View Presentation - European conference of defence and the

Noise emission and induced
vibration from heavy weapons
Timo Markula, Akukon Ltd
Mika Hanski, Akukon Ltd
Tapio Lahti, TL Akustiikka
European Conference of Defence
and the Environment ECDE 2015
Helsinki, 10.6.2015
Contents
• Overview of noise emission measurements of light
and heavy weapons in Finland
• Induced vibration from heavy weapons
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Background
Basics
Measurement results
Proposed guideline values
Damage-safe distance
Noise emission measurements
• The noise emission of a significant portion of FDF
light and heavy weapons have been measured
• The emission data is used for computational noise
assessment of FDF firing ranges
• Measurement conditions affect the uncertainty of
the emission data
Weapons measured
• Artillery
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155 K 98 (4)
130 K 54 (2)
130 TK
100 TK
122 H 63
122 PSH 74 (2)
• Mortars
• 120 KRH (2)
• 81 KRH (2)
• Nemo 120 (5)
• Anti-aircraft
• 23 ITK 61/95
• 12.7 ITKK 96
• standard
• muzzle brake
• APCs and tanks
• CV9030 main weapon
• BMP-2 main weapon
• Leopard 2A4 main
weapon
• Anti-tank
• 95 S 58-61
• 112 RSKES APILAS
• inert and live
• 66 KES 88
• inert and live
• Detonations
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20 kg TNT
10 kg TNT
5 kg TNT
2 kg TNT
1 kg TNT
200 g TNT
60 g TNT
Artillery grenades
Mortars
100 TK (water impact)
112 RSKES APILAS
66 KES 88
40 KRKK 2005
• Light infantry weapons
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•
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8.6 TKIV 2000
12.7 RSTKIV 2000
7.62 RK 62
7.62 RK 95
• live
• blank adapter
• silencer
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9.00 PIST 80-91
7.62 TKIV 85
M134D-H
40 KRKK 2005
Noise emission factsheets
Measurement conditions
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Good conditions:
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Trial firing range (muzzle blast only)
Measurement distance: ~100 m for heavy weapons
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Large open area
Hard ground around the weapon
Reference explosion to assess effects of weather and to estimate
the ground correction
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The distance should be greater
Some issues with direct ground correction compensation
“Other” conditions:
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Measurements of live firing at training grounds
Measurement distance: long, variable
Soft ground, non-flat terrain
Influence of weather
Blast induced vibration - Background
• Finnish Defence Forces (FDF) have received
complaints on building damage and annoyance
• Assessment of vibration from heavy weapons and
explosions has been under development in Finland
• Pilot project on shooting vibration 2007-09
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Measurements at 3 sites (1 artillery, 2 explosion)
Literature survey
• Project continued 2009-2014
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Measurements around 5 shooting areas
Guide (draft) on measurements and assessment
In-depth investigation of one artillery shooting area
Building vibration
• Impulsive and lowfrequency sound
waves propagate
over long distances,
several kilometres
• Building vibration is
induced by the
passing sound wave
• Figure shows the
motion (strongly
exaggerated)
a)
b)
c)
d)
Coupling to structures
Building vibration is induced by
airborne sound pressure
= pressure wave
= noise
and is coupled to the
building structures directly
from the air
Building vibration
is not a result of
groundborne vibration
(contrary to underground explosions)
Building response
Vibration measured in several wooden one-family houses
The façades are sensitive (right) to heavy weapon sound
pressure (left) which has a maximum at low frequencies
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•
110
sound exposure level LpZE, dB
0
100
-10
90
-20
80
-30
70
-40
60
-50
1
2
4
8
16
31.5
63
Hz
velocity response ratio, dB
2
4
8
16
31.5
63
Hz
Damage risk vs. annoyance
•
Vibration is strongest on large
and structurally mobile surfaces:
outer walls, roof, intermediate
floors, windows
•
Annoyance (vibration and rattle)
is caused by the vibration of these
structures
•
Damage risk of foundations is
measured directly from foundations
Shooting vibration (e.g. damage risk of windows)
can and shall also be assessed by measuring
incident noise level outside the house
Valokuvia mittauksista ja taloista!
Assessed parameters
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Noise:
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Measurements of incident sound level outside the building
Structural damage: unweighted sound exposure level LpZE
Annoyance: C-weighted sound exposure level LpCE
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LpCE is widely used in Europe and the US for assessing noise annoyance of
heavy weapons
Vibration:
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Structural damage: peak vibration velocity vpeak
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Widely used to assess damage risk from blasting and excavation
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Measured from foundations of buildings
Annoyance: Wm-weighted vibration velocity exposure level LvWE
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ISO 2631-2 Mechanical vibration and shock – Evaluation of human exposure to
whole-body vibration – Vibration in buildings
Reference level: 50 nm/s
Adaptation of European guidelines for rail traffic vibration annoyance
Overview of measurement results
• Summary of measurement data 2007-2014:
damage risk assessment
10
140
135
130
damage risk level: 125 dB
125
1
Sound exposure level, LpZE, dB
peak vibration velocity vpeak, mm/s
damage risk: 5 mm/s
0,1
0,01
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
0,001
70
Vibration measurement points:
Blue: foundation horizontal
Red: foundation vertical
Incident sound exposure level LpZE
(outdoors)
Overview of measurement results
110
140
105
135
100
130
95
125
90
120
85
80
75
70
annoyance
level: 76 dB
65
60
55
50
Sound exposure level, LpCE, dB
Vibration exposure level, LvWE, dB
• Summary of measurement data 2007-2014:
annoyance assessment
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
45
75
40
70
Vibration measurement points:
Blue: facade horizontal; Red: 1st floor vertical;
Green: 2nd floor vertical
annoyance level:
100 dB
Incident sound exposure level LpCE
(outdoors)
Measurement result summary
• The damage risk criteria were not exceeded in
any of the residential buildings
• The annoyance criteria for noise (and vibration)
was exceeded in several residential buildings
• Floor and facade vibration measurement results
only represent the measured structures
• The range of structural mobility is large
• Based on our findings, both damage risk and
annoyance may be assessed via noise
measurements
Proposed guideline values:
damage risk
Proposed guideline values for the assessment of damage risk:
Noise:
incident sound exposure level outdoors
LpZE ≤ 125 dB
Vibration:
peak vibration velocity, foundations
vpeak ≤ 5 mm/s
Proposed guideline values:
annoyance
Proposed guideline values for the assessment of annoyance
caused by vibration, rattle and noise:
Vibration:
Wm-weighted vibration velocity exposure level of floors
LvWE ≤ 76 dB
Noise + rattle:
C-weighted sound exposure level, outdoors, single event
LpCE ≤ 100 dB (= FDF noise guideline value)
The FDF guideline value for noise assessment :
Noise:
Average active day LAeq,r (+10 dB impulse correction)
LAeq,r ≤ 55 dB
Damage-safe distance
Artillery, single shot
Artillery, volley (+10 dB)
300 m
1 km
Distance at which a 130 mm cannon produces LpZE ≈ 125 dB
Determination of distance:
 Emission measured obliquely forward (~ 45°)
 Full +6 dB ground reflection, r2 point-source divergence
 No barriers, hills, soft ground etc. taken into account
 Measurement results of emission and immission agreed
well in the example pilot project
 Impact noise close to muzzle blast (within a few dB)
 Estimate +10 dB applies to exposure levels, not to peak
Damage-safe
zones
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Safety distance of
1 km for artillery
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Circles drawn
around residential
houses
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An envelope curve
drawn inside the
circles
•
Inside the envelope,
shooting noise does
not exceed the
damage criterion
LpZE 125 dB
at the houses