Morphometry And Michigan`s Inland Lakes

Morphometry And Michigan`s Inland Lakes

Morphometry and
Michigan’s Inland Lakes
How Lake Size and Shape
Affect Water Quality
Pam Tyning
How Big is Big?
• What’s the biggest lake? . . . the smallest?
• How does your lake compare?
• How do size and shape affect water quality?
Morphometry and Water Quality
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•
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Lake Surface Area
Shoreline Length
Maximum Depth
Average Depth
Lake Volume
• Temperature
• Dissolved Oxygen
• Total Phosphorus
Information Sources
Morphometry
• Michigan Geographic Data
Library
• DNR Maps
• Breck, 2004
Water Quality
• National Lakes Assessment
• U.S. EPA STORET
Water Quality Data Sources
National Lakes Assessment
US EPA STORET
Lakes Greater Than 5 Acres: 10,031
6,000
5,335
5,000
Number of Lakes
4,000
Houghton
Torch
Burt
Charlevoix
Mullett
Gogebic
Portage
Manistique
Higgins
Black
3,568
3,000
2,000
1,030
1,000
0
5 to Less Than 10
10 to 100
100 to 1000
Lake Size (in acres)
Source: Michigan Geographic Data Library
88
10
1,000 to 10,000
Greater Than
10,000
Source: Michigan Geographic Data Library
Surface Area and Shoreline Length
Michigamme Reservoir
Shoreline: 76 miles
Houghton
Surface Area (acres)
20,044
Shoreline Length (miles)
30
Torch
18,728
42
Allegan
1,695
23
Paw Paw James Big Fish Thread Shoepac
921
210
105
79
32
9
3
3
5
1
Shoreline Development Factor:
Shoreline Length
(2×√(π×Surface Area))
Shoreline Development Factor
Thread
4.0
Allegan
4.0
Paw Paw
2.2
Torch
2.2
Big Fish
1.8
Houghton
1.5
James
1.4
Shoepac
1.3
Shoreline Development Factor
Highest SD
LAKE_NAME
1 Presque Isle River Fl
2 Smallwood Lake
3 Shiawassee R. Flooding
4 Widewaters,The
5 Paw Paw River
6 No Name
7 Ninth Street Pond
8 Walton River
9 No Name
10 Michigamme Reservoir
11 J Pool
12 Kalamazoo River
13 Lake James
14 Wixom Lake
15 Cataract Basin
16 Secord Lake
17 C-Two Pool
18 Michigammee River
19 Martiny Lake
20 No Name
21 First Lake
22 Greenwood Reservoir
23 Howardsville Hydro El
24 Flat River
25 Sunken Lake
COUNTY
Gogebic
Gladwin
Saginaw
Chippewa
Van Buren
Marquette
Alpena
Menominee
Roscommon
Iron
Schoolcraft
Calhoun
Roscommon
Gladwin
Marquette
Gladwin
Schoolcraft
Iron
Mecosta
Marquette
Chippewa
Marquette
St. Joseph
Kent
Presque Isl
Lowest SD
Shoreline
ACRES_GIS PERIMETER Development
87
28371
13.5
371
49361
11.4
88
23451
11.1
62
16631
9.4
18
8450
8.9
41
12001
8.4
366
35316
8.2
36
11027
8.1
21
8150
7.9
4867
121550
7.7
180
23136
7.7
31
9570
7.6
191
23587
7.6
1142
57491
7.5
179
22510
7.5
400
31958
7.1
383
31212
7.1
72
13001
6.8
1663
61184
6.7
13
5348
6.5
337
26680
6.4
1073
47464
6.4
74
12357
6.4
93
13766
6.3
123
15617
6.3
LAKE_NAME
6439 Camp Seven Lake
6440 Fifteen, Lake
6441 Salma, Lake
6442 Cone Lake
6443 Morgan Lake
6444 Lampman Lake
6445 Buckbee Lake
6446 Nolten Lake
6447 Sixteen, Lake
6448 Andrus Lake
6449 Duck Lake
6450 no name
6451 Aldrich Lake
6452 Marsh Lake
6453 Kitchners Lake
6454 Pretty Lake
6455 Timmerman Lake
6456 Bohmier Lake
6457 Glovers Lake
6458 Sand Lake
6459 Mahaney Lake
6460 Number Eighteen, Lake
6461 Mud Lake
6462 Mahskeekee Lake
6463 Brandts Lake
COUNTY
Delta
Iron
Manistee
Iron
Oakland
Montcalm
Genesee
Cheboygan
Delta
Chippewa
Livingston
Marquette
Schoolcraft
Crawford
Menominee
Luce
Manistee
Houghton
Manistee
Mackinac
Montcalm
Menominee
Van Buren
Delta
Menominee
*Lakes greater than 10 acres in area
Shoreline
ACRES_GIS PERIMETER Development
52
1683
1.0
61
1819
1.0
14
875
1.0
11
782
1.0
31
1308
1.0
14
875
1.0
18
997
1.0
10
745
1.0
136
2713
1.0
31
1302
1.0
12
815
1.0
10
746
1.0
12
804
1.0
12
785
1.0
11
766
1.0
45
1558
1.0
14
872
1.0
11
772
1.0
25
1150
1.0
47
1579
1.0
13
821
1.0
27
1202
1.0
30
1259
1.0
65
1841
1.0
12
797
1.0
Shoreline Development Factor
Smallwood Lake: 11.4
Lake Sixteen: 1.0
Shoreline Development Factor
Smallwood: 11.4
371 acres
Goose Lake: 1.8
370 acres
Maximum Depth
10
90
Paw Paw
James
10
Allegan
285
5
Thread
94
Torch
70
Shoepac
Big
Fish
21
Houghton
Depth
Torch
137
Shoepac
Paw Paw
36
33
Big Fish
16
70
94
Houghton
9
21
James
6
Allegan
5
Thread
3
10
10
5
90
285
Average Depth (feet)
Maximum Depth (feet)
Volume
3,000,000
2,573,256
Volume (acre-feet)
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
172,463
0
Torch
Houghton
30,273
8,475
1,687
1,170
1,140
198
Paw Paw
Allegan
Big Fish
James
Shoepac
Thread
Temperature
Temperature: Shallow Lake
Depth (feet)
30
40
Temperature (°F)
50
60
3
10
Houghton
70
80
Temperature: Deep Lake
30
40
Temperature (°F)
50
60
70
80
3
10
Epilimnion
20
30
Depth (feet)
40
Thermocline
50
60
70
80
90
100
Hypolimnion
110
120
130
150
165
Torch
Dissolved Oxygen
Sources
Saturation
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)
32
15
40
13
50
11
60
10
70
9
80
8
Minimum Requirements
Trout, salmon
7
Bass, pike
5
Caddisflies
4
Leeches
3
Bloodworms
2
Dissolved Oxygen: Shallow Lake
• Constantly mixed
• Uniform temperature
• Well oxygenated
Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)
0
5
10
2
3
Depth (feet)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Houghton
15
Dissolved Oxygen: Deep Lakes
Aerobic Hypolimnion
Anaerobic Hypolimnion
Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)
5
10
3
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
150
165
200
250
15
0
Depth (feet)
Depth (feet)
0
Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)
Torch
5
10
3
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Paw Paw
15
Phosphorus
External Sources (Watershed)
Concentrations (ppb)
• Low
– Less than 10
Oligotrophic
• Moderate
– 10 to 20
Internal Sources
Mesotrophic
• High
– Above 20
Eutrophic
Phosphorus in Michigan
National Lakes Assessment
US EPA STORET
35
1,600
1,400
30
1,200
25
20
Number of Records
Number of Lakes
1,000
15
10
600
400
200
5
0
800
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Total Phosphorus (ppb)
<10
10 to
<20
20 to
<50
50 to
<100
100 to 500 to >1,000
500 1,000
Total Phosphorus (ppb)
Phosphorus in Shallow Lakes
Total Phosphorus (ppb)
Total Phosphorus (ppb)
100
0
8
6
4
200
300
0
Depth (feet)
Depth (feet)
0
James
100
200
300
210
2
Thread
Phosphorus in Deep Lakes
Total Phosphorus (ppb)
3
100
2
14
60
277
200
300
0
Depth (feet)
Depth (feet)
0
Total Phosphorus (ppb)
2
Torch
100
0
20
35
20
200
300
260
90
Paw Paw
Summary
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Over 10,000 lakes greater than 5 acres
Wide variety of shapes and sizes
Wide range in water quality
Current quality due in part to morphometry
Morphometry is difficult to alter