augustinusga

Dutch activities in ammonia emission research
COST729 MC 23-25 April, Lisboa
A. Bleeker & J.W. Erisman
www.ecn.nl
Main ammonia activities
• Trend measurements of NH3/NH4 in different regions
•
•
- Concentrations
- Netherlands – 8 sites (RIVM – national monitoring network)
- Two regions in North and South – multiple passive sampler sites
- Rain Water
- Netherland – 15 sites (RIVM – national monitoring network)
- Aerosol
- Netherland – 5 sites (RIVM – national monitoring network)
- Throughfall
- Netherland – 5 sites (ECN)
Emission research related to:
- ‘ammonia gap’
- setting region specific targets
Relation between N-flux and GHG emissions
How can we evaluate specific ammonia reduction
measures for farms?
Can we evaluate this on a landscape level instead of
controlled experiments at single farms and fields?
Which information is needed?
Evaluation of reduction measure ?
Aim Dutch Policy:
• Reduction NH3 emissions from each individual source
(housing, storage, fields)
Reduction measures for field sources:
• Manure application by “low emission” application
techniques.
- Shallow injection in “trenches”
(80% reduction / 10% volatilization ???)
• Is this right and are there no other measures possible?
- Broadcast spreading and low N-feeding?
(also 80% reduction, similar to injection???)
Research Location
Noardlyke Fryske Wâlden
Research Location
Reference Area:
Alternative Area:
Shallow Injection
Broadcast Appl.
Approach: Source – Receptor coupling
Sources:
• Farm Housing (red dot)
• Fields (Manure Application
& Grazing)
Receptors:
• Airrmonia (green dot)
• Passive samplers (blue)
Coupling: (2 steps)
• Emission model (Huijsmans)
• Dispersion model (OPS-ST)
Step 1: (First) Emission determination
Housing:
•Farm database (GIAB)
Fields:
•Field database (BRP)
•Farm management
“(Grassland calender)”
•Manure / Fertiliser application
•Grazing
(amount, timing, N-content)
•Livestock categories
•Livestock numbers
•Stable type
•NH3 emission from emission
& excretion factors.
•NH3 emission from
emission model & meteo
conditions
Emission factors
• Much discussed in the context of ‘ammonia gap’
•
- Initially difference between emission /
concentration trends
- Later difference between modelled / measured
concentrations
Indications that difference is caused by:
- Wrong emission factors (spreading of manure)
- Problems with dry deposition modelling (e.g.
issues like compensation point)
Research on emission factors
• Measurement campaigns to get better insight in
•
•
the open field emissions after manure application
Involved parties:
- ECN, RIVM, TNO, WUR
Comparison between:
- WUR Emission model results
- Measurements
- TDL (ECN)
- Lidar (RIVM)
Step 2: Dispersion
receptor
All Housings
and Fields
source
Emission(t)
*
Emission(t)
Housing
or Field
Emission(t)
Emission(t)
*
Dispersion
Contribution (t)
=
(t,meteo)
Dispersion
Contribution (t)
=
(t,meteo)
Dispersion
Contribution (t)
=
*
(t,meteo)
Dispersion
Contribution (t)
Contribution (t)
=
Æ
(t,meteo)
+
Concentration
compare with
time series
Compare with receptor NH3
Airrmonia
Passive Sampler
‘Field’ emission model (Huijsmans)
Regression model:
For specific application on grassland fields
Volatilization dependent on:
1. Manure properties (TAN content: NH4+ +NH3)
2. Application rate
3. Weather conditions (T, RH, U, Rs)
for shallow injection:
ln zt = α0 + αt ln(t) + α1 TAN + α2 rate + α3 wind + α4 radiation +
α5 temp
Dispersion model (OPS-ST)
Transport &
Dispersion
NH3
emission
NH3
Air Conc.
NH3
dry depo
NH4+
Air Conc
NH4+
dry depo
NHx
wet depo
Analytical model:
Dispersion from a source by Gaussian Plume model
Dispersion and Transport are function of height and transport
distance
Needs: U,Udir,T … Æ Emission height & Turbulence important
Result: “Tuned” Field emission model
Emission(t)
Emission(t)
*
Emission(t)
Emission(t)
Tuning
*
Dispersion
Contribution (t)
(t,meteo)
Dispersion = Contribution (t)
=
(t,meteo)
Dispersion
Contribution (t)
*
(t,meteo)
Dispersion
(t,meteo)
=
Contribution (t)
Concentration
compare with
time series
Apply “Tuned” Field Emission Model from reference area
+
Overview
• Spatial and Temporal monitoring of Ammonia
- Passive samplers (monthly & spatial)
- 10 * Sand area alternative spreading
- 10 * Sand area normal spreading
- 10 * Clay area alternative spreading
- 30 * NFW total area
- Nitro Europe Landscape scale
- Airrmonia (half hourly; so larger temporal distribution)
- Sand area alternative spreading
- Sand area normal spreading
- Campaign with measurements car (TDL)
- Spatial variation in short periods
Measurements: Airrmonia
AiRRmonia, Augustinusga & Houtigehage, Friesland
2007
Houtigehage NH3
Augustinusga NH3
70
60
40
30
20
10
30-4-07
28-4-07
26-4-07
24-4-07
22-4-07
20-4-07
0
18-4-07
ug NH3/m3
50
Site selection
600000
Lauwersmeer
50
Dokkum
595000
3MG
December
590000
585000
580000
Leeuwarden
575000
570000
Drachten
NH3
565000
Reference
Region 1
Region 2,3,4
560000
185000
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
600000
3MG
50
April
595000
590000
585000
580000
575000
9 °C
norm=8.3
37 mm
570000
NH3
Reference
Region 1
565000
Region 2,3,4
norm=44
560000
185000
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
2006
600000
3MG
50
May
595000
590000
585000
580000
575000
14.5 °C
norm=12.7
88 mm
570000
NH3
Reference
Region 1
565000
Region 2,3,4
norm=57
560000
185000
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
2006
600000
3MG
50
June
595000
590000
585000
580000
575000
16.7 °C
Norm=15.2
28 mm
570000
NH3
Reference
565000
Region 1
Region 2,3,4
Norm=71
560000
185000
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
2006
600000
3MG
50
July
595000
590000
585000
580000
575000
22.3 °C
norm=17.4
570000
NH3
29 mm
Reference
565000
Region 1
Region 2,3,4
norm=70
560000
185000
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
2006
600000
3MG
50
August
595000
590000
585000
“Natste oogstmaand
580000
in 100 jaar”
575000
16.4 °C
norm=17.2
184 mm
570000
NH3
Reference
565000
Region 1
Region 2,3,4
norm=62
560000
185000
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
2006
600000
3MG
50
September 2006
595000
590000
585000
580000
“Warmest in 300 jaar”
575000
17.9 °C
norm=14.2
12 mm
570000
NH3
Reference
565000
Region 1
Region 2,3,4
norm=75
560000
185000
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
600000
3MG
50
Oktober
595000
590000
585000
580000
575000
13.6 °C
norm=10.3
91 mm
570000
NH3
Reference
565000
Region 1
Region 2,3,4
norm=78
560000
185000
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
2006
600000
3MG
50
November 2006
595000
590000
585000
580000
575000
9.2 °C
norm=6.2
78 mm
570000
NH3
Reference
565000
Region 1
Region 2,3,4
norm=82
560000
185000
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
600000
3MG
50
December 2006
595000
590000
585000
580000
575000
6.5 °C
norm=4
80 mm
570000
NH3
565000
Reference
Region 1
norm=79
Region 2,3,4
560000
185000
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
600000
3MG
50
January 2007
595000
590000
585000
580000
575000
7.1 °C
norm=2.8
113 mm
570000
NH3
565000
Reference
Region 1
norm=69
Region 2,3,4
560000
185000
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
600000
3MG
50
February 2007
595000
590000
585000
580000
1
575000
6 °C
norm=3
78 mm
570000
NH3
565000
Reference
Region 1
norm=47
Region 2,3,4
560000
185000
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
600000
3MG
50
March
595000
590000
585000
580000
1
575000
8 °C
norm=5.8
69 mm
570000
NH3
565000
Reference
Region 1
norm=65
Region 2,3,4
560000
185000
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
2007
600000
3MG
50
April
595000
590000
585000
580000
16
“Warm en dry”
575000
13.2 °C
norm=8.3
0.4 mm
570000
NH3
565000
Reference
Region 1
norm=44
560000
185000
Region 2,3,4
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
2007
600000
3MG
50
May
595000
590000
585000
Wet
580000
16
575000
14.1 °C
norm=12.7
104 mm
570000
565000
NH3
Reference
norm=57
Region 1
560000
185000
Region 2,3,4
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
2007
600000
3MG
50
June
595000
590000
585000
580000
16
575000
17.5 °C
norm=15.5
95 mm
570000
565000
NH3
Reference
norm=71
Region 1
560000
185000
Region 2,3,4
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
2007
600000
3MG
50
July
595000
590000
585000
580000
Verry wet
16
575000
17.0 °C
norm=17.4
155 mm
570000
565000
NH3
Reference
norm=70
Region 1
560000
185000
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
Region 2,3,4
2007
600000
3MG
50
August 2007
595000
590000
585000
580000
16
575000
17.1 °C
norm=17.2
52 mm
570000
565000
NH3
Reference
norm=62
560000
185000
Region 1
190000
195000
200000
205000
210000
215000
220000
Region 2,3,4
(2
)
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Au
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Ju
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Ju
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M
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(2
)
M
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Ap
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Ap
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M
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rt
25.00
M
aa
rt
Fe
br
ua
ri
3
NH3 [µg/m ]
Mean concentrations in each area
2006
30.00
Zand referentie
Zand Ontheffing
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
Mean concentrations in each area
2007
30.00
25.00
Zand referentie
Zand Ontheffing
3
NH3 [µg/m ]
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
Januari
Februari
Maart
Maart (2)
April (1)
April (2)
Mei
Mei (2)
Juni
250
20.00
200
15.00
150
10.00
100
5.00
50
0.00
0
Jan
Feb
NH3 (2006)
Mar
Apr
NH3 (2007)
May
Jun
P [mm] 2006
Jul
Aug
P [mm] 2007
Sep
Okt
T [°C] 2006
Nov
Dec
T [°C] 2007
P [mm]
25.00
3
NH3 [µg/m ] & T [°C]
Measurements: Passive Samplers
Using the passive sampler data
• Get the spatial information
• Are there hot-spots
Continuous concentration data at 2 locations
Location:
Wetterskip
Pumping station
Continuous
monitoring
stations
10 km
100
Data availability and coverage
NH3 Augustinusga
90
NH3 Houtigehage
Augustinesga Sept 2006 - Aug 2007 79 %
80
Houtigerhage Nov 2006 -Aug 2007 95%
60
50
40
30
20
10
12-7-07
11-6-07
11-5-07
10-4-07
10-3-07
7-2-07
7-1-07
7-12-06
6-11-06
6-10-06
5-9-06
0
5-8-06
ug NH3/m3
70
Using the Airrmonia data
• High temporal resolution
• Check on combination of emission and meteo data
• Check models that will also be used for all
passive sampler locations
Results: Test
for Housing Emission
NFW3
5000
4000
sampler
December 2006
Airrmonia3
Sources
Model december
Measured
[m ]
3000
2000
1000
0
-500
500
1500
2500
[m]
3500
4500
5500
Results: Test for Housing Emission
25
3
NH3 [µg/m ]
20
15
10
5
0
December 2006
airrmonia
simple plume model
ops-st
Results: Test for Fields as well
September
Wind north
No farm
BUT manure on fields
100
340
NH3 measured
1953
90
1831
240
80
1754
1548
70
140
1465
1429
60
40
50
1114
1066
1050
-60
40
276
237
30
-160
229
213
20
Wd
3-okt
grasland
grasland
grasland
-360
grasland
grasland
grasland
grasland
2-okt
1-okt
29-sep
28-sep
27-sep
26-sep
25-sep
24-sep
23-sep
22-sep
21-sep
20-sep
19-sep
18-sep
17-sep
16-sep
15-sep
14-sep
13-sep
12-sep
11-sep
9-sep
10-sep
8-sep
7-sep
6-sep
5-sep
4-sep
3-sep
2-sep
1-sep
31-aug
0
5
11
13
19
1203
17
18
30-sep
10
-260
1.532
1.169
1.491
1.27
1.109667
1.588
1.186
middag: 12.00-18.0
morgen: 07.00-12.
morgen: 07.00-12.
morgen: 07.00-12.
morgen: 07.00-12.
morgen: 07.00-12.
morgen: 07.00-12.
14-9-2006
14-9-2006
14-9-2006
14-9-2006
14-9-2006
15-9-2006
15-9-2006
Status of the projects
• Finalizing stages
•
- Emission factor work
- Comparison of spreading/feeding measures
- Verification measurements NitroEurope
Possible extension
- Overall NFW work with respect to determining
landscape scale targets
- Combining NH3 and GHG measurements
Thank you for your attention!