported stations include
KAZI (urban contemporary), and KMFA (classical)
Network television stations (affiliations in parentheses) include KTBC (Fox), KVUE (ABC), KXAN
(NBC), KEYE-TV (CBS), KLRU (PBS), KNVA (The CW), KBVO (My Network TV), and KAKW
(Univision). KLRU produces several award winning locally produced programs such as Austin City
Limits.[123]
Theater
Austin has a strong theater culture, with dozens of itinerant and resident companies producing a variety
of work. The city also has live performance theater venues such as the Zachary Scott Theatre Center,
Vortex Repertory Company, Salvage Vanguard Theater, Rude Mechanicals' the Off Center, Austin
Playhouse, Scottish Rite Children's Theater, Hyde Park Theatre, the Blue Theater, the Hideout Theater,
and Esther's Follies.[124] The Victory Grill was a renowned venue on the Chitlin' circuit.[125] Public art
and performances in the parks and on bridges are popular. Austin hosts the Fuse Box Festival each April
featuring international, leading-edge theater artists.[126]
The Paramount Theatre, opened in downtown Austin in 1915, contributes to Austin's theater and film
culture, showing classic films throughout the summer and hosting regional premieres for films such as
Miss Congeniality.[127] The Zilker Park Summer Musical is a long-running outdoor musical.[128]
The Long Center for the Performing Arts is a 2,300-seat theater built partly with materials reused from
the old Lester E. Palmer Auditorium.
Ballet Austin is the fourth largest ballet academy in the country.[129] Each year Ballet Austin's
20-member professional company performs ballets from a wide variety of choreographers, including
their international award winning artistic director, Stephen Mills. The city is also home to the Ballet East
Dance Company, a modern dance ensemble, and the Tapestry Dance Company which performs a variety
of dance genres.
The Austin improv comedy scene has several theaters: ColdTowne Theater, The Hideout Theater, The
New Movement Theater, and Salvage Vanguard Theater. Austin also hosts the Out of Bounds Improv
Festival, which draws comedic artists in all disciplines to Austin.
Sports
Austin is the largest city in the United States without a club in a major professional sports league.[130]
Many Austinites support the athletic programs of the University of Texas at Austin known as the Texas
Longhorns. During the 2005–06 academic term, Longhorns football team was named the NCAA
Division I FBS National Football Champion and Longhorns baseball team won the College World
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Series.[131][132] The Texas Longhorns play home games in the
state's second-largest sports stadium, Darrell K Royal-Texas
Memorial Stadium, seating over 101,000 fans.[133] Baseball
games are played at UFCU Disch–Falk Field which underwent
renovation in 1996 with an increased capacity to 6,756 seats plus
11 stadium suites.
Minor-league professional sports came to Austin in 1996, when
the Austin Ice Bats began playing at the Travis County Expo
Center.[134] Since then, the Austin Ice Bats have been replaced
Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial
Stadium, home of Texas Longhorns
by the Texas Stars[135] of the American Hockey League, and
football.
many other teams have come to Austin including the
(http://www.nba.com/dleague/austin/) Austin Toros of the NBA
Development League, and the Texas Stars. Austin is home to the
2010 U.S. Youth Soccer U19 Girls National Champion club Lonestar Soccer Club.
UFCU Disch–Falk Field front facade
after its 2007 renovation
Natural features like the bicycle-friendly Texas Hill Country,
limestone rock formations, and generally mild climate work with
the centrally located Lady Bird Lake Hike and Bike Trail, and
local pools like Barton Springs to make Austin the home of
several endurance and multi-sport races and communities. The
Capitol 10,000 is the largest 10 K race in Texas, and
approximately fifth largest in the United States.[136] The Austin
Marathon has been run in the city every year since 1992. The
Austin-founded American Swimming Association hosts an open
water swimming
Austin area minor-league professional sports teams
event, the Cap 2 K,
Club
Sport Founded
League
Venue
and other closedRound Rock
Baseball 1999
Pacific Coast League
Dell Diamond
course, open water,
Express
and cable swim races
National Women's
House Park
around town. Austin Austin Outlaws Football 2003
Football Association
is also the hometown Austin Toros Basketball 2005
NBA D-League
Cedar Park Center
of several cycling
American Hockey
Texas Stars
Ice hockey 2009
Cedar Park Center
League
groups and the
seven-time Tour de
Austin Aztex Soccer
2011
USL Premier Development League House Park
France champion
Austin
Football
1998
North American Football League Yellow Jacket Stadium
[137]
Gamebreakers
cyclist
Lance
Armstrong, as well
as environmentally and economically minded bicycle commuters. Combining these three disciplines is a
growing crop of triathlons, including the Capital of Texas Triathlon held every Memorial Day on and
around Lady Bird Lake, Auditorium Shores, and Downtown Austin.[138]
Austin is known as a major Disc Golf city as well, with 11 established courses and over 50 courses
within driving distance.
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In June 2010 it was announced by the Formula One chief executive Bernie Ecclestone that the Austin
area would host the Formula One, United States Grand Prix, from 2012 until 2021. The effort was aided
by State Comptroller Susan Combs. The State has pledged to put up $25 million in public funds
annually for 10 years to pay the sanctioning fees for the race.[139] The event was last held in 2007 at the
Indianapolis Motor Speedway.[140] A Formula One circuit will need to be built at an estimated cost of
$250 to $300 million, paid for by private investors, and is expected to be located just east of the Austin
Bergstrom International Airport. The Austin investor group is headed by Tavo Hellmund,[141] President
of Full Throttle Productions, LP. Hellmund, of Austin, is himself a former race car owner and driver.[142]
Circuit of the Americas will also play host to MotoGP World Championships from 2013. Lewis
Hamilton won the 2012 United States Grand Prix at Austin on November 18.
Austin is also considered the birthplace of all-women's flat track roller derby.[143] In 2003, the Texas
Rollergirls formed as the first league to play modern flat-track roller derby[144] and, in 2005, were
instrumental in the rule-setting and track design used by the Women's Flat Track Derby Association.[145]
Museums and other points of interest
Museums in Austin include the Texas Memorial Museum, the Blanton Museum of Art (reopened in
2006), the Bob Bullock Texas State History Museum across the street (which opened in 2000), the
Austin Museum of Art (AMOA), and the galleries at the Harry Ransom Center. The Texas State Capitol
itself is also a major tourist attraction. The Driskill Hotel built in 1886, and located at 6th and Brazos,
was finished just before the construction of the Capitol building. Sixth Street is a musical hub for the
city. The Enchanted Forest, a multi-acre outdoor music, art, and performance art space in South Austin
hosts events such as fire-dancing and circus-like-acts.[146] Austin is also home to the Lyndon Baines
Johnson Library and Museum, which houses documents and artifacts related to the Johnson
administration, including LBJ's limousine and a recreation of the Oval Office.
Locally produced art is featured at the South Austin Museum of Popular Culture. The Mexic-Arte
Museum is a Latin American art museum founded in 1983. Austin is also home to the O. Henry House
Museum, residence of O. Henry from 1893 to 1895. Farmers markets are popular attractions, providing a
variety of locally grown and often organic goods.[147]
Austin is also "weird" for its many statues and landmarks, such as the Hyde Park Bar & Grill fork, the
Mangia dinosaur (which now resides on the roof of Wheatsville Co-op), the Loca Maria lady at Taco
Xpress on South Lamar, the 'migrating' pink flamingos on the lawn in front of the Pots and Plants
Garden Center, the Hyde Park Gym's giant flexed arm, and Daniel Johnston's Hi, how are you? frog
mural.[148]
Austinites often start tours for visitors with a pilgrimage to the statue of Texas blues guitarist Stevie Ray
Vaughan on the south shore of Town Lake. The statue's 'shadow' is longer than its height, to symbolize
Vaughan's wide influence on electric guitarists.
The Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge houses the world's largest urban population of Mexican
Free-tailed Bats. Starting in March,[149][150] up to 1.5 million bats take up residence inside the bridge's
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expansion and contraction zones as well as in long horizontal grooves running the length of the bridge's
underside, an environment ideally suited for raising their young. Every evening around sunset, the bats
emerge in search of insects, an exit visible on weather radar. Watching the bat emergence is an event that
is popular with locals and tourists, with more than 100,000 viewers per year. The bats migrate to Mexico
each winter.[151]
The Austin Zoo, located in unincorporated western Travis County is a rescue zoo that provides sanctuary
to displaced animals from a variety of situations, including those involving neglect.
Parks and recreation
The Austin Parks & Recreation Department received the
Excellence in Aquatics award in 1999 and the Gold Medal
Awards in 2004 from the National Recreation and Park
Association.[152][153] Home to more than 50 public swimming
pools, Austin has parks and pools throughout the city. There are
several well-known swimming locations. These include Deep
Eddy Pool, Texas' oldest man-made swimming pool, and Barton
Springs Pool, the nation's largest natural swimming pool in an
urban area.[154][155] Barton Springs Pool is spring-fed while
Austin's Deep Eddy Pool is the oldest
Deep Eddy is well-fed. Both range in temperature from about
man-made pool in Texas
68.0 °F (20.0 °C) during the winter to about 71.6 °F (22.0 °C)
during the summer.[156][157][158] Hippie Hollow Park, a county
park situated along Lake Travis, is the only officially sanctioned clothing-optional public park in Texas.
Activities include rockclimbing, kayaking, swimming, exploring, and hiking along the greenbelt, a
long-spanning area that runs through the city. Zilker Park, a large green area close to downtown, forms
part of the greenbelt along the Colorado River. Hamilton Pool is a pool and wildlife park located about
30 minutes from the city.[159]
Transportation
Of all the people who work in Austin, 73% drive alone, 10% carpool, 6% work from home, 5% take the
bus, 2% walk, and 1% bicycle.[160]
Highways
See also: List of highways in Travis County, Texas
Central Austin lies between two major north-south freeways: Interstate 35 to the east and the Mopac
Expressway (Loop 1) to the west. U.S. Highway 183 runs from northwest to southeast, and State
Highway 71 crosses the southern part of the city from east to west, completing a rough "box" around
central and north-central Austin. Austin is the largest city in the United States to be served by only one
Interstate Highway.
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U.S. Highway 290 enters Austin from the east and merges into
Interstate 35. Its highway designation continues south on I-35
and then becomes part of Highway 71, continuing to the west.
Highway 290 splits from Highway 71 in southwest Austin, in an
interchange known as "The Y." Highway 71 continues to Brady,
Texas, and Highway 290 continues west to intersect Interstate 10
near Junction. Interstate 35 continues south through San Antonio
to Laredo on the Texas-Mexico border. Interstate 35 is the
highway link to the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex in northern
Texas. There are two links to Houston, Texas (Highway 290 and
State Highway 71/Interstate 10). Highway 183 leads northwest
of Austin toward Lampasas.
The Pennybacker Bridge is the
signature element of Loop 360 in the
Texas Hill Country.
In the mid-1980s, construction was completed on Loop 360, a
scenic highway that curves through the hill country from near the 71/Mopac interchange in the south to
near the 183/Mopac interchange in the north. The iconic Pennybacker Bridge, also known as the "360
Bridge", crosses Lake Austin to connect the northern and southern portions of Loop 360.
Tollways
State Highway 130 is a bypass route designed to relieve traffic
congestion, starting from Interstate 35 just north of Georgetown
and running along a parallel route to the east, where it bypasses
Round Rock, Austin, San Marcos and New Braunfels before
ending at Interstate 10 east of Seguin, where drivers could drive
30 miles (48 km) west to return to Interstate 35 in San Antonio.
The first segment was opened in November 2006, which was
located east of Austin-Bergstrom International Airport at
Interchange of Interstate 35 and State
Austin's southeast corner on State Highway 71. Highway 130
Highway 45.
runs concurrently with Highway 45 from Pflugerville on the
north until it reaches US 183 well south of Austin, where it splits
off and goes west. The entire route of State Highway 130 is now complete with last leg, which opened
on November 1, 2012.
State Highway 45 runs east-west from just south of Highway 183 in Cedar Park to 130 inside
Pflugerville (just east of Round Rock). A tolled extension of State Highway Loop 1 was also created. A
new southeast leg of Highway 45 has recently been completed, running from US 183 and the south end
of Segment 5 of TX-130 south of Austin due west to I-35 at the FM 1327/Creedmoor exit between the
south end of Austin and Buda. The 183A Toll Road opened March 2007, providing a tolled alternative to
U.S. 183 through the cities of Leander and Cedar Park. Despite the overwhelming initial opposition to
the toll road concept when it was first announced, all three toll roads have improved mobility in and
around the Austin area and are significantly exceeding their revenue projections.[161]
Airports
Austin's airport is Austin-Bergstrom International Airport (ABIA) (IATA code AUS), located 5 miles
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(8 km) southeast of the city. The airport is on the site of the former Bergstrom Air Force Base, which
was closed in 1993 as part of the Base Realignment and Closure process. Previously, Robert Mueller
Municipal Airport was the commercial airport of Austin.
Intercity bus service
Greyhound Lines operates the Austin Station at 916 East Koenig Lane, just east of Airport Boulevard
and adjacent to Highland Mall.[162] Turimex Internacional operates bus service from Austin to Nuevo
Laredo and on to many destinations in Mexico. The Turimex station is located at 5012 East 7th Street,
near Shady Lane.[163]
The newest bus option for Austinites is Megabus (North America). It offers a limited route, with nice
busses and advance tickets starting at $1.[164]
Public transportation
See also: Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority
Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Capital Metro)
provides public transportation to the city, primarily by bus.
Capital Metro is planning to change some routes to "Rapid
Lines". The lines will feature 60 ft (18 m) long, train-like
high-tech buses. This addition is going to be implemented to help
reduce congestion. Capital Metro opened a 32-mile (51 km)
commuter rail system known as Capital MetroRail on March 22,
2010.[165] The system was built on existing freight rail lines and
Austin Metrorail train at Downtown
will serve downtown Austin, East Austin, North Central Austin,
Station.
Northwest Austin, and Leander in its first phase. Future
expansion could include a line to Manor and another to Round
Rock. Capital Metro is also looking into a circulator system of streetcars to connect most of Downtown,
the University of Texas at Austin, and the 700-acre (2.8 km2) Mueller Airport Redevelopment. The
streetcar system would help connect the new rail line to key destinations in Central Austin. An Amtrak
Texas Eagle station is located west of downtown. Segments of the Amtrak route between Austin and San
Antonio are under evaluation for a future passenger rail corridor as an alternative to the traffic
congestion of Interstate 35. Austin is known as the most bike-friendly city in Texas and has a
Silver-level rating from the League of American Bicyclists. Austin is also home to Car2Go, a carsharing
program. Austin was chosen as the first city in the western hemisphere to host this company's business,
which is based in Germany.
Walkability
A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Austin 31st most walkable of the 50 largest U.S. cities.[166]
Education
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Researchers at Central Connecticut State University ranked Austin the 16th most literate city in the
United States for 2008.[167] The Austin Public Library operates the John Henry Faulk Library and
various library branches. In addition, the University of Texas at Austin operates the seventh-largest
academic library in the nation.[168]
Austin was voted "America's No.1 College Town" by the Travel Channel.[169] Over 43 percent of Austin
residents age 25 and over hold a bachelor's degree, while 16 percent hold a graduate degree.[170] As of
2009, greater Austin ranks eighth among metropolitan areas in the United States for bachelor's degree
attainment with nearly 39 percent of area residents over 25 holding a bachelor's degree.[171]
Higher education
Austin is home to the University of Texas at Austin, the flagship
institution of the University of Texas System with over 38,000
undergraduate students and 12,000 graduate students. In 2010,
the university was ranked 45th among "National Universities"
(13th among public universities) by U.S. News and World
Report.[172] UT has annual research expenditures of over
$640 million[173] and has the highest-ranked business,
engineering, and law programs of any university in the state of
Texas.[174][175][176]
The University of Texas at Austin
Other institutions of higher learning in Austin include St.
Edward's University, Austin Community College, Concordia University, Huston-Tillotson University,
the Seminary of the Southwest, the Acton School of Business, Austin Graduate School of Theology,
Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Virginia College's Austin Campus, The Art Institute of
Austin, Austin Conservatory and a branch of Park University.
Public primary and secondary education
Highly rated elementary and secondary schools contribute to
both quality of life and the beginnings of exceptional labor pools
to come. Austin area households enjoy diverse options in
education, including 29 public school districts, 17 charter
schools and 69 private schools.[177] Most of the city is served by
the Austin Independent School District. This district includes
notable schools such as the magnet Liberal Arts and Science
Academy, which, by test scores, has always been within the top
thirty high schools in the nation, as well as The Ann Richards
School for Young Women Leaders. Some parts of Austin are
John Henry Faulk Library of the
served by other districts, including Round Rock, Pflugerville,
Austin Public Library
Leander, Manor, Del Valle, Lake Travis, Hays, and Eanes ISDs.
Four of the metro's major public school systems, representing
54% of area enrollment, are included in Expansion Management magazine's latest annual education
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12/26/12 12:17 PM
quality ratings of nearly 2,800 school districts nationwide. Two districts—Eanes and Round Rock—are
rated "gold medal", the highest of the magazine's cost-performance categories.[177]
Private and alternative education
Private and alternative education institutions for children in preschool-12th grade include Regents
School of Austin, Redeemer Lutheran School, Garza (public), Austin Discovery School (public charter),
Austin Jewish Academy, The Austin Waldorf School, The Griffin School, The Khabele School,
Concordia Academy, Kirby Hall School, St. Ignatius Martyr Catholic School,Holy Family Catholic
School, San Juan Diego Catholic High School, Brentwood Christian School, St. Austin Catholic School,
St. Stephen's Episcopal School, St. Mary's, St. Theresa's, St. Michael's Catholic Academy, St. Gabriel's
Catholic School, St. Andrew's Episcopal School, St. Francis Episcopal School, St. Paul Lutheran School,
Trinity Episcopal School, Huntington-Surrey, Cleaview Sudbury School, Inside Outside School, ACE
Academy, Paragon Preparatory Middle School, Austin International School, Progress School, Bronze
Doors Academy, and a number of Montessori schools.
Along with vibrant homeschooling & "unschooling" communities, Austin is home to a number of
part-time learning environments designed to offer basic academics and inspired mentoring. Such current
resources include the Whole Life Learning Center and AHB Community School.
Austin is also home to numerous child developmental institutions including the Center for Autism and
Related Disorders, the Central Texas Autism Center, Autism Early Learning Center, Johnson Center for
Child Health and Development and many more.
Sister cities
List of sister cities of Austin, Texas, designated by Sister Cities
International.[178]
Adelaide, Australia – since 1983
Angers, France – since 2011
Koblenz, Germany – since 1991
Lima, Peru – since 1981
Maseru, Lesotho – since 1978
Ōita, Japan – since 1990
Saltillo, Mexico – since 1968
Taichung, Taiwan – since 1986
Orlu, Nigeria – since 2000
Gwangmyeong, South Korea – since 2001
Xishuangbanna, People's Republic of China – since
1997
Antalya, Turkey – since 2009
Porto Alegre, Brazil – since 2002
Sister city monument in Austin
commemorating the relationship with
Saltillo
The cities of Belo Horizonte, Brazil and Elche, Spain were formerly sister cities, but upon a vote of the
25 of 37
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Austin City Council in 1991, their status was de-activated.[179]
See also
Music of Austin
List of Austinites
List of companies based in Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places listings in Travis County, Texas
Notes
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http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
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5. ^ "Central Texas by the Book" (http://www.texasarchitect.org/ta200811book.php?sess_id=ece092634aaa35fbcdca2fc24573e106) . Texas Society of Architects.
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References
Abbott, Mary Lu (2003). Romantic Weekends Texas (http://books.google.com
/books?id=z6TOeGvQdFsC) (2 ed.). Edison, New Jersey: Hunter Publishing.
ISBN 978-1-58843-358-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=z6TOeGvQdFsC.
Baird, David (2009). Frommer's San Antonio & Austin (http://books.google.com
/books?id=CBJ5p4oC7HsC) . Hoboken, New Jersey: Frommer's. ISBN 978-0-470-43789-6.
http://books.google.com/books?id=CBJ5p4oC7HsC.
Erlichman, Howard J. (2006). Camino Del Norte: How a Series of Watering Holes, Fords, And
Dirt Trails Evolved into Interstate 35 in Texas (http://books.google.com
/books?id=nNAwb0ycptoC) . College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press.
ISBN 978-1-58544-473-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=nNAwb0ycptoC.
Rossie, Cam; Hylton, Hilary (2009). Insiders' Guide to Austin (http://books.google.com
/books?id=k6692W5sYakC) . Guilford, Connecticut: Global Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-4864-8.
http://books.google.com/books?id=k6692W5sYakC.
Thompson, Karen; Howell, Kathy R. (2000). Austin, Texas (http://books.google.com
/books?id=raCa0HuWAX0C) . Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing.
ISBN 978-0-7385-0832-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=raCa0HuWAX0C.
Vines, Robert A. (1984). Trees of central Texas (http://books.google.com
/books?id=zdzusoTpjUMC) . Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-78058-3.
http://books.google.com/books?id=zdzusoTpjUMC.
Further reading
Long, Joshua (2010). Weird City: Sense of Place and Creative Resistance in Austin, Texas.
University of Texas Press.
Shank, Barry (1994). Dissonant identities: the rock'n'roll scene in Austin, Texas
(http://books.google.com/books?id=v79of-KXnfgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=austin+texas&
cd=10) . Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-0-8195-6276-0.
http://books.google.com/books?id=v79of-KXnfgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=austin+texas&
cd=10.
Swearingen Jr., William Scott Environmental City: People, Place, and the Meaning of Modern
Austin (University of Texas Press; 2010) 273 pages; traces the history of environmentalism in the
Texas capital, which has been part of a larger effort to preserve Austin's quality of life and sense
of place.
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Austin Chamber Newcomer Guide (2012) The Greater Austin Newcomer and Relocation Guide
for families, individuals and companies moving to Austin. Moving To Austin Guide
(http://www.austinnewcomeronline.com/)
External links
City of Austin (http://www.austintexas.gov/)
Austin Convention & Visitors Bureau (http://www.austintexas.org/)
Austin Chamber of Commerce (http://www.austinchamber.com/)
Historic photographs from the Austin History Center (http://texashistory.unt.edu/browse
/contributor/ASPL/) , hosted by the Portal to Texas History (http://texashistory.unt.edu/)
Austin (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/AA/hda3) from the Handbook of
Texas Online
Austin Sister Cities International (http://austinsistercities.org/)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin,_Texas&oldid=529873425"
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